Deserts and desert environments:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford
Wiley-Blackwell
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | First published 2008 |
| Schriftenreihe: | Environmental systems and global change series
2 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Klappentext |
| Beschreibung: | XIII, 342 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten |
| ISBN: | 9781577180333 157718033X |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Laity, Julie |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Deserts and desert environments |c Julie Laity |
| 250 | |a First published 2008 | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford |b Wiley-Blackwell |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XIII, 342 Seiten |b Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Environmental systems and global change series |v 2 | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Déserts |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Géomorphologie |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Desert | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geomorphology | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016272712&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Klappentext |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137312139870209 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
Preface
хи
1
Introduction: defining the desert system
1
1.1
Defining the desert system
1
1.1.1
Physical, biological, and temporal components
1
1.2
Evolution of deserts
2
1.2.1
Global considerations
2
1.2.1.1
Subtropical high-pressure belts
2
1.2.1.2
Continental interiors
4
1.2.1.3
Polar deserts
4
1.2.2
Regional considerations
4
1.2.2.1
Cold-current influences
4
1.2.2.2
Rainshadow effect
6
1.2.2.3
Edaphic environments
6
1.3
Indices of aridity
6
1.4
Desert surfaces
8
1.5
Tectonically stable and unstable deserts
8
1.6
Deserts of the past
9
1.7
Changing human perspectives on deserts
12
2
Deserts of the world
14
2.1
Introduction: the extent of global aridity
14
2.2
Global deserts
14
2.2.1
Africa
14
2.2.1.1
North Africa: the
Saharán
Desert and the Sahel
15
2.2.1.2
North Africa: the Somali-Chalbi Desert
18
2.2.1.3
Southern Africa: arid Madagascar
18
2.2.1.4
Southern Africa: the Karoo, Kalahari, and Namib Deserts
22
2.2.2
Middle East and Arabia
24
2.2.2.1
Negev and Sinai Deserts
24
2.2.2.2
Deserts of Syria and Jordan
26
2.2.2.3
The Arabian Peninsula
26
2.2.2.4
Iran and Iraq
27
2.2.3
Europe
28
2.2.4
Asia
29
2.2.4.1
Middle Asian deserts
29
2.2.4.2
Deserts of India and Pakistan
30
2.2.4.3
Deserts of China and Mongolia
30
2.2.5
South America
33
2.2.5.1
The west coast deserts: Peru-Chile, Atacama, and Sechura deserts
33
2.2.5.2
Altiplano/Puna
З6
2.2.5.3
Monte Desert
З6
2.2.5.4
Patagonian Desert
37
VI
CONTENTS
2.2.6
North America
37
2.2.6.1
Chihuahuan Desert
39
2.2.6.2
Sonoran
Desert
40
2.2.6.3
Mojave Desert
41
2.2.6.4
The Great Basin deserts
42
2.2.7
Australia
43
3
The climatic framework
48
3.1
Introduction: classification of deserts by temperature
48
3.2
Weather data
48
3.3
Atmospheric controls: surface boundary layer
50
3.3.1
Atmospheric water vapor and cloud cover
50
3.3.2
Radiation
51
3.3.3
Temperature of the air, surface, and subsurface
52
3.3.3.1
Air temperature of hot deserts
52
3.3.3.2
Surface temperatures
52
3.3.3.3
Subsurface temperatures
53
3.3.4
Albedo
54
3.3.5
Precipitation
54
3.3.5.1
Storm types and seasonality of precipitation
55
3.3.5.2
Forms of precipitation other than rainfall: fog, dew, and snow
58
3.3.5.3
Variability in precipitation
60
3.3.6
Wind
62
3.3.7
Effects of population growth and urbanization on desert climatology
63
3.3.7.1
Air pollution
63
3.3.7.2
Heat islands
64
3.4
Temporal and spatial variability of climatic influences
64
3.4.1
ENSO forcing of desert climates
64
3.4.2
Expansion and contraction of the Sahara Desert
67
3.4.3
The Sahel: land-surface-atmosphere interactions
69
4
The
hydrologie
framework
71
4.1
Introduction
71
4.2
The water balance in deserts
71
4.3
Water budgets
73
4.3.1
Precipitation and its assessment: problems in gauging and network design
73
4.3.2
Interception
74
4.3.3
E vapo transpira
tion
75
4.3.3.1
Introduction
75
4.3.3.2
Evaporation
76
4.3.3.3
Transpiration
78
4.3.4
Infiltration and soil water
79
4.3.5
Groundwater, subsurface flow, and springs
81
4.3.5.1
Role of groundwater in arid environments
81
4.3.5.2
Groundwater recharge
82
4.3.5.3
Groundwater quality
83
4.4
Surface runoff and floods
84
4.4.1
Controls on runoff
84
4.4.2
Runoff from slopes
85
4.4.3
Runoff in channels
86
4.4.3.1
Ephemeral channels
86
4.4.3.2
Intermittent and perennial rivers
87
4.4.3.3
Low-flow events and the ecological effects of drought
87
CONTENTS
VII
4.4.4 Transmission
losses during floods
88
4.5
The chemical quality of surface and soil water
89
4.6
Water resources
90
4.6.1
Groundwater
91
4.6.2
Dams and reservoirs
92
4.6.3
Long-distance transfer: canals and aqueducts
92
4.6.4
Rainmaking
93
4.6.5
Desalination
94
4.6.6
Fog-water collection systems
94
4.7
Case study: the waters of the Tigris-Euphrates Basin and the impact of
modern water management
94
5
Lake systems: past and present
98
5.1
Introduction to desert lakes
98
5.2
Types of lake
98
5.2.1
Perennial salt lakes
98
5.2.2
Ephemeral lakes:
playas
and pans
98
5.2.2.1
Wet (salt
playas;
discharge
playas)
and dry (recharge
playas;
claypans) systems
100
5.2.2.2
Playa
degradation
103
5.2.3
Palaeolake systems: lakes as indicators of past climate changes
104
5.3
Lakes of the global arid environment
106
5.3.1
Western North America
106
5.3.2
South America
109
5.3.3
Australia
112
5.3.4
Africa
114
5.3.5
Asia
117
5.3.5.1
China and Mongolia
117
5.3.5.2
India and Pakistan
120
5.3.6
Middle East
120
122
122
122
123
123
125
125
125
126
126
128
128
128
129
130
133
133
134
136
136
136
137
6
Weathering processes and hiuslope systems
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Weathering
6.2.1
Insolation weathering
6.2.2
Salt weathering
6.2.3
Frost weathering
6.2.4
Biological weathering
6.2.5
Silt infiltration
6.3
Weathering forms
6.3.1
Cavernous weathering/tafoni
6.3.2
Gnammas
6.4
Duricrusts
6.4.1
Terminology
6.4.2
Silcrete
6.4.3
Calcrete/caliche
6.4.4
Gypcrete
6.4.5
Salerete:
halite crusts
6.5
Desert
varnish
6.6
Hillslope processes
6.6.1
Rock slopes
6.6.1.1
Hillslopes in massive rocks
6.6.1.2
Scarp and
cuesta
forms
VIII
CONTENTS
6.6.2
Gravity-related activity: talus and scree slopes and related forms
141
6.6.3
Badlands
142
6.6.3.1
Case study:
Borrego
Badlands, California
144
6.7.
Composite surfaces (pediments)
145
7
Desert soils and geomorphic surfaces
148
7.1
Introduction
148
7.2
The nature of soils in arid and
semiarid
regions
148
7.3
Soil description and classification
149
7.4
Soil characteristics of arid regions
150
7.4.1
Physical characteristics
150
7.4.2
The organic content of soils and nutrient availability
151
7.4.3
Role of the past
151
7.4.4
Role of relief and altitude
152
7.5
Inorganic and biological soil crusts
152
7.5.1
Inorganic soil crusts
152
7.5.2
Biological/cryptobiotic surface crusts
153
7.6
Spatial heterogeneity in soil properties and the ecohydrology of patterned vegetation zones
156
7.7
Surface volume changes
158
7.7.1
The properties and nature of swelling clay soils
158
7.7.2
Patterned ground or gilgai
158
7.8
Surface types: hamada and stone pavements
159
7.8.1
Hamada
159
7.8.2
Stone pavements
159
7.8.2.1
Introduction
159
7.8.2.2
Description of stone pavements
162
7.8.2.3
Formation of pavements
164
7.8.2.4
The aeolian aggradation theory of pavement development
165
7.8.2.5
Pavement development as a relative-age dating tool
166
7.8.2.6
Discussion
167
8
Water as a geomorphic agent
168
8.1
Introduction
168
8.2
Groundwater sapping in slope and valley development
168
8.3
Piping processes in channel and slope evolution
171
8.4
Fluvial processes
172
8.4.1
Channel morphology and channel flow
172
8.4.2
Alluvium
173
8.4.3
Sediment transport
174
8.3.4
Sediment yields
178
8.5
Fluvial
landforms
179
8.5.1
Alluvial fans
179
8.5.1.1
Introduction
179
8.5.1.2
Sediment production, transportation, and deposition
180
8.5.2
Arroyos
182
8.5.3
Gullies
184
8.4.4 Landform
assemblages
185
9
Aeolian processes
186
9.1
Introduction
186
9.2
Near-surface flow
187
CONTENTS
IX
9.2.1 Variation in wind
velocity with height
187
9.2.2
Airflow and sediment transport over hills and dunes
188
9.3
Wind processes
191
9.3.1
Aeolian particles
191
9.3.1.1
Particle sizes
191
9.3.1.2
Processes of particle formation
192
9.3.2
Particle entrainment (sand)
194
9.3.3
Particle transport
194
9.3.3.1
Modes of transportation
194
9.3.3.2
Transport rates
195
9.4
Landforms of accumulation: sand sheets, zibar, and sand stringers
195
9.5
Landforms of accumulation: dunes
197
9.5.1
Introduction
197
9.5.2
The development of dune fields: palaeo-aeolian processes and evidence for
multiple phases of activity
197
9.5.3
Dune reactivation
199
9.5.4
Interdune
deposits and lakes
200
9.5.5
Dune patterns and classification
201
9.5.6
Dune accumulation influenced by topographic obstacles
204
9.5.6.1
Lee dunes
204
9.5.6.2
Climbing dunes, sand ramps, echo dunes, and cliff-top dunes
204
9.5.7
Formation of self-accumulated dunes
205
9.5.7.1
Dune initiation
205
9.5.7.2
Crescentic dunes: barchans and transverse barchanoid ridges
205
9.5.7.3
Linear dunes
(seif
dunes)
206
9.5.7.4
Star dunes
208
9.5.7.5
Dome dunes
209
9.5.8
Vegetated dunes
209
9.5.8.1
Hummock dunes, coppice dunes, or nebkhas
210
9.5.8.2
Parabolic and elongate parabolic dunes
211
9.5.8.3
Lunette dunes
212
9.5.8.4
Vegetated linear dunes
212
9.6
Ripples
213
10
Landforms of aeolian erosion and desert dust
216
10.1
Introduction
216
10.2
Deflation features: desert depressions and pans
216
10.3
Ventifacts
218
10.4
Yardangs and ridge and swale systems
221
10.5
Desert dust
225
10.5.1
Definitions
226
10.5.2
Environmental role and impacts of dust
226
10.5.2.1
Effects on marine and terrestrial ecosystems
227
10.5.2.2
Relationship to soil development and earth surface processes
227
10.5.2.3
Impact of dust on climate, weather, and air quality
228
10.5.2.4
Dust storms and vehicular accidents
229
10.5.3
Dust entrainment, transport, and deposition
229
10.5.3.1
Climatic factors in dust entrainment
230
10.5.3.2
Surface factors: vegetation, crusts, and the availability of sand
230
10.5.3.3
Anthropogenic activity
232
10.5.4
Climatic events associated with blowing dust: scales of activity
233
CONTENTS
10.5.5
Frequency of blowing dust: interannual, seasonal, diurnal
233
10.5.6
Dust-source areas 234
11
Plant communities and their geomorphic impacts
237
11.1
Introduction: characteristics of desert ecosystems
237
11.2
Adaptations to desert conditions
238
11.2.1
Adaptations to temperature
238
11.2.2
Water use by plants
240
11.2.3
Reproduction
242
11.2.4
Nutrient cycling
243
11.2.5
Salt adaptation
244
11.3
Plant communities and ecotones
245
11.3.1
Evergreen shrubs
245
11.3.2
Drought-deciduous shrubs
246
11.3.3
CAM succulents
246
11.3.4
Perennial grasses
247
11.3.5
Phreatophytes
247
11.3.6
Desert annuals
248
11.3.7
Poikilohydric plants
250
11.3.8
Exotic plants
250
11.4
Succession in desert plant communities
251
11.5
Dune communities
252
11.6
Vegetation type and density and relationship to geomorphic processes
253
11.6.1
The role of vegetation in the erosion and deposition of sand
253
11.6.2
The role of slope and aspect in plant distribution
255
11.6.3
Effects of vegetation on stream-channel processes
256
11.6.3.1
How floods and fluvial
landforms
affect vegetation
256
11.6.3.2
How vegetation affects dryland river-channel processes and form
257
11.6.3.3
Flow regulation and riparian communities in arid lands
257
12
Animal communities
259
12.1
Introduction: environmental requirements
259
12.1.1
Adaptations to air and soil temperature, fire, and the gaseous environment
262
12.1.2
Moisture parameters
263
12.2
Effects on geomorphic processes
264
12.2.1
Slope processes, surface stability, and soil development
264
12.2.1.1
Surface movement and animal tracks
264
12.2.1.2
Biopedturbation and burrowing
265
12.3 Hydrologie
impacts
265
12.4
Effects of the geomorphic activity of animals on plant communities
266
13
Desertification and the human dimension
267
13.1
Desertification: introduction and terminology
267
13.2
Climate change and desertification
268
13.3
Anthropogenic causes of desertification
269
13.3.1
The rural environment: overgrazing and woodcutting; devegetation and
biological feedbacks
270
13.3.2
Urbanization and technological exploitation
271
13.3.3
Off-road vehicles and military vehicles
272
13.3.4
Increases in dust-storm activity and the effect on humans and the environment
273
CONTENTS
XI
13.4
Water resources: a rural and urban problem
275
13.4.1
Groundwater withdrawal
276
13.4.2
Depletion of river flow and loss of sediment
277
13.4.3
Effects of irrigation: waterlogged soils and salinization
278
13.4.4
Desert lakes affected by humans
279
13.5
Case study: the Aral Sea
280
13.5.1
Lake bottom exposure and salt and dust storms
282
13.5.2
Ecosystem damage
282
13.5.3
Climatic alteration
282
13.5.4
Health concerns
283
13.6
Discussion
283
References
285
Index
320
Environmental Systems and Global Change Series
Series Editors: Professor Antony
Orme
(UCLA), Professor
Olav Slaymaker
(University
of British Columbia), and
Dr Tom
Spencer (University of Cambridge)
Deserts and Desert Environments focuses on geomorphic systems, providing a
comprehensive introduction to the physical, biological, temporal, and human components
of drylands. Taking a global perspective, the book:
■
examines physical systems, including climate, hydrology, past and present lakes,
weathering, hillslopes, geomorphic surfaces, water as a geomorphic agent, and
aeolian processes
■
investigates the nature, environmental requirements, and essential geomorphic roles of
plants and animals in this stressful biological environment
■
considers the impact of human population growth on climate, desertification, water
resources, and dust-storm activity
■
covers surface/atmosphere interactions and the impact of
El Niño
Southern Oscillation
events, exploring recent advances in understanding the temporal and spatial variability
of deserts.
The breadth of coverage and accessible style make Deserts and Desert Environments
ideal for introductory students of desert systems or desert geomorphology, as well as a
useful reference for scientists and environmental professionals.
Julie Laity is a Professor at California State University, Northridge, USA. Her work has focused
•ing at aeolian, fluvial, and groundwater systems, and the impact of environmental
radiation on wind-blown sand and dust events. Her research on groundwater-sapping systems and
roston
has been used to aid our understanding of Martian environments.
Cover image: Dead camel thorn tree and dune, late afternoon, Sossusvlei, Namibia.
£ Nico
Smit
www.istock.com
Cover design by SCW
-
www.scw.uk.com
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
Preface
хи
1
Introduction: defining the desert system
1
1.1
Defining the desert system
1
1.1.1
Physical, biological, and temporal components
1
1.2
Evolution of deserts
2
1.2.1
Global considerations
2
1.2.1.1
Subtropical high-pressure belts
2
1.2.1.2
Continental interiors
4
1.2.1.3
Polar deserts
4
1.2.2
Regional considerations
4
1.2.2.1
Cold-current influences
4
1.2.2.2
Rainshadow effect
6
1.2.2.3
Edaphic environments
6
1.3
Indices of aridity
6
1.4
Desert surfaces
8
1.5
Tectonically stable and unstable deserts
8
1.6
Deserts of the past
9
1.7
Changing human perspectives on deserts
12
2
Deserts of the world
14
2.1
Introduction: the extent of global aridity
14
2.2
Global deserts
14
2.2.1
Africa
14
2.2.1.1
North Africa: the
Saharán
Desert and the Sahel
15
2.2.1.2
North Africa: the Somali-Chalbi Desert
18
2.2.1.3
Southern Africa: arid Madagascar
18
2.2.1.4
Southern Africa: the Karoo, Kalahari, and Namib Deserts
22
2.2.2
Middle East and Arabia
24
2.2.2.1
Negev and Sinai Deserts
24
2.2.2.2
Deserts of Syria and Jordan
26
2.2.2.3
The Arabian Peninsula
26
2.2.2.4
Iran and Iraq
27
2.2.3
Europe
28
2.2.4
Asia
29
2.2.4.1
Middle Asian deserts
29
2.2.4.2
Deserts of India and Pakistan
30
2.2.4.3
Deserts of China and Mongolia
30
2.2.5
South America
33
2.2.5.1
The west coast deserts: Peru-Chile, Atacama, and Sechura deserts
33
2.2.5.2
Altiplano/Puna
З6
2.2.5.3
Monte Desert
З6
2.2.5.4
Patagonian Desert
37
VI
CONTENTS
2.2.6
North America
37
2.2.6.1
Chihuahuan Desert
39
2.2.6.2
Sonoran
Desert
40
2.2.6.3
Mojave Desert
41
2.2.6.4
The Great Basin deserts
42
2.2.7
Australia
43
3
The climatic framework
48
3.1
Introduction: classification of deserts by temperature
48
3.2
Weather data
48
3.3
Atmospheric controls: surface boundary layer
50
3.3.1
Atmospheric water vapor and cloud cover
50
3.3.2
Radiation
51
3.3.3
Temperature of the air, surface, and subsurface
52
3.3.3.1
Air temperature of hot deserts
52
3.3.3.2
Surface temperatures
52
3.3.3.3
Subsurface temperatures
53
3.3.4
Albedo
54
3.3.5
Precipitation
54
3.3.5.1
Storm types and seasonality of precipitation
55
3.3.5.2
Forms of precipitation other than rainfall: fog, dew, and snow
58
3.3.5.3
Variability in precipitation
60
3.3.6
Wind
62
3.3.7
Effects of population growth and urbanization on desert climatology
63
3.3.7.1
Air pollution
63
3.3.7.2
Heat islands
64
3.4
Temporal and spatial variability of climatic influences
64
3.4.1
ENSO forcing of desert climates
64
3.4.2
Expansion and contraction of the Sahara Desert
67
3.4.3
The Sahel: land-surface-atmosphere interactions
69
4
The
hydrologie
framework
71
4.1
Introduction
71
4.2
The water balance in deserts
71
4.3
Water budgets
73
4.3.1
Precipitation and its assessment: problems in gauging and network design
73
4.3.2
Interception
74
4.3.3
E vapo transpira
tion
75
4.3.3.1
Introduction
75
4.3.3.2
Evaporation
76
4.3.3.3
Transpiration
78
4.3.4
Infiltration and soil water
79
4.3.5
Groundwater, subsurface flow, and springs
81
4.3.5.1
Role of groundwater in arid environments
81
4.3.5.2
Groundwater recharge
82
4.3.5.3
Groundwater quality
83
4.4
Surface runoff and floods
84
4.4.1
Controls on runoff
84
4.4.2
Runoff from slopes
85
4.4.3
Runoff in channels
86
4.4.3.1
Ephemeral channels
86
4.4.3.2
Intermittent and perennial rivers
87
4.4.3.3
Low-flow events and the ecological effects of drought
87
CONTENTS
VII
4.4.4 Transmission
losses during floods
88
4.5
The chemical quality of surface and soil water
89
4.6
Water resources
90
4.6.1
Groundwater
91
4.6.2
Dams and reservoirs
92
4.6.3
Long-distance transfer: canals and aqueducts
92
4.6.4
Rainmaking
93
4.6.5
Desalination
94
4.6.6
Fog-water collection systems
94
4.7
Case study: the waters of the Tigris-Euphrates Basin and the impact of
modern water management
94
5
Lake systems: past and present
98
5.1
Introduction to desert lakes
98
5.2
Types of lake
98
5.2.1
Perennial salt lakes
98
5.2.2
Ephemeral lakes:
playas
and pans
98
5.2.2.1
Wet (salt
playas;
discharge
playas)
and dry (recharge
playas;
claypans) systems
100
5.2.2.2
Playa
degradation
103
5.2.3
Palaeolake systems: lakes as indicators of past climate changes
104
5.3
Lakes of the global arid environment
106
5.3.1
Western North America
106
5.3.2
South America
109
5.3.3
Australia
112
5.3.4
Africa
114
5.3.5
Asia
117
5.3.5.1
China and Mongolia
117
5.3.5.2
India and Pakistan
120
5.3.6
Middle East
120
122
122
122
123
123
125
125
125
126
126
128
128
128
129
130
133
133
134
136
136
136
137
6
Weathering processes and hiuslope systems
6.1
Introduction
6.2
Weathering
6.2.1
Insolation weathering
6.2.2
Salt weathering
6.2.3
Frost weathering
6.2.4
Biological weathering
6.2.5
Silt infiltration
6.3
Weathering forms
6.3.1
Cavernous weathering/tafoni
6.3.2
Gnammas
6.4
Duricrusts
6.4.1
Terminology
6.4.2
Silcrete
6.4.3
Calcrete/caliche
6.4.4
Gypcrete
6.4.5
Salerete:
halite crusts
6.5
Desert
varnish
6.6
Hillslope processes
6.6.1
Rock slopes
6.6.1.1
Hillslopes in massive rocks
6.6.1.2
Scarp and
cuesta
forms
VIII
CONTENTS
6.6.2
Gravity-related activity: talus and scree slopes and related forms
141
6.6.3
Badlands
142
6.6.3.1
Case study:
Borrego
Badlands, California
144
6.7.
Composite surfaces (pediments)
145
7
Desert soils and geomorphic surfaces
148
7.1
Introduction
148
7.2
The nature of soils in arid and
semiarid
regions
148
7.3
Soil description and classification
149
7.4
Soil characteristics of arid regions
150
7.4.1
Physical characteristics
150
7.4.2
The organic content of soils and nutrient availability
151
7.4.3
Role of the past
151
7.4.4
Role of relief and altitude
152
7.5
Inorganic and biological soil crusts
152
7.5.1
Inorganic soil crusts
152
7.5.2
Biological/cryptobiotic surface crusts
153
7.6
Spatial heterogeneity in soil properties and the ecohydrology of patterned vegetation zones
156
7.7
Surface volume changes
158
7.7.1
The properties and nature of swelling clay soils
158
7.7.2
Patterned ground or gilgai
158
7.8
Surface types: hamada and stone pavements
159
7.8.1
Hamada
159
7.8.2
Stone pavements
159
7.8.2.1
Introduction
159
7.8.2.2
Description of stone pavements
162
7.8.2.3
Formation of pavements
164
7.8.2.4
The aeolian aggradation theory of pavement development
165
7.8.2.5
Pavement development as a relative-age dating tool
166
7.8.2.6
Discussion
167
8
Water as a geomorphic agent
168
8.1
Introduction
168
8.2
Groundwater sapping in slope and valley development
168
8.3
Piping processes in channel and slope evolution
171
8.4
Fluvial processes
172
8.4.1
Channel morphology and channel flow
172
8.4.2
Alluvium
173
8.4.3
Sediment transport
174
8.3.4
Sediment yields
178
8.5
Fluvial
landforms
179
8.5.1
Alluvial fans
179
8.5.1.1
Introduction
179
8.5.1.2
Sediment production, transportation, and deposition
180
8.5.2
Arroyos
182
8.5.3
Gullies
184
8.4.4 Landform
assemblages
185
9
Aeolian processes
186
9.1
Introduction
186
9.2
Near-surface flow
187
CONTENTS
IX
9.2.1 Variation in wind
velocity with height
187
9.2.2
Airflow and sediment transport over hills and dunes
188
9.3
Wind processes
191
9.3.1
Aeolian particles
191
9.3.1.1
Particle sizes
191
9.3.1.2
Processes of particle formation
192
9.3.2
Particle entrainment (sand)
194
9.3.3
Particle transport
194
9.3.3.1
Modes of transportation
194
9.3.3.2
Transport rates
195
9.4
Landforms of accumulation: sand sheets, zibar, and sand stringers
195
9.5
Landforms of accumulation: dunes
197
9.5.1
Introduction
197
9.5.2
The development of dune fields: palaeo-aeolian processes and evidence for
multiple phases of activity
197
9.5.3
Dune reactivation
199
9.5.4
Interdune
deposits and lakes
200
9.5.5
Dune patterns and classification
201
9.5.6
Dune accumulation influenced by topographic obstacles
204
9.5.6.1
Lee dunes
204
9.5.6.2
Climbing dunes, sand ramps, echo dunes, and cliff-top dunes
204
9.5.7
Formation of self-accumulated dunes
205
9.5.7.1
Dune initiation
205
9.5.7.2
Crescentic dunes: barchans and transverse barchanoid ridges
205
9.5.7.3
Linear dunes
(seif
dunes)
206
9.5.7.4
Star dunes
208
9.5.7.5
Dome dunes
209
9.5.8
Vegetated dunes
209
9.5.8.1
Hummock dunes, coppice dunes, or nebkhas
210
9.5.8.2
Parabolic and elongate parabolic dunes
211
9.5.8.3
Lunette dunes
212
9.5.8.4
Vegetated linear dunes
212
9.6
Ripples
213
10
Landforms of aeolian erosion and desert dust
216
10.1
Introduction
216
10.2
Deflation features: desert depressions and pans
216
10.3
Ventifacts
218
10.4
Yardangs and ridge and swale systems
221
10.5
Desert dust
225
10.5.1
Definitions
226
10.5.2
Environmental role and impacts of dust
226
10.5.2.1
Effects on marine and terrestrial ecosystems
227
10.5.2.2
Relationship to soil development and earth surface processes
227
10.5.2.3
Impact of dust on climate, weather, and air quality
228
10.5.2.4
Dust storms and vehicular accidents
229
10.5.3
Dust entrainment, transport, and deposition
229
10.5.3.1
Climatic factors in dust entrainment
230
10.5.3.2
Surface factors: vegetation, crusts, and the availability of sand
230
10.5.3.3
Anthropogenic activity
232
10.5.4
Climatic events associated with blowing dust: scales of activity
233
CONTENTS
10.5.5
Frequency of blowing dust: interannual, seasonal, diurnal
233
10.5.6
Dust-source areas 234
11
Plant communities and their geomorphic impacts
237
11.1
Introduction: characteristics of desert ecosystems
237
11.2
Adaptations to desert conditions
238
11.2.1
Adaptations to temperature
238
11.2.2
Water use by plants
240
11.2.3
Reproduction
242
11.2.4
Nutrient cycling
243
11.2.5
Salt adaptation
244
11.3
Plant communities and ecotones
245
11.3.1
Evergreen shrubs
245
11.3.2
Drought-deciduous shrubs
246
11.3.3
CAM succulents
246
11.3.4
Perennial grasses
247
11.3.5
Phreatophytes
247
11.3.6
Desert annuals
248
11.3.7
Poikilohydric plants
250
11.3.8
Exotic plants
250
11.4
Succession in desert plant communities
251
11.5
Dune communities
252
11.6
Vegetation type and density and relationship to geomorphic processes
253
11.6.1
The role of vegetation in the erosion and deposition of sand
253
11.6.2
The role of slope and aspect in plant distribution
255
11.6.3
Effects of vegetation on stream-channel processes
256
11.6.3.1
How floods and fluvial
landforms
affect vegetation
256
11.6.3.2
How vegetation affects dryland river-channel processes and form
257
11.6.3.3
Flow regulation and riparian communities in arid lands
257
12
Animal communities
259
12.1
Introduction: environmental requirements
259
12.1.1
Adaptations to air and soil temperature, fire, and the gaseous environment
262
12.1.2
Moisture parameters
263
12.2
Effects on geomorphic processes
264
12.2.1
Slope processes, surface stability, and soil development
264
12.2.1.1
Surface movement and animal tracks
264
12.2.1.2
Biopedturbation and burrowing
265
12.3 Hydrologie
impacts
265
12.4
Effects of the geomorphic activity of animals on plant communities
266
13
Desertification and the human dimension
267
13.1
Desertification: introduction and terminology
267
13.2
Climate change and desertification
268
13.3
Anthropogenic causes of desertification
269
13.3.1
The rural environment: overgrazing and woodcutting; devegetation and
biological feedbacks
270
13.3.2
Urbanization and technological exploitation
271
13.3.3
Off-road vehicles and military vehicles
272
13.3.4
Increases in dust-storm activity and the effect on humans and the environment
273
CONTENTS
XI
13.4
Water resources: a rural and urban problem
275
13.4.1
Groundwater withdrawal
276
13.4.2
Depletion of river flow and loss of sediment
277
13.4.3
Effects of irrigation: waterlogged soils and salinization
278
13.4.4
Desert lakes affected by humans
279
13.5
Case study: the Aral Sea
280
13.5.1
Lake bottom exposure and salt and dust storms
282
13.5.2
Ecosystem damage
282
13.5.3
Climatic alteration
282
13.5.4
Health concerns
283
13.6
Discussion
283
References
285
Index
320
Environmental Systems and Global Change Series
Series Editors: Professor Antony
Orme
(UCLA), Professor
Olav Slaymaker
(University
of British Columbia), and
Dr Tom
Spencer (University of Cambridge)
Deserts and Desert Environments focuses on geomorphic systems, providing a
comprehensive introduction to the physical, biological, temporal, and human components
of drylands. Taking a global perspective, the book:
■
examines physical systems, including climate, hydrology, past and present lakes,
weathering, hillslopes, geomorphic surfaces, water as a geomorphic agent, and
aeolian processes
■
investigates the nature, environmental requirements, and essential geomorphic roles of
plants and animals in this stressful biological environment
■
considers the impact of human population growth on climate, desertification, water
resources, and dust-storm activity
■
covers surface/atmosphere interactions and the impact of
El Niño
Southern Oscillation
events, exploring recent advances in understanding the temporal and spatial variability
of deserts.
The breadth of coverage and accessible style make Deserts and Desert Environments
ideal for introductory students of desert systems or desert geomorphology, as well as a
useful reference for scientists and environmental professionals.
Julie Laity is a Professor at California State University, Northridge, USA. Her work has focused
•ing at aeolian, fluvial, and groundwater systems, and the impact of environmental
radiation on wind-blown sand and dust events. Her research on groundwater-sapping systems and
roston
has been used to aid our understanding of Martian environments.
Cover image: Dead camel thorn tree and dune, late afternoon, Sossusvlei, Namibia.
£ Nico
Smit
www.istock.com
Cover design by SCW
-
www.scw.uk.com |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| bvnumber | BV023069551 |
| classification_rvk | RB 10313 RB 10525 WI 5150 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)494803550 (DE-599)BVBBV023069551 |
| dewey-full | 551.415 |
| dewey-hundreds | 500 - Natural sciences and mathematics |
| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.415 |
| dewey-search | 551.415 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.415 |
| dewey-tens | 550 - Earth sciences |
| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Biologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geologie / Paläontologie Biologie Geographie |
| edition | First published 2008 |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:32:25Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781577180333 157718033X |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016272712 |
| oclc_num | 494803550 |
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| publishDate | 2008 |
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| series | Environmental systems and global change series |
| series2 | Environmental systems and global change series |
| spelling | Laity, Julie Verfasser aut Deserts and desert environments Julie Laity First published 2008 Oxford Wiley-Blackwell 2008 XIII, 342 Seiten Illustrationen, Diagramme, Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Environmental systems and global change series 2 Déserts ram Géomorphologie ram Desert Geomorphology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd rswk-swf Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 gnd rswk-swf Wüste (DE-588)4067043-0 gnd rswk-swf Wüste (DE-588)4067043-0 s Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 s Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 s DE-604 Environmental systems and global change series 2 (DE-604)BV022233235 2 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016272712&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016272712&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext |
| spellingShingle | Laity, Julie Deserts and desert environments Environmental systems and global change series Déserts ram Géomorphologie ram Desert Geomorphology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 gnd Wüste (DE-588)4067043-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4043207-5 (DE-588)4130684-3 (DE-588)4067043-0 |
| title | Deserts and desert environments |
| title_auth | Deserts and desert environments |
| title_exact_search | Deserts and desert environments |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Deserts and desert environments |
| title_full | Deserts and desert environments Julie Laity |
| title_fullStr | Deserts and desert environments Julie Laity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Deserts and desert environments Julie Laity |
| title_short | Deserts and desert environments |
| title_sort | deserts and desert environments |
| topic | Déserts ram Géomorphologie ram Desert Geomorphology Ökologie (DE-588)4043207-5 gnd Geomorphologie (DE-588)4130684-3 gnd Wüste (DE-588)4067043-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Déserts Géomorphologie Desert Geomorphology Ökologie Geomorphologie Wüste |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016272712&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016272712&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022233235 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT laityjulie desertsanddesertenvironments |