Dzwony i wieże Wawelu:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Kraków
Societas Vistulana
2006
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Bells and towers of the Wawel Castle |
| Beschreibung: | 432 s., [2] k. (w tym [1] złoż. tabl.) il. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 8388385739 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137318450200576 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
.......................................................................................................7
Rozdział I
Dzwony
-
wieże
-
zegary
........................................................................17
Rozdział
II
Konsekracja i liturgiczne funkcje dzwonów w średniowieczu
.................57
Konsekracja dzwonu
........................................................................61
Inskrypcje nadzwonne
......................................................................69
Dzwony pokoju
................................................................................72
Dzwon na Podniesienie
.....................................................................77
Procesja Bożego Ciała
.......................................................................80
Inne krakowskie procesje
..................................................................85
Dzwon na Anioł Pański
.....................................................................89
Dzwony w czasie synodu
..................................................................95
Dzwon na kapitułę
............................................................................91
Dzwon na elekcję biskupa oraz instalację i śmierć kanonika
............98
Dzwon z powodu klątwy i interdyktu. Milczenie dzwonów
...........100
Dzwon za umierającego, dzwon pogrzebowy, msze rocznicowe,
Dzień Zaduszny
..............................................................................105
Precedencja w dzwonieniu
..............................................................109
Dzwon „na gwałt
..........................................................................110
Dzwon w uroczystościach królewskich
...........................................112
Dźwięk dzwonu limituje przestrzeń
................................................120
Rozdział III
Zaginione dzwony Wawelu. Wieża Wikaryjska i dzwony na niej
.........121
Rozdział
IV
Wieża Zegarowa
...................................................................................159
Rozdział
V
Nowa dzwonnica i dzwony na niej
.......................................................173
Dzwony
..........................................................................................175
Remont i rozbudowa nowej dzwonnicy
..........................................196
Pierwsze przekształcenie Urbana
.....................................................198
Rozdział
VI
Dzwon Zygmunta i wieża Zygrauntowska (do
XIX/XX
wieku)
...........201
Monarsze fundacje dzwonów
.........................................................201
Okoliczności i powody decyzji Zygmunta Starego o ulaniu
wielkiego dzwonu
...........................................................................214
Mistrz
Během i
jego dzieło
..............................................................217
Charakter inskrypcji na dzwonie i jego patrocinium
.......................228
Transport i zawieszenie dzwonu
.....................................................239
Pierwsze dzwonienia -pierwsze kłopoty
.........................................243
Katastrofa budowlana wieży Zygmuntowskiej
...............................247
Naprawy dzwonów i wieży w
XVII
w. oraz kolejne
przeistaczenia Urbana
.....................................................................253
Dalsze losy wieży Zygmuntowskiej w
XVIII
w. i jej restauracja
na przełomie
XIX
i
XX
w
...............................................................260
Rozdział
VII
Obsługa dzwonu i rozkład dzwonień do końca
XVIII
wieku
................269
Rozdział
VIII
Kiedy jeszcze Zygmunt dzwonił w epoce staropolskiej?
........................287
Rozdział
IX
Dzwon Zygmunta w
XIX
wieku
...........................................................299
Utrzymanie i obsługa dzwonu oraz terminy dzwonień
....................299
Narodziny legendy dzwonu
.........................,..................................309
Katastrofy serca Zygmunta w
XIX
w
.............................................315
Wielkie dzwonienia pogrzebowe i rocznicowe
................................318
W twórczości Matejki i Wyspiańskiego
..........................................334
Rozdział
X
Dzwon Zygmunta w
XX
wieku
............................................................351
Bibliografia
...........................................................................................393
Spis ilustracji
........................................................................................419
Bells and Towers of the
Wawel
Castle (Summary)
................................425
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE
Summary
The present book is a monograph of bells and towers of the Cathedral
Church at the
Wawel
Castle in Cracow. This, since year
1000
episcopal
cathedral used to be a place of royal coronations and burials, and a temple
of glory and thanksgiving
{templům gloriae
etgraciae). At the three towers
of the
Wawel
Cathedral there hang ten bells, eight of which are liturgical
paramente,
and two are clock bells. This historical complex includes one of
the oldest bells in Poland
( Nowak ),
and the greatest and most famous
one
-
Zygmunt
from the endowment of King
Zygmunt
(Sigismund)
I the
Old of the Jagiellonian dynasty. This bell accompanied the fate of the state
and nation, assuming the role of a significant symbol and place of collective
memory of the Poles, The first two chapters have an introductory character.
Chapter
1:
Bells -towers
-
clocks recalls early history of bells in Europe
and the technique of their production, first by forging sheet metal, and then
by casting in bronze; it directs attention to Romanesque and Gothic church
towers, to the variety of their architectural forms in different regions of Europe
as an effect of dissemination of bells due to their increasing role in liturgy,
because from the liturgical point of view the church tower is a belfry. Also,
the role of the sound of bells is recalled here, as a time-organising element in
the early Middle Ages, before (in the 14th century) a mechanical clock was
constructed. Then not only church, but also town-hall towers began to serve
as clock towers as well. In spite of the invariable nature of time, mental attitude
of a man towards time was changing, for in view of transformations in economy
and technology of production it accelerated and became subject to the
requirements of precise measurement.
Chapter
2:
Consecration and liturgical functions of bells directs attention
to a bell as a phenomenon of long duration , owing to which even if it has
been a sonic element of history actually happening, it is very rarely noted
425
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
down by annalists and chroniclers. Descriptive (narrative) sources mostly
remain silent on the subject of bells. More promising are church standards,
archival documents and records, and liturgical sources. Attention was drawn
to the connection between the contents of bell inscriptions and the functions
of those instruments of the Church. A bell was shown as
a
parament,
a consecrated thing (res consecrata), capable of serving various liturgical
purposes through the pontifical ceremony of its consecration. This ceremony
is analysed on the grounds of The Pontifical of Bishop
Zbigniew Oleśnicki,
donated by him to the Cracow Cathedral, because it was the book to use at
the consecration of five greatest bells of this cathedral. There is also presented
the development of liturgical function of bells, beginning with a simple sonic
signal
-signum
-
organising the time of officium divinum in an early medieval
monastery. Along with the passage of ages the daily rhythm of both weekdays
and holidays became thickened with ringing of the church bells. This increase
of frequency of their use remained in connection with the appearance of
new liturgical customs and new holidays. So the matter under discussion
was the pealing of bells for the intention of peace (pro pace), and a bell for
the Elevation derived from the transference of an emphasis from the
contemplation of the Eucharist to its adoration and watching. In connection
with this, bells were also ringing during processions with viaticum for the
sick. From this also arise the feast of Corpus
Christi
and theophoric
processions (carrying the Host). Such customs made the common folk more
engaged in religious ceremonies. The matter is also the origins, development
and significance of the custom that required ringing thrice every day for the
Angelus,
and ringing in the circumstances important from the point of view
of the organisation of church life
-
for synods, chapters, elections of bishops,
ingresses
of bishops, inductions of canons, and for the death and burial of
a bishop or canon. A bell was not only the liturgical utensil but also an
instrument in the hands of the Church, inspiring dread among the congregation,
for example because of an excommunication or interdict, but it also pealed
for the reconciliation of sinners with the Church. It used to ring as well for the
dying, for funerals and death anniversaries. Because a bell belongs to the system
of sound communication of societies, there developed a precedence in ringing,
diversified ways of striking the bells, and sounding the alarm was allowed.
Separate comments are devoted here to the ringing on various national and
church occasions, such as regal entries, coronations, homages and triumphs.
The sound of bells was perceived by law as a space-limiting element.
Chapter
3:
The lost bells of the
Wawel
Castle. The Curate s Tower and
its bells. Here the present author tried to shed some light on the matter of
the lost bells of
Wawel,
which has resounded with their ringing since the
time of the first kings of the
Piast
dynasty. This was presented against the
background of the reception of bells in Poland, strictly connected with the
acceptance of Christianity. We can draw conclusions about those Romanesque
bells at the
Wawel
Castle on the grounds of both direct and indirect premises
included in written sources, and of archaeological and architectural data.
426
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
The Romanesque cathedral had two towers in western part of its body:
a northern and a southern one. St Gereon s Church situated on the axis of the
cathedral to the east also had two towers. AH of them were belfries. Moreover,
St Michael s collegiate church at
Wawel
had its towers, and probably sacella
(little temples) in the early medieval period were also equipped with small
bells. About the generation of early-Gothic bells at the
Wawel
Castle, we do
not know much either. The Curate s Tower, Romanesque in its considerable
part, and extended in two stages during the Gothic period, had since the
early Middle Ages served
asa
cathedral belfry. In the
1
st half of the
1
5th century
it was given up to cathedral curates living at
Wawel.
At the same time a new
belfry was being prepared at the northern side of the cathedral. The bells
pealing from the Curate s Tower regulated the time of ministration in the
cathedral performed night and day. The
bell Nowak
has been preserved
there. Its inscription and name say that it was recast from an older broken
bell. It is, however, without a date. It was supposed to come from the
ІЗ 11
century; now it is rather the 14th. Yet undoubtedly it is the oldest bell at
the
Wawel
Cathedral, and it has been shown against the background of the
family of the oldest preserved bells in Poland. Also, the results of the
examination of two other bells at this tower are presented in this chapter: of
Goworek , the Gothic bell from mid-15th century, endowed by Cardinal
Oleśnicki;
and
Maciek ,
the work of
Micha! Weinhold,
a bell-founder from
Gdansk, of
1669.
The matter under discussion is also the history of the
tower itself, including its dome, which was a fine piece of medieval carpenter s
craftsmanship made in the likeness of a dome of the higher tower of
St Mary s Church in Cracow. It was, however, taken down in the
1
8th century
because of its age and has never been reconstructed.
Chapter
4:
The Clock Tower. The beginnings of the tower called at present
the Clock Tower date back to the 14th century, to the reign of
Kazimierz
(Casimir)
the Great; it was erected in Gothic style, on the foundation of the
Romanesque northern cathedral tower. By the end of the century a clock
was arranged on it. In the early 16th century it acquired a brick superstructure.
Its raising was defrayed by canon Jan Salomon, hence its other name
-
Salomon s Tower. In
1519-1520
the chapter arranged a new hour clock
here, and when in
1681-1682
the second dulcimer was purchased and linked
with fifteen-minute mechanism, the clock began to strike quarters of an
hour. This clock determined the rhythm of life of the King s court, the crown
chancellory and other offices at the
Wawel
Castle. In
1602
at the request of
King
Zygmunt
III Vasa
the chapter adopted a new manner of time
measurement: instead of the whole clock there was half-clock . Since
then, the clock had struck two times every twelve hours, and the twenty-
four hours time was counted from midnight instead of sunset. Within the
hearing range of the cathedral clock there was the whole Cracow agglomeration
with its suburbs and closest villages, such as
Zwierzyniec, Łobzów
or
Prądnik.
This clock, an object of permanent care and expenditure of the chapter, was
replaced in
1886
after many repairs and renovations with a modern
427
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
mechanism working to this day, and its loud and regularly repeated sounds
make one of the acoustic, sonic hallmarks of Cracow space identity. Since
the 16th century the Clock Tower had been covered with artistic roof in the
shape of Renaissance cupola. Only in
1680,
from the inspiration and for the
money of Bishop
Trzeb
icki (after his death) a new dome was purchased
and, at the same time, the tower was heightened. This dome, destroyed on
16
December
1703
by a disastrous hurricane (a whirlwind), was replaced as
late as
1715-1716
with a new two-storied one by Bishop
Kazimierz Łubieński.
This Baroque dome of the Clock Tower after the design by
Kacper Bażanka,
carefully repaired and preserved until today, is a characteristic element of
the
Wawel
outline.
Chapter
5:
A new belfry and its bells. In the 15th century the Cathedral
acquired a new belfry, named later the
Zygmunt
Tower, after the great bell
Zygmunt
hanging there since
1521.
The tower was adapted in times of
King
Władysław Jagiełło
from the old fortified tower belonging to Casimir s
system of the hill defence from the northern side. In mid-15th century, four
big Gothic bells were hung on it in succession. They are: Urban ,
Zbigniew ( Zbyszko ),
or the Cardinal ,
Głownik
( Homicidalis )
and
Tęczyński .
Urban was brought from the church in
Niepołomice
by
Bishop
Zbigniew Oleśnicki
probably for its remarkable sound qualities and,
perhaps, as a remembrance of King
Kazimierz
the Great. The Bishop also
purchased
Zbigniew ,
and on the strength of his last will
(1455)
the third
bell for the cathedral was bought, which we can recognize in Goworek
hanging at the Curate s Tower. Both
Zbigniew
and
Głownik
are marked
with
Dębno,
Olesnicki s coat of arms, and have been cast by the same bell-
founder Jan
Freudental. Also,
probably
Gąsiorek
was called Cardinal
before it acquired its later name from the cathedral ringers.
Głownik
was
endowed in
1460
by
Jakub
from Sienno, a mighty prelate and relative of
Oleśnicki,
canon and provost of the
Wawel
Cathedral, who was appointed
its bishop by Rome, but King
Kazimierz Jagiellończyk
refused to admit him
to assume it. The name of the bell derives from its ringing for executions of
those condemned to the capital punishment, that is to death through
decapitation.
Tęczyński
was purchased in
1463
by
Jan Tęczyński,
Castellan
of Cracow. It has come from recasting the older bell endowed by
Nawo
j
,
a representative of the
Tęczyński
family, and was dedicated to St
Stanisław.
In consequence of the Renaissance restructuring of the
Wawel
Castle in the
early 16th century, done by
Zygmunt
the Old, Bishop Jan Konarski added
one storey to the tower, assigning it for the great bell endowed by the King,
and crowned the tower with a Renaissance spherical dome, flanked with
small turrets in the corners. Bishop Konarski also recast the cracked bell
named Urban , which since then had been sometimes called Konarski .
Chapter
6:
The bell
Zygmunt
and
Zygmunt
Tower (until the 19th/
№ с.)
Among many proofs of royal generosity to the Church since
Carolingian times, there are also bells. Those acts of piety and generosity
428
_____________
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
{opus pietatis
et munificentiae)
were not renounced by modern rulers. King
Zygmunt
the Old also founded for the
Wawel
Cathedral a great bell named
after him
[campana magna
regis,
Sigìsmundus nuncupata),
which he
dedicated - as it is testified to by an inscription moulded on it in classical
capitals (antique)
-
to the Holy Virgin and his patron saints. Those saints
were patrons of the kingdom and its ruler: St
Stanisław,
St
Wojciech,
St
Wacław
and St
Florian,
but also
St Sigismund, a personal patron
of the
King, whose cult had existed in Poland for a long time and became
strengthened during the Jagiellonian period. The bell was cast in
1520
by
a master bell-founder Jan Behem who came to Cracow from Nuremberg.
He went over to the King s pay as a moulder of cannon barrels and head of
the armoury. The transportation of a giant bell to
Wawel
from the bell-
-foundry situated on the other side of the city and hauling it up the tower
was a considerable technical undertaking, splendidly managed, however, by
Renaissance technical intelligence. The bell was hoisted up within one hour,
in view of the King, his court and the crowd of Cracovians. Because these
facts aroused keen interest, they have remained in source records. It was
also noted down that the bell rang for the first time on
13
July
1521,
two
days before the Sending of the Apostles. This was the anniversary of the
memorable victory in the Battle of
Grunwald,
solemnly celebrated as a church
and state holiday both at the
Wawel
Castle and in the whole Kingdom.
Thus the bell
Zygmunt
became put to work not only for liturgical purposes,
but also for the state and nation. Its sound delighted and thrilled. In the Old
Polish times poets wrote about it
(Andrzej Krzycki, Mikołaj Rej).
However,
hanging of such a large instrument at the tower weighted already with four
other big bells made the walls crack. The tower was threatened with collapse.
The first serious construction disaster occurred as early as thirty years after
the hanging of the bell. This provoked disputes between the chapter and
bishop, and the administrators of the Royal Castle, on the question who
should cover the costs of repairs. Nevertheless, royal subsidies were always
used. The chapter also had continual troubles with the bells. Their tongues
came off, and their bearings broke down, as well as woodwork on which
the bells were hung. Carpenters and blacksmiths had to be summoned. The
bell Urban cracked twice after having been recast by Konarski in
1517;
and it was recast again in 1670s. and in
1757-1761.
This last casting has
survived until today.
Chapter
7:
The operation of the bell and the schedule of its peals until
the end of the IS 1 century. The duty of ringing the bells in the cathedral
church had been performed for ages by peasants from church villages near
Cracow who were predestined for the service in the cathedral. When the
great royal bell was hung there, which needed twelve strong men to be moved,
doing this additional work became unrealistic for the ringers. On the advice
of
burgrave
of the Cracow Castle, governor
Seweryn
Boner the King entered
in
1525
into a contract with the guild of Cracow carpenters for the operation
of the bell
Zygmunt
and conservator s supervision over the rafter framing
429
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
that supported the bell. Since then, the bell had pealed on account of
29
liturgical holidays,
120
times a year. Those regular dates were detailed in
the contract, and every quarter (on Ember Days) the carpenters guild received
payment amounting to one and a half
grzywna
(silver monetary unit) located
on the sources of the King s revenue. Every negligence of duties was subject
to a fine or even a prison sentence.
Chapter
8:
On what other occasions
Zygmunt
pealed during the Old
Polish period. Apart from regular dates of holidays of the liturgical year,
Zygmunt s tones graced church and state ceremonies celebrated in the
Cathedral, therefore it rang for coronations and royal funerals, as well as
for triumphs and thanksgivings, when people sung
Te
Deum for achieved
victories, and trophies in the form of banners were laid at the altar of
St Stanislaw;
this occurred many times in the 16th and 17th centuries, for
instance after the victory in the battles of Orsza or of Vienna. It rang for the
entries of royal brides, and during the period of elective monarchs for the
pre-coronation entries of elects. It also rang for the appointment and installation
of a bishop, for his death and burial, for the installation of a canon and for
his burial. The bell pealed for entries of papal legates, and for deaths or burials
of state dignitaries and other important personages, but only if their families
contributed lavish donations to the conservation of the cathedral.
Zygmunt
announced, therefore, both joys and sorrows. It rang for translations of holy
relics, beatifications and canonizations of Polish saints, which frequently
occurred in Cracow after the Council of Trent. It also rang on such exceptional
occasions as the 500th anniversary of canonization of
St Stanislaw in 1753
or the earthquake that happened in Cracow in
1786.
In
1703
one more
permanent occasion was included in the Zygmunt s schedule of peals.
The chapter resolved to celebrate on
16
September every year a thanksgiving
Mass with
Te
Deum and striking
Zygmunt
for the miraculous salvation
of the sanctuary from the fire started by the Swedes while they were occupying
the
Wawel
Castle. During a fortnight s stay of King Stanislaus Augustus
Poniatowski in Cracow in June
1787,
which had a sumptuous ceremonial
setting, beginning with the King s entry into the city,
Zygmunt
was heard
several times. It was the last visit of Polish King in the former capital city.
Chapter
9:
The bell
Zygmunt
in the 19th century. After the third partition
of Poland
(1795)
the sources of funds for ringing duties had run dry, and
the guild organization obliged to perform them had fallen into confusion.
The chapter, in reference to its former right, began to make efforts to regain
possession of financial means from the authorities, in order to pay for ringing
the bell. Those endeavours proved successful, and adequate amounts of
money for this purpose were paid by Austrian authorities throughout the
19th century, and by the Senate of the Republic of Cracow in
1815-1846;
they failed to be collected only in
1809-1815,
when Cracow was included
in the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw. The ringing duties, however, had
to be organized differently. Now journeymen and students were hired, and
430
_____________
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
at the end of the 19th century also private soldiers and reconstruction workers,
who struck the bell under the direction of ringers. But now, besides liturgical
peals,
Zygmunt
was heard on state or court occasions forced by the situation
of partitions. It rang, therefore, for birthdays and name days of the Emperor
of Austria, for coronations, anniversaries of ascending the throne, as well as
deaths, funerals and other important events in the Emperor s family or at
the befriended courts of Prussia and Moscow. It also rang when the Emperor
arrived at Cracow. There occurred, however, other ringings, thanks to which
the
Wawel
Cathedral did not cease to be the national sacred place, and the
Zygmunt
bell began just then to acquire the significance of one of the
important symbols transcending the limits of partitions. It was then that
Zygmunt
became enveloped in an expressive and consoling legend about
its having been cast in bronze of cannons captured from Moscow. The bell
assumed the proportions of a living witness to the past of the nation. In its
tones an echo of the old magnificent times of the Jagiellonian Commonwealth
was heard. These tones became a kind of link between the past and the
present, aroused historical reflections and trust in the revival of the state.
The bell s fame was supported by poets and painters, especially such creators
of national art as
Jan Matejko
and
Stanisław Wyspiański. Zygmunt
also
became more and more popular because of the damages exposed by the
press; in the 19th century the tongue of the bell cracked three times. Therefore
Zygmunt
rang for the burials of great Poles, who, like Prince
Józef
Poniatowski,
Tadeusz Kościuszko
and Adam
Mickiewicz,
were consigned to
their graves at
Wawel,
as well as for
Matejko, Wyspiański
and others. It also
rang during celebrations of momentous anniversaries from Polish history,
such as the bicentenary of the Vienna victory in
18 83
or the
500^
anniversary
of the
Grunwald
victory in
1910.
Those funerals and celebrations were attended
by delegations from all regions of the former Commonwealth of Poland.
Thus
Zygmunt
was earning its permanent place in the consciousness of
successive generations of Poles, and in their thinking in terms of myth.
Chapter
10:
The Bell
Zygmunt
in the 20th century. The ringing of
Zygmunt
on Sunday,
3
November
1918,
after the liberation of Cracow
from Austrian authorities, was in fact a resurrection ringing for the revival
of Poland
-
the rebirth of the state after over a hundred years of bondage.
Zygmunt
also saluted the Presidents of Poland coming to the
Wawel
Castle,
Stanisław
Wojciechowski
in
1922
and
Ignacy Mościcki
in
1927.
Those
significant visits were indispensable for the ideological programme of the
revived state; they referred to the threads of the past, emphasized their
continuation, and they were, as well, a homage paid by the first person in
the state to Cracow as the spiritual capital of the Poles in times of national
bondage. Among the ringings performed on the occasions of anniversaries
and burials in the interwar period
(1918-1939),
there should be mentioned
the first
(1919)
commemoration of the anniversary of passage of the Third
of May Constitution, the 250th anniversary of the Vienna victory in
1933,
the burial at
Wawel
of the ashes of
Juliusz Słowacki
brought from Paris in
431
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
_____________
1927,
and the burial in
1935
of Marshal
Józef Piłsudski.
Yet, first of all, the
bell as a liturgical utensil graced the Church holidays and was heard on
other traditional occasions, calling the bishops and canons. Since
1911
the
Bishop of Cracow had been Adam Stefan
Sapieha,
since
1926
the Metropolitan
Archbishop in connection with the elevation of Cracow to the rank of the
capital of the archdiocese, Cardinal from
1946.
The chapter cared incessantly
about the technical condition of the great bell. In
1924
the bell was set in the
modern ball bearings made of the Swedish steel, brought from
Göteborg.
Zygmunt
set in them for the first time, rang for the first time to be registered
for the radio when the train with the coffin of
Henryk Sienkiewicz
(who
died in Switzerland, in
1916)
entered the borders of Poland and was taken to
the cathedral in Warsaw. After the outbreak of the 2nd World War
Zygmunt
fell silent. The Nazi German troops occupying the Castle stroke the bell for
the fall of Paris. It did not ring also when the Nazi occupation was replaced
with the Soviet one. Along with the revival of the liturgical life in the cathedral,
Zygmunt
began to peal on liturgical holidays. There was, however, the
reduction of those ringings. The bell rang mightily and mournfully for the
death and burial of the Metropolitan Bishop, Cardinal
Sapieha
in July
1951.
This burial was the great manifestation of national feelings for this invincible
priest, patriot and philanthropist. After the war
Zygmunt
was heard on
the occasions of anniversaries and other important events, such as the
centenary of the death of
Mickiewicz
and the unveiling of commemorative
monuments of
Mickiewicz, Kościuszko
and
Jagiełło,
on the occasion of the
600th anniversary of the Cracow University, or the return of the royal collection
of tapestries to the
Wawel
Castle. The authorities of Polish People s Republic
accepted readily the voice of
Zygmunt
(sometimes playing it back from
the tape) to add splendour to the celebrations staged by them in order to
authenticate themselves, but it is also the proof of the fact that the tones of
Zygmunt
are the indispensable sonic element of important moments of
collective existence. On the demand of the authorities, and with accordance
to the principle accepted in those circumstances by the Episcopate not to
disturb
-
it rang for the burial of Stalin. In
1964
the Cracow Cathedral
was taken by Archbishop Metropolitan
Karol Wojtyla,
Cardinal from
1967.
He ordered to strike
Zygmunt
in April
1966
for the Sacrum Poloniae
Millenium, the
1000*
anniversary of the baptism of Mieszko; and in February
1973
for the 500th anniversary of the birth of
Kopernik.
The day after
Cardinal
Wojtyła
was elected the Pope, on
17
October
1978,
Zygmunt
rang along with all the bells of Cracow and Poland. Next year the jubilee of
the 900th anniversary of the death of St
Stanisław
was celebrated, with the
participation of Pope John Paul II. In August
1980
the national movement
of Solidarity began. Since then,
Zygmunt
began to peal every year on
3
May and
11
November, when in the
Wawel
Cathedral, even in spite of the
martial law imposed by the authorities, masses were celebrated for the intention
of the Homeland. After
1989,
in the Third Republic of Poland, those days
have returned to the rank of national holidays.
Zygmunt
has also rung
mightily and joyfully every time when the Pope, who had a particular relation
to this bell, returned to Cracow. And it rang when he died.
432
( Bayerische
ţ
Staatsbibliothek
|
| adam_txt |
SPIS TREŚCI
Wstęp
.7
Rozdział I
Dzwony
-
wieże
-
zegary
.17
Rozdział
II
Konsekracja i liturgiczne funkcje dzwonów w średniowieczu
.57
Konsekracja dzwonu
.61
Inskrypcje nadzwonne
.69
Dzwony pokoju
.72
Dzwon na Podniesienie
.77
Procesja Bożego Ciała
.80
Inne krakowskie procesje
.85
Dzwon na Anioł Pański
.89
Dzwony w czasie synodu
.95
Dzwon na kapitułę
.91
Dzwon na elekcję biskupa oraz instalację i śmierć kanonika
.98
Dzwon z powodu klątwy i interdyktu. Milczenie dzwonów
.100
Dzwon za umierającego, dzwon pogrzebowy, msze rocznicowe,
Dzień Zaduszny
.105
Precedencja w dzwonieniu
.109
Dzwon „na gwałt"
.110
Dzwon w uroczystościach królewskich
.112
Dźwięk dzwonu limituje przestrzeń
.120
Rozdział III
Zaginione dzwony Wawelu. Wieża Wikaryjska i dzwony na niej
.121
Rozdział
IV
Wieża Zegarowa
.159
Rozdział
V
Nowa dzwonnica i dzwony na niej
.173
Dzwony
.175
Remont i rozbudowa nowej dzwonnicy
.196
Pierwsze przekształcenie Urbana
.198
Rozdział
VI
Dzwon Zygmunta i wieża Zygrauntowska (do
XIX/XX
wieku)
.201
Monarsze fundacje dzwonów
.201
Okoliczności i powody decyzji Zygmunta Starego o ulaniu
wielkiego dzwonu
.214
Mistrz
Během i
jego dzieło
.217
Charakter inskrypcji na dzwonie i jego patrocinium
.228
Transport i zawieszenie dzwonu
.239
Pierwsze dzwonienia -pierwsze kłopoty
.243
Katastrofa budowlana wieży Zygmuntowskiej
.247
Naprawy dzwonów i wieży w
XVII
w. oraz kolejne
przeistaczenia Urbana
.253
Dalsze losy wieży Zygmuntowskiej w
XVIII
w. i jej restauracja
na przełomie
XIX
i
XX
w
.260
Rozdział
VII
Obsługa dzwonu i rozkład dzwonień do końca
XVIII
wieku
.269
Rozdział
VIII
Kiedy jeszcze Zygmunt dzwonił w epoce staropolskiej?
.287
Rozdział
IX
Dzwon Zygmunta w
XIX
wieku
.299
Utrzymanie i obsługa dzwonu oraz terminy dzwonień
.299
Narodziny legendy dzwonu
.,.309
Katastrofy serca Zygmunta w
XIX
w
.315
Wielkie dzwonienia pogrzebowe i rocznicowe
.318
W twórczości Matejki i Wyspiańskiego
.334
Rozdział
X
Dzwon Zygmunta w
XX
wieku
.351
Bibliografia
.393
Spis ilustracji
.419
Bells and Towers of the
Wawel
Castle (Summary)
.425
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE
Summary
The present book is a monograph of bells and towers of the Cathedral
Church at the
Wawel
Castle in Cracow. This, since year
1000
episcopal
cathedral used to be a place of royal coronations and burials, and a temple
of glory and thanksgiving
{templům gloriae
etgraciae). At the three towers
of the
Wawel
Cathedral there hang ten bells, eight of which are liturgical
paramente,
and two are clock bells. This historical complex includes one of
the oldest bells in Poland
("Nowak"),
and the greatest and most famous
one
-
"Zygmunt"
from the endowment of King
Zygmunt
(Sigismund)
I the
Old of the Jagiellonian dynasty. This bell accompanied the fate of the state
and nation, assuming the role of a significant symbol and "place of collective
memory" of the Poles, The first two chapters have an introductory character.
Chapter
1:
Bells -towers
-
clocks recalls early history of bells in Europe
and the technique of their production, first by forging sheet metal, and then
by casting in bronze; it directs attention to Romanesque and Gothic church
towers, to the variety of their architectural forms in different regions of Europe
as an effect of dissemination of bells due to their increasing role in liturgy,
because from the liturgical point of view the church tower is a belfry. Also,
the role of the sound of bells is recalled here, as a time-organising element in
the early Middle Ages, before (in the 14th century) a mechanical clock was
constructed. Then not only church, but also town-hall towers began to serve
as clock towers as well. In spite of the invariable nature of time, mental attitude
of a man towards time was changing, for in view of transformations in economy
and technology of production it "accelerated" and became subject to the
requirements of precise measurement.
Chapter
2:
Consecration and liturgical functions of bells directs attention
to a bell as a phenomenon of "long duration", owing to which even if it has
been a sonic element of history actually happening, it is very rarely noted
425
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
"WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
down by annalists and chroniclers. Descriptive (narrative) sources mostly
remain silent on the subject of bells. More promising are church standards,
archival documents and records, and liturgical sources. Attention was drawn
to the connection between the contents of bell inscriptions and the functions
of those instruments of the Church. A bell was shown as
a
parament,
a consecrated thing (res consecrata), capable of serving various liturgical
purposes through the pontifical ceremony of its consecration. This ceremony
is analysed on the grounds of "The Pontifical" of Bishop
Zbigniew Oleśnicki,
donated by him to the Cracow Cathedral, because it was the book to use at
the consecration of five greatest bells of this cathedral. There is also presented
the development of liturgical function of bells, beginning with a simple sonic
signal
-signum
-
organising the time of officium divinum in an early medieval
monastery. Along with the passage of ages the daily rhythm of both weekdays
and holidays became "thickened" with ringing of the church bells. This increase
of frequency of their use remained in connection with the appearance of
new liturgical customs and new holidays. So the matter under discussion
was the pealing of bells for the intention of peace (pro pace), and a bell for
the Elevation derived from the transference of an emphasis from the
contemplation of the Eucharist to its adoration and watching. In connection
with this, bells were also ringing during processions with viaticum for the
sick. From this also arise the feast of Corpus
Christi
and theophoric
processions (carrying the Host). Such customs made the common folk more
engaged in religious ceremonies. The matter is also the origins, development
and significance of the custom that required ringing thrice every day for the
Angelus,
and ringing in the circumstances important from the point of view
of the organisation of church life
-
for synods, chapters, elections of bishops,
ingresses
of bishops, inductions of canons, and for the death and burial of
a bishop or canon. A bell was not only the liturgical utensil but also an
instrument in the hands of the Church, inspiring dread among the congregation,
for example because of an excommunication or interdict, but it also pealed
for the reconciliation of sinners with the Church. It used to ring as well for the
dying, for funerals and death anniversaries. Because a bell belongs to the system
of sound communication of societies, there developed a precedence in ringing,
diversified ways of striking the bells, and sounding the alarm was allowed.
Separate comments are devoted here to the ringing on various national and
church occasions, such as regal entries, coronations, homages and triumphs.
The sound of bells was perceived by law as a space-limiting element.
Chapter
3:
The lost bells of the
Wawel
Castle. The Curate's Tower and
its bells. Here the present author tried to shed some light on the matter of
the lost bells of
Wawel,
which has resounded with their ringing since the
time of the first kings of the
Piast
dynasty. This was presented against the
background of the reception of bells in Poland, strictly connected with the
acceptance of Christianity. We can draw conclusions about those Romanesque
bells at the
Wawel
Castle on the grounds of both direct and indirect premises
included in written sources, and of archaeological and architectural data.
426
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
The Romanesque cathedral had two towers in western part of its body:
a northern and a southern one. St Gereon's Church situated on the axis of the
cathedral to the east also had two towers. AH of them were belfries. Moreover,
St Michael's collegiate church at
Wawel
had its towers, and probably sacella
(little temples) in the early medieval period were also equipped with small
bells. About the generation of early-Gothic bells at the
Wawel
Castle, we do
not know much either. The Curate's Tower, Romanesque in its considerable
part, and extended in two stages during the Gothic period, had since the
early Middle Ages served
asa
cathedral belfry. In the
1
st half of the
1
5th century
it was given up to cathedral curates living at
Wawel.
At the same time a new
belfry was being prepared at the northern side of the cathedral. The bells
pealing from the Curate's Tower regulated the time of ministration in the
cathedral performed night and day. The
bell "Nowak"
has been preserved
there. Its inscription and name say that it was recast from an older broken
bell. It is, however, without a date. It was supposed to come from the
ІЗ'11
century; now it is rather the 14th. Yet undoubtedly it is the oldest bell at
the
Wawel
Cathedral, and it has been shown against the background of the
family of the oldest preserved bells in Poland. Also, the results of the
examination of two other bells at this tower are presented in this chapter: of
"Goworek", the Gothic bell from mid-15th century, endowed by Cardinal
Oleśnicki;
and
"Maciek",
the work of
Micha! Weinhold,
a bell-founder from
Gdansk, of
1669.
The matter under discussion is also the history of the
tower itself, including its dome, which was a fine piece of medieval carpenter's
craftsmanship made in the likeness of a dome of the higher tower of
St Mary's Church in Cracow. It was, however, taken down in the
1
8th century
because of its age and has never been reconstructed.
Chapter
4:
The Clock Tower. The beginnings of the tower called at present
the Clock Tower date back to the 14th century, to the reign of
Kazimierz
(Casimir)
the Great; it was erected in Gothic style, on the foundation of the
Romanesque northern cathedral tower. By the end of the century a clock
was arranged on it. In the early 16th century it acquired a brick superstructure.
Its raising was defrayed by canon Jan Salomon, hence its other name
-
Salomon's Tower. In
1519-1520
the chapter arranged a new hour clock
here, and when in
1681-1682
the second dulcimer was purchased and linked
with fifteen-minute mechanism, the clock began to strike quarters of an
hour. This clock determined the rhythm of life of the King's court, the crown
chancellory and other offices at the
Wawel
Castle. In
1602
at the request of
King
Zygmunt
III Vasa
the chapter adopted a new manner of time
measurement: instead of the "whole clock" there was "half-clock". Since
then, the clock had struck two times every twelve hours, and the twenty-
four hours time was counted from midnight instead of sunset. Within the
hearing range of the cathedral clock there was the whole Cracow agglomeration
with its suburbs and closest villages, such as
Zwierzyniec, Łobzów
or
Prądnik.
This clock, an object of permanent care and expenditure of the chapter, was
replaced in
1886
after many repairs and renovations with a modern
427
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
mechanism working to this day, and its loud and regularly repeated sounds
make one of the acoustic, sonic hallmarks of Cracow space identity. Since
the 16th century the Clock Tower had been covered with artistic roof in the
shape of Renaissance cupola. Only in
1680,
from the inspiration and for the
money of Bishop
Trzeb
icki (after his death) a new dome was purchased
and, at the same time, the tower was heightened. This dome, destroyed on
16
December
1703
by a disastrous hurricane (a whirlwind), was replaced as
late as
1715-1716
with a new two-storied one by Bishop
Kazimierz Łubieński.
This Baroque dome of the Clock Tower after the design by
Kacper Bażanka,
carefully repaired and preserved until today, is a characteristic element of
the
Wawel
outline.
Chapter
5:
A new belfry and its bells. In the 15th century the Cathedral
acquired a new belfry, named later the
Zygmunt
Tower, after the great bell
"Zygmunt"
hanging there since
1521.
The tower was adapted in times of
King
Władysław Jagiełło
from the old fortified tower belonging to Casimir's
system of the hill defence from the northern side. In mid-15th century, four
big Gothic bells were hung on it in succession. They are: "Urban",
"Zbigniew" ("Zbyszko"),
or the "Cardinal",
"Głownik"
("Homicidalis")
and
"Tęczyński".
"Urban" was brought from the church in
Niepołomice
by
Bishop
Zbigniew Oleśnicki
probably for its remarkable sound qualities and,
perhaps, as a remembrance of King
Kazimierz
the Great. The Bishop also
purchased
"Zbigniew",
and on the strength of his last will
(1455)
the third
bell for the cathedral was bought, which we can recognize in "Goworek"
hanging at the Curate's Tower. Both
"Zbigniew"
and
"Głownik"
are marked
with
Dębno,
Olesnicki's coat of arms, and have been cast by the same bell-
founder Jan
Freudental. Also,
probably
"Gąsiorek"
was called "Cardinal"
before it acquired its later name from the cathedral ringers.
"Głownik"
was
endowed in
1460
by
Jakub
from Sienno, a mighty prelate and relative of
Oleśnicki,
canon and provost of the
Wawel
Cathedral, who was appointed
its bishop by Rome, but King
Kazimierz Jagiellończyk
refused to admit him
to assume it. The name of the bell derives from its ringing for executions of
those condemned to the capital punishment, that is to death through
decapitation.
"Tęczyński"
was purchased in
1463
by
Jan Tęczyński,
Castellan
of Cracow. It has come from recasting the older bell endowed by
Nawo
j
,
a representative of the
Tęczyński
family, and was dedicated to St
Stanisław.
In consequence of the Renaissance restructuring of the
Wawel
Castle in the
early 16th century, done by
Zygmunt
the Old, Bishop Jan Konarski added
one storey to the tower, assigning it for the great bell endowed by the King,
and crowned the tower with a Renaissance spherical dome, flanked with
small turrets in the corners. Bishop Konarski also recast the cracked bell
named "Urban", which since then had been sometimes called "Konarski".
Chapter
6:
The bell
"Zygmunt"
and
Zygmunt
Tower (until the 19th/
№ с.)
Among many proofs of royal generosity to the Church since
Carolingian times, there are also bells. Those acts of piety and generosity
428
_
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
{opus pietatis
et munificentiae)
were not renounced by modern rulers. King
Zygmunt
the Old also founded for the
Wawel
Cathedral a great bell named
after him
[campana magna
regis,
Sigìsmundus nuncupata),
which he
dedicated - as it is testified to by an inscription moulded on it in classical
capitals (antique)
-
to the Holy Virgin and his patron saints. Those saints
were patrons of the kingdom and its ruler: St
Stanisław,
St
Wojciech,
St
Wacław
and St
Florian,
but also
St Sigismund, a personal patron
of the
King, whose cult had existed in Poland for a long time and became
strengthened during the Jagiellonian period. The bell was cast in
1520
by
a master bell-founder Jan Behem who came to Cracow from Nuremberg.
He went over to the King's pay as a moulder of cannon barrels and head of
the armoury. The transportation of a giant bell to
"Wawel
from the bell-
-foundry situated on the other side of the city and hauling it up the tower
was a considerable technical undertaking, splendidly managed, however, by
Renaissance technical intelligence. The bell was hoisted up within one hour,
in view of the King, his court and the crowd of Cracovians. Because these
facts aroused keen interest, they have remained in source records. It was
also noted down that the bell rang for the first time on
13
July
1521,
two
days before the Sending of the Apostles. This was the anniversary of the
memorable victory in the Battle of
Grunwald,
solemnly celebrated as a church
and state holiday both at the
Wawel
Castle and in the whole Kingdom.
Thus the bell
"Zygmunt"
became put to work not only for liturgical purposes,
but also for the state and nation. Its sound delighted and thrilled. In the Old
Polish times poets wrote about it
(Andrzej Krzycki, Mikołaj Rej).
However,
hanging of such a large instrument at the tower weighted already with four
other big bells made the walls crack. The tower was threatened with collapse.
The first serious construction disaster occurred as early as thirty years after
the hanging of the bell. This provoked disputes between the chapter and
bishop, and the administrators of the Royal Castle, on the question who
should cover the costs of repairs. Nevertheless, royal subsidies were always
used. The chapter also had continual troubles with the bells. Their tongues
came off, and their bearings broke down, as well as woodwork on which
the bells were hung. Carpenters and blacksmiths had to be summoned. The
bell "Urban" cracked twice after having been recast by Konarski in
1517;
and it was recast again in 1670s. and in
1757-1761.
This last casting has
survived until today.
Chapter
7:
The operation of the bell and the schedule of its peals until
the end of the IS"1 century. The duty of ringing the bells in the cathedral
church had been performed for ages by peasants from church villages near
Cracow who were predestined for the service in the cathedral. When the
great royal bell was hung there, which needed twelve strong men to be moved,
doing this additional work became unrealistic for the ringers. On the advice
of
burgrave
of the Cracow Castle, governor
Seweryn
Boner the King entered
in
1525
into a contract with the guild of Cracow carpenters for the operation
of the bell
"Zygmunt"
and conservator's supervision over the rafter framing
429
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
that supported the bell. Since then, the bell had pealed on account of
29
liturgical holidays,
120
times a year. Those regular dates were detailed in
the contract, and every quarter (on Ember Days) the carpenters' guild received
payment amounting to one and a half
grzywna
(silver monetary unit) located
on the sources of the King's revenue. Every negligence of duties was subject
to a fine or even a prison sentence.
Chapter
8:
On what other occasions
"Zygmunt"
pealed during the Old
Polish period. Apart from regular dates of holidays of the liturgical year,
"Zygmunt's" tones graced church and state ceremonies celebrated in the
Cathedral, therefore it rang for coronations and royal funerals, as well as
for triumphs and thanksgivings, when people sung
Te
Deum for achieved
victories, and trophies in the form of banners were laid at the altar of
St Stanislaw;
this occurred many times in the 16th and 17th centuries, for
instance after the victory in the battles of Orsza or of Vienna. It rang for the
entries of royal brides, and during the period of elective monarchs for the
pre-coronation entries of elects. It also rang for the appointment and installation
of a bishop, for his death and burial, for the installation of a canon and for
his burial. The bell pealed for entries of papal legates, and for deaths or burials
of state dignitaries and other important personages, but only if their families
contributed lavish donations to the conservation of the cathedral.
"Zygmunt"
announced, therefore, both joys and sorrows. It rang for translations of holy
relics, beatifications and canonizations of Polish saints, which frequently
occurred in Cracow after the Council of Trent. It also rang on such exceptional
occasions as the 500th anniversary of canonization of
St Stanislaw in 1753
or the earthquake that happened in Cracow in
1786.
In
1703
one more
permanent occasion was included in the "Zygmunt's" schedule of peals.
The chapter resolved to celebrate on
16
September every year a thanksgiving
Mass with
Te
Deum and striking
"Zygmunt"
for the miraculous salvation
of the sanctuary from the fire started by the Swedes while they were occupying
the
Wawel
Castle. During a fortnight's stay of King Stanislaus Augustus
Poniatowski in Cracow in June
1787,
which had a sumptuous ceremonial
setting, beginning with the King's entry into the city,
"Zygmunt"
was heard
several times. It was the last visit of Polish King in the former capital city.
Chapter
9:
The bell
"Zygmunt"
in the 19th century. After the third partition
of Poland
(1795)
the sources of funds for ringing duties had run dry, and
the guild organization obliged to perform them had fallen into confusion.
The chapter, in reference to its former right, began to make efforts to regain
possession of financial means from the authorities, in order to pay for ringing
the bell. Those endeavours proved successful, and adequate amounts of
money for this purpose were paid by Austrian authorities throughout the
19th century, and by the Senate of the Republic of Cracow in
1815-1846;
they failed to be collected only in
1809-1815,
when Cracow was included
in the territory of the Duchy of Warsaw. The ringing duties, however, had
to be organized differently. Now journeymen and students were hired, and
430
_
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
at the end of the 19th century also private soldiers and reconstruction workers,
who struck the bell under the direction of ringers. But now, besides liturgical
peals,
"Zygmunt"
was heard on state or court occasions forced by the situation
of partitions. It rang, therefore, for birthdays and name days of the Emperor
of Austria, for coronations, anniversaries of ascending the throne, as well as
deaths, funerals and other important events in the Emperor's family or at
the befriended courts of Prussia and Moscow. It also rang when the Emperor
arrived at Cracow. There occurred, however, other ringings, thanks to which
the
Wawel
Cathedral did not cease to be the national sacred place, and the
"Zygmunt"
bell began just then to acquire the significance of one of the
important symbols transcending the limits of partitions. It was then that
"Zygmunt"
became enveloped in an expressive and consoling legend about
its having been cast in bronze of cannons captured from Moscow. The bell
assumed the proportions of a living witness to the past of the nation. In its
tones an echo of the old magnificent times of the Jagiellonian Commonwealth
was heard. These tones became a kind of link between the past and the
present, aroused historical reflections and trust in the revival of the state.
The bell's fame was supported by poets and painters, especially such creators
of national art as
Jan Matejko
and
Stanisław Wyspiański. "Zygmunt"
also
became more and more popular because of the damages exposed by the
press; in the 19th century the tongue of the bell cracked three times. Therefore
"Zygmunt"
rang for the burials of great Poles, who, like Prince
Józef
Poniatowski,
Tadeusz Kościuszko
and Adam
Mickiewicz,
were consigned to
their graves at
Wawel,
as well as for
Matejko, Wyspiański
and others. It also
rang during celebrations of momentous anniversaries from Polish history,
such as the bicentenary of the Vienna victory in
18 83
or the
500^
anniversary
of the
Grunwald
victory in
1910.
Those funerals and celebrations were attended
by delegations from all regions of the former Commonwealth of Poland.
Thus
"Zygmunt"
was earning its permanent place in the consciousness of
successive generations of Poles, and in their thinking in terms of myth.
Chapter
10:
The Bell
"Zygmunt"
in the 20th century. The ringing of
"Zygmunt"
on Sunday,
3
November
1918,
after the liberation of Cracow
from Austrian authorities, was in fact a resurrection ringing for the revival
of Poland
-
the rebirth of the state after over a hundred years of bondage.
"Zygmunt"
also saluted the Presidents of Poland coming to the
Wawel
Castle,
Stanisław
Wojciechowski
in
1922
and
Ignacy Mościcki
in
1927.
Those
significant visits were indispensable for the ideological programme of the
revived state; they referred to the threads of the past, emphasized their
continuation, and they were, as well, a homage paid by the first person in
the state to Cracow as the spiritual capital of the Poles in times of national
bondage. Among the ringings performed on the occasions of anniversaries
and burials in the interwar period
(1918-1939),
there should be mentioned
the first
(1919)
commemoration of the anniversary of passage of the Third
of May Constitution, the 250th anniversary of the Vienna victory in
1933,
the burial at
Wawel
of the ashes of
Juliusz Słowacki
brought from Paris in
431
BELLS AND TOWERS OF THE
WAWEL
CASTLE (SUMMARY)
_
1927,
and the burial in
1935
of Marshal
Józef Piłsudski.
Yet, first of all, the
bell as a liturgical utensil graced the Church holidays and was heard on
other traditional occasions, calling the bishops and canons. Since
1911
the
Bishop of Cracow had been Adam Stefan
Sapieha,
since
1926
the Metropolitan
Archbishop in connection with the elevation of Cracow to the rank of the
capital of the archdiocese, Cardinal from
1946.
The chapter cared incessantly
about the technical condition of the great bell. In
1924
the bell was set in the
modern ball bearings made of the Swedish steel, brought from
Göteborg.
"Zygmunt"
set in them for the first time, rang for the first time to be registered
for the radio when the train with the coffin of
Henryk Sienkiewicz
(who
died in Switzerland, in
1916)
entered the borders of Poland and was taken to
the cathedral in Warsaw. After the outbreak of the 2nd World War
"Zygmunt"
fell silent. The Nazi German troops occupying the Castle stroke the bell for
the fall of Paris. It did not ring also when the Nazi occupation was replaced
with the Soviet one. Along with the revival of the liturgical life in the cathedral,
"Zygmunt"
began to peal on liturgical holidays. There was, however, the
reduction of those ringings. The bell rang mightily and mournfully for the
death and burial of the Metropolitan Bishop, Cardinal
Sapieha
in July
1951.
This burial was the great manifestation of national feelings for this invincible
priest, patriot and philanthropist. After the war
"Zygmunt"
was heard on
the occasions of anniversaries and other important events, such as the
centenary of the death of
Mickiewicz
and the unveiling of commemorative
monuments of
Mickiewicz, Kościuszko
and
Jagiełło,
on the occasion of the
600th anniversary of the Cracow University, or the return of the royal collection
of tapestries to the
Wawel
Castle. The authorities of Polish People's Republic
accepted readily the voice of
"Zygmunt"
(sometimes playing it back from
the tape) to add splendour to the celebrations staged by them in order to
authenticate themselves, but it is also the proof of the fact that the tones of
"Zygmunt"
are the indispensable sonic element of important moments of
collective existence. On the demand of the authorities, and with accordance
to the principle accepted in those circumstances by the Episcopate "not to
disturb"
-
it rang for the burial of Stalin. In
1964
the Cracow Cathedral
was taken by Archbishop Metropolitan
Karol Wojtyla,
Cardinal from
1967.
He ordered to strike
"Zygmunt"
in April
1966
for the Sacrum Poloniae
Millenium, the
1000*
anniversary of the baptism of Mieszko; and in February
1973
for the 500th anniversary of the birth of
Kopernik.
The day after
Cardinal
Wojtyła
was elected the Pope, on
17
October
1978,
"Zygmunt"
rang along with all the bells of Cracow and Poland. Next year the jubilee of
the 900th anniversary of the death of St
Stanisław
was celebrated, with the
participation of Pope John Paul II. In August
1980
the national movement
of "Solidarity" began. Since then,
"Zygmunt"
began to peal every year on
3
May and
11
November, when in the
Wawel
Cathedral, even in spite of the
martial law imposed by the authorities, masses were celebrated for the intention
of the Homeland. After
1989,
in the Third Republic of Poland, those days
have returned to the rank of national holidays.
"Zygmunt"
has also rung
mightily and joyfully every time when the Pope, who had a particular relation
to this bell, returned to Cracow. And it rang when he died.
432
( Bayerische
ţ
Staatsbibliothek |
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| author | Rokosz, Mieczysław |
| author_facet | Rokosz, Mieczysław |
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| author_sort | Rokosz, Mieczysław |
| author_variant | m r mr |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023073896 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 393-417 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)76364380 (DE-599)BVBBV023073896 |
| era | Geschichte gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Schloss Wawel (DE-588)4032744-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Schloss Wawel |
| id | DE-604.BV023073896 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:34:12Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8388385739 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016277015 |
| oclc_num | 76364380 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
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| physical | 432 s., [2] k. (w tym [1] złoż. tabl.) il. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
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| publisher | Societas Vistulana |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Rokosz, Mieczysław Verfasser aut Dzwony i wieże Wawelu Mieczysław Rokosz Kraków Societas Vistulana 2006 432 s., [2] k. (w tym [1] złoż. tabl.) il. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Bells and towers of the Wawel Castle Bibliogr. s. 393-417 Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Glocke (DE-588)4021292-0 gnd rswk-swf Turm (DE-588)4203577-6 gnd rswk-swf Schloss Wawel (DE-588)4032744-9 gnd rswk-swf Schloss Wawel (DE-588)4032744-9 g Glocke (DE-588)4021292-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Turm (DE-588)4203577-6 s Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016277015&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016277015&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Rokosz, Mieczysław Dzwony i wieże Wawelu Bibliogr. s. 393-417 Glocke (DE-588)4021292-0 gnd Turm (DE-588)4203577-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4021292-0 (DE-588)4203577-6 (DE-588)4032744-9 |
| title | Dzwony i wieże Wawelu |
| title_auth | Dzwony i wieże Wawelu |
| title_exact_search | Dzwony i wieże Wawelu |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Dzwony i wieże Wawelu |
| title_full | Dzwony i wieże Wawelu Mieczysław Rokosz |
| title_fullStr | Dzwony i wieże Wawelu Mieczysław Rokosz |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dzwony i wieże Wawelu Mieczysław Rokosz |
| title_short | Dzwony i wieże Wawelu |
| title_sort | dzwony i wieze wawelu |
| topic | Glocke (DE-588)4021292-0 gnd Turm (DE-588)4203577-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Glocke Turm Schloss Wawel |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016277015&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016277015&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT rokoszmieczysław dzwonyiwiezewawelu |