Verfügbarkeit: A grammar of Gidar

A grammar of Gidar:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] Lang 2008
Schriftenreihe:	Schriften zur Afrikanistik 13
Schlagworte:	Gidar Grammatik African languages > Cameroon African languages > Chad Chadic languages > Grammar Gidar language > Grammar
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	504 S. Kt. 210 mm x 148 mm
ISBN:	9783631551332 3631551339

Internformat

MARC


LEADER	00000nam a2200000 cb4500
001	BV023078575
003	DE-604
005	20140723
007	t
008	080114s2008 gw b\|\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d
015			\|a 07,N44,0784 \|2 dnb
016	7		\|a 98595941X \|2 DE-101
020			\|a 9783631551332 \|c Pbk. : EUR 74.50 \|9 978-3-631-55133-2
020			\|a 3631551339 \|c Pbk. : EUR 74.50 \|9 3-631-55133-9
024	3		\|a 9783631551332
035			\|a (OCoLC)184820635
035			\|a (DE-599)DNB98595941X
040			\|a DE-604 \|b ger \|e rakddb
041	0		\|a eng
044			\|a gw \|c XA-DE-HE
049			\|a DE-355 \|a DE-703 \|a DE-11
050		0	\|a PL8026.C531
082	0		\|a 493.7 \|2 22/ger
084			\|a EP 15241 \|0 (DE-625)26087:231 \|2 rvk
084			\|a 490 \|2 sdnb
100	1		\|a Frajzyngier, Zygmunt \|d 1938- \|e Verfasser \|0 (DE-588)129294977 \|4 aut
245	1	0	\|a A grammar of Gidar \|c Zygmunt Frajzyngier
264		1	\|a Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] \|b Lang \|c 2008
300			\|a 504 S. \|b Kt. \|c 210 mm x 148 mm
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b n \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
490	1		\|a Schriften zur Afrikanistik \|v 13
650		7	\|a Gidar \|2 gtt
650		4	\|a Grammatik
650		4	\|a African languages \|z Cameroon
650		4	\|a African languages \|z Chad
650		4	\|a Chadic languages \|x Grammar
650		4	\|a Gidar language \|x Grammar
650	0	7	\|a Grammatik \|0 (DE-588)4021806-5 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Gidar \|0 (DE-588)7599846-4 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
689	0	0	\|a Gidar \|0 (DE-588)7599846-4 \|D s
689	0	1	\|a Grammatik \|0 (DE-588)4021806-5 \|D s
689	0		\|5 DE-604
830		0	\|a Schriften zur Afrikanistik \|v 13 \|w (DE-604)BV012556463 \|9 13
856	4	2	\|m Digitalisierung UB Regensburg \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016281631&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Inhaltsverzeichnis
999			\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016281631

Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804137325088735232
adam_text	Contents Acknowledgments .................................................................................................5 Abbreviations ..........................................................................................................7 Maps .........................................................................................................................9 Chapter 1 - Introduction 1 The name and location of the language ......................................................23 2 Sources of the data ...........................................................................................25 3 An outline of the grammar of Gidar ............................................................26 3.1 Phonology ..................................................................................................26 3.2 Lexical categories ......................................................................................27 3.3 Syntax ..........................................................................................................28 3.4 Morphology ...............................................................................................29 3.5 Complex sentence structure ...................................................................30 Chapter 2 - Phonology 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................31 2 Consonante ........................................................................................................31 2.1 Phonetic consonante and glides ............................................................31 2.2 Underlying consonante and glides .......................................................32 2.3 The phonological status of prenasalized stops ..................................33 2.4 Continuante ...............................................................................................33 2.5 Nasal consonante ......................................................................................35 2.6 Liquids ........................................................................................................38 2.7 Lateral continuante ...................................................................................38 2.8 Summary of underlying consonants and glides: ...............................39 3 Consonant clusters ..........................................................................................39 3.1 Allowed and disallowed clusters ..........................................................39 3.2 Glide deletion .............................................................................................42 3.3 Glottalized alveolar deletion ...................................................................43 3.4 Nasal assimilation ....................................................................................44 3.5 Consonant voicing ....................................................................................44 3.6 Geminated consonante .....,......................................................................45 3.7 Consonant devouring ...............................................................................46 ]2 A Grammar of Gidar 3.8 From glide to long vowel ........................................................................47 3.9 From labial glide to glottal continuant ................................................48 4 Vowels and rules affecting vowels ..............................................................48 4.1 Phonetic vowels ........................................................................................48 4.2 Underlying vowels ...................................................................................49 4.3 Mid vowels ................................................................................................50 4.4 Mid vowel lowering .................................................................................53 4.5 The phonological status of schwa .........................................................53 4.6 Round front vowels .................................................................................55 4.7 The phonological status of nasal vowels .............................................55 4.8 The phonological status of vowel length ............................................56 4.9 Rounding ....................................................................................................57 4.10 Vowels in contact ....................................................................................58 4.11 Glide reduction ........................................................................................59 5 Vowel harmony rules ......................................................................................60 5.1 The system ..................................................................................................60 5.2 Vowel fronting, raising, and rounding ................................................60 5.3 Vowel harmony affecting high vowels ................................................62 5.4 Derived vowels and vowel harmony rules .........................................64 5.5 Barriers to vowel harmony .....................................................................65 5.6 Summary of the vowel harmony system ............................................68 6 Vowel deletion ..................................................................................................68 7 Vowel retention as the marker of phrase-final position ..........................72 8 Syllabification ...................................................................................................74 8.1 The place of syllabification and allowed syllabic structures ...........74 8.2 Syllabification processes .........................................................................74 9 Tone ....................................................................................................................77 9.1 The tonal system .......................................................................................77 9.2 Polar tones ..................................................................................................78 9.3 Tonal effects of vowel deletion ..............................................................78 9.4 Tone and vowel replacement .................................................................79 10 Conclusions .....................................................................................................80 Chapter 3 - The Structure of the Noun Phrase 1 Introduction ......................................................................................................81 2 The structure of the noun ...............................................................................81 Contents 13 3 Nominal derivational morphology ..............................................................84 3.1 The nominal attributive marker ............................................................84 3.2 The diminutive and feminine ................................................................85 3.3 Number .......................................................................................................86 4 Gender ................................................................................................................89 5 Modification through juxtaposition and vowel deletion ........................91 6 Coding modification through juxtaposition alone ...................................91 7 Pronominal possessors ...................................................................................92 8 Modification of one noun by another through possessive pronouns .. 94 9 Modification by a quantifier ..........................................................................95 10 Modification by a numeral ..........................................................................96 11 Nouns modified for property concepts ....................................................97 11.1 The category adjective .........................................................................97 11.2 Derived adjectives ..................................................................................98 12 Modification through the comment marker ná.....................................100 13 Combining noun phrases ...........................................................................103 13.1 The system .............................................................................................103 13.2 The representation of the real world set ..........................................104 13.3 Different-set membership ...................................................................105 13.4 The associative plural ..........................................................................109 14 The dissociative noun phrase ....................................................................110 15 Conclusions ................................................................................................... Ill Chapter 4 - Underlying and Derived Forms of Verb 1 Defining criteria for verbs ............................................................................113 2 Roots and thematic vowels ..........................................................................113 2.1 Possible structures of roots ...................................................................113 2.2 Class 1: Monoconsonantal verbs ........................................................114 2.3 Class 2: CVC verbs .................................................................................115 2.4 Class 3: CC verbs ....................................................................................116 2.5 Class 4: CVCG verbs .............................................................................117 2.6 Class 5: QQVC verbs ............................................................................117 2.7 Class 6: CCV verbs .................................................................................119 3 Formation of the infinitive ...........................................................................120 4 The dependent stem ......................................................................................122 5 Verbal nouns ...................................................................................................123 14 A Grammar of Gidar 6 Conclusions ..................................................................................................... 124 Chapter 5 - Argument Structure 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................125 2 The category subject ....................................................................................126 2.1 Defining characteristics of subject ......................................................126 2.2 The coding of the pronominal subject ................................................126 3 Syntactic classes of verbs ..............................................................................130 3.1 The system of classes .............................................................................130 3.2 Labil verbs ................................................................................................130 3.3 The labil verbs with the suffix -a .........................................................133 3.4 Intransitive verbs with an affected, non-controlling subject .........134 3.5 Intransitive verbs with controlling and affected subjects ..............137 3.6 Subject suffixes and intransitive verbs of movement and posture 138 3.6.1 The form of subject suffixes ...........................................................138 3.6.2 The function of subject suffixes .....................................................142 3.7 Transitive verbs .......................................................................................145 4 Pronominal object markers ..........................................................................150 5 Third-person objects ......................................................................................151 5.1 The third-person feminine object pronoun .......................................151 5.2 Third-person masculine object pronouns .........................................152 5.3 The third-person object marker ni ......................................................154 6 Point-of-view of object ..................................................................................156 7 Third-person plural object coding ..............................................................161 8 The third person pronominal object in the infinitive .............................164 9 The function of pronominal object coding ...............................................164 9.1 Object-orientation and specific objects ..............................................164 9.2 The de dicto/de re distinction for objects ..............................................165 10 Coding coreferentiality of agent and patient .........................................166 11 Body-part nouns as objects ........................................................................168 12 The causative ................................................................................................169 12.1 Forms of causative constructions ......................................................169 12.2 The functions of causative constructions ........................................172 13 The argument structure of the verb рѕз give ......................................174 14 The reciprocal ...............................................................................................176 15 The coding of the indirectly affected argument ....................................177 Contents 15 16 Arguments of verbs of saying................................................................... 184 17 The nominalized form of the verb and the unspecified agent ...........186 18 Conclusions ...................................................................................................188 Chapter 6 - Verbal Extensions 1 Totality extension ...........................................................................................191 1.1 The form of the totality extension .......................................................191 1.2 The function of the totality extension ................................................192 2 Plural subjects of intransitive verbs with totality extension .................193 3 Ventive extension ...........................................................................................196 4 The repetition of an event extension ..........................................................198 5 Conclusions .....................................................................................................202 Chapter 7 - Adjuncts 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................203 2 Locative adjuncts ...........................................................................................203 2.1 The system of coding the locative function ......................................203 2.2 Preposition я ............................................................................................204 2.3 The lexicalization of verbs of movement ...........................................205 2.4 The locative source ..................................................................................208 2.5 The preposition kla through ...............................................................210 3 Spatial specifiers .............................................................................................211 3.1 The specifier dáf inside ......................................................................212 3.2 The specifier kà on ................................................................................213 3.3 Malefactive use of preposition kà ........................................................213 3.4 The specifier nibá under ......................................................................214 3.5 The specifier zà near ............................................................................214 3.6 The t+human] source or goal ...............................................................216 3.7 The preposition darföga behind ........................................................219 4 The associative construction ........................................................................220 5 The adverb instead ......................................................................................223 6 Ideophones ......................................................................................................224 7 Adjuncts of time .............................................................................................224 8 The purpose and reason adverb .................................................................228 9 The categorial status of prepositions .........................................................229 -■g A Grammar of Gidar 10 Adverbs of manner ......................................................................................230 11 Conclusions ...................................................................................................233 Chapter 8 - Aspect 1 An overview of the system of aspectual distinctions .............................235 2 The independent perfective aspect ............................................................236 2.1 The form of the independent perfective ............................................236 2.2 The function of the independent perfective .....................................237 3 The imperfective and the dependent perfective aspect .........................241 3.1 The form of the imperfective aspect ...................................................241 3.2 The function of the imperfective aspect ............................................242 3.3 The imperfective and the specific interrogative ..............................244 4 The progressive ..............................................................................................245 4.1 The form of the independent progressive auxiliary .......................245 4.2 Stative-dynamic distinction ..................................................................247 4.3 Functions of the independent progressive ........................................249 5 The dependent progressive .........................................................................251 5.1 The form of the dependent progressive ............................................251 5.2 The function of the dependent progressive ......................................252 6 The frequentative aspect ..............................................................................254 6.1 The form of the frequentative aspect .................................................254 6.2 The function of the frequentative aspect ...........................................256 7 The repetitive aspect .....................................................................................258 8 Conclusions .....................................................................................................259 Chapter 9 -Tense 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................261 2 The affirmative future ...................................................................................261 3 Dependent future ...........................................................................................264 4 The future and the negative ........................................................................266 4.1 The forms of negative future ................................................................266 4.2 The functions of the negative future ..................................................266 5 The dependent future and the prohibitive function ..............................268 6 Conclusions .....................................................................................................268 Contents 17 Chapter 10 - Modalities 1 Two types of modalities ...............................................................................269 2 Epistemic modalities .....................................................................................269 3 Point of view for the epistemic modality ..................................................270 4 The hypothetical mood .................................................................................271 5 The hypothetical adverb kitzúr/ ...................................................................273 6 Extending the scope of participants ...........................................................273 7 The imperative mood ....................................................................................273 8 The subjunctive mood ..................................................................................275 9 The optative mood .........................................................................................278 10 The subjunctive marker gàní .....................................................................279 11 The prohibitive modality ...........................................................................280 12 Pleading through negation ........................................................................282 13 Necessity ........................................................................................................284 13.1 The necessity marker léwì ...................................................................284 13.2 Necessity through the borrowed marker si ....................................285 14 Conclusions ...................................................................................................287 Chapter 11 - Verbless Clauses 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................290 2 Identificational clauses .................................................................................290 3 Copula as an independent coding means for gender ............................295 4 Equational clauses with nominal subject and predicate .......................296 5 The adjectival predicate ................................................................................297 6 Inherent adjectives in predicative constructions .....................................302 7 Equational possessive constructions .........................................................303 8 Locative predications: X is located at Y ....................................................303 9 Possessive predications: X has Y ................................................................305 10 Time coding in equational clauses ...........................................................307 11 Existential predications ..............................................................................308 12 Conclusions ...................................................................................................309 Chapter 12 - Negation 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................311 18 A Grammar of Gidar 2 The form of the negative clause ..................................................................311 3 Negation of equational clauses ...................................................................313 4 Negation of possessive clauses ...................................................................313 5 Negation with the interrogative .................................................................314 6 The scope of negation ...................................................................................314 7 The coding of counter expectation .............................................................315 8 Conclusions .....................................................................................................316 Chapter 13 - The Reference System 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................317 2 Deixis and pronouns .....................................................................................317 3 The forms of deictic and anaphoric complexes .......................................318 4 The four series of determiners ....................................................................320 5 The speaker and hearer proximate η .........................................................321 6 Determiners of the series s ...........................................................................323 7 The determiners of the series nd .................................................................326 7.1 The form of the determiner ..................................................................326 7.2 The function of the determiner ndá ....................................................327 8 The deictic and proximate anaphoric functions of ш ............................329 8.1 The deictic function of ш -Pronoun ..................................................... 329 8.2 The anaphoric function of vani ............................................................332 9 The anaphoric marker ima ............................................................................338 10 Locative deixis and anaphora ...................................................................338 11 Remote anaphora .........................................................................................340 12 Property concept anaphora .......................................................................344 13 Reference coding on verbs and prepositions .........................................344 14 Conclusions ...................................................................................................346 Chapter 14 - Interrogative Clauses 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................349 2 Questions about the truth of the proposition ..........................................349 3 Specific interrogatives...................................................................................352 3.1 Questions about human participants and the de dicto-de re distinction ........................................................................................................352 3.1.1 Questions about human participants in the domain de dicto ...352 Contents 19 3.1.2 Questions about human participants in the domain de re .......356 3.2 Questions about non human participant: what? .............................357 3.3 Questions about the locative argument: where? ..............................360 3.4 Questions about the manner: how? ....................................................361 3.5 Questions about the reason: Why? .....................................................362 4 Conclusions .....................................................................................................363 Chapter 15 - The Coding of Focus 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................365 2 Focus on the subject .......................................................................................366 2.1 Focus on nominal subject ......................................................................366 2.2 Focus on the pronominal subjects .......................................................369 3 Focus on the object .........................................................................................370 3.1 Focus on the nominal object .................................................................370 3.2 Focus on the pronominal object in the progressive aspect ............372 4 Focus on the predicate ..................................................................................372 5 Focus on adjuncts ...........................................................................................375 6 Focus on the dative/benefactive .................................................................376 7 Focus on possessor ........................................................................................377 8 Conclusions .....................................................................................................377 Chapter 16 - Topicalization and Topics 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................379 2 Topicalization of the subject ........................................................................379 3 Topicalization marker bò also ...................................................................382 4 Topicalization of the object ..........................................................................383 5 Topicalization of adjuncts ............................................................................385 6 Backgrounding ...............................................................................................386 7 Coding of a new event ..................................................................................387 8 Conclusions .....................................................................................................388 Chapter 17 - Paratactic, Sequential, and Counterexpectation Clauses 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................391 2 Paratactic asyndetic conjoining ...................................................................391 2Q A Grammar of Gidar 3 Coding temporal sequence ..........................................................................395 3.1 Coding temporal sequence through the dependent aspect ...........395 3.2 Coding temporal sequence through the conjunction may .............395 4 Counterexpectation .......................................................................................398 5 Conclusions .....................................................................................................402 Chapter 18 - Complementation 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................403 2 The category comment clause ...................................................................404 3 Clausal complements of verbs of saying ..................................................404 3.1 The matrix clause verb ..........................................................................404 3.2 The omission of the verb of saying .....................................................406 4 The complementizer and its functions ......................................................407 4.1 The form and syntax of the complementizer ....................................407 4.2 The functions of the complementizer .................................................407 4.3 Coreference and switch reference with verbs of saying ................410 5 Direct versus indirect speech: the form of the embedded clause ...... 410 6 Dubitative modality in the embedded clause ..........................................413 7 Deontic complements after verbs of saying .............................................413 8 Embedded interrogative clauses: questions about the truth ................416 9 Specific interrogatives in the embedded clause ......................................417 9.1 Embedded questions about human participants .............................417 9.2 Embedded questions about a non-human participant ...................419 9.3 Embedded questions about locative arguments and adjuncts .....420 9.4 Embedded questions about the reason ..............................................421 10 Complements after verbs of thinking ...................................................422 11 Clausal complements of cognitive verbs ................................................423 12 Complements of verbs of perception ......................................................423 12.1 Complements after verbs of perception through dependent aspect ................................................................................................................424 12.2 Coding of the subject of the embedded clause in the matrix clause only .......................................................................................................424 12.3 Coding of the subject in the matrix and the embedded clause ..426 12.4 The de dicto complementizer after verbs of perception ................426 13 Complements of volitional verbs .............................................................427 13.1 The form of the volitional construction ...........................................427 Contents 21 13.2 Same subjects in volitional constructions ........................................428 13.3 Focus in volitional complements ......................................................430 13.4 Focus on the verb ..................................................................................431 13.5 Different subjects in volitional complements .................................431 14 Complement of the verb bàymá finish ...................................................432 14.1 Serial verb construction ......................................................................432 14.2 Coding through complementation ...................................................433 15 Complements of the verb Bap be able ...................................................433 16 Complements of the verb tà] start .........................................................434 17 Conclusions ...................................................................................................435 Chapter 19 - Temporal and Conditional Protases 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................437 2 Realis temporal protasis ...............................................................................437 3 Conditional protasis ......................................................................................441 3.1 Affirmative conditional .........................................................................441 3.2 Negative conditional ..............................................................................444 4 Conclusions .....................................................................................................444 Chapter 20 - Clausal Adjuncts 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................445 2 Sequential events through the infinitive ...................................................445 3 Purpose ............................................................................................................446 3 Reason clause ..................................................................................................447 4 Concessive clauses .........................................................................................449 5 Conclusions .....................................................................................................449 Chapter 21 - Comparative Constructions 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................451 2 Predicates of equality ....................................................................................451 3 Comparison of inequality ............................................................................452 4 Conclusions .....................................................................................................454 22 A Grammar of Gidar Chapter 22 - Relative Clauses 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................455 2 Aspect and tense in relative clauses ..........................................................455 2.1 Aspect in relative clauses ......................................................................455 2.2 The future tense in relative clauses ....................................................456 3 The coding of the unspecified head ...........................................................457 3.1 The phonological form of the marker ................................................457 3.2 The function of the unspecified relative marker .............................457 4 The coding of the specific head ...................................................................460 4.1 The forms of the marker of the specified head ................................460 4.2 The functions of the specific head marker ........................................460 4.3 Relative clauses without relative markers ........................................462 5 Coding grammatical relations of the head ...............................................463 5.1 The head as the subject ..........................................................................463 5.2 The relativized object .............................................................................464 5.3 Relativized adjuncts ...............................................................................465 6 Conclusions .....................................................................................................468 Sample of Texts Introduction ........................................................................................................469 The story of the chief and Sombo ...................................................................469 Tilim and the chief of the village ....................................................................483 A woman and her co-wife ................................................................................488 A turtle and a boy ..............................................................................................493 Appendix Table 5.1: Pronominal subjects ........................................................................497 Table 5.2: Subject suffixes .................................................................................497 Table 5.3: Pronominal objects ..........................................................................497 Table 8.1: Aspect and tense markers across some types of clauses .........498 Table 8.2: Subject pronouns in the independent progressive ..................498 Table 13.1: Independent pronouns .................................................................498 Table 13.2: Independent possessive pronouns ...........................................498 Table: Inalienable possessive pronouns ........................................................499 References ............................................................................................................501
adam_txt	Contents Acknowledgments .5 Abbreviations .7 Maps .9 Chapter 1 - Introduction 1 The name and location of the language .23 2 Sources of the data .25 3 An outline of the grammar of Gidar .26 3.1 Phonology .26 3.2 Lexical categories .27 3.3 Syntax .28 3.4 Morphology .29 3.5 Complex sentence structure .30 Chapter 2 - Phonology 1 Introduction .31 2 Consonante .31 2.1 Phonetic consonante and glides .31 2.2 Underlying consonante and glides .32 2.3 The phonological status of prenasalized stops .33 2.4 Continuante .33 2.5 Nasal consonante .35 2.6 Liquids .38 2.7 Lateral continuante .38 2.8 Summary of underlying consonants and glides: .39 3 Consonant clusters .39 3.1 Allowed and disallowed clusters .39 3.2 Glide deletion .42 3.3 Glottalized alveolar deletion .43 3.4 Nasal assimilation .44 3.5 Consonant voicing .44 3.6 Geminated consonante .,.45 3.7 Consonant devouring .46 ]2 A Grammar of Gidar 3.8 From glide to long vowel .47 3.9 From labial glide to glottal continuant .48 4 Vowels and rules affecting vowels .48 4.1 Phonetic vowels .48 4.2 Underlying vowels .49 4.3 Mid vowels .50 4.4 Mid vowel lowering .53 4.5 The phonological status of schwa .53 4.6 Round front vowels .55 4.7 The phonological status of nasal vowels .55 4.8 The phonological status of vowel length .56 4.9 Rounding .57 4.10 Vowels in contact .58 4.11 Glide reduction .59 5 Vowel harmony rules .60 5.1 The system .60 5.2 Vowel fronting, raising, and rounding .60 5.3 Vowel harmony affecting high vowels .62 5.4 Derived vowels and vowel harmony rules .64 5.5 Barriers to vowel harmony .65 5.6 Summary of the vowel harmony system .68 6 Vowel deletion .68 7 Vowel retention as the marker of phrase-final position .72 8 Syllabification .74 8.1 The place of syllabification and allowed syllabic structures .74 8.2 Syllabification processes .74 9 Tone .77 9.1 The tonal system .77 9.2 Polar tones .78 9.3 Tonal effects of vowel deletion .78 9.4 Tone and vowel replacement .79 10 Conclusions .80 Chapter 3 - The Structure of the Noun Phrase 1 Introduction .81 2 The structure of the noun .81 Contents 13 3 Nominal derivational morphology .84 3.1 The nominal attributive marker .84 3.2 The diminutive and feminine .85 3.3 Number .86 4 Gender .89 5 Modification through juxtaposition and vowel deletion .91 6 Coding modification through juxtaposition alone .91 7 Pronominal possessors .92 8 Modification of one noun by another through possessive pronouns . 94 9 Modification by a quantifier .95 10 Modification by a numeral .96 11 Nouns modified for property concepts .97 11.1 The category'adjective' .97 11.2 Derived adjectives .98 12 Modification through the comment marker ná.100 13 Combining noun phrases .103 13.1 The system .103 13.2 The representation of the real world set .104 13.3 Different-set membership .105 13.4 The associative plural .109 14 The dissociative noun phrase .110 15 Conclusions . Ill Chapter 4 - Underlying and Derived Forms of Verb 1 Defining criteria for verbs .113 2 Roots and thematic vowels .113 2.1 Possible structures of roots .113 2.2 Class 1: Monoconsonantal verbs .114 2.3 Class 2: CVC verbs .115 2.4 Class 3: CC verbs .116 2.5 Class 4: CVCG verbs .117 2.6 Class 5: QQVC verbs .117 2.7 Class 6: CCV verbs .119 3 Formation of the infinitive .120 4 The dependent stem .122 5 Verbal nouns .123 14 A Grammar of Gidar 6 Conclusions . 124 Chapter 5 - Argument Structure 1 Introduction .125 2 The category 'subject' .126 2.1 Defining characteristics of subject .126 2.2 The coding of the pronominal subject .126 3 Syntactic classes of verbs .130 3.1 The system of classes .130 3.2 Labil verbs .130 3.3 The labil verbs with the suffix -a .133 3.4 Intransitive verbs with an affected, non-controlling subject .134 3.5 Intransitive verbs with controlling and affected subjects .137 3.6 Subject suffixes and intransitive verbs of movement and posture 138 3.6.1 The form of subject suffixes .138 3.6.2 The function of subject suffixes .142 3.7 Transitive verbs .145 4 Pronominal object markers .150 5 Third-person objects .151 5.1 The third-person feminine object pronoun .151 5.2 Third-person masculine object pronouns .152 5.3 The third-person object marker ni .154 6 Point-of-view of object .156 7 Third-person plural object coding .161 8 The third person pronominal object in the infinitive .164 9 The function of pronominal object coding .164 9.1 Object-orientation and specific objects .164 9.2 The de dicto/de re distinction for objects .165 10 Coding coreferentiality of agent and patient .166 11 Body-part nouns as objects .168 12 The causative .169 12.1 Forms of causative constructions .169 12.2 The functions of causative constructions .172 13 The argument structure of the verb рѕз 'give' .174 14 The reciprocal .176 15 The coding of the indirectly affected argument .177 Contents 15 16 Arguments of verbs of saying. 184 17 The nominalized form of the verb and the unspecified agent .186 18 Conclusions .188 Chapter 6 - Verbal Extensions 1 Totality extension .191 1.1 The form of the totality extension .191 1.2 The function of the totality extension .192 2 Plural subjects of intransitive verbs with totality extension .193 3 Ventive extension .196 4 The repetition of an event extension .198 5 Conclusions .202 Chapter 7 - Adjuncts 1 Introduction .203 2 Locative adjuncts .203 2.1 The system of coding the locative function .203 2.2 Preposition я .204 2.3 The lexicalization of verbs of movement .205 2.4 The locative source .208 2.5 The preposition kla 'through' .210 3 Spatial specifiers .211 3.1 The specifier dáf 'inside' .212 3.2 The specifier kà 'on' .213 3.3 Malefactive use of preposition kà .213 3.4 The specifier nibá 'under' .214 3.5 The specifier zà 'near' .214 3.6 The t+human] source or goal .216 3.7 The preposition darföga 'behind' .219 4 The associative construction .220 5 The adverb 'instead' .223 6 Ideophones .224 7 Adjuncts of time .224 8 The purpose and reason adverb .228 9 The categorial status of prepositions .229 -■g A Grammar of Gidar 10 Adverbs of manner .230 11 Conclusions .233 Chapter 8 - Aspect 1 An overview of the system of aspectual distinctions .235 2 The independent perfective aspect .236 2.1 The form of the independent perfective .236 2.2 The function of the independent perfective .237 3 The imperfective and the dependent perfective aspect .241 3.1 The form of the imperfective aspect .241 3.2 The function of the imperfective aspect .242 3.3 The imperfective and the specific interrogative .244 4 The progressive .245 4.1 The form of the independent progressive auxiliary .245 4.2 Stative-dynamic distinction .247 4.3 Functions of the independent progressive .249 5 The dependent progressive .251 5.1 The form of the dependent progressive .251 5.2 The function of the dependent progressive .252 6 The frequentative aspect .254 6.1 The form of the frequentative aspect .254 6.2 The function of the frequentative aspect .256 7 The repetitive aspect .258 8 Conclusions .259 Chapter 9 -Tense 1 Introduction .261 2 The affirmative future .261 3 Dependent future .264 4 The future and the negative .266 4.1 The forms of negative future .266 4.2 The functions of the negative future .266 5 The dependent future and the prohibitive function .268 6 Conclusions .268 Contents 17 Chapter 10 - Modalities 1 Two types of modalities .269 2 Epistemic modalities .269 3 Point of view for the epistemic modality .270 4 The hypothetical mood .271 5 The hypothetical adverb kitzúr/ .273 6 Extending the scope of participants .273 7 The imperative mood .273 8 The subjunctive mood .275 9 The optative mood .278 10 The subjunctive marker gàní .279 11 The prohibitive modality .280 12 Pleading through negation .282 13 Necessity .284 13.1 The necessity marker léwì .284 13.2 Necessity through the borrowed marker si .285 14 Conclusions .287 Chapter 11 - Verbless Clauses 1 Introduction .290 2 Identificational clauses .290 3 Copula as an independent coding means for gender .295 4 Equational clauses with nominal subject and predicate .296 5 The adjectival predicate .297 6 Inherent adjectives in predicative constructions .302 7 Equational possessive constructions .303 8 Locative predications: X is located at Y .303 9 Possessive predications: X has Y .305 10 Time coding in equational clauses .307 11 Existential predications .308 12 Conclusions .309 Chapter 12 - Negation 1 Introduction .311 18 A Grammar of Gidar 2 The form of the negative clause .311 3 Negation of equational clauses .313 4 Negation of possessive clauses .313 5 Negation with the interrogative .314 6 The scope of negation .314 7 The coding of counter expectation .315 8 Conclusions .316 Chapter 13 - The Reference System 1 Introduction .317 2 Deixis and pronouns .317 3 The forms of deictic and anaphoric complexes .318 4 The four series of determiners .320 5 The speaker and hearer proximate η .321 6 Determiners of the series s .323 7 The determiners of the series nd .326 7.1 The form of the determiner .326 7.2 The function of the determiner ndá .327 8 The deictic and proximate anaphoric functions of ш .329 8.1 The deictic function of ш -Pronoun . 329 8.2 The anaphoric function of vani .332 9 The anaphoric marker ima .338 10 Locative deixis and anaphora .338 11 Remote anaphora .340 12 Property concept anaphora .344 13 Reference coding on verbs and prepositions .344 14 Conclusions .346 Chapter 14 - Interrogative Clauses 1 Introduction .349 2 Questions about the truth of the proposition .349 3 Specific interrogatives.352 3.1 Questions about human participants and the de dicto-de re distinction .352 3.1.1 Questions about human participants in the domain de dicto .352 Contents 19 3.1.2 Questions about human participants in the domain de re .356 3.2 Questions about non human participant: what? .357 3.3 Questions about the locative argument: where? .360 3.4 Questions about the manner: how? .361 3.5 Questions about the reason: Why? .362 4 Conclusions .363 Chapter 15 - The Coding of Focus 1 Introduction .365 2 Focus on the subject .366 2.1 Focus on nominal subject .366 2.2 Focus on the pronominal subjects .369 3 Focus on the object .370 3.1 Focus on the nominal object .370 3.2 Focus on the pronominal object in the progressive aspect .372 4 Focus on the predicate .372 5 Focus on adjuncts .375 6 Focus on the dative/benefactive .376 7 Focus on possessor .377 8 Conclusions .377 Chapter 16 - Topicalization and Topics 1 Introduction .379 2 Topicalization of the subject .379 3 Topicalization marker bò 'also' .382 4 Topicalization of the object .383 5 Topicalization of adjuncts .385 6 Backgrounding .386 7 Coding of a new event .387 8 Conclusions .388 Chapter 17 - Paratactic, Sequential, and Counterexpectation Clauses 1 Introduction .391 2 Paratactic asyndetic conjoining .391 2Q A Grammar of Gidar 3 Coding temporal sequence .395 3.1 Coding temporal sequence through the dependent aspect .395 3.2 Coding temporal sequence through the conjunction may .395 4 Counterexpectation .398 5 Conclusions .402 Chapter 18 - Complementation 1 Introduction .403 2 The category 'comment clause' .404 3 Clausal complements of verbs of saying .404 3.1 The matrix clause verb .404 3.2 The omission of the verb of saying .406 4 The complementizer and its functions .407 4.1 The form and syntax of the complementizer .407 4.2 The functions of the complementizer .407 4.3 Coreference and switch reference with verbs of saying .410 5 Direct versus indirect speech: the form of the embedded clause . 410 6 Dubitative modality in the embedded clause .413 7 Deontic complements after verbs of saying .413 8 Embedded interrogative clauses: questions about the truth .416 9 Specific interrogatives in the embedded clause .417 9.1 Embedded questions about human participants .417 9.2 Embedded questions about a non-human participant .419 9.3 Embedded questions about locative arguments and adjuncts .420 9.4 Embedded questions about the reason .421 10 Complements after verbs of 'thinking' .422 11 Clausal complements of cognitive verbs .423 12 Complements of verbs of perception .423 12.1 Complements after verbs of perception through dependent aspect .424 12.2 Coding of the subject of the embedded clause in the matrix clause only .424 12.3 Coding of the subject in the matrix and the embedded clause .426 12.4 The de dicto complementizer after verbs of perception .426 13 Complements of volitional verbs .427 13.1 The form of the volitional construction .427 Contents 21 13.2 Same subjects in volitional constructions .428 13.3 Focus in volitional complements .430 13.4 Focus on the verb .431 13.5 Different subjects in volitional complements .431 14 Complement of the verb bàymá 'finish' .432 14.1 Serial verb construction .432 14.2 Coding through complementation .433 15 Complements of the verb Bap 'be able' .433 16 Complements of the verb tà] 'start' .434 17 Conclusions .435 Chapter 19 - Temporal and Conditional Protases 1 Introduction .437 2 Realis temporal protasis .437 3 Conditional protasis .441 3.1 Affirmative conditional .441 3.2 Negative conditional .444 4 Conclusions .444 Chapter 20 - Clausal Adjuncts 1 Introduction .445 2 Sequential events through the infinitive .445 3 Purpose .446 3 Reason clause .447 4 Concessive clauses .449 5 Conclusions .449 Chapter 21 - Comparative Constructions 1 Introduction .451 2 Predicates of equality .451 3 Comparison of inequality .452 4 Conclusions .454 22 A Grammar of Gidar Chapter 22 - Relative Clauses 1 Introduction .455 2 Aspect and tense in relative clauses .455 2.1 Aspect in relative clauses .455 2.2 The future tense in relative clauses .456 3 The coding of the unspecified head .457 3.1 The phonological form of the marker .457 3.2 The function of the unspecified relative marker .457 4 The coding of the specific head .460 4.1 The forms of the marker of the specified head .460 4.2 The functions of the specific head marker .460 4.3 Relative clauses without relative markers .462 5 Coding grammatical relations of the head .463 5.1 The head as the subject .463 5.2 The relativized object .464 5.3 Relativized adjuncts .465 6 Conclusions .468 Sample of Texts Introduction .469 The story of the chief and Sombo .469 Tilim and the chief of the village .483 A woman and her co-wife .488 A turtle and a boy .493 Appendix Table 5.1: Pronominal subjects .497 Table 5.2: Subject suffixes .497 Table 5.3: Pronominal objects .497 Table 8.1: Aspect and tense markers across some types of clauses .498 Table 8.2: Subject pronouns in the independent progressive .498 Table 13.1: Independent pronouns .498 Table 13.2: Independent possessive pronouns .498 Table: Inalienable possessive pronouns .499 References .501
any_adam_object	1
any_adam_object_boolean	1
author	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938-
author_GND	(DE-588)129294977
author_facet	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938-
author_role	aut
author_sort	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938-
author_variant	z f zf
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV023078575
callnumber-first	P - Language and Literature
callnumber-label	PL8026
callnumber-raw	PL8026.C531
callnumber-search	PL8026.C531
callnumber-sort	PL 48026 C531
callnumber-subject	PL - Eastern Asia, Africa, Oceania
classification_rvk	EP 15241
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)184820635 (DE-599)DNB98595941X
dewey-full	493.7
dewey-hundreds	400 - Language
dewey-ones	493 - Non-Semitic Afro-Asiatic languages
dewey-raw	493.7
dewey-search	493.7
dewey-sort	3493.7
dewey-tens	490 - Other languages
discipline	Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft
discipline_str_mv	Außereuropäische Sprachen und Literaturen Literaturwissenschaft
format	Book
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01921nam a2200529 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV023078575</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20140723 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">080114s2008 gw b\|\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="015" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">07,N44,0784</subfield><subfield code="2">dnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="016" ind1="7" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">98595941X</subfield><subfield code="2">DE-101</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783631551332</subfield><subfield code="c">Pbk. : EUR 74.50</subfield><subfield code="9">978-3-631-55133-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">3631551339</subfield><subfield code="c">Pbk. : EUR 74.50</subfield><subfield code="9">3-631-55133-9</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="024" ind1="3" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9783631551332</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)184820635</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)DNB98595941X</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakddb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="044" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">gw</subfield><subfield code="c">XA-DE-HE</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-355</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">PL8026.C531</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">493.7</subfield><subfield code="2">22/ger</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">EP 15241</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)26087:231</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">490</subfield><subfield code="2">sdnb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Frajzyngier, Zygmunt</subfield><subfield code="d">1938-</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)129294977</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">A grammar of Gidar</subfield><subfield code="c">Zygmunt Frajzyngier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Frankfurt am Main [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Lang</subfield><subfield code="c">2008</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">504 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Kt.</subfield><subfield code="c">210 mm x 148 mm</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Schriften zur Afrikanistik</subfield><subfield code="v">13</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Gidar</subfield><subfield code="2">gtt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Grammatik</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">African languages</subfield><subfield code="z">Cameroon</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">African languages</subfield><subfield code="z">Chad</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Chadic languages</subfield><subfield code="x">Grammar</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Gidar language</subfield><subfield code="x">Grammar</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Grammatik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4021806-5</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Gidar</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)7599846-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Gidar</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)7599846-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Grammatik</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4021806-5</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Schriften zur Afrikanistik</subfield><subfield code="v">13</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV012556463</subfield><subfield code="9">13</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Regensburg</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016281631&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016281631</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
id	DE-604.BV023078575
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T19:36:07Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:10:30Z
institution	BVB
isbn	9783631551332 3631551339
language	English
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016281631
oclc_num	184820635
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-11
owner_facet	DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-703 DE-11
physical	504 S. Kt. 210 mm x 148 mm
publishDate	2008
publishDateSearch	2008
publishDateSort	2008
publisher	Lang
record_format	marc
series	Schriften zur Afrikanistik
series2	Schriften zur Afrikanistik
spelling	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938- Verfasser (DE-588)129294977 aut A grammar of Gidar Zygmunt Frajzyngier Frankfurt am Main [u.a.] Lang 2008 504 S. Kt. 210 mm x 148 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Schriften zur Afrikanistik 13 Gidar gtt Grammatik African languages Cameroon African languages Chad Chadic languages Grammar Gidar language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd rswk-swf Gidar (DE-588)7599846-4 gnd rswk-swf Gidar (DE-588)7599846-4 s Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 s DE-604 Schriften zur Afrikanistik 13 (DE-604)BV012556463 13 Digitalisierung UB Regensburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016281631&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Frajzyngier, Zygmunt 1938- A grammar of Gidar Schriften zur Afrikanistik Gidar gtt Grammatik African languages Cameroon African languages Chad Chadic languages Grammar Gidar language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Gidar (DE-588)7599846-4 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4021806-5 (DE-588)7599846-4
title	A grammar of Gidar
title_auth	A grammar of Gidar
title_exact_search	A grammar of Gidar
title_exact_search_txtP	A grammar of Gidar
title_full	A grammar of Gidar Zygmunt Frajzyngier
title_fullStr	A grammar of Gidar Zygmunt Frajzyngier
title_full_unstemmed	A grammar of Gidar Zygmunt Frajzyngier
title_short	A grammar of Gidar
title_sort	a grammar of gidar
topic	Gidar gtt Grammatik African languages Cameroon African languages Chad Chadic languages Grammar Gidar language Grammar Grammatik (DE-588)4021806-5 gnd Gidar (DE-588)7599846-4 gnd
topic_facet	Gidar Grammatik African languages Cameroon African languages Chad Chadic languages Grammar Gidar language Grammar
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016281631&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
volume_link	(DE-604)BV012556463
work_keys_str_mv	AT frajzyngierzygmunt agrammarofgidar

Verfügbarkeit

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Fernleihe Bestellen Achtung: Nicht im THWS-Bestand! Inhaltsverzeichnis

MARC

Datensatz im Suchindex

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Ähnliche Einträge