Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo: (VI - I vv. do n.ė.)
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Russian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Simferopolʹ
Krymskoe Otd. Inst. Vostokovedenija Im. A. E. Krymskogo NAN Ukrainy [u.a.]
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Bosporskie issledovanija
15 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The chora of the European part of the Kimmerian Bosporos - Einzelaufnahme eines Zeitschr.-H. |
| Beschreibung: | 333 S. Ill., Kt. |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Zinʹko, Viktor N. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo |b (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) |c V. N. Zinʹko |
| 264 | 1 | |a Simferopolʹ |b Krymskoe Otd. Inst. Vostokovedenija Im. A. E. Krymskogo NAN Ukrainy [u.a.] |c 2007 | |
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| 490 | 0 | |a Bosporskie issledovanija |v 15 | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The chora of the European part of the Kimmerian Bosporos - Einzelaufnahme eines Zeitschr.-H. | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение
.............................................................................................................. 3
Глава
I.
История археологического изучения
и историография. Палеогеография региона
....................................................... 7
1.1.
История археологического изучения
и историография
.......................................................................................... 7
1.2.
Палеогеография региона
............................................................................. 26
Глава
II.
Сельскохозяйственные территории городов
европейского побережья Боспора Киммерийского
в
VI-V
вв. до н.э
.................................................................................................. 38
ИЛ. Основание греческих апойкий
.................................................................... 38
II.2.
Освоение хоры городов
.............................................................................. 45
II.
3.
Полисные земли при Археанактидах
и первых Спартокидах
............................................................................... 61
Глава
III.
Хора городов в
IV-
нач.Ш вв. до н.э
................................................... 82
111.1.
Сельские поселения и усадьбы
.................................................................. 82
Ш.2. Погребальные памятники городских хор
.................................................116
Ш.З. Структура и особенности функционирования
городских хор в составе Боспорского царства
.........................................149
Глава
IV.
Земельные владения городов в
III
-
1
вв. до н.э
.................................166
IV.
1.
Сельская округа городов во второй половине
III-II
вв. до н.э
.............................................................................................166
IV.
2.
Земельные владения городов при
Митридате
VI
Евпаторе
............................................................................181
Глава
V.
Основные занятия сельского населения,
его культура и этно-социальный состав в
VI-I
вв. до н.э
..................................185
V.l.
Основные отрасли сельского хозяйства
....................................................185
330
V.
2.
Промыслы и
ремесла
...................................................................................205
V.3.
Торгово-обменная деятельность
и денежное обращение
.................................................................................218
V.4.
Духовная культура и этно-социальный
состав сельского населения
.........................................................................222
Глава
VI.
Пространственная организация
хоры городов и проблемы
палеоэкономического моделирования
................................................................246
VI.
1.
Пространственная организация и
структурные элементы хоры
городов Северного Причерноморья
........................................................246
VI.
2.
Палеоэкономические модели хоры полисов
............................................278
Заключение
.........................................................................................................288
Summary
.............................................................................................................296
Библиография
..........................................................................................................303
Список сокращений
............................................................................................328
331
V.N.Zin ko
THE CHORA OF THE EUROPEAN PART
OF THE KIMMERIAN BOSPORUS (VI
-
1 centuries
ВС)
Summary
Agriculture was the basis of the Bosporan Kingdom economy and the whole ancient
society as well. The question of ancient agriculture in the North Black Sea coast appeared
to be an object of special researches in the 50-s of the 20th century [Blavatsky,
1953,
p.
3].
The result of it was the conception of the unity of the ancient system «city center
-
chora».
Agricultural territories in the Bosporan Kingdom have been examined in the theme of
whole state formation, without separate specifying of barbarian tribes and thus, practically
without any detailed analysis of land property of this or that Bosporan
polis.
That is why a
range of the most important questions of Bosporan history has been developed without
necessary basis of historical studying.
■
The questions of foundation and development of poleis; cities and their chorae in the
Bosporan Kingdom; reasons of prosperity and crisis of Bosporan agriculture in different
periods and some questions of Graeco- barbarian relations are among them. Thorough
studying of
chora
of Greek cities in the European coast of the Cimmerian Bosporus is a
vital task and has a great meaning for understanding of common appropriateness and pecu¬
liarities of the development of agriculture, economy and history of the Bosporan Kingdom
between the
6*
and the 1st centuries
ВС.
Archaeological materials received during last decades have enlarged the idea of the
chora
of Bosporan cities of the western coast of the Kerch Strait in the
б 1
-1st centuries, but
their real importance in spatial-structural development in the Bosporan Kingdom economy
and agriculture have not been studied yet till now. The task of this work is differentiated
analysis of the
chora
of the European coast of the Kimmerian Bosporos cities. It was nec¬
essary to solve some very difficult tasks. The main of them were: reasons and character of
ancient Greek colonization of the western coast of the Kerch Strait;
paleo-
ecological
analysis of the region; the process of forming and development of poleis of the cities and
surrounding agricultural territories; forming of the Bosporan territorial State; spatial orga¬
nization and structure of land property of Bosporan cities; main branches of agriculture in
poleis; ethno cultural processes at the territory of
chora
in the cities and paleo-economic
Vnodels of the
chora
of the Bosporan poleis.
For several centuries, since the moment of its formation in the 6th century
ВС
and till
the 1st century
ВС,
poleis land ownership played a leading role in agriculture and economy
of the Bosporus. At the
chora oí
poleis of the Kimmerian Bosporus cities the forming and
development of ancient agriculture (in the Strait zone) began. Graeco- barbarian contacts,
296
Summary
^^^MilgïlïllSil^l ÉlËlïllëilëllËÜËIïlIëll^IëiJSUïïIËIËÜËlzilËiaËiJaiJëlJ
which influenced the following historic development of the future region, were formed
there. Six chronological periods can be distinguished with their characteristic features in
functioning of land property of Bosporan cities.
In the first half of the
6*
century
ВС
Greek colonists of the western coast of the Kim¬
merian Bosporos founded several
ароікіаі.
The main occupation of their citizens was agri¬
culture. In spite of the limited contingent of pioneers and small area of settlements with
built earth houses and small overland buildings, one should hardly question, as some scien¬
tists do, that they were primordial independent ancient poleis. The evidence of it is topo¬
graphic conditions of placement of the future urbanic center of the
polis,
which were typi¬
cal for practically all
ароікіаі.
Vast coastal valley with rich soil and developed enough
river system was contiguous to it. Special allotted sacred and social zones of building are
archaeologically marked out at the very early stage of the existence of the settlements. In
general, political structure of those Bosporan colonies left urbanization considerably be¬
hind in its development. At that very early first chronological period since the moment of
its foundation (in the second quarter of the 6th century
ВС)
till the borderline of the third-
fourth quarter of the 6th century
ВС
of the poleis existence, their land property was insignif¬
icant. It was only some kilometers of coastal strip and seaside vales of coastal rivers. There
are no permanent dwelling houses and household buildings known on the early chorae. It
was probably because of insignificant size of the country region and as a result there was
no necessity to build such houses. It could be conditioned by terms of the treaty with
nomads in case of special agreements according to information of Stephanus Byzantius.
Only in fifty
-
sixty years after founding of
ароікіаі
(not after longer period as it was
considered before) when the process of colonists adaptation to local conditions was fin¬
ished, the transition from earth house building to mass ground adobe- stone building is
marked out. The process of urbanization activated and first small country settlements ap¬
peared on the neighboring poleis lands. This II chronological period covered approximate¬
ly forty or fifty years, from the last quarter of the
6
century to the first quarter of the 5th
century
ВС.
Archaeological materials give evidence to see not only the forming of the
urban center in the process of making the western coast Kimmerian Bosporos poleis.
Progressive planned developing of surrounding lands and creating of urban settlement struc¬
ture of the city
chora,
which consisted of small country settlements with earth dwelling
houses and household complexes, can also be seen.
Cultivating of adapted sorts of grain-crops and getting other agricultural produce made
possible not only stable development of those Bosporan poleis and, to a considerable ex¬
tent, provided trade exchange with the east Ionic centers and partially with continental
Greece. In spite
ortense
relations with nomads the hypothesis of special type of the west-
era coast Kimmerian Bosporos poleis land developing in a form of «small agricultural
towns» [U. A.Vinogradov,
2000],
seems to be far from being true. It isn t proved with
modern archaeological materials. At the same time, concentration of
polis
population in
one inhabited locality and new villages running out of it after
50-60
years to the borderline
of poleis land estates and near the sea coast is the specificity of Greek colonization of that
region. However, citizens of those small country settlements continued to bury the de-
297
^^^iiai^^^iiajiaijïilïilailïîlajiHiJïilËiiaiiailSIËIëUiJËlalËJËIïil
Summary
ceased at the city necropoleis of Bosporan poleis during the observed period. The ma¬
jor part of country
chora
people and poleis citizens as well was free farmers poor
enough, who owned small plots and worked land by themselves. It is problematic to
distinguish any regional differences among those Graeco- Ionic people because sourc¬
es are few. We can t exclude the presence of small groups of dependable barbarian
population whose role in
chora
agriculture is not traced back at this stage.
Appropriateness of internal development of Bosporan poleis and periodically re¬
peated barbarian attacks, which intensified in the first quarter of the 5th century
ВС
led
to the formation of the symmachia of the Kimmerian Bosporos cities in
480/479
ВС.
That alliance probably did not limit any political or economic freedom of united poleis.
To all appearances, the organizing beginning of the free sacred union was Apollo cult.
This god was honored in metropoleis of many Bosporan cities
-
Milet
and symmachia
could be headed by the leading priest of the temple who belonged to the aristocratic
dynasty of Archenactids in his lineage. The Bosporus entered into the HI chronologi¬
cal period (between the second quarter of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century
ВС)
and by the middle of the 5th century negative phenomena in Bosporan poleis life
were overcome. Adobe-stone house building revived and destroyed early country set¬
tlements of the
chora
were restored.
Overwhelming majority of Bosporan poleis population in the 5th century
ВС
was Greek.
They were members of civil communities. Apoikiai who arrived to the Kimmerian Bosporos
later were also members of the communities besides pioneers and their descendants. On
account of it they didn t have all political rights there and in other spheres of Greek coloni¬
zation. Absence of any big land estate and insignificant level of commodity economy de¬
velopment does not give any evidence to tell about any big groups of dependent population
and slaves among them. Social level of pioneers was similar enough. Very unpretentious
dwelling houses and burial complexes illustrate it, but according to written sources and
presence of comparatively rich burials there were representatives of noble Greek families.
However, it is possible to say that in early periods (between the
б 1
and the 5th centuries
ВС)
of Bosporan history there were limited groups of poly ethnic dependable barbarian popula¬
tion. There was predominance of Sindoi-Maeotis ethnical component in the northern part
of the channel and prevalence of Scythian ethnical component in the southern one.
Difficulties of internal development and international relations led Bosporan poleis
to the search of new ways of independent development and new contacts with barbarian
periphery
(polis
of Nymphaion) on one hand, and to the dismissal of aristocratic dynasty
of Archenactids and seizure of power in
438/437
ВС
in Panticapaeum by Spartoc on
other hand. That initiated the big territorial state foundation in the Bosporan Kingdom
headed by Spartocids dynasty (Levconids). In the second quarter of the 4th century
ВС
its
territory and organization was formed. That state formation gradually incorporated for¬
merly independent Greek poleis of the Bosporus and territories of barbarian tribes in its
structure. Centralizing tendencies were conditioned not only by objective reasons of so¬
cially-economic development but were pressed on Greek population by certain social
groups headed by Bosporan tyrants, who united independent poleis in the Bosporan King-
298
Summary
ШШШ аі аіЩШ^ШШШШШЩШШШШ
dom
by military force. However, the process of liquidation these or those poleis institu¬
tions in each Bosporan city taken separately had its own peculiarities and, according to
scanty written sources, continued for centuries. In this case it is appropriate to mention
here about certain differences in the development of the western coast of the chorae of
the Kimmerian Bosporos in that third period. In point of fact it was the period of coexist¬
ence of differently organized Greek states at the limited territory. They competed with
each other and constantly experienced nomads pressure.
Thus, Nymphaion
polis
struggled for its independence against the alliance of the north¬
ern part Strait zone Bosporan cities, which summoned up its power. In the second third of
the 5 1 century
ВС
it made active independent contacts with Scythian people, and then in
the last third of the 5th century
ВС
allied itself with the Athenian naval union and probably,
let attic kleoruchiai be built at the outskirts land of its
chora.
It was done to counterbalance
forming Bosporan territorial State with factually monarchy form of governing in the Strait
zone. Significant enough Nymphaion
polis chora
covering the area of
80
sq. km in the end
of the 5th century
ВС,
gave it an opportunity not only for stable developing, but to pay
yearly phoros to the Athenian alliance treasury. Only rearranging of forces in ancient world
resulted in surrender of Nymphaion poleis by the Athenian chief Gylon to Bosporan ty¬
rants in the end of the 5th century
ВС.
Even after that Nymphaion kept its
polis
institutions
and in the first turn
-
one of the most important ones
-
the city
chora.
The situation in the northern part of the European coast of the Kimmerian Bosporos
was different. In the second half of the 5th century
ВС
the
chora
of Panticapaeum enlarged.
At the same time the
chora
of Tyritake, Myrmekion and Porthmion grew but not so much.
Polis
status of Panticapaion for the majority of researchers is evident because of written
sources, but a great spectrum of opinions exists for other cities. In this connection it should
be mentioned, that Bosporan kings are described as archonts of the Bosporus and Theodo-
sia in official inscriptions. A sign of equality can be hardly set between the notion of Bosporus
and Panticapaion. We can suggest consequently a number of other former independent
poleis of Strait zone, included in the Bosporan Kingdom at different stages and probably
on different conditions side by side with Panticapaion in that short inscription formula. It
could not but be reflected at the
chora
of every concrete Bosporan city.
Economic basis of a new Bosporan formation was grain-crops production. Grain was
grown at the agricultural territories. As phoros it was got from
non
-
Greek dependent
population and probably from subjected Bosporan cities. Taxes, which were taken for ex¬
porting of agricultural production from ports controlled by Bosporan tyrants were also part
of economy. Archaeological sources give opportunity not only to mark out poleis chorae,
king s estate, barbarian lands in state land massive of the European part of the Bosporus,
but retrace certain stages in poleis land property functioning.
Lands in the environs of Panticapaieion, Nymphaion and probably also Tiritake,
Myrmekion and Porthmion were property of their civil communities. Major part of coun¬
tryfolk was free civil population, working out small private land plots at the city
chora.
Till
the beginning of the 4th century
ВС
they lived mostly in the urban center of the
polis.
Certain part of the city chorae was poleis common estate and temple lands. There is possi-
299
gUHJjHJiHUgu^jşuHJjHy^HygiiHy^HJjHyşjjHJjay^yHJj^yHuyy^yHJjHJjajjHyajj
Summary
bility that so-called dependent territories were inhabited by small barbarian communities
at the western outlying districts. Small country settlements with unassuming farms, which
consisted of two or three chamber ground building
-
a house, a household yard with small
buildings and granary pits were situated at the chorea of the Bosporan cities. These small
agricultural settlements -oikoses
-
are characteristic both for small settlements and for big
cities, which were centers of territory subdivisions of the city
chora.
Neither defenses nor
fortifications have been found, except tetrapyrgia of the last third of the 5th century
ВС
at
the Nymphaion
polis
outskirts. Big fortified countryside farmsteads of closed planning
appeared at the city land only in the 4th century
ВС.
Significant in length ground defenses
at these or those territories of city land property were also erected then. Judging from
appearances, Tyritake rampart was built among the first ones in the second half of the 4th
century
ВС
[Maslennikov,
2003,
p.
217]
and then Uzunlar rampart was made in the first
third of the 3rd century
ВС
[Maslennikov,
2003,
p.
205].
Unification of significant territories under Spartocids dynasty power and conquering
of Theodosia
polis
became a turning point in the history of the Bosporus. The IV chrono¬
logical period (between the first quarter of the 4th century and the first third of the 3rd
century
ВС)
started just after those events. During that stage the quantity of country settle¬
ments grew rapidly and reorganization of agricultural territories of the state took place.
Country districts of channel zone Bosporan cities were one of main parts of the Bosporan
Kingdom land property still and experienced the period of rapid development. It resulted in
increasing of the rural population. They permanently lived at the city
chora
and as it is seen
on the examples of some settlements of Nymphaion, Panticapaion and Myrmekion chorae
constructed country necropoleis with different burial buildings.
Spatial structural planning of Bosporan cities
chora
seems to be a harmonious relative
system and consists of private plots, poleis common estate and temple lands, situated at
various territorial subdivisions of the
chora,
which were under control of one big country
settlement, small villages gravitating towards it, and separate farmsteads. Earth roads linked
them all. Waterways were also actively used. Those country settlements were built over
with comparatively small farmsteads
-
oikoses. Rapid growth of rural population was the
reason of building and temporary usage of dug outs and semi- dug outs. At the same time
big countryside farmsteads of a typical Greek closed planning, which was characteristic of
such building type appeared. Judging from the archaeological findings, the process at Nym¬
phaion
chora
began a little bit earlier than in Panticapaion and Myrmekion environs. There
are no grounds to speak about big land property at the
chora
of Bosporan cities though and
of any significant slave labour proportion in agriculture correspondingly. However, the
appearance of big countryside farmsteads can illustrate the process of countrymen s strat¬
ification in an indirect way. The main exploiter of the Greek poleis population at that stage
of the Bosporan Kingdom development was firstly the State in a tyrannical dynasty based
on
«
the king s friends» and merchants. According to the written sources, the dynasty of
Spartocids was the leading owner of the land that let them concentrate a large amount of
bread, which they sold to Greece, in their hands. It gave them opportunity not only to
strengthen their tyrannical power, but also turn the Bosporan Kingdom into one of the most
300
Summary
т ШЩЩЩЩЩШШЩШШЩЩШтщщщщщщщщщ
powerful states of the Black Sea coastal region. The character of land ownership there
between the 4th century
ВС
and the first third of the 3rd century
ВС
was close to the situa¬
tion in other Hellenistic monarchies. However great as the king s
chora
size was, where
population of different legal status had to pay fixed ground rent-duty to the king s treasury
and however great as grain import from barbarian territories was, the Bosporan kings had
to apply to civil communities of the Bosporan cities, confirm their poleis rights and ask for
help at the most critical moments of history. It illustrates not only a great role of Bosporan
cities in the state system, but also explains their significant economic opportunities based
on poleis agriculture in the first instance.
Basic branches of national economy of that time were grain crops cultivating and live
stock farming as it had been at previous stages. Wheat grew at the chorae of the cities. Crop
capacity could vary between 7.3F and
14
metric centners from a hectare according to vari¬
ous estates. In spite of known instability of grain harvest,
paleo
economic reconstruction of
Nympheori
chora
situation in the second-third quarter of the 4th century
ВС
gives grounds
to establish a fact that rural districts in archaeologically established borders gave thatpolis
both certain autarkeia
-
economic independence
-
and possibility to export some part of
marketable grain. Live stock farming played a certain role. It is difficult to affirm its mar¬
ketability though. We can only suppose that sheep breeding prevailed in sea coastal
regions.Cattle breeding was popular in steppe regions. According to written sources and
archaeological artifacts, the production of wool cloth mounted to a certain size in the
Bosporus. Wine production began since the 4th century
ВС.
This fact is archaeologically
proved and thus there were vineyards at the Strait zone Bosporan city chorae. Any recon¬
struction of other cultural branches is untimely because of scantiness of sources.
The main display of ethnic process in the country districts of the European coast Kim-
merian Bosporos cities in the period of the utmost flourishing was continuing mixing of
various ethnic and social groups of Greek and barbarian population. Rural population struc¬
ture of the Bosporan cities chorae differed insignificantly from city citizens and was united
community of Bosporan people, which appeared as the result of mixing different Greek
(the Ionic people, the Dorians) and barbarian (Scythians,
Tauri, Sindoi
Maeotis people)
ethnic groups. General gradation of legal statuses
ofthat
rural population seems to be close
to both the northern sea coastal region poleis and the classical poleis of Greece but with
certain peculiarities. It is impossible to bring different groups of rural population, free
population of different social and legal statuses of this or that Bosporan city into proper
correlation, but slaves represented an insignificant group.
The period of heyday of the chorae of the Bosporan cities was concluded with worsen¬
ing of military-political situation around the Bosporus between the end of the 4 1 century
ВС
and the first third of the 3rd century
ВС.
It was connected with the movement of barbar¬
ian tribes to steppes of the northern Black sea coastal regions. This fact, gradual change of
climatic conditions and serious natural cataclysms resulted in crises of Bosporan economy.
It adversely affected agriculture and destroyed the planned organization of the chorae struc¬
ture of the channel zone cities. The process of exhaustion of the soil in agricultural fields of
the Bosporus probably played its part. Population massed in the cities. Life at the Bosporan
301
chorae of the western
coast of
the Kimmerian Bosporos
and at the other agricultural terri¬
tories came to a standstill to some extent for several decades.
The second half of the 3rd century
ВС
started the V chronological period (between the
second third of the third century and the second half of the 2 d century
ВС)
in the develop¬
ment of the Kimmerian Bosporos. The situation had become stabilized relatively only by
the end of the 3rd century
ВС,
crisis had been overcome and the process of certain structural
reconstruction of agricultural branches had been finished in the Bosporus. The Bosporan
Kingdom began a new period of comparatively stable development, which lasted till the
end of the 2nd century
ВС.
If before, between the 4th century
ВС
and the beginning of the 3rd
century
ВС
the economy of the Bosporus had been based on grain cultivating and its ex¬
port, then special attention at the country district was paid to viticulture and wine-making.
Together with a significant growth of handicraft production it became a great incentive of
the development of Bosporan trade with barbarian population. Numerous winemaking com¬
plexes were being built in Bosporan cities of the western coast and the
chora
countryside
farmsteads.They were designed for market processing of grape grown at the nearby plots.
Including of a significant part of Bosporan city population into the sphere of commod¬
ity
-
money relations and increasing
dominium
of kings led to material change in land
relations and cutting down of the city
chora.
Declining of number of settlements at the city
chora
resulted in concentration of the rest of rural population in the cities and separate
country settlements. It favored to finish the forming of ethnically similar population of the
Bosporan cities and their
chora
-
«Bosporan Greeks»-certain Graeco-barbarian ethnocul-
tural and territorial community.
Small land ownership continued to be the basis of agriculture, which was the main
branch of Bosporan economy. However, between the end of the 2nd and the first half of the
1st century
ВС
(theVI chronological period) when the Bosporus suffered hard times again,
the policy of creation of country settlement fortification was widely pursued. The holders
of the plots from the king s land fund had to serve in the army and paid special land tax to
the king s treasury. To all appearances, military settlers appeared at the
chora
of the Bospo¬
ran cities. More and more it lost its special status in land estates of the Bosporan Kingdom.
Later at the borderline of eras that stratum of the population became the main productive
force in agricultural production of the Bosporan Kingdom.
In the first half of the 1st century
ВС
under
Pontic
ruling at the Bosporus the process of
formation of main land relation elements was finished. It was characteristic for developed
Hellenistic monarchies, which legally appointed the supremacy of the king s ownership to
all the state land. Creation and legislative registration of a developed system of the king s
ownership in a kind of laws limited the objective urge of Bosporan cities towards more
independent position in cardinal way and favored disappearance of poleis land ownership
in the Kimmerian Bosporos.
302
|
| adam_txt |
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Введение
. 3
Глава
I.
История археологического изучения
и историография. Палеогеография региона
. 7
1.1.
История археологического изучения
и историография
. 7
1.2.
Палеогеография региона
. 26
Глава
II.
Сельскохозяйственные территории городов
европейского побережья Боспора Киммерийского
в
VI-V
вв. до н.э
. 38
ИЛ. Основание греческих апойкий
. 38
II.2.
Освоение хоры городов
. 45
II.
3.
Полисные земли при Археанактидах
и первых Спартокидах
. 61
Глава
III.
Хора городов в
IV-
нач.Ш вв. до н.э
. 82
111.1.
Сельские поселения и усадьбы
. 82
Ш.2. Погребальные памятники городских хор
.116
Ш.З. Структура и особенности функционирования
городских хор в составе Боспорского царства
.149
Глава
IV.
Земельные владения городов в
III
-
1
вв. до н.э
.166
IV.
1.
Сельская округа городов во второй половине
III-II
вв. до н.э
.166
IV.
2.
Земельные владения городов при
Митридате
VI
Евпаторе
.181
Глава
V.
Основные занятия сельского населения,
его культура и этно-социальный состав в
VI-I
вв. до н.э
.185
V.l.
Основные отрасли сельского хозяйства
.185
330
V.
2.
Промыслы и
ремесла
.205
V.3.
Торгово-обменная деятельность
и денежное обращение
.218
V.4.
Духовная культура и этно-социальный
состав сельского населения
.222
Глава
VI.
Пространственная организация
хоры городов и проблемы
палеоэкономического моделирования
.246
VI.
1.
Пространственная организация и
структурные элементы хоры
городов Северного Причерноморья
.246
VI.
2.
Палеоэкономические модели хоры полисов
.278
Заключение
.288
Summary
.296
Библиография
.303
Список сокращений
.328
331
V.N.Zin'ko
THE CHORA OF THE EUROPEAN PART
OF THE KIMMERIAN BOSPORUS (VI
-
1 centuries
ВС)
Summary
Agriculture was the basis of the Bosporan Kingdom economy and the whole ancient
society as well. The question of ancient agriculture in the North Black Sea coast appeared
to be an object of special researches in the 50-s of the 20th century [Blavatsky,
1953,
p.
3].
The result of it was the conception of the unity of the ancient system «city center
-
chora».
Agricultural territories in the Bosporan Kingdom have been examined in the theme of
whole state formation, without separate specifying of barbarian tribes and thus, practically
without any detailed analysis of land property of this or that Bosporan
polis.
That is why a
range of the most important questions of Bosporan history has been developed without
necessary basis of historical studying.
■
The questions of foundation and development of poleis; cities and their chorae in the
Bosporan Kingdom; reasons of prosperity and crisis of Bosporan agriculture in different
periods and some questions of Graeco- barbarian relations are among them. Thorough
studying of
chora
of Greek cities in the European coast of the Cimmerian Bosporus is a
vital task and has a great meaning for understanding of common appropriateness and pecu¬
liarities of the development of agriculture, economy and history of the Bosporan Kingdom
between the
6*
and the 1st centuries
ВС.
Archaeological materials received during last decades have enlarged the idea of the
chora
of Bosporan cities of the western coast of the Kerch Strait in the
б"1
-1st centuries, but
their real importance in spatial-structural development in the Bosporan Kingdom economy
and agriculture have not been studied yet till now. The task of this work is differentiated
analysis of the
chora
of the European coast of the Kimmerian Bosporos cities. It was nec¬
essary to solve some very difficult tasks. The main of them were: reasons and character of
ancient Greek colonization of the western coast of the Kerch Strait;
paleo-
ecological
analysis of the region; the process of forming and development of poleis of the cities and
surrounding agricultural territories; forming of the Bosporan territorial State; spatial orga¬
nization and structure of land property of Bosporan cities; main branches of agriculture in
poleis; ethno cultural processes at the territory of
chora
in the cities and paleo-economic
Vnodels of the
chora
of the Bosporan poleis.
For several centuries, since the moment of its formation in the 6th century
ВС
and till
the 1st century
ВС,
poleis land ownership played a leading role in agriculture and economy
of the Bosporus. At the
chora oí
poleis of the Kimmerian Bosporus cities the forming and
development of ancient agriculture (in the Strait zone) began. Graeco- barbarian contacts,
296
Summary
^^^MilgïlïllSil^l'ÉlËlïllëilëllËÜËIïlIëll^IëiJSUïïIËIËÜËlzilËiaËiJaiJëlJ
which influenced the following historic development of the future region, were formed
there. Six chronological periods can be distinguished with their characteristic features in
functioning of land property of Bosporan cities.
In the first half of the
6*
century
ВС
Greek colonists of the western coast of the Kim¬
merian Bosporos founded several
ароікіаі.
The main occupation of their citizens was agri¬
culture. In spite of the limited contingent of pioneers and small area of settlements with
built earth houses and small overland buildings, one should hardly question, as some scien¬
tists do, that they were primordial independent ancient poleis. The evidence of it is topo¬
graphic conditions of placement of the future urbanic center of the
polis,
which were typi¬
cal for practically all
ароікіаі.
Vast coastal valley with rich soil and developed enough
river system was contiguous to it. Special allotted sacred and social zones of building are
archaeologically marked out at the very early stage of the existence of the settlements. In
general, political structure of those Bosporan colonies left urbanization considerably be¬
hind in its development. At that very early first chronological period since the moment of
its foundation (in the second quarter of the 6th century
ВС)
till the borderline of the third-
fourth quarter of the 6th century
ВС
of the poleis existence, their land property was insignif¬
icant. It was only some kilometers of coastal strip and seaside vales of coastal rivers. There
are no permanent dwelling houses and household buildings known on the early chorae. It
was probably because of insignificant size of the country region and as a result there was
no necessity to build such houses. It could be conditioned by terms of the treaty with
nomads in case of special agreements according to information of Stephanus Byzantius.
Only in fifty
-
sixty years after founding of
ароікіаі
(not after longer period as it was
considered before) when the process of colonists' adaptation to local conditions was fin¬
ished, the transition from earth house building to mass ground adobe- stone building is
marked out. The process of urbanization activated and first small country settlements ap¬
peared on the neighboring poleis lands. This II chronological period covered approximate¬
ly forty or fifty years, from the last quarter of the
6"'
century to the first quarter of the 5th
century
ВС.
Archaeological materials give evidence to see not only the forming of the
urban center in the process of making the western coast Kimmerian Bosporos poleis.
Progressive planned developing of surrounding lands and creating of urban settlement struc¬
ture of the city
chora,
which consisted of small country settlements with earth dwelling
houses and household complexes, can also be seen.
Cultivating of adapted sorts of grain-crops and getting other agricultural produce made
possible not only stable development of those Bosporan poleis and, to a considerable ex¬
tent, provided trade exchange with the east Ionic centers and partially with continental
Greece. In spite
ortense
relations with nomads'the hypothesis of special type of the west-
era coast Kimmerian Bosporos poleis land developing in a form of «small agricultural
towns» [U. A.Vinogradov,
2000],
seems to be far from being true. It isn't proved with
modern archaeological materials. At the same time, concentration of
polis
population in
one inhabited locality and new villages running out of it after
50-60
years to the borderline
of poleis land estates and near the sea coast is the specificity of Greek colonization of that
region. However, citizens of those small country settlements continued to bury the de-
297
^^^iiai^^^iiajiaijïilïilailïîlajiHiJïilËiiaiiailSIËIëUiJËlalËJËIïil
Summary
ceased at the city necropoleis of Bosporan poleis during the observed period. The ma¬
jor part of country
chora
people and poleis citizens as well was free farmers poor
enough, who owned small plots and worked land by themselves. It is problematic to
distinguish any regional differences among those Graeco- Ionic people because sourc¬
es are few. We can't exclude the presence of small groups of dependable barbarian
population whose role in
chora
agriculture is not traced back at this stage.
Appropriateness of internal development of Bosporan poleis and periodically re¬
peated barbarian attacks, which intensified in the first quarter of the 5th century
ВС
led
to the formation of the symmachia of the Kimmerian Bosporos cities in
480/479
ВС.
That alliance probably did not limit any political or economic freedom of united poleis.
To all appearances, the organizing beginning of the free sacred union was Apollo cult.
This god was honored in metropoleis of many Bosporan cities
-
Milet
and symmachia
could be headed by the leading priest of the temple who belonged to the aristocratic
dynasty of Archenactids in his lineage. The Bosporus entered into the HI chronologi¬
cal period (between the second quarter of the 5th and the beginning of the 4th century
ВС)
and by the middle of the 5th century negative phenomena in Bosporan poleis life
were overcome. Adobe-stone house building revived and destroyed early country set¬
tlements of the
chora
were restored.
Overwhelming majority of Bosporan poleis population in the 5th century
ВС
was Greek.
They were members of civil communities. Apoikiai who arrived to the Kimmerian Bosporos
later were also members of the communities besides pioneers and their descendants. On
account of it they didn't have all political rights there and in other spheres of Greek coloni¬
zation. Absence of any big land estate and insignificant level of commodity economy de¬
velopment does not give any evidence to tell about any big groups of dependent population
and slaves among them. Social level of pioneers was similar enough. Very unpretentious
dwelling houses and burial complexes illustrate it, but according to written sources and
presence of comparatively rich burials there were representatives of noble Greek families.
However, it is possible to say that in early periods (between the
б"1
and the 5th centuries
ВС)
of Bosporan history there were limited groups of poly ethnic dependable barbarian popula¬
tion. There was predominance of Sindoi-Maeotis ethnical component in the northern part
of the channel and prevalence of Scythian ethnical component in the southern one.
Difficulties of internal development and international relations led Bosporan poleis
to the search of new ways of independent development and new contacts with barbarian
periphery
(polis
of Nymphaion) on one hand, and to the dismissal of aristocratic dynasty
of Archenactids and seizure of power in
438/437
ВС
in Panticapaeum by Spartoc on
other hand. That initiated the big territorial state foundation in the Bosporan Kingdom
headed by Spartocids dynasty (Levconids). In the second quarter of the 4th century
ВС
its
territory and organization was formed. That state formation gradually incorporated for¬
merly independent Greek poleis of the Bosporus and territories of barbarian tribes in its
structure. Centralizing tendencies were conditioned not only by objective reasons of so¬
cially-economic development but were pressed on Greek population by certain social
groups headed by Bosporan tyrants, who united independent poleis in the Bosporan King-
298
Summary
ШШШ'аі'аіЩШ^ШШШШШЩШШШШ'
dom
by military force. However, the process of liquidation these or those poleis institu¬
tions in each Bosporan city taken separately had its own peculiarities and, according to
scanty written sources, continued for centuries. In this case it is appropriate to mention
here about certain differences in the development of the western coast of the chorae of
the Kimmerian Bosporos in that third period. In point of fact it was the period of coexist¬
ence of differently organized Greek states at the limited territory. They competed with
each other and constantly experienced nomads' pressure.
Thus, Nymphaion
polis
struggled for its independence against the alliance of the north¬
ern part Strait zone Bosporan cities, which summoned up its power. In the second third of
the 5"1 century
ВС
it made active independent contacts with Scythian people, and then in
the last third of the 5th century
ВС
allied itself with the Athenian naval union and probably,
let attic kleoruchiai be built at the outskirts land of its
chora.
It was done to counterbalance
forming Bosporan territorial State with factually monarchy form of governing in the Strait
zone. Significant enough Nymphaion
polis chora
covering the area of
80
sq. km in the end
of the 5th century
ВС,
gave it an opportunity not only for stable developing, but to pay
yearly phoros to the Athenian alliance treasury. Only rearranging of forces in ancient world
resulted in surrender of Nymphaion poleis by the Athenian chief Gylon to Bosporan ty¬
rants in the end of the 5th century
ВС.
Even after that Nymphaion kept its
polis
institutions
and in the first turn
-
one of the most important ones
-
the city
chora.
The situation in the northern part of the European coast of the Kimmerian Bosporos
was different. In the second half of the 5th century
ВС
the
chora
of Panticapaeum enlarged.
At the same time the
chora
of Tyritake, Myrmekion and Porthmion grew but not so much.
Polis
status of Panticapaion for the majority of researchers is evident because of written
sources, but a great spectrum of opinions exists for other cities. In this connection it should
be mentioned, that Bosporan kings are described as archonts of the Bosporus and Theodo-
sia in official inscriptions. A sign of equality can be hardly set between the notion of Bosporus
and Panticapaion. We can suggest consequently a number of other former independent
poleis of Strait zone, included in the Bosporan Kingdom at different stages and probably
on different conditions side by side with Panticapaion in that short inscription formula. It
could not but be reflected at the
chora
of every concrete Bosporan city.
Economic basis of a new Bosporan formation was grain-crops production. Grain was
grown at the agricultural territories. As phoros it was got from
non
-
Greek dependent
population and probably from subjected Bosporan cities. Taxes, which were taken for ex¬
porting of agricultural production from ports controlled by Bosporan tyrants were also part
of economy. Archaeological sources give opportunity not only to mark out poleis chorae,
king's estate, barbarian lands in state land massive of the European part of the Bosporus,
but retrace certain stages in poleis land property functioning.
Lands in the environs of Panticapaieion, Nymphaion and probably also Tiritake,
Myrmekion and Porthmion were property of their civil communities. Major part of coun¬
tryfolk was free civil population, working out small private land plots at the city
chora.
Till
the beginning of the 4th century
ВС
they lived mostly in the urban center of the
polis.
Certain part of the city chorae was poleis common estate and temple lands. There is possi-
299
gUHJjHJiHUgu^jşuHJjHy^HygiiHy^HJjHyşjjHJjay^yHJj^yHuyy^yHJjHJjajjHyajj
Summary
bility that so-called dependent territories were inhabited by small barbarian communities
at the western outlying districts. Small country settlements with unassuming farms, which
consisted of two or three chamber ground building
-
a house, a household yard with small
buildings and granary pits were situated at the chorea of the Bosporan cities. These small
agricultural settlements -oikoses
-
are characteristic both for small settlements and for big
cities, which were centers of territory subdivisions of the city
chora.
Neither defenses nor
fortifications have been found, except tetrapyrgia of the last third of the 5th century
ВС
at
the Nymphaion
polis
outskirts. Big fortified countryside farmsteads of closed planning
appeared at the city land only in the 4th century
ВС.
Significant in length ground defenses
at these or those territories of city land property were also erected then. Judging from
appearances, Tyritake rampart was built among the first ones in the second half of the 4th
century
ВС
[Maslennikov,
2003,
p.
217]
and then Uzunlar rampart was made in the first
third of the 3rd century
ВС
[Maslennikov,
2003,
p.
205].
Unification of significant territories under Spartocids'dynasty power and conquering
of Theodosia
polis
became a turning point in the history of the Bosporus. The IV chrono¬
logical period (between the first quarter of the 4th century and the first third of the 3rd
century
ВС)
started just after those events. During that stage the quantity of country settle¬
ments grew rapidly and reorganization of agricultural territories of the state took place.
Country districts of channel zone Bosporan cities were one of main parts of the Bosporan
Kingdom land property still and experienced the period of rapid development. It resulted in
increasing of the rural population. They permanently lived at the city
chora
and as it is seen
on the examples of some settlements of Nymphaion, Panticapaion and Myrmekion chorae
constructed country necropoleis with different burial buildings.
Spatial structural planning of Bosporan cities
chora
seems to be a harmonious relative
system and consists of private plots, poleis common estate and temple lands, situated at
various territorial subdivisions of the
chora,
which were under control of one big country
settlement, small villages gravitating towards it, and separate farmsteads. Earth roads linked
them all. Waterways were also actively used. Those country settlements were built over
with comparatively small farmsteads
-
oikoses. Rapid growth of rural population was the
reason of building and temporary usage of dug outs and semi- dug outs. At the same time
big countryside farmsteads of a typical Greek closed planning, which was characteristic of
such building type appeared. Judging from the archaeological findings, the process at Nym¬
phaion
chora
began a little bit earlier than in Panticapaion and Myrmekion environs. There
are no grounds to speak about big land property at the
chora
of Bosporan cities though and
of any significant slave labour proportion in agriculture correspondingly. However, the
appearance of big countryside farmsteads can illustrate the process of countrymen's strat¬
ification in an indirect way. The main exploiter of the Greek poleis population at that stage
of the Bosporan Kingdom development was firstly the State in a tyrannical dynasty based
on
«
the king's friends» and merchants. According to the written sources, the dynasty of
Spartocids was the leading owner of the land that let them concentrate a large amount of
bread, which they sold to Greece, in their hands. It gave them opportunity not only to
strengthen their tyrannical power, but also turn the Bosporan Kingdom into one of the most
300
Summary
т'ШЩЩЩЩЩШШЩШШЩЩШтщщщщщщщщщ
powerful states of the Black Sea coastal region. The character of land ownership there
between the 4th century
ВС
and the first third of the 3rd century
ВС
was close to the situa¬
tion in other Hellenistic monarchies. However great as the king's
chora
size was, where
population of different legal status had to pay fixed ground rent-duty to the king's treasury
and however great as grain import from barbarian territories was, the Bosporan kings had
to apply to civil communities of the Bosporan cities, confirm their poleis rights and ask for
help at the most critical moments of history. It illustrates not only a great role of Bosporan
cities in the state system, but also explains their significant economic opportunities based
on poleis agriculture in the first instance.
Basic branches of national economy of that time were grain crops cultivating and live
stock farming as it had been at previous stages. Wheat grew at the chorae of the cities. Crop
capacity could vary between 7.3F and
14
metric centners from a hectare according to vari¬
ous estates. In spite of known instability of grain harvest,
paleo
economic reconstruction of
Nympheori
chora
situation in the second-third quarter of the 4th century
ВС
gives grounds
to establish a fact that rural districts in archaeologically established borders gave thatpolis
both certain autarkeia
-
economic independence
-
and possibility to export some part of
marketable grain. Live stock farming played a certain role. It is difficult to affirm its mar¬
ketability though. We can only suppose that sheep breeding prevailed in sea coastal
regions.Cattle breeding was popular in steppe regions. According to written sources and
archaeological artifacts, the production of wool cloth mounted to a certain size in the
Bosporus. Wine production began since the 4th century
ВС.
This fact is archaeologically
proved and thus there were vineyards at the Strait zone Bosporan city chorae. Any recon¬
struction of other cultural branches is untimely because of scantiness of sources.
The main display of ethnic process in the country districts of the European coast Kim-
merian Bosporos cities in the period of the utmost flourishing was continuing mixing of
various ethnic and social groups of Greek and barbarian population. Rural population struc¬
ture of the Bosporan cities chorae differed insignificantly from city citizens and was united
community of Bosporan people, which appeared as the result of mixing different Greek
(the Ionic people, the Dorians) and barbarian (Scythians,
Tauri, Sindoi
Maeotis people)
ethnic groups. General gradation of legal statuses
ofthat
rural population seems to be close
to both the northern sea coastal region poleis and the classical poleis of Greece but with
certain peculiarities. It is impossible to bring different groups of rural population, free
population of different social and legal statuses of this or that Bosporan city into proper
correlation, but slaves represented an insignificant group.
The period of heyday of the chorae of the Bosporan cities was concluded with worsen¬
ing of military-political situation around the Bosporus between the end of the 4"1 century
ВС
and the first third of the 3rd century
ВС.
It was connected with the movement of barbar¬
ian tribes to steppes of the northern Black sea coastal regions. This fact, gradual change of
climatic conditions and serious natural cataclysms resulted in crises of Bosporan economy.
It adversely affected agriculture and destroyed the planned organization of the chorae struc¬
ture of the channel zone cities. The process of exhaustion of the soil in agricultural fields of
the Bosporus probably played its part. Population massed in the cities. Life at the Bosporan
301
chorae of the western
coast of
the Kimmerian Bosporos
and at the other agricultural terri¬
tories came to a standstill to some extent for several decades.
The second half of the 3rd century
ВС
started the V chronological period (between the
second third of the third century and the second half of the 2"d century
ВС)
in the develop¬
ment of the Kimmerian Bosporos. The situation had become stabilized relatively only by
the end of the 3rd century
ВС,
crisis had been overcome and the process of certain structural
reconstruction of agricultural branches had been finished in the Bosporus. The Bosporan
Kingdom began a new period of comparatively stable development, which lasted till the
end of the 2nd century
ВС.
If before, between the 4th century
ВС
and the beginning of the 3rd
century
ВС
the economy of the Bosporus had been based on grain cultivating and its ex¬
port, then special attention at the country district was paid to viticulture and wine-making.
Together with a significant growth of handicraft production it became a great incentive of
the development of Bosporan trade with barbarian population. Numerous winemaking com¬
plexes were being built in Bosporan cities of the western coast and the
chora
countryside
farmsteads.They were designed for market processing of grape grown at the nearby plots.
Including of a significant part of Bosporan city population into the sphere of commod¬
ity
-
money relations and increasing
dominium
of kings led to material change in land
relations and cutting down of the city
chora.
Declining of number of settlements at the city
chora
resulted in concentration of the rest of rural population in the cities and separate
country settlements. It favored to finish the forming of ethnically similar population of the
Bosporan cities and their
chora
-
«Bosporan Greeks»-certain Graeco-barbarian ethnocul-
tural and territorial community.
Small land ownership continued to be the basis of agriculture, which was the main
branch of Bosporan economy. However, between the end of the 2nd and the first half of the
1st century
ВС
(theVI chronological period) when the Bosporus suffered hard times again,
the policy of creation of country settlement fortification was widely pursued. The holders
of the plots from the king's land fund had to serve in the army and paid special land tax to
the king's treasury. To all appearances, military settlers appeared at the
chora
of the Bospo¬
ran cities. More and more it lost its special status in land estates of the Bosporan Kingdom.
Later at the borderline of eras that stratum of the population became the main productive
force in agricultural production of the Bosporan Kingdom.
In the first half of the 1st century
ВС
under
Pontic
ruling at the Bosporus the process of
formation of main land relation elements was finished. It was characteristic for developed
Hellenistic monarchies, which legally appointed the supremacy of the king's ownership to
all the state land. Creation and legislative registration of a developed system of the king's
ownership in a kind of laws limited the objective urge of Bosporan cities towards more
independent position in cardinal way and favored disappearance of poleis land ownership
in the Kimmerian Bosporos.
302 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Zinʹko, Viktor N. |
| author_facet | Zinʹko, Viktor N. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Zinʹko, Viktor N. |
| author_variant | v n z vn vnz |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023081769 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)220322934 (DE-599)BVBBV023081769 |
| era | Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-1 v. Chr. gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-1 v. Chr. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Straße von Kertsch Region (DE-588)4690188-7 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Straße von Kertsch Region |
| id | DE-604.BV023081769 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:37:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:34Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016284779 |
| oclc_num | 220322934 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 333 S. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Krymskoe Otd. Inst. Vostokovedenija Im. A. E. Krymskogo NAN Ukrainy [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Bosporskie issledovanija |
| spelling | Zinʹko, Viktor N. Verfasser aut Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) V. N. Zinʹko Simferopolʹ Krymskoe Otd. Inst. Vostokovedenija Im. A. E. Krymskogo NAN Ukrainy [u.a.] 2007 333 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Bosporskie issledovanija 15 In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The chora of the European part of the Kimmerian Bosporos - Einzelaufnahme eines Zeitschr.-H. Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-1 v. Chr. gnd rswk-swf Stadtleben (DE-588)4424590-7 gnd rswk-swf Landleben (DE-588)4034309-1 gnd rswk-swf Straße von Kertsch Region (DE-588)4690188-7 gnd rswk-swf Straße von Kertsch Region (DE-588)4690188-7 g Stadtleben (DE-588)4424590-7 s Landleben (DE-588)4034309-1 s Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-1 v. Chr. z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016284779&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016284779&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Zinʹko, Viktor N. Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) Stadtleben (DE-588)4424590-7 gnd Landleben (DE-588)4034309-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4424590-7 (DE-588)4034309-1 (DE-588)4690188-7 |
| title | Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) |
| title_auth | Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) |
| title_exact_search | Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) |
| title_full | Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) V. N. Zinʹko |
| title_fullStr | Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) V. N. Zinʹko |
| title_full_unstemmed | Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) V. N. Zinʹko |
| title_short | Chora gorodov evropejskogo poberežʹja Bospora Kimmerijskogo |
| title_sort | chora gorodov evropejskogo poberezʹja bospora kimmerijskogo vi i vv do n e |
| title_sub | (VI - I vv. do n.ė.) |
| topic | Stadtleben (DE-588)4424590-7 gnd Landleben (DE-588)4034309-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stadtleben Landleben Straße von Kertsch Region |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016284779&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016284779&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT zinʹkoviktorn choragorodovevropejskogopoberezʹjabosporakimmerijskogoviivvdone |