Individual differences and personality:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier AP
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 313-330) and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXIV, 339 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780123741295 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Individual differences and personality |c Michael C. Ashton |
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier AP |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXIV, 339 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Persoonlijkheid |2 gtt | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137301171765248 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Table
of
Contents
Acknowledgments
xv
Preface
xvii
Introduction
The Study of Personality
xix
The Universal, the Unique, and the In-Between
xx
Idiographic versus Nomothetic Approaches
xxi
Outline of This Book
xxiii
Chapter
1:
Basic Concepts in Psychological Measurement
Some Simple Statistical Ideas
2
Levels of Measurement
2
Standard Scores
3
BOX
1-1:
The Normal Distribution
4
Correlation Coefficients
5
BOX
1-2:
Calculating the Correlation Coefficient
8
Assessing Quality of Measurement: Reliability and Validity
9
Reliability
9
Internal-Consistency Reliability
10
BOX
1-3:
Calculating Internal-Consistency Reliability
13
Interrater (Interobserver)
Reliability
14
Test-Retest
Reliability
15
Validity
16
Content Validity
16
Criterion Validity: Convergent and Discriminant
18
Construct Validity
19
Methods of Measurement: Self- and Observer Reports, Direct Observations,
Biodata 20
Self-Reports
20
vi
Table of
Contents
Observer Reports
21
Direct Observations
22
Biodata
(Life-Outcome Data)
23
Comparing the Methods of Measurement
23
Summary and Conclusions
24
Chapter
2:
Personality Traits and the Inventories That Measure Them
The Idea of a Personality Trait
27
Differences among Individuals
28
In a Typical Tendency to Behave, Think, or Feel
28
In Some Conceptually Related Ways
28
Across a Variety of Relevant Situations
29
Over Some Fairly Long Period of Time
29
Personality Traits and Other Psychological Characteristics
29
Do Personality Traits Exist?
30
Research Studies Testing the Existence of Traits
30
The Importance of Aggregation: Some Familiar Examples
32
BOX
2-1:
Variance Due to Situations, Persons, and Person-by-Situation
Interactions
33
Measuring Traits by Self- or Observer Report: Structured Personality
Inventories
34
Strategies of Personality Inventory Construction
36
The Empirical Strategy
36
The Factor-Analytic Strategy
39
The Rational Strategy
39
Comparisons of the Three Strategies
41
BOX
2-2:
Some Widely Used Personality Inventories
41
Self- and Observer Reports on Personality Inventory Scales
45
Agreement between Self- and Observer Reports
45
Why Do Self- and Observer Reports Tend to Agree?
46
The Validity of Self- and Observer Reports in Predicting Behavior
48
BOX
2-3:
Projective Tests
49
Summary and Conclusions
51
Chapter
3:
Personality Structure: Classifying Traits
Which Traits to Measure? Completeness without Redundancy
53
A Gentle Introduction to Factor Analysis
54
Factor Analysis of Personality Traits: How to Find a Representative Set
of Traits?
59
The Idea of the Lexical Approach
60
The Early Use of the Lexical Approach
61
Lexical Studies in the English Language: The Big Five Personality
Factors
62
Table
of
Contents
vii
The Big Five
62
Personality Inventories and the Five-Factor Model
64
Lexical Studies in Many Languages: The HEXACO Personality
Factors
66
Different Languages, Same Six Factors
66
BOX
3-1:
Many Traits Are Blends of Two or More Factors
70
The HEXACO Model of Personality Structure
70
What It All Means: A Few Dimensions, but Many Personalities
72
Summary and Conclusions
73
BOX
3-2:
Broad Factors versus Narrow Traits
74
Chapter
4:
Developmental Change and Stability of Personality
Defining Change and Stability
77
Developmental Changes in Mean Levels of Personality Traits
79
Longitudinal Research Studies
79
Patterns of Life Span Change: Increasing Maturity?
80
Stability of Traits across the Years (and the Life Span)
82
Stability across a Period of Several Years during Adulthood
82
Stability across Longer Periods of Time during Adulthood
83
Stability during Adolescence and Young Adulthood
84
Personality in Childhood and Infancy: Measurement and Structure
86
Personality Structure during Childhood
86
Developmental Change in Personality Traits during Childhood
88
Stability of Traits during Childhood
89
BOX
4-1:
The Development of Self-Esteem across the Life Span
89
Summary and Conclusions
90
Chapter
5:
Biological Bases of Personality
Early Ideas: The Four Humors and Personality
93
BOX
5-1:
Physique and Personality
95
Neurotransmitters
96
Cloninger s Theory
97
Dopamine and Novelty Seeking
97
Serotonin and Harm Avoidance
98
Norepinephrine and Reward Dependence
98
Empirical Tests of Cloninger s Theory
99
Brain Structures
99
Gray s Theory
99
The Behavioral Activation System
100
The Behavioral Inhibition System
100
The Fight-or-Flight System
100
Eysenck s Theory
101
Extraversion 101
viii Table of
Contents
Neurotici
sm
102
Psychoticism
102
Comparing Gray s and Eysenck s Dimensions
102
Empirical Evidence and the Theories of Gray and Eysenck
103
Zuckerman s Model
105
BOX
5-2:
Some Biological Bases for Conscientiousness?
106
Hormones
106
Testosterone
107
Cortisol 108
Oxytocin
109
BOX
5-3:
Is Personality Related to Blood Type, Handwriting Style,
or Astrological Sign?
110
Summary and Conclusions
111
Chapter
6:
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality
The Question: Nature versus Nurture
114
Examining the Similarity of Relatives
114
Separating Heredity and Environment
116
Examining the Similarity of Identical Twins Raised Apart
116
Examining the Similarity of Other Relatives Raised Apart
116
Additive and
Nonadditive Heritability 117
Comparing the Similarity of Different Kinds of Relatives
119
Examining the Similarity of Adoptive Relatives: Common and Unique
Environment
120
The Answers
121
Similarities between Relatives
121
Strong Genetic Influences (Both Additive and
Nonadditive),
with Weak
Common Environment Influence
122
Assumptions Underlying Heritability Studies in General
124
Are Relatives Personalities Really Measured Independently?
124
Is There Really No Assortative Mating for Personality?
127
Assumptions Underlying Twin-Based Heritability Studies in Particular
128
Are Twins Early Environments Really Separate?
128
Are Twins Adoptive Households Really Very Different?
129
Are Identical Twins Really Treated Differently by Others?
131
Effects of the Unique Environment on Personality? Parental Treatment,
Peer Groups, and Birth Order
132
Parental Treatment and Peer Groups
132
Birth Order
133
BOX
6-1:
Identifying Specific Genes That Influence Personality:
Molecular Genetic Studies
134
Summary and Conclusions
134
Appendix: Difficulties in Separating the Effects of Heredity and
Environment
135
Table
of
Contents ix
Genotype-Environment Interactions
135
Genotype-Environment Correlations: Passive, Reactive,
and Active
137
Chapter
7:
The Evolutionary Function of Personality
The Idea of Evolution by Natural Selection
142
Why Are We Not All the Same? Fluctuating Optimum and
Frequency-Dependence
144
Several Reasons Why Variation Does Not Go Away
144
Fluctuating Optimum: Ideal Levels of a Characteristic Vary across Places
and Times
145
Frequency Dependence: The Advantages of Doing What Others Are Not
Doing
146
The Operation of the Fluctuating Optimum and Frequency Dependence:
Genetic and Developmental Routes
147
Adaptive Trade-offs between High and Low Levels of the HEXACO Personality
Factors
148
Honesty-Humility
148
Agreeableness
149
Emotionality
149
Summary for Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality:
Altruism versus Aggression
150
BOX
7-1:
Sex Differences in Personality Traits: The Emotionality
Factor
151
Extraversion 151
Conscientiousness
151
Openness to Experience
152
Summary for
Extraversion,
Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience:
Engagement in Areas of Endeavor
152
BOX
7-2:
Adaptive Trade-offs from the Perspective of the Big Five
Personality Dimensions
153
The Operation of the Fluctuating Optimum and Frequency Dependence:
Some Examples
153
Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness
153
Emotionality
156
Extraversion 157
Conscientiousness
158
Openness to Experience
158
Summary and Conclusions
160
BOX
7-3:
Cross-Generational and Cross-National Differences in Mean
Levels of Personality Traits
160
BOX
7-4:
How Old Are Personality Characteristics? Evidence from
Studies of Animal Personality
161
Table
of
Contents
Chapter
8: Personality
Disorders
The Idea of a Personality Disorder
163
The DSM-IV Personality Disorders
165
Schizoid
165
Schizotypal
165
Paranoid
166
Antisocial
166
Borderline
166
Histrionic
167
Narcissistic
167
Avoidant
167
Dependent
167
Obsessive-Compulsive
168
Classifying the DSM-IV Personality Disorders: Clusters A, B,
and
С
168
Disorders Considered for Inclusion in DSM-IV but Rejected
169
Depressive
169
Passive-Aggressive (Negativistic)
170
Self
-Def
eating
170
Sadistic
170
Other Personality-Related Disorders Not Included as DSM-IV Personality
Disorders
171
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
171
Separation Anxiety Disorder
172
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
172
Specific Phobias
173
Summary
Π
4
Problems with the Concept of Personality Disorders
174
Alternative Systems for Personality Disorder Diagnosis
176
Origins of Personality Disorders: Development, Biological Bases,
Heredity and Environment, and Evolutionary Function
178
Summary and Conclusions
179
Chapter
9:
Personality and Life Outcomes
Does Personality Predict Features of One s Life Story?
181
Relationships and Marriage
182
Are Spouses Similar in Personality?
182
Marital Satisfaction
183
Attachment Styles
185
Parenting Styles
186
Peer Relationships: Friendships and Status
186
Health-Related Outcomes
187
Substance Use
188
Table
of Contents
xi
Longevity
189
Heart Disease (and Type A Personality)
192
Academic Performance
193
Job Performance
194
How to Assess Job Performance?
195
The Role of Conscientiousness
195
Specific Traits: The Case of Proactivity
196
Integrity Tests
197
The Problem of Faking
198
BOX
9-1:
Personality and Occupational Choice
199
Law-Abidingness versus Criminality
200
The Role of Self-Control
200
Primary and Secondary Psychopathy
201
BOX
9-2:
Self-Esteem, Narcissism, and Aggression
203
Life Satisfaction
203
BOX
9-3:
Job Satisfaction
205
Summary and Conclusions
205
Chapter
10:
Mental Ability
The Domain of Mental Ability
210
The Structure of Mental Ability: One Dimension or Many?
211
Spearman and the
g
Factor
214
Thurstone and Group Factors
217
g Plus
Group Factors
218
Developmental Change and Stability in Mental Abilities
220
Developmental Changes in Mean Levels of Mental Ability
220
Stability of Mental Ability across the Life Span
221
Biological Bases of Mental Ability
222
Brain Size
222
Nerve Conduction Velocity
223
Reaction Time
224
Inspection Time
226
Brain Waves: Averaged Evoked Potentials
227
Brain Glucose Metabolism
228
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Mental Ability
228
Genetic Influences
228
Womb Environment Influences
230
Other Environmental Influences: Nutrition
231
BOX
10-1:
Chorion Type as an Example of Womb Environment Influences
on Mental Ability
232
Evolutionary Function of Mental Ability
234
Mental Ability and Life Outcomes
237
Academic Achievement and Performance
237
Job Performance, Occupational Status, and Income
240
xii
Table
of
Contents
Longevity and Health
242
Law-Abidingness versus Criminality
243
Marriage: Assortative Mating
245
Not All g-Loaded Tasks Are the Same
245
Novel versus Familiar Tasks: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
246
Generational Changes in Mental Abilities: The Flynn Effect
246
Reasoning with Numbers and Shapes versus Understanding Verbal Concepts:
Different Relations with Personality
248
Alternative Ideas about Mental Abilities
249
Gardner s Theory of Multiple Intelligences
249
Sternberg
s Triarchic
Theory of Intelligence
251
Emotional Intelligence
253
Summary and Conclusions
255
Chapter
11:
Religion and Politics
Religion
260
Is Religiosity a Personality Characteristic?
260
BOX
11-1:
Cross-Generational and Cross-National Differences in
Religiosity
261
Religiosity and the Major Dimensions of Personality
261
Developmental Change and Stability in Religiosity
264
Religiosity and Paranormal Beliefs
265
Religiosity and Life Outcomes
266
Politics
267
Right-Wing Authoritarianism
267
Social Dominance Orientation
269
Relations between Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance
Orientation
270
BOX
11-2:
Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance
within Minority Groups
271
Two Dimensions of Political Attitudes
272
Political Attitudes and the Major Dimensions of Personality
273
Political Attitudes, Social Values, and Religion
274
Developmental Change and Stability in Political Attitudes
216
Origins of Religious Beliefs and Political Attitudes: Biological Bases, Genetic and
Environmental Influences, and Evolutionary Function
278
Biological Bases
278
Genetic and Environmental Influences
278
Evolutionary Function
281
Summary and Conclusions
281
Chapter
12:
Sexuality
Major Dimensions of Sexuality
285
Sexuality and Personality
287
Table
of
Contents xiii
Sexual
Arousal and
Personality 287
Sexual
Commitment and
Personality 288
Sexual
Orientation and
Personality 289
BOX
12-1:
Cross-Generational and Cross-National Differences in
Sexuality
292
Origins of Variation in Sexuality: Genetic and Environmental Influences,
Biological Bases, and Evolution
292
BOX
12-2:
Religiosity and Sexuality
293
Sexual Commitment (or Restricted versus Unrestricted Sociosexuality)
294
Genetic and Environmental Influences
294
Biological Bases
294
Evolutionary Function
295
Sexual Orientation
297
Genetic and Environmental Influences and Biological Bases
297
Difficulties in Estimating the Heritability of Sexual Orientation
297
Causes of Sexual Orientation? Exotic Becomes Erotic
298
Causes of Sexual Orientation? Number of Older Brothers
299
Evolutionary Function
301
BOX
12-3:
The Evolution of Sex Differences in Vocational
Interests?
302
Sexual Arousal
302
Genetic and Environmental Influences
302
Biological Bases
303
Evolutionary Function
303
Summary and Conclusions
304
Conclusion
What We Have Learned So Far
305
What We Have Yet to Learn
309
Final Remarks
311
References
313
Index
331
|
| adam_txt |
Table
of
Contents
Acknowledgments
xv
Preface
xvii
Introduction
The Study of Personality
xix
The Universal, the Unique, and the In-Between
xx
Idiographic versus Nomothetic Approaches
xxi
Outline of This Book
xxiii
Chapter
1:
Basic Concepts in Psychological Measurement
Some Simple Statistical Ideas
2
Levels of Measurement
2
Standard Scores
3
BOX
1-1:
The Normal Distribution
4
Correlation Coefficients
5
BOX
1-2:
Calculating the Correlation Coefficient
8
Assessing Quality of Measurement: Reliability and Validity
9
Reliability
9
Internal-Consistency Reliability
10
BOX
1-3:
Calculating Internal-Consistency Reliability
13
Interrater (Interobserver)
Reliability
14
Test-Retest
Reliability
15
Validity
16
Content Validity
16
Criterion Validity: Convergent and Discriminant
18
Construct Validity
19
Methods of Measurement: Self- and Observer Reports, Direct Observations,
Biodata 20
Self-Reports
20
vi
Table of
Contents
Observer Reports
21
Direct Observations
22
Biodata
(Life-Outcome Data)
23
Comparing the Methods of Measurement
23
Summary and Conclusions
24
Chapter
2:
Personality Traits and the Inventories That Measure Them
The Idea of a Personality Trait
27
Differences among Individuals
28
In a Typical Tendency to Behave, Think, or Feel
28
In Some Conceptually Related Ways
28
Across a Variety of Relevant Situations
29
Over Some Fairly Long Period of Time
29
Personality Traits and Other Psychological Characteristics
29
Do Personality Traits Exist?
30
Research Studies Testing the Existence of Traits
30
The Importance of Aggregation: Some Familiar Examples
32
BOX
2-1:
Variance Due to Situations, Persons, and Person-by-Situation
Interactions
33
Measuring Traits by Self- or Observer Report: Structured Personality
Inventories
34
Strategies of Personality Inventory Construction
36
The Empirical Strategy
36
The Factor-Analytic Strategy
39
The Rational Strategy
39
Comparisons of the Three Strategies
41
BOX
2-2:
Some Widely Used Personality Inventories
41
Self- and Observer Reports on Personality Inventory Scales
45
Agreement between Self- and Observer Reports
45
Why Do Self- and Observer Reports Tend to Agree?
46
The Validity of Self- and Observer Reports in Predicting Behavior
48
BOX
2-3:
Projective Tests
49
Summary and Conclusions
51
Chapter
3:
Personality Structure: Classifying Traits
Which Traits to Measure? Completeness without Redundancy
53
A Gentle Introduction to Factor Analysis
54
Factor Analysis of Personality Traits: How to Find a Representative Set
of Traits?
59
The Idea of the Lexical Approach
60
The Early Use of the Lexical Approach
61
Lexical Studies in the English Language: The Big Five Personality
Factors
62
Table
of
Contents
vii
The Big Five
62
Personality Inventories and the Five-Factor Model
64
Lexical Studies in Many Languages: The HEXACO Personality
Factors
66
Different Languages, Same Six Factors
66
BOX
3-1:
Many Traits Are Blends of Two or More Factors
70
The HEXACO Model of Personality Structure
70
What It All Means: A Few Dimensions, but Many Personalities
72
Summary and Conclusions
73
BOX
3-2:
Broad Factors versus Narrow Traits
74
Chapter
4:
Developmental Change and Stability of Personality
Defining Change and Stability
77
Developmental Changes in Mean Levels of Personality Traits
79
Longitudinal Research Studies
79
Patterns of Life Span Change: Increasing Maturity?
80
Stability of Traits across the Years (and the Life Span)
82
Stability across a Period of Several Years during Adulthood
82
Stability across Longer Periods of Time during Adulthood
83
Stability during Adolescence and Young Adulthood
84
Personality in Childhood and Infancy: Measurement and Structure
86
Personality Structure during Childhood
86
Developmental Change in Personality Traits during Childhood
88
Stability of Traits during Childhood
89
BOX
4-1:
The Development of Self-Esteem across the Life Span
89
Summary and Conclusions
90
Chapter
5:
Biological Bases of Personality
Early Ideas: The Four "Humors" and Personality
93
BOX
5-1:
Physique and Personality
95
Neurotransmitters
96
Cloninger's Theory
97
Dopamine and Novelty Seeking
97
Serotonin and Harm Avoidance
98
Norepinephrine and Reward Dependence
98
Empirical Tests of Cloninger's Theory
99
Brain Structures
99
Gray's Theory
99
The Behavioral Activation System
100
The Behavioral Inhibition System
100
The Fight-or-Flight System
100
Eysenck's Theory
101
Extraversion 101
viii Table of
Contents
Neurotici
sm
102
Psychoticism
102
Comparing Gray's and Eysenck's Dimensions
102
Empirical Evidence and the Theories of Gray and Eysenck
103
Zuckerman's Model
105
BOX
5-2:
Some Biological Bases for Conscientiousness?
106
Hormones
106
Testosterone
107
Cortisol 108
Oxytocin
109
BOX
5-3:
Is Personality Related to Blood Type, Handwriting Style,
or Astrological Sign?
110
Summary and Conclusions
111
Chapter
6:
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Personality
The Question: Nature versus Nurture
114
Examining the Similarity of Relatives
114
Separating Heredity and Environment
116
Examining the Similarity of Identical Twins Raised Apart
116
Examining the Similarity of Other Relatives Raised Apart
116
Additive and
Nonadditive Heritability 117
Comparing the Similarity of Different Kinds of Relatives
119
Examining the Similarity of Adoptive Relatives: Common and Unique
Environment
120
The Answers
121
Similarities between Relatives
121
Strong Genetic Influences (Both Additive and
Nonadditive),
with Weak
Common Environment Influence
122
Assumptions Underlying Heritability Studies in General
124
Are Relatives' Personalities Really Measured Independently?
124
Is There Really No Assortative Mating for Personality?
127
Assumptions Underlying Twin-Based Heritability Studies in Particular
128
Are Twins' Early Environments Really Separate?
128
Are Twins' Adoptive Households Really Very Different?
129
Are Identical Twins Really Treated Differently by Others?
131
Effects of the Unique Environment on Personality? Parental Treatment,
Peer Groups, and Birth Order
132
Parental Treatment and Peer Groups
132
Birth Order
133
BOX
6-1:
Identifying Specific Genes That Influence Personality:
Molecular Genetic Studies
134
Summary and Conclusions
134
Appendix: Difficulties in Separating the Effects of Heredity and
Environment
135
Table
of
Contents ix
Genotype-Environment Interactions
135
Genotype-Environment Correlations: Passive, Reactive,
and Active
137
Chapter
7:
The Evolutionary Function of Personality
The Idea of Evolution by Natural Selection
142
Why Are We Not All the Same? Fluctuating Optimum and
Frequency-Dependence
144
Several Reasons Why Variation Does Not Go Away
144
Fluctuating Optimum: Ideal Levels of a Characteristic Vary across Places
and Times
145
Frequency Dependence: The Advantages of Doing What Others Are Not
Doing
146
The Operation of the Fluctuating Optimum and Frequency Dependence:
Genetic and Developmental Routes
147
Adaptive Trade-offs between High and Low Levels of the HEXACO Personality
Factors
148
Honesty-Humility
148
Agreeableness
149
Emotionality
149
Summary for Honesty-Humility, Agreeableness, and Emotionality:
Altruism versus Aggression
150
BOX
7-1:
Sex Differences in Personality Traits: The Emotionality
Factor
151
Extraversion 151
Conscientiousness
151
Openness to Experience
152
Summary for
Extraversion,
Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience:
Engagement in Areas of Endeavor
152
BOX
7-2:
Adaptive Trade-offs from the Perspective of the Big Five
Personality Dimensions
153
The Operation of the Fluctuating Optimum and Frequency Dependence:
Some Examples
153
Honesty-Humility and Agreeableness
153
Emotionality
156
Extraversion 157
Conscientiousness
158
Openness to Experience
158
Summary and Conclusions
160
BOX
7-3:
Cross-Generational and Cross-National Differences in Mean
Levels of Personality Traits
160
BOX
7-4:
How "Old" Are Personality Characteristics? Evidence from
Studies of Animal Personality
161
Table
of
Contents
Chapter
8: Personality
Disorders
The Idea of a Personality Disorder
163
The DSM-IV Personality Disorders
165
Schizoid
165
Schizotypal
165
Paranoid
166
Antisocial
166
Borderline
166
Histrionic
167
Narcissistic
167
Avoidant
167
Dependent
167
Obsessive-Compulsive
168
Classifying the DSM-IV Personality Disorders: Clusters A, B,
and
С
168
Disorders Considered for Inclusion in DSM-IV but Rejected
169
Depressive
169
Passive-Aggressive (Negativistic)
170
Self
-Def
eating
170
Sadistic
170
Other Personality-Related Disorders Not Included as DSM-IV Personality
Disorders
171
Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
171
Separation Anxiety Disorder
172
Oppositional Defiant Disorder
172
Specific Phobias
173
Summary
Π
4
Problems with the Concept of Personality Disorders
174
Alternative Systems for Personality Disorder Diagnosis
176
Origins of Personality Disorders: Development, Biological Bases,
Heredity and Environment, and Evolutionary Function
178
Summary and Conclusions
179
Chapter
9:
Personality and Life Outcomes
Does Personality Predict Features of One's Life Story?
181
Relationships and Marriage
182
Are Spouses Similar in Personality?
182
Marital Satisfaction
183
Attachment Styles
185
Parenting Styles
186
Peer Relationships: Friendships and Status
186
Health-Related Outcomes
187
Substance Use
188
Table
of Contents
xi
Longevity
189
Heart Disease (and "Type A" Personality)
192
Academic Performance
193
Job Performance
194
How to Assess Job Performance?
195
The Role of Conscientiousness
195
Specific Traits: The Case of Proactivity
196
Integrity Tests
197
The Problem of Faking
198
BOX
9-1:
Personality and Occupational Choice
199
Law-Abidingness versus Criminality
200
The Role of Self-Control
200
Primary and Secondary Psychopathy
201
BOX
9-2:
Self-Esteem, Narcissism, and Aggression
203
Life Satisfaction
203
BOX
9-3:
Job Satisfaction
205
Summary and Conclusions
205
Chapter
10:
Mental Ability
The Domain of Mental Ability
210
The Structure of Mental Ability: One Dimension or Many?
211
Spearman and the
g
Factor
214
Thurstone and Group Factors
217
g Plus
Group Factors
218
Developmental Change and Stability in Mental Abilities
220
Developmental Changes in Mean Levels of Mental Ability
220
Stability of Mental Ability across the Life Span
221
Biological Bases of Mental Ability
222
Brain Size
222
Nerve Conduction Velocity
223
Reaction Time
224
Inspection Time
226
Brain Waves: Averaged Evoked Potentials
227
Brain Glucose Metabolism
228
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Mental Ability
228
Genetic Influences
228
Womb Environment Influences
230
Other Environmental Influences: Nutrition
231
BOX
10-1:
Chorion Type as an Example of Womb Environment Influences
on Mental Ability
232
Evolutionary Function of Mental Ability
234
Mental Ability and Life Outcomes
237
Academic Achievement and Performance
237
Job Performance, Occupational Status, and Income
240
xii
Table
of
Contents
Longevity and Health
242
Law-Abidingness versus Criminality
243
Marriage: Assortative Mating
245
Not All g-Loaded Tasks Are the Same
245
Novel versus Familiar Tasks: Fluid and Crystallized Intelligence
246
Generational Changes in Mental Abilities: The Flynn Effect
246
Reasoning with Numbers and Shapes versus Understanding Verbal Concepts:
Different Relations with Personality
248
Alternative Ideas about Mental Abilities
249
Gardner's "Theory of Multiple Intelligences"
249
Sternberg'
s "Triarchic
Theory of Intelligence"
251
Emotional Intelligence
253
Summary and Conclusions
255
Chapter
11:
Religion and Politics
Religion
260
Is Religiosity a Personality Characteristic?
260
BOX
11-1:
Cross-Generational and Cross-National Differences in
Religiosity
261
Religiosity and the Major Dimensions of Personality
261
Developmental Change and Stability in Religiosity
264
Religiosity and Paranormal Beliefs
265
Religiosity and Life Outcomes
266
Politics
267
Right-Wing Authoritarianism
267
Social Dominance Orientation
269
Relations between Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance
Orientation
270
BOX
11-2:
Right-Wing Authoritarianism and Social Dominance
within Minority Groups
271
Two Dimensions of Political Attitudes
272
Political Attitudes and the Major Dimensions of Personality
273
Political Attitudes, Social Values, and Religion
274
Developmental Change and Stability in Political Attitudes
216
Origins of Religious Beliefs and Political Attitudes: Biological Bases, Genetic and
Environmental Influences, and Evolutionary Function
278
Biological Bases
278
Genetic and Environmental Influences
278
Evolutionary Function
281
Summary and Conclusions
281
Chapter
12:
Sexuality
Major Dimensions of Sexuality
285
Sexuality and Personality
287
Table
of
Contents xiii
Sexual
Arousal and
Personality 287
Sexual
Commitment and
Personality 288
Sexual
Orientation and
Personality 289
BOX
12-1:
Cross-Generational and Cross-National Differences in
Sexuality
292
Origins of Variation in Sexuality: Genetic and Environmental Influences,
Biological Bases, and Evolution
292
BOX
12-2:
Religiosity and Sexuality
293
Sexual Commitment (or Restricted versus Unrestricted Sociosexuality)
294
Genetic and Environmental Influences
294
Biological Bases
294
Evolutionary Function
295
Sexual Orientation
297
Genetic and Environmental Influences and Biological Bases
297
Difficulties in Estimating the Heritability of Sexual Orientation
297
Causes of Sexual Orientation? "Exotic Becomes Erotic"
298
Causes of Sexual Orientation? Number of Older Brothers
299
Evolutionary Function
301
BOX
12-3:
The Evolution of Sex Differences in Vocational
Interests?
302
Sexual Arousal
302
Genetic and Environmental Influences
302
Biological Bases
303
Evolutionary Function
303
Summary and Conclusions
304
Conclusion
What We Have Learned So Far
305
What We Have Yet to Learn
309
Final Remarks
311
References
313
Index
331 |
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| discipline | Psychologie |
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| spelling | Ashton, Michael C. Verfasser aut Individual differences and personality Michael C. Ashton Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier AP 2007 XXIV, 339 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 313-330) and index Individuele verschillen gtt Persoonlijkheid gtt Individuality Personality Personality assessment Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd rswk-swf Persönlichkeitsstörung (DE-588)4173873-1 gnd rswk-swf Erblichkeit (DE-588)4152594-2 gnd rswk-swf Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd rswk-swf Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd rswk-swf Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 s Persönlichkeitsstörung (DE-588)4173873-1 s Erblichkeit (DE-588)4152594-2 s Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 s Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 s Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 s 1\p DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0745/2007279205-d.html Publisher description Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016265936&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Ashton, Michael C. Individual differences and personality Individuele verschillen gtt Persoonlijkheid gtt Individuality Personality Personality assessment Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Persönlichkeitsstörung (DE-588)4173873-1 gnd Erblichkeit (DE-588)4152594-2 gnd Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
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| title | Individual differences and personality |
| title_auth | Individual differences and personality |
| title_exact_search | Individual differences and personality |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Individual differences and personality |
| title_full | Individual differences and personality Michael C. Ashton |
| title_fullStr | Individual differences and personality Michael C. Ashton |
| title_full_unstemmed | Individual differences and personality Michael C. Ashton |
| title_short | Individual differences and personality |
| title_sort | individual differences and personality |
| topic | Individuele verschillen gtt Persoonlijkheid gtt Individuality Personality Personality assessment Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Persönlichkeitsstörung (DE-588)4173873-1 gnd Erblichkeit (DE-588)4152594-2 gnd Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd Religion (DE-588)4049396-9 gnd Politik (DE-588)4046514-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Individuele verschillen Persoonlijkheid Individuality Personality Personality assessment Sexualität Persönlichkeitsstörung Erblichkeit Persönlichkeitspsychologie Religion Politik Lehrbuch |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0745/2007279205-d.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016265936&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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