Plants at the margin: ecological limits and climate change
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge
Cambridge University Press
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XV, 478 S. ill (chiefly col.) |
| ISBN: | 052162309X 9780521623094 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Crawford, R. M. M. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Plants at the margin |b ecological limits and climate change |c R. M. M. Crawford |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge |b Cambridge University Press |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XV, 478 S. |b ill (chiefly col.) | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Klimaänderung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Climatic changes |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Vegetation and climate | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137318258311168 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface page xin
Acknowledgements xv
PART I THE NATURE OF MARGINAL
AREAS
1 Recognizing margins 3
1.1 Defining margins 5
1.2 Margins and climate change 5
1.3 Limits to distribution 8
1.3.1 Physiological boundaries 9
1.3.2 Resource availability 9
1.3.3 Resource access and
conservation in marginal areas 15
1.4 Genetic boundaries 17
1.5 Demographic factors 17
1.5.1 Limits for reproduction 19
1.6 Relict species and climate change 19
1.6.1 Evolutionary relicts 20
1.6.2 Climatic relicts 20
1.7 Endangered species 23
1.8 Agricultural margins 24
1.9 Conclusions 26
2 Biodiversity in marginal areas 29
2.1 Biodiversity at the periphery 31
2.2 Assessing biodiversity 31
2.2.1 Definitions of biodiversity 31
2.2.2 Problems of scale and
classification 34
2.2.3 Variations in assessing
genetic variation 35
2.3 Variation in peripheral areas 36
2.4 Disturbance and biodiversity 36
2.4.1 Grazing 37
Contents
2.4.2 Fire 42
2.5 The geography of marginal plant
biodiversity 43
2.5.1 The South African Cape flora 45
2.5.2 Mediterranean heathlands 48
2.5.3 Mediterranean-type vegetation
worldwide 50
2.5.4 The Brazilian Cerrado 51
2.6 Plant diversity in drylands 52
2.7 Plant diversity in the Arctic 57
2.8 Conclusions 59
PART II PLANT FUNCTION IN
MARGINAL AREAS
3 Resource acquisition in marginal
habitats 63
3.1 Resource necessities in
non-productive habitats 65
3.2 Adaptation to habitats with
limited resources 68
3.2.1 Capacity adaptation 69
3.2.2 Functional adjustment 70
3.2.3 Adverse aspects of capacity
adaptation 72
3.2.4 Climatic warming and the
vulnerability of specific tissues 74
3.3 Habitat productivity and competition 77
3.3.1 Plant functional types 78
3.4 Life history strategies 81
3.4.1 Two-class life strategies 81
3.4.2 Three-class life strategies 83
3.4.3 Four-class life strategies 83
3.5 Resource allocation 84
3.6 Resource acquisition in marginal areas 85
3.6.1 Competition for resources in
marginal areas 85
3.6.2 Deprivation indifference 86
3.6.3 Deprivation indifference
through anoxia tolerance 87
3.6.4 Avoiders and tolerators 89
3.7 Alternative supplies of resources 90
3.7.1 Light 90
3.7.2 Precipitation 91
3.7.3 Ground water 92
3.7.4 Carbon 96
3.7.5 Nitrogen 98
3.7.6 Phosphate 100
3.7.7 Phosphate availability at high
latitudes 101
3.8 Mycorrhizal associations in
nutrient-poor habitats 102
3.8.1 Mycorrhizal associations in
the Arctic 102
3.8.2 Cluster roots 103
3.9 Nutrient retention in marginal areas 103
3.10 Changes in resource availability in
the Arctic as a result of climatic
warming 106
Reproduction at the periphery 109
4.1 Environmental limits to reproduction 111
4.2 Sexual reproduction in marginal
habitats 111
4.2.1 Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic
limitations to seed
production 111
4.3 Germination and establishment in
marginal areas 114
4.4 Phenology 116
4.4.1 Reproduction in flood-prone
tropical lake and river
margins 116
4.5 Hybrid zones 118
4.5.1 Transient and stable hybrids 118
4.5.2 Hybrid swarms 120
4.5.3 Spartina anglica - common
cord grass 122
4.5.4 Senecio squalidus - the Oxford
ragwort 123
4.6 Genetic invasion in marginal areas 126
4.6.1 Invasion and
climatic warming 127
4.6.2 Climatic warming,
disturbance and invasion 130
4.6.3 Theories on habitat liability
to invasion 131
4.7 Reproduction in hot deserts 131
4.7.1 Diversity of plant form in
drought-prone habitats 131
4.7.2 Desert seed survival
strategies 134
4.8 Flowering in arctic and alpine
habitats 135
4.8.1 Annual arctic plants 140
Contents
4.9 Mast seeding 142 5.7 Future trends at the tundra—taiga
4.10 The seed bank 146 interface 193
4.10.1 Polar seed banks 147
4.10.2 Warm desert seed banks 148 6 Plant survival in a warmer Arctic 197
4.11 Biased sex ratios 148 6.1 Defining the Arctic 199
4.12 Clonal growth and reproduction in 6.2 Signs of change 199
marginal habitats 153 6.3 The Arctic as a marginal area 204
4.12.1 Asexual reproduction 153 6.3.1 Mapping arctic margins 204
4.13 Longevity and persistence in 6.4 Pleistocene history of the arctic
marginal habitats 155 flora 205
4.14 Conclusions 158 6.4.1 Reassessment of ice cover in
PART III MARGINAL HABITATS -
SELECTED CASE
HISTORIES
5 Arctic and subarctic treelines and the
tundra-taiga interface 161
5.1 The tundra-taiga interface 163
5.1.1 Migrational history of the
tundra—taiga interface 163
5.2 Climatic limits of the boreal forest 166
5.2.1 Relating distribution to
temperature 166
5.2.2 Krummholz and treeline
advance 169
5.3 Climatic change and forest migration 174
5.3.1 Boreal migrational history 174
5.4 Fire, and paludification at the
tundra-taiga interface 178
5.4.1 Post-fire habitat degradation 178
5.4.2 Treelines and paludification 179
5.4.3 History of paludification 181
5.4.4 Bog versus forest at the
tundra-taiga interface 183
5.5 Homeostasis and treeline stability 185
5.6 Boreal forest productivity at high
latitudes 187
5.6.1 Physiological limits for tree
survival at the tundra—taiga
interface 188
5.6.2 Carbon balance 190
5.6.3 Carbon balance versus tissue
vulnerability at the treeline 191
5.6.4 Winter desiccation injury 191
5.6.5 Overwintering photosynthetic
activity 191
polar regions 205
6.4.2 Molecular evidence for the
existence of glacial refugia
at high latitudes 211
6.4.3 Evidence for an ancient
(autochthonous) arctic flora 213
6.5 Habitat preferences in high arctic
plant communities 213
6.5.1 Incompatible survival
strategies 214
6.5.2 Ice encasement and the
prolonged imposition
of anoxia 214
6.6 Mutualism in arctic subspecies 215
6.7 Polyploidy at high latitudes 216
6.8 Arctic oases 219
6.9 Phenological responses to increased
temperatures 221
6.10 Conclusions 224
Land plants at coastal margins 225
7.1 Challenges of the maritime
environment 227
7.1.1 The concept of oceanicity 228
7.1.2 Physical versus biological
fragility 231
Northern hemisphere coastal
vegetation 235
7.2.1 Foreshore plant communities 235
7.2.2 Dune systems of the North
Atlantic 238
7.2.3 Arctic shores 240
Southern hemisphere shores 246
7.3.1 ¿ ntarctic shores 246
7.3.2 New Zealand 248
Global shore communities 250
7.4.1 Salt marshes and mudflats 250
7.2
7.3
7.4
Contents
7.4.2 Rising sea levels and
mudflats 251
7.5 Hard shores 252
7.5.1 Cliffs and caves 252
7.5.2 North Atlantic cliffs 254
7.6 Trees by the sea 256
7.6.1 Mangrove swamps 256
7.7 Physiological adaptations in coastal
vegetation 263
7.7.1 Drought tolerance 263
7.7.2 Nitrogen fixation 264
7.7.3 Surviving burial 264
7.7.4 Flooding 267
7.8 Conservation versus cyclical
destruction and regeneration in
coastal habitats
7.9 Conclusions
Survival at the water s edge
8.1 Flooding endurance
8.1.1 Life-form and flooding
tolerance
8.1.2 Seasonal responses to
flooding
8.2 Aeration
8.2.1 Radial oxygen loss
8.2.2 Thermo-osmosis
8.3 Responses to long-term
winter flooding
8.3.1 Surviving long-term oxygen
deprivation
8.4 Flooding and unflooding
8.4.1 Unflooding - the post-anoxic
experience
8.5 Responses to short-term flooding
during the growing season
8.5.1 Disadvantages of flooding
tolerance
8.6 Amphibious plant adaptations
8.6.1 Phenotypic plasticity in
amphibious species
8.6.2 Speciation and population
zonation in relation
to flooding
8.7 Aquatic graminoids
8.7.1 Glycena maxima versus
Filipéndula ulmaria
269
271
273
275
277
8.7.2 Sweet flag {Acorns calamus) 295
8.7.3 Reed sweet grass
(Glycena maxima) 298
8.7.4 The common reed (Phragmites
australis) 300
8.7.5 Amphibious trees 301
8.8 Tropical versus temperate trees in
wetland sites 301
8.9 Conclusions - plants with wet feet 305
Woody plants at the margin 307
9.1 Woody plants beyond the treeline 309
9.2 Woody plants of the tundra 311
9.3 Montane and arctic willows 314
9.4 Mountain birches 318
9.4.1 Biogeographical history of
mountain birch 322
9.4.2 Current migration 323
9.5 Dwarf birches Betula nana and
B. glandulosa 323
9.5.1 Biogeographical history of
dwarf birch 323
9.6 Ecological sensitivity of woody
281 plants to oceanic conditions 324
281 9.7 Juniper 326
281 9.8 Heathlands 329
282 9.8.1 Relating heathlands to
climate 329
284 9.8.2 Possible migration behaviour 332
9.8.3 Historical ecologv of
285 heathlands 334
286 9.9 New Zealand: a hyperoceanic
case study 334
286 9.10 Conclusions 337
287 10 Plants at high altitudes 339
10.1 Altitudinal limits to plant survival 341
289 10.2 Mountaintop isolation 343
290 10.2.1 Inselbergs - isolated
mountains 345
290 10.2.2 African inselbergs 347
10.3 Aspects of high-altitude habitats 348
10.3.1 Geology and mountain
291 floras 350
292 10.3.2 Adiabatic lapse rate 352
10.3.3 Mountain topographv and
295 biodiversitv 352
Contents
10.4 Physiological implications for plant
survival on high mountains
10.4.1 Water availability at high
altitudes
10.4.2 Adapting to fluctuating
temperatures
10.4.3 Protection against high levels
of radiation at high altitudes
and latitude
10.4.4 Effect of UV radiation on
alpine vegetation
10.4.5 Oceanic mountain
environments
10.4.6 Phenological responses of
mountain plants
10.5 Alpine vegetation zonation —
case studies
10.5.1 Temperate and boreal alpine
zonation
10.5.2 Tropical and subtropical
mountains - East Africa
10.5.3 South America
10.6 The world s highest forests
10.6.1 The Peruvian Highlands
10.7 High mountain plants and
climate change
10.7.1 Indirect effects of increased
temperature on alpine
vegetation — reduction in
winter snow cover
10.7.2 Effects of increased
atmospheric CO2 on high
mountain vegetation
10.8 Alpine floral biology
10.9 Conclusions
11.3 Man ir 1 the terrestrial Arctic 389
355 11.3.1 Acquisition of natural
resources at high latitudes 391
355 11.3.2 Future prospects for the
tundra and its native peoples 395
355 11.4 Man on coastal margins 396
11.4.1 Human acceleration of soil
impoverishment in oceanic
356 regions 398
11.4.2 Sustainable agriculture in
359 oceanic climates: Orkney -
an oceanic exception 403
360 11.5 Exploiting the wetlands 404
11.5.1 Coastal wetlands 404
361 11.5.2 Human settlement in
reed beds 405
363 11.5.3 Agricultural uses of wetlands 406
11.5.4 Recent developments in bog
364 cultivation 409
11.5.5 Future uses for wetlands 411
364 11.6 Man it 1 the mountains 411
365 11.6.1 Transhumance 411
366 11.6.2 Terrace farming 413
369 11.7 Conclusions 417
369 12 Summary and conclusions 419
12.1 Signs ( if chanee 421
372
372
376
379
381
11 Man at the margins
11.1 Human settlement in peripheral
areas 383
11.2 Past and present concepts of
marginality 384
11.2.1 Agricultural sustainability in
marginal areas 386
12.2 Vegetation responses to climate
change
12.3 Pre-adaptation of plants in marginal
areas to climatic change
12.4 Physical fragility versus biological
stability and diversity
12.5 Marginal areas and conservation
12.5.1 Regeneration and the role of
margins
12.6 Future prospects for marginal areas
References
Author index
Species index
Subject index
422
423
424
426
426
430
433
461
465
471
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface page xin
Acknowledgements xv
PART I THE NATURE OF MARGINAL
AREAS
1 Recognizing margins 3
1.1 Defining margins 5
1.2 Margins and climate change 5
1.3 Limits to distribution 8
1.3.1 Physiological boundaries 9
1.3.2 Resource availability 9
1.3.3 Resource access and
conservation in marginal areas 15
1.4 Genetic boundaries 17
1.5 Demographic factors 17
1.5.1 Limits for reproduction 19
1.6 Relict species and climate change 19
1.6.1 Evolutionary relicts 20
1.6.2 Climatic relicts 20
1.7 Endangered species 23
1.8 Agricultural margins 24
1.9 Conclusions 26
2 Biodiversity in marginal areas 29
2.1 Biodiversity at the periphery 31
2.2 Assessing biodiversity 31
2.2.1 Definitions of biodiversity 31
2.2.2 Problems of scale and
classification 34
2.2.3 Variations in assessing
genetic variation 35
2.3 Variation in peripheral areas 36
2.4 Disturbance and biodiversity 36
2.4.1 Grazing 37
Contents
2.4.2 Fire 42
2.5 The geography of marginal plant
biodiversity 43
2.5.1 The South African Cape flora 45
2.5.2 Mediterranean heathlands 48
2.5.3 Mediterranean-type vegetation
worldwide 50
2.5.4 The Brazilian Cerrado 51
2.6 Plant diversity in drylands 52
2.7 Plant diversity in the Arctic 57
2.8 Conclusions 59
PART II PLANT FUNCTION IN
MARGINAL AREAS
3 Resource acquisition in marginal
habitats 63
3.1 Resource necessities in
non-productive habitats 65
3.2 Adaptation to habitats with
limited resources 68
3.2.1 Capacity adaptation 69
3.2.2 Functional adjustment 70
3.2.3 Adverse aspects of capacity
adaptation 72
3.2.4 Climatic warming and the
vulnerability of specific tissues 74
3.3 Habitat productivity and competition 77
3.3.1 Plant functional types 78
3.4 Life history strategies 81
3.4.1 Two-class life strategies 81
3.4.2 Three-class life strategies 83
3.4.3 Four-class life strategies 83
3.5 Resource allocation 84
3.6 Resource acquisition in marginal areas 85
3.6.1 Competition for resources in
marginal areas 85
3.6.2 Deprivation indifference 86
3.6.3 Deprivation indifference
through anoxia tolerance 87
3.6.4 Avoiders and tolerators 89
3.7 Alternative supplies of resources 90
3.7.1 Light 90
3.7.2 Precipitation 91
3.7.3 Ground water 92
3.7.4 Carbon 96
3.7.5 Nitrogen 98
3.7.6 Phosphate 100
3.7.7 Phosphate availability at high
latitudes 101
3.8 Mycorrhizal associations in
nutrient-poor habitats 102
3.8.1 Mycorrhizal associations in
the Arctic 102
3.8.2 Cluster roots 103
3.9 Nutrient retention in marginal areas 103
3.10 Changes in resource availability in
the Arctic as a result of climatic
warming 106
Reproduction at the periphery 109
4.1 Environmental limits to reproduction 111
4.2 Sexual reproduction in marginal
habitats 111
4.2.1 Pre-zygotic and post-zygotic
limitations to seed
production 111
4.3 Germination and establishment in
marginal areas 114
4.4 Phenology 116
4.4.1 Reproduction in flood-prone
tropical lake and river
margins 116
4.5 Hybrid zones 118
4.5.1 Transient and stable hybrids 118
4.5.2 Hybrid swarms 120
4.5.3 Spartina anglica - common
cord grass 122
4.5.4 Senecio squalidus - the Oxford
ragwort 123
4.6 Genetic invasion in marginal areas 126
4.6.1 Invasion and
climatic warming 127
4.6.2 Climatic warming,
disturbance and invasion 130
4.6.3 Theories on habitat liability
to invasion 131
4.7 Reproduction in hot deserts 131
4.7.1 Diversity of plant form in
drought-prone habitats 131
4.7.2 Desert seed survival
strategies 134
4.8 Flowering in arctic and alpine
habitats 135
4.8.1 Annual arctic plants 140
Contents
4.9 Mast seeding 142 5.7 Future trends at the tundra—taiga
4.10 The seed bank 146 interface 193
4.10.1 Polar seed banks 147
4.10.2 Warm desert seed banks 148 6 Plant survival in a warmer Arctic 197
4.11 Biased sex ratios 148 6.1 Defining the Arctic 199
4.12 Clonal growth and reproduction in 6.2 Signs of change 199
marginal habitats 153 6.3 The Arctic as a marginal area 204
4.12.1 Asexual reproduction 153 6.3.1 Mapping arctic margins 204
4.13 Longevity and persistence in 6.4 Pleistocene history of the arctic
marginal habitats 155 flora 205
4.14 Conclusions 158 6.4.1 Reassessment of ice cover in
PART III MARGINAL HABITATS -
SELECTED CASE
HISTORIES
5 Arctic and subarctic treelines and the
tundra-taiga interface 161
5.1 The tundra-taiga interface 163
5.1.1 Migrational history of the
tundra—taiga interface 163
5.2 Climatic limits of the boreal forest 166
5.2.1 Relating distribution to
temperature 166
5.2.2 Krummholz and treeline
advance 169
5.3 Climatic change and forest migration 174
5.3.1 Boreal migrational history 174
5.4 Fire, and paludification at the
tundra-taiga interface 178
5.4.1 Post-fire habitat degradation 178
5.4.2 Treelines and paludification 179
5.4.3 History of paludification 181
5.4.4 Bog versus forest at the
tundra-taiga interface 183
5.5 Homeostasis and treeline stability 185
5.6 Boreal forest productivity at high
latitudes 187
5.6.1 Physiological limits for tree
survival at the tundra—taiga
interface 188
5.6.2 Carbon balance 190
5.6.3 Carbon balance versus tissue
vulnerability at the treeline 191
5.6.4 Winter desiccation injury 191
5.6.5 Overwintering photosynthetic
activity 191
polar regions 205
6.4.2 Molecular evidence for the
existence of glacial refugia
at high latitudes 211
6.4.3 Evidence for an ancient
(autochthonous) arctic flora 213
6.5 Habitat preferences in high arctic
plant communities 213
6.5.1 Incompatible survival
strategies 214
6.5.2 Ice encasement and the
prolonged imposition
of anoxia 214
6.6 Mutualism in arctic subspecies 215
6.7 Polyploidy at high latitudes 216
6.8 Arctic oases 219
6.9 Phenological responses to increased
temperatures 221
6.10 Conclusions 224
Land plants at coastal margins 225
7.1 Challenges of the maritime
environment 227
7.1.1 The concept of oceanicity 228
7.1.2 Physical versus biological
fragility 231
Northern hemisphere coastal
vegetation 235
7.2.1 Foreshore plant communities 235
7.2.2 Dune systems of the North
Atlantic 238
7.2.3 Arctic shores 240
Southern hemisphere shores 246
7.3.1 ¿\ntarctic shores 246
7.3.2 New Zealand 248
Global shore communities 250
7.4.1 Salt marshes and mudflats 250
7.2
7.3
7.4
Contents
7.4.2 Rising sea levels and
mudflats 251
7.5 Hard shores 252
7.5.1 Cliffs and caves 252
7.5.2 North Atlantic cliffs 254
7.6 Trees by the sea 256
7.6.1 Mangrove swamps 256
7.7 Physiological adaptations in coastal
vegetation 263
7.7.1 Drought tolerance 263
7.7.2 Nitrogen fixation 264
7.7.3 Surviving burial 264
7.7.4 Flooding 267
7.8 Conservation versus cyclical
destruction and regeneration in
coastal habitats
7.9 Conclusions
Survival at the water's edge
8.1 Flooding endurance
8.1.1 Life-form and flooding
tolerance
8.1.2 Seasonal responses to
flooding
8.2 Aeration
8.2.1 Radial oxygen loss
8.2.2 Thermo-osmosis
8.3 Responses to long-term
winter flooding
8.3.1 Surviving long-term oxygen
deprivation
8.4 Flooding and unflooding
8.4.1 Unflooding - the post-anoxic
experience
8.5 Responses to short-term flooding
during the growing season
8.5.1 Disadvantages of flooding
tolerance
8.6 Amphibious plant adaptations
8.6.1 Phenotypic plasticity in
amphibious species
8.6.2 Speciation and population
zonation in relation
to flooding
8.7 Aquatic graminoids
8.7.1 Glycena maxima versus
Filipéndula ulmaria
269
271
273
275
277
8.7.2 Sweet flag {Acorns calamus) 295
8.7.3 Reed sweet grass
(Glycena maxima) 298
8.7.4 The common reed (Phragmites
australis) 300
8.7.5 Amphibious trees 301
8.8 Tropical versus temperate trees in
wetland sites 301
8.9 Conclusions - plants with wet feet 305
Woody plants at the margin 307
9.1 Woody plants beyond the treeline 309
9.2 Woody plants of the tundra 311
9.3 Montane and arctic willows 314
9.4 Mountain birches 318
9.4.1 Biogeographical history of
mountain birch 322
9.4.2 Current migration 323
9.5 Dwarf birches Betula nana and
B. glandulosa 323
9.5.1 Biogeographical history of
dwarf birch 323
9.6 Ecological sensitivity of woody
281 plants to oceanic conditions 324
281 9.7 Juniper 326
281 9.8 Heathlands 329
282 9.8.1 Relating heathlands to
climate 329
284 9.8.2 Possible migration behaviour 332
9.8.3 Historical ecologv of
285 heathlands 334
286 9.9 New Zealand: a hyperoceanic
case study 334
286 9.10 Conclusions 337
287 10 Plants at high altitudes 339
10.1 Altitudinal limits to plant survival 341
289 10.2 Mountaintop isolation 343
290 10.2.1 Inselbergs - isolated
mountains 345
290 10.2.2 African inselbergs 347
10.3 Aspects of high-altitude habitats 348
10.3.1 Geology and mountain
291 floras 350
292 10.3.2 Adiabatic lapse rate 352
10.3.3 Mountain topographv and
295 biodiversitv 352
Contents
10.4 Physiological implications for plant
survival on high mountains
10.4.1 Water availability at high
altitudes
10.4.2 Adapting to fluctuating
temperatures
10.4.3 Protection against high levels
of radiation at high altitudes
and latitude
10.4.4 Effect of UV radiation on
alpine vegetation
10.4.5 Oceanic mountain
environments
10.4.6 Phenological responses of
mountain plants
10.5 Alpine vegetation zonation —
case studies
10.5.1 Temperate and boreal alpine
zonation
10.5.2 Tropical and subtropical
mountains - East Africa
10.5.3 South America
10.6 The world's highest forests
10.6.1 The Peruvian Highlands
10.7 High mountain plants and
climate change
10.7.1 Indirect effects of increased
temperature on alpine
vegetation — reduction in
winter snow cover
10.7.2 Effects of increased
atmospheric CO2 on high
mountain vegetation
10.8 Alpine floral biology
10.9 Conclusions
11.3 Man ir 1 the terrestrial Arctic 389
355 11.3.1 Acquisition of natural
resources at high latitudes 391
355 11.3.2 Future prospects for the
tundra and its native peoples 395
355 11.4 Man on coastal margins 396
11.4.1 Human acceleration of soil
impoverishment in oceanic
356 regions 398
11.4.2 Sustainable agriculture in
359 oceanic climates: Orkney -
an oceanic exception 403
360 11.5 Exploiting the wetlands 404
11.5.1 Coastal wetlands 404
361 11.5.2 Human settlement in
reed beds 405
363 11.5.3 Agricultural uses of wetlands 406
11.5.4 Recent developments in bog
364 cultivation 409
11.5.5 Future uses for wetlands 411
364 11.6 Man it 1 the mountains 411
365 11.6.1 Transhumance 411
366 11.6.2 Terrace farming 413
369 11.7 Conclusions 417
369 12 Summary and conclusions 419
12.1 Signs ( if chanee 421
372
372
376
379
381
11 Man at the margins
11.1 Human settlement in peripheral
areas 383
11.2 Past and present concepts of
marginality 384
11.2.1 Agricultural sustainability in
marginal areas 386
12.2 Vegetation responses to climate
change
12.3 Pre-adaptation of plants in marginal
areas to climatic change
12.4 Physical fragility versus biological
stability and diversity
12.5 Marginal areas and conservation
12.5.1 Regeneration and the role of
margins
12.6 Future prospects for marginal areas
References
Author index
Species index
Subject index
422
423
424
426
426
430
433
461
465
471 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Crawford, R. M. M. |
| author_facet | Crawford, R. M. M. |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Crawford, R. M. M. |
| author_variant | r m m c rmm rmmc |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023073757 |
| callnumber-first | Q - Science |
| callnumber-label | QK754 |
| callnumber-raw | QK754.5 |
| callnumber-search | QK754.5 |
| callnumber-sort | QK 3754.5 |
| callnumber-subject | QK - Botany |
| classification_rvk | WI 5960 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)254907953 (DE-599)GBV548728054 |
| dewey-full | 581.7 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 581 - Specific topics in natural history of plants |
| dewey-raw | 581.7 |
| dewey-search | 581.7 |
| dewey-sort | 3581.7 |
| dewey-tens | 580 - Plants |
| discipline | Biologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4173536-5 Patentschrift gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Patentschrift |
| id | DE-604.BV023073757 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:34:08Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:23Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 052162309X 9780521623094 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016276878 |
| oclc_num | 254907953 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-703 DE-1028 DE-20 DE-11 DE-188 |
| owner_facet | DE-703 DE-1028 DE-20 DE-11 DE-188 |
| physical | XV, 478 S. ill (chiefly col.) |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Crawford, R. M. M. Verfasser aut Plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change R. M. M. Crawford 1. publ. Cambridge Cambridge University Press 2008 XV, 478 S. ill (chiefly col.) txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes Environmental aspects Vegetation and climate Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd rswk-swf Grenzstandort (DE-588)4291460-7 gnd rswk-swf Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 gnd rswk-swf Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Areal Biologie (DE-588)4384479-0 gnd rswk-swf Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd rswk-swf Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4173536-5 Patentschrift gnd-content Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 s Grenzstandort (DE-588)4291460-7 s Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 s DE-604 Areal Biologie (DE-588)4384479-0 s Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 s DE-188 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016276878&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Crawford, R. M. M. Plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes Environmental aspects Vegetation and climate Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Grenzstandort (DE-588)4291460-7 gnd Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Areal Biologie (DE-588)4384479-0 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4045539-7 (DE-588)4291460-7 (DE-588)4046800-8 (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4384479-0 (DE-588)4164199-1 (DE-588)4130793-8 (DE-588)4173536-5 |
| title | Plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change |
| title_auth | Plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change |
| title_exact_search | Plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change |
| title_full | Plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change R. M. M. Crawford |
| title_fullStr | Plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change R. M. M. Crawford |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change R. M. M. Crawford |
| title_short | Plants at the margin |
| title_sort | plants at the margin ecological limits and climate change |
| title_sub | ecological limits and climate change |
| topic | Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes Environmental aspects Vegetation and climate Pflanzen (DE-588)4045539-7 gnd Grenzstandort (DE-588)4291460-7 gnd Populationsbiologie (DE-588)4046800-8 gnd Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Areal Biologie (DE-588)4384479-0 gnd Klimaänderung (DE-588)4164199-1 gnd Grenze (DE-588)4130793-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Klimaänderung Umwelt Climatic changes Environmental aspects Vegetation and climate Pflanzen Grenzstandort Populationsbiologie Ökologie Areal Biologie Grenze Patentschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016276878&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT crawfordrmm plantsatthemarginecologicallimitsandclimatechange |