The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea: implementing global obligations at the regional level
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Leiden [u.a.]
Nijhoff
2007
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| Schriftenreihe: | Publications on ocean development
58 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 480 S. |
| ISBN: | 9789004156951 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea |b implementing global obligations at the regional level |c Veronica Frank |
| 264 | 1 | |a Leiden [u.a.] |b Nijhoff |c 2007 | |
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| 490 | 1 | |a Publications on ocean development |v 58 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 610 | 2 | 7 | |a Europäische Union |0 (DE-588)5098525-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental law, International | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Law of the sea | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine pollution - Law and legislation - European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine pollution - Law and legislation - International cooperation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine resources conservation - Law and legislation - European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oil pollution at sea - Safety regulations - European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oil pollution of the sea - Law and legislation - European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Waste disposal in the ocean - Law and legislation - European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine pollution |x Law and legislation |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oil pollution of the sea |x Law and legislation |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Oil pollution at sea |x Safety regulations |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Waste disposal in the ocean |x Law and legislation |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine resources conservation |x Law and legislation |z European Union countries | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine pollution |x Law and legislation |x International cooperation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Law of the sea | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Environmental law, International | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text |
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII ABBREVIATIONS XIX INTRODUCTION 1
1 CRITICAL ISSUES AND CENTRAL QUESTIONS 4 2 SCOPE AND THEMES OF THE BOOK
5 3 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 7 4 REFERENCE FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 1 THE PROTECTION
AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 9 1.1
INTRODUCTION 9 1.1.1 DEGRADATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 10 1.1.2 THE
LAW OF THE SEA AND THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 11 1.2 THE FRAMEWORK REGIME 14 1.2.1 (PRE-UNCED) PRINCIPLES
OF CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 14 1.2.2 THE 1982 UN LAW OF THE SEA
CONVENTION (LOSC) AND THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 16 1.2.2.1 JURISDICTIONAL REGIME 16 1.2.2.2 PART XII 19
1.2.3 CHAPTER 17 OF AGENDA 21 22 1.2.4 WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT (WSSD) 24 1.3 THE GLOBAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME 25 1.3.1
"GENERALLY ACCEPTED" AND "APPLICABLE" INTERNATIONAL RULES AND STANDARDS
ADOPTED BY THE "COMPETENT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS" 25 1.3.2
MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS (MEAS) 27 1.3.3 UN AGENDA ITEM ON
OCEANS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 28 1.4 THE REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME
31 1.4.1 FOCUS ON REGIONAL COOPERATION 31 1.4.2 THE 1992 OSPAR
CONVENTION 33 1.4.3 THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 35 1.4.4 THE 1976
BARCELONA CONVENTION (BARCON) AND ITS PROTOCOLS, AS AMENDED 37 X TABLE
OF CONTENTS 1.5 THE PRESENT LIMITS OF AND FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR THE
INTERNATIONAL REGIME 39 1.6 CONCLUSIONS 40 CHAPTER 2 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC) ACTION TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 43 2.1 INTRODUCTION 43 2.2 MECHANISMS OF EUROPEAN
INTEGRATION 44 2.2.1 LEGAL SUBJECTS 44 2.2.2 THE EC SYSTEM AS A "NEW
ORDER OF INTERNATIONAL LAW" 45 2.2.3 SOURCES OF EC (ENVIRONMENTAL) LAW
46 2.2.4 EC INSTITUTIONS 49 2.2.5 EC DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES 53 2.2.6
EC COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS 54 2.3 THE "EXISTENCE" OF EC COMPETENCE 56
2.3.1 THE ATTRIBUTION PRINCIPLE 56 2.3.1.1 EC OBJECTIVES 57 2.3.1.2
LEGAL BASES FOR EC "INTERNAL" COMPETENCE 59 2.3.2 EC EXTERNAL COMPETENCE
61 2.3.2.1 THE EC'S INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PERSONALITY 61 2.3.2.2 EC
EXTERNAL COMPETENCE UNDER EC LAW 62 2.3.3 THE NATURE OF EC COMPETENCE:
"EXCLUSIVE" OR "SHARED"? 64 2.4 THE "EXERCISE" OF EC COMPETENCE 66 2.4.1
THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY 66 2.4.2 THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY
67 2.4.3 GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE EC "ENVIRONMENTAL" POLICY 68 2.5 THE
"GEOGRAPHICAL" SCOPE OF EC ENVIRONMENTAL COMPETENCE 71 2.6 CONCLUSIONS
73 CHAPTER 3 THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
UNDER EC LAW 77 3.1 INTRODUCTION 77 3.1.1 THE STATE OF EUROPE'S MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 78 3.2 THE MARGINAL ROLE OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
WITHIN EC LAW 79 3.2.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAGMENTATION 81 3.2.2 CONFLICT OF
INTERESTS 82 3.2.3 THE PRINCIPLES OF SUBSIDIARITY AND PROPORTIONALITY 83
3.2.4 THE EC'S MULTILATERAL APPROACH TO OCEAN PRESERVATION 84 3.3 THE EC
AND THE GLOBAL FRAMEWORK REGIME 86 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI 3.4 THE EC AND
THE INTERNATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME 87 3.4.1 MEAS AND REGIONAL SEAS
CONVENTIONS 87 3.4.2 THE EC AND MULTILATERAL POLICY-MAKING IN OCEAN
AFFAIRS 88 3.4.3 THE EC AND THE "GENERALLY ACCEPTED" AND "APPLICABLE"
INTERNATIONAL RULES AND STANDARDS ADOPTED BY THE "COMPETENT
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS" 90 3.4.4 EC LEGISLATION TO PROTECT AND
PRESERVE THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 90 3.4.5 THE EC'S ACTION TO IMPLEMENT
CHAPTER 17 OF AGENDA 21 92 3.5 THE WAY FORWARD 94 3.5.1 THE EUROPEAN
MARINE STRATEGY 94 3.5.2 THE PROPOSAL FOR A MARINE STRATEGY DIRECTIVE
(MSD) 98 3.5.3 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED EUROPEAN "MARITIME" POLICY? 101
3.5.4 STRENGTHENING THE EC EXTERNAL POLICY ON OCEANS AND SEAS 104 3.6
CONCLUSIONS 105 CHAPTER 4 RULES GOVERNING THE JOINT PARTICIPATION OF THE
EC, NEXT TO THE MEMBER STATES, IN "MIXED AGREEMENTS" AND INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS 10 7 4.1 INTRODUCTION 107 4.2 THE DIVISION OF EXTERNAL
COMPETENCES BETWEEN THE EC AND THE MEMBER STATES 108 4.2.1 THE LEGAL
EFFECT OF EC "EXCLUSIVE" EXTERNAL COMPETENCE 108 4.2.2 PRE-EMPTIVE
EFFECTS OF EC LAW 110 4.2.2.1 "MINIMUM", "TOTAL" OR "EXHAUSTIVE"
HARMONIZATION? ILL 4.2.2.2 INTERNATIONAL RULES: MINIMUM OR MAXIMUM
STANDARDS? 114 4.2.2.3 THE "NECESSITY TEST" 115 4.2.3 MEMBER STATES'
RESIDUAL POWERS IN MATTERS UNDER THEIR EXCLUSIVE COMPETENCE OR OUTSIDE
EC LEGISLATION 116 4.2.4 THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF SHARED COMPETENCES 118
4.2.4.1 THE DUTY OF COOPERATION AND CLOSE COORDINATION 119 4.2.4.2 THE
PHENOMENON OF "MIXITY" 120 4.3 JOINT PARTICIPATION OF THE EC AND MEMBER
STATES IN MIXED AGREEMENTS 122 4.3.1 JOINT PARTICIPATION UNDER
INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE "PARTICIPATION CLAUSES" 122 4.3.1.1 DECLARATION
OF COMPETENCE 123 4.3.1.2 THE LINK BETWEEN EC AND MEMBER STATES'
PARTICIPATION 124 4.3.1.3 EXERCISING RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS (THE
RESPONSIBILITY CLAUSE) 125 4.3.1.4 VOTING RIGHTS 125 4.3.2 JOINT
PARTICIPATION IN MIXED AGREEMENTS UNDER EC LAW: PROCEDURAL ASPECTS 126
4.3.2.1 THE PRE-NEGOTIATION STAGE 127 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.3.2.2 THE
COUNCIL'S AUTHORIZATION 127 4.3.2.3 "COMMUNITY COORDINATION" AND "COMMON
POSITIONS" 129 4.3.2.4 DELEGATIONS 132 4.3.2.5 THE RIGHT TO CONDUCT
NEGOTIATIONS AND THE RIGHT TO SPEAK 132 4.3.2.6 SPECIAL CONSULTATION
COMMITTEES 133 4.3.2.7 CONCLUSION, SIGNATURE AND RATIFICATION 134
4.3.2.8 FUTURE MODIFICATIONS, AMENDMENT AND WITHDRAWAL 136 4.3.2.9
IMPLEMENTATION 137 4.3.2.10 RESPONSIBILITY VIS-A-VIS NON-EC PARTIES 138
4.4 THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF A MIXED AGREEMENT WITHIN EC LAW 139 4.5 THE EC
AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (IOS) 143 4.6 THE EU CONSTITUTION AND
MIXED AGREEMENTS 146 4.7 CONCLUSIONS 147 CHAPTER 5 THE ACCESSION AND
PARTICIPATION OF THE EC, NEXT TO ITS MEMBER STATES, IN THE UN LAW OF THE
SEA CONVENTION (LOSC) AND REGIONAL SEAS AGREEMENTS 149 5.1 INTRODUCTION
149 5.2 THE EC AND THE 1982 LOSC 150 5.2.1 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE THIRD
UN CONFERENCE ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS III) 150 5.2.2 ANNEX IX AND
THE "EEC PARTICIPATION CLAUSES" 153 5.2.2.1 LINKING THE COMMUNITY'S
PARTICIPATION TO THAT OF THE MAJORITY OF ITS MEMBER STATES 155 5.2.2.2
THE EXTENT OF PARTICIPATION AND RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 156 5.2.2.3
DECLARATION OF COMPETENCES 157 5.2.4.4 RESPONSIBILITY, LIABILITY AND
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 159 5.2.3 THE EC'S SIGNATURE AND DECLARATION UPON
SIGNATURE 160 5.2.4 THE EC'S "FORMAL CONFIRMATION" AND DECLARATION UPON
"FORMAL CONFIRMATION" 162 5.2.5 DECLARATIONS BY MEMBER STATES 165 5.2.6
LIMITS OF ANNEX IX 165 5.2.7 EC PARTICIPATION, NEXT TO THE MEMBER
STATES, IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LOSC 166 5.2.7.1 EC PARTICIPATION
IN THE BODIES SET OUT BY THE LOSC 166 5.2.7.2 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE UN
DEBATE UNDER THE AGENDA ITEM ON OCEANS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 167
5.2.7.3 THE COUNCIL'S WORKING PARTY ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (COMAR) AND
COMMUNITY COORDINATION IN LOSC- RELATED ISSUES 168 5.2.7.4 THE "COMMON
FOREIGN POLICY" FORMAT AND THE LIMITED ROLE OF THE EC 169 TABLE OF
CONTENTS XIII 5.3 THE EC AND THE 1992 OSPAR CONVENTION 171 5.3.1 THE
EC'S ACCESSION TO THE 1992 OSPAR CONVENTION 171 5.3.2 EC PARTICIPATION
IN THE 1992 OSPAR CONVENTION 174 5.4 THE EC AND THE 1992 HELSINKI
CONVENTION 176 5.4.1 THE EC'S ACCESSION TO THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION
176 5.4.2 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 179 5.5 THE
EC AND THE 1976 BARCELONA CONVENTION (BARCON) AND ITS PROTOCOLS, AS
AMENDED 180 5.5.1 THE EC'S ACCESSION TO THE BARCON 180 5.5.2 EC
PARTICIPATION IN THE BARCON 182 5.6 CONCLUSIONS 184 CHAPTER 6 PREVENTING
OIL POLLUTION FROM SHIPPING 187 6.1 INTRODUCTION 187 6.1.1 POLLUTION
FROM THE MARITIME TRANSPORT OF OIL: EXTENT OF THE PHENOMENON 189 6.1.2
THE NEED TO STRIKE A BALANCE BETWEEN CONFLICTING INTERESTS, UNIFORMITY
AND FLEXIBILITY 191 6.1.3 THE GLOBAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PREVENTION
OF OIL POLLUTION FROM SHIPPING 192 6.2 THE JURISDICTIONAL FRAMEWORK
UNDER THE LOSC 193 6.2.1 FLAG STATES 193 6.2.2 COASTAL STATES 196
6.2.2.1 TERRITORIAL SEA 196 6.2.2.2 STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL
NAVIGATION 198 6.2.2.3 THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (EEZ) 199 6.2.3 PORT
STATES 201 6.2.3.1 LEGISLATIVE JURISDICTION 201 6.2.3.2 ENFORCEMENT
JURISDICTION 204 6.3 CHAPTER 17 OF AGENDA 21 AND OIL POLLUTION FROM
SHIPPING 205 6.4 THE GLOBAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME 207 6.4.1 THE
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) 207 6.4.2 GLOBAL REGULATORY
INSTRUMENTS 209 6.5 REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME 212 6.5.1 PARIS
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON PORT STATE CONTROL (PARIS MOU) 212 6.5.2
THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 214 6.5.3 THE 1976 BARCON AND ITS PROTOCOL,
AS AMENDED 219 6.5.4 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC 222 6.6 WEAKNESSESS OF THE
EXISTING INTERNATIONAL REGIME 225 6.7 THE EC FRAMEWORK FOR THE
PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION FROM SHIPPING 227 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.7.1 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMON POLICY ON SAFE SEAS (CPSS) 227
6.7.2 EC DECISION-MAKING IN MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF
SHIPPING 230 6.7.3 THE EC AS A HAG STATE 232 6.8 EC LEGISLATIVE MEASURES
TO IMPLEMENT THE INTERNATIONAL REGIME ON OIL POLLUTION FROM SHIPPING 234
6.8.1 STRENGTHENING THE STANDARDS FOR THE TRANSPORT OF OIL IN
SINGLE-HULL TANKERS 235 6.8.2 CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES 240 6.8.3
STRENGTHENING PORT STATE CONTROL 241 6.8.4 VESSEL TRAFFIC MONITORING AND
INFORMATION SYSTEM 244 6.8.5 EUROPEAN MARITIME SAFETY AGENCY (EMSA) 247
6.8.6 PORT RECEPTION FACILITIES 248 6.8.7 SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION AND THE
INTRODUCTION OF PENALTIES FOR INFRINGEMENTS 248 6.8.8 THE WAY FORWARD:
THE ERIKA III PACKAGE 254 6.9 EC ACTION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 257
6.9.1 DIVISION OF EXTERNAL COMPETENCE 258 6.9.2 EC PARTICIPATION AND
COORDINATION IN THE IMO 261 6.9.2.1 THE EC'S ACCESSION TO THE IMO
CONVENTION 267 6.9.3 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE UN DISCUSSIONS UNDER THE
AGENDA ITEM "OCEANS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA" 270 6.9.4 EC PARTICIPATION
IN THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 271 6.9.5 EC PARTICIPATION IN BARCON 274
6.9.6 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE NORTH SEA MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE AND BONN
AGREEMENT 276 6.10 THE DUTY TO GIVE EFFECT TO EXISTING GAIRAS AND TO
ENFORCE THEM IN THE COMMUNITY 276 6.11 THE COMMISSION'S SUGGESTION TO
AMEND THE LOSC 279 6.12 FINAL OBSERVATIONS 282 CHAPTER 7 OCEAN DUMPING
287 7.1 INTRODUCTION 287 7.2 THE GLOBAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONTROL
OF OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION 288 7.2.1 OCEAN DUMPING AND
INCINERATION: EXTENT OF THE PHENOMENON 283 7.2.2 THE LOSC JURISDICTIONAL
FRAMEWORK FOR CONTROLLING OCEAN DUMPING 290 7.2.3 THE 1972 LONDON
(DUMPING) CONVENTION 292 7.2.4 THE REVISION PROCESS AND THE 1996
PROTOCOL 295 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 7.3 REGIONAL CONVENTIONS AND THE
CONTROL OF OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION 299 7.3.1 THE 1972 OSLO
CONVENTION AND THE 1992 OSPAR CONVENTION 299 7.3.2 THE 1992 HELSINKI
CONVENTION 303 7.3.3 THE 1976 BARCON AND ITS DUMPING PROTOCOL, AS
AMENDED 305 7.4 WEAKNESSES OF THE EXISTING INTERNATIONAL REGIME 307 7.5
THE EC FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONTROL OF OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION 308
7.5.1 EC COMPETENCE CONCERNING OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION 308 7.5.2
THE 1976 PROPOSAL FOR A DIRECTIVE ON OCEAN DUMPING 310 7.5.3 THE 1985
PROPOSAL FOR A DIRECTIVE ON OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION, AS AMENDED
312 7.5.4 COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION ON THE REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL
OF DISUSED OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS 314 7.5.5 REASONS BEHIND THE FAILURE
OF THE PROPOSED DIRECTIVES 315 7.5.6 EC LEGISLATION COVERING OCEAN
DUMPING AND INCINERATION 316 7.5.7 REASONS BEHIND THE REGULATION OF
OCEAN DUMPING WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EC WASTE MANAGEMENT
LEGISLATION 321 7.6 EC ACTION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 322 7.6.1 THE
DIVISION OF EXTERNAL COMPETENCE 322 7.6.2 EC PARTICIPATION IN GLOBAL
DECISION-MAKING 323 7.6.3 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE 1972 OSLO CONVENTION
AND OSPAR 324 7.6.4 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 326
7.6.5 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE BARCON 327 7.7 FINAL OBSERVATIONS 328
CHAPTER 8 MARINE HABITAT PROTECTION THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT AND
MANAGEMENT OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAS) 331 8.1 INTRODUCTION 331
8.1.1 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAS) 332 8.2 THE JURISDICTIONAL FRAMEWORK
UNDER THE LOSC 334 8.2.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF MPAS UNDER THE LOSC 334 8.2.2
MANAGEMENT OF MPAS UNDER THE LOSC 336 8.3 THE GLOBAL POLITICAL DEBATE ON
MPAS 339 8.3.1 CHAPTER 17 OF AGENDA 21 339 8.3.2 THE WSSD PLAN OF
IMPLEMENTATION AND ITS FOLLOW-UP IN THE UN 340 8.4 THE GLOBAL REGULATORY
REGIME 341 8.4.1 THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD) 341 8.4.2
OTHER MEAS PROVIDING A LEGAL BASIS FOR THE DESIGNATION AND MANAGEMENT OF
MPAS 346 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.5 THE REGIONAL REGIME FOR THE
DESIGNATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MPAS 349 8.5.1 OSPAR'S ANNEX V AND THE
OSPAR NETWORK OF MPAS 349 8.5.2 THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 353 8.5.3
JOINT HELCOM/OSPAR NETWORK OF MPAS 356 8.5.4 THE 1995 PROTOCOL
CONCERNING SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN (SPA PROTOCOL) 357 8.5.5 OTHER REGIONAL MEAS PROVIDING A
LEGAL BASIS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MPAS 361 8.6 THE
PROTECTION OF AREAS PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING
364 8.6.1 SPECIAL AREAS UNDER ARTICLES 211(6) AND 234 OF THE LOSC 364
8.6.2 SPECIAL AREAS UNDER MARPOL 73/78 367 8.6.3 PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE
SEA AREAS (PSSAS) AND THE ADOPTION OF ASSOCIATED PROTECTIVE MEASURES
(APMS) 368 8.7 WEAKNESSES OF THE EXISTING INTERNATIONAL REGIME 374 8.8
EC REGIME 375 8.8.1 THE EC'S OBJECTIVE TO ESTABLISH A COHERENT NETWORK
OF MPAS 375 8.8.2 THE EC LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND
MANAGEMENT OF MPAS 378 8.8.3 EC REGULATORY ACTION TOWARDS THE
ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MPAS 380 8.8.3.1 THE NATURA 2000 NETWORK
380 8.8.3.2 IMPLEMENTING NATURA 2000 IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 383
8.8.3.3 THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURA 2000 MARINE SITES 386 8.8.3.4 NATURA
2000 AND THE EC'S COMMON FISHERY POLICY (CFP) 387 8.8.4 EC ACTION AT THE
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 390 8.8.4.1 THE DIVISION OF EXTERNAL COMPETENCES 390
8.8.4.2 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE UN DISCUSSIONS ON MPAS 391 8.8.4.3 EC
PARTICIPATION IN THE CBD AND OTHER MEAS 394 8.8.4.4 EC PARTICIPATION IN
THE IMO'S WORK ON PSSAS 399 8.8.4.5 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE REGIONAL
WORK ON MPAS 401 8.9 FINAL OBSERVATIONS 405 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS 409
9.1 SUMMARY OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOK 409 9.2 IMPLEMENTING THE
INTERNATIONAL REGIME FOR THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 409 9.3 HOW DOES THE EC IMPLEMENT THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROVISIONS OF THE LOSC AND THE RELATED INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS? 411
9.3.1 A MULTILATERAL APPROACH TO OCEAN PRESERVATION 411 TABLE OF
CONTENTS XVII 9.3.2 THE SECTOR-BY-SECTOR APPROACH 412 9.3.3 TOWARDS A
COMPREHENSIVE OCEAN POLICY? 413 9.3.4 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE LOSC,
MARINE-RELATED MEAS AND REGIONAL SEAS CONVENTIONS 414 9.4 IN WHAT MANNER
DOES THE EXISTENCE OF A DIVISION OF COMPETENCES BETWEEN THE EC AND THE
MEMBER STATES INFLUENCE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROVISIONS OF THE LOSC AND RELATED AGREEMENTS? 416 9.5 HOW DOES
COMMUNITY COORDINATION WORK? 419 9.6 ARE THE APPROACHES AND MEASURES
ADOPTED BY THE EC TO IMPLEMENT ITS INTERNATIONAL OCEAN OBLIGATIONS IN
CONFORMITY WITH THE LOSC? 422 9.7 EC CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE EFFECTIVE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL OCEAN REGIME 425 ANNEXES I
DECLARATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ON SIGNATURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS
CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA OF 10 DECEMBER 1982 429 II DECLARATION
CONCERNING THE COMPETENCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY WITH REGARD TO
MATTERS GOVERNED BY THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA
OF 10 DECEMBER 1982 AND THE AGREEMENT OF 28 JULY 1994 RELATING TO THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF PART XI OF THE CONVENTION 433 BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 TABLE
OF CASES 455 TABLE OF INSTRUMENTS 459 INDEX 469 PPN: 267871570 TITEL:
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE
INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA : IMPLEMENTING GLOBAL OBLIGATIONS AT THE
REGIONAL LEVEL / VERONICA FRANK. - LEIDEN [U.A.] : NIJHOFF, 2007 ISBN:
978-90-04-15695-1 BIBLIOGRAPHISCHER DATENSATZ IM SWB-VERBUND |
| adam_txt |
TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS VII ABBREVIATIONS XIX INTRODUCTION 1
1 CRITICAL ISSUES AND CENTRAL QUESTIONS 4 2 SCOPE AND THEMES OF THE BOOK
5 3 OUTLINE OF THE BOOK 7 4 REFERENCE FRAMEWORK CHAPTER 1 THE PROTECTION
AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT UNDER INTERNATIONAL LAW 9 1.1
INTRODUCTION 9 1.1.1 DEGRADATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 10 1.1.2 THE
LAW OF THE SEA AND THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 11 1.2 THE FRAMEWORK REGIME 14 1.2.1 (PRE-UNCED) PRINCIPLES
OF CUSTOMARY INTERNATIONAL LAW 14 1.2.2 THE 1982 UN LAW OF THE SEA
CONVENTION (LOSC) AND THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 16 1.2.2.1 JURISDICTIONAL REGIME 16 1.2.2.2 PART XII 19
1.2.3 CHAPTER 17 OF AGENDA 21 22 1.2.4 WORLD SUMMIT ON SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT (WSSD) 24 1.3 THE GLOBAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME 25 1.3.1
"GENERALLY ACCEPTED" AND "APPLICABLE" INTERNATIONAL RULES AND STANDARDS
ADOPTED BY THE "COMPETENT INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS" 25 1.3.2
MULTILATERAL ENVIRONMENTAL AGREEMENTS (MEAS) 27 1.3.3 UN AGENDA ITEM ON
OCEANS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 28 1.4 THE REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME
31 1.4.1 FOCUS ON REGIONAL COOPERATION 31 1.4.2 THE 1992 OSPAR
CONVENTION 33 1.4.3 THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 35 1.4.4 THE 1976
BARCELONA CONVENTION (BARCON) AND ITS PROTOCOLS, AS AMENDED 37 X TABLE
OF CONTENTS 1.5 THE PRESENT LIMITS OF AND FUTURE CHALLENGES FOR THE
INTERNATIONAL REGIME 39 1.6 CONCLUSIONS 40 CHAPTER 2 THE LEGAL FRAMEWORK
FOR EUROPEAN COMMUNITY (EC) ACTION TO PROTECT AND PRESERVE THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 43 2.1 INTRODUCTION 43 2.2 MECHANISMS OF EUROPEAN
INTEGRATION 44 2.2.1 LEGAL SUBJECTS 44 2.2.2 THE EC SYSTEM AS A "NEW
ORDER OF INTERNATIONAL LAW" 45 2.2.3 SOURCES OF EC (ENVIRONMENTAL) LAW
46 2.2.4 EC INSTITUTIONS 49 2.2.5 EC DECISION-MAKING PROCESSES 53 2.2.6
EC COMPLIANCE MECHANISMS 54 2.3 THE "EXISTENCE" OF EC COMPETENCE 56
2.3.1 THE ATTRIBUTION PRINCIPLE 56 2.3.1.1 EC OBJECTIVES 57 2.3.1.2
LEGAL BASES FOR EC "INTERNAL" COMPETENCE 59 2.3.2 EC EXTERNAL COMPETENCE
61 2.3.2.1 THE EC'S INTERNATIONAL LEGAL PERSONALITY 61 2.3.2.2 EC
EXTERNAL COMPETENCE UNDER EC LAW 62 2.3.3 THE NATURE OF EC COMPETENCE:
"EXCLUSIVE" OR "SHARED"? 64 2.4 THE "EXERCISE" OF EC COMPETENCE 66 2.4.1
THE PRINCIPLE OF SUBSIDIARITY 66 2.4.2 THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTIONALITY
67 2.4.3 GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF THE EC "ENVIRONMENTAL" POLICY 68 2.5 THE
"GEOGRAPHICAL" SCOPE OF EC ENVIRONMENTAL COMPETENCE 71 2.6 CONCLUSIONS
73 CHAPTER 3 THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
UNDER EC LAW 77 3.1 INTRODUCTION 77 3.1.1 THE STATE OF EUROPE'S MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 78 3.2 THE MARGINAL ROLE OF MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
WITHIN EC LAW 79 3.2.1 INSTITUTIONAL FRAGMENTATION 81 3.2.2 CONFLICT OF
INTERESTS 82 3.2.3 THE PRINCIPLES OF SUBSIDIARITY AND PROPORTIONALITY 83
3.2.4 THE EC'S MULTILATERAL APPROACH TO OCEAN PRESERVATION 84 3.3 THE EC
AND THE GLOBAL FRAMEWORK REGIME 86 TABLE OF CONTENTS XI 3.4 THE EC AND
THE INTERNATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME 87 3.4.1 MEAS AND REGIONAL SEAS
CONVENTIONS 87 3.4.2 THE EC AND MULTILATERAL POLICY-MAKING IN OCEAN
AFFAIRS 88 3.4.3 THE EC AND THE "GENERALLY ACCEPTED" AND "APPLICABLE"
INTERNATIONAL RULES AND STANDARDS ADOPTED BY THE "COMPETENT
INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS" 90 3.4.4 EC LEGISLATION TO PROTECT AND
PRESERVE THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 90 3.4.5 THE EC'S ACTION TO IMPLEMENT
CHAPTER 17 OF AGENDA 21 92 3.5 THE WAY FORWARD 94 3.5.1 THE EUROPEAN
MARINE STRATEGY 94 3.5.2 THE PROPOSAL FOR A MARINE STRATEGY DIRECTIVE
(MSD) 98 3.5.3 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATED EUROPEAN "MARITIME" POLICY? 101
3.5.4 STRENGTHENING THE EC EXTERNAL POLICY ON OCEANS AND SEAS 104 3.6
CONCLUSIONS 105 CHAPTER 4 RULES GOVERNING THE JOINT PARTICIPATION OF THE
EC, NEXT TO THE MEMBER STATES, IN "MIXED AGREEMENTS" AND INTERNATIONAL
ORGANIZATIONS 10 7 4.1 INTRODUCTION 107 4.2 THE DIVISION OF EXTERNAL
COMPETENCES BETWEEN THE EC AND THE MEMBER STATES 108 4.2.1 THE LEGAL
EFFECT OF EC "EXCLUSIVE" EXTERNAL COMPETENCE 108 4.2.2 PRE-EMPTIVE
EFFECTS OF EC LAW 110 4.2.2.1 "MINIMUM", "TOTAL" OR "EXHAUSTIVE"
HARMONIZATION? ILL 4.2.2.2 INTERNATIONAL RULES: MINIMUM OR MAXIMUM
STANDARDS? 114 4.2.2.3 THE "NECESSITY TEST" 115 4.2.3 MEMBER STATES'
RESIDUAL POWERS IN MATTERS UNDER THEIR EXCLUSIVE COMPETENCE OR OUTSIDE
EC LEGISLATION 116 4.2.4 THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF SHARED COMPETENCES 118
4.2.4.1 THE DUTY OF COOPERATION AND CLOSE COORDINATION 119 4.2.4.2 THE
PHENOMENON OF "MIXITY" 120 4.3 JOINT PARTICIPATION OF THE EC AND MEMBER
STATES IN MIXED AGREEMENTS 122 4.3.1 JOINT PARTICIPATION UNDER
INTERNATIONAL LAW: THE "PARTICIPATION CLAUSES" 122 4.3.1.1 DECLARATION
OF COMPETENCE 123 4.3.1.2 THE LINK BETWEEN EC AND MEMBER STATES'
PARTICIPATION 124 4.3.1.3 EXERCISING RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS (THE
RESPONSIBILITY CLAUSE) 125 4.3.1.4 VOTING RIGHTS 125 4.3.2 JOINT
PARTICIPATION IN MIXED AGREEMENTS UNDER EC LAW: PROCEDURAL ASPECTS 126
4.3.2.1 THE PRE-NEGOTIATION STAGE 127 XII TABLE OF CONTENTS 4.3.2.2 THE
COUNCIL'S AUTHORIZATION 127 4.3.2.3 "COMMUNITY COORDINATION" AND "COMMON
POSITIONS" 129 4.3.2.4 DELEGATIONS 132 4.3.2.5 THE RIGHT TO CONDUCT
NEGOTIATIONS AND THE RIGHT TO SPEAK 132 4.3.2.6 SPECIAL CONSULTATION
COMMITTEES 133 4.3.2.7 CONCLUSION, SIGNATURE AND RATIFICATION 134
4.3.2.8 FUTURE MODIFICATIONS, AMENDMENT AND WITHDRAWAL 136 4.3.2.9
IMPLEMENTATION 137 4.3.2.10 RESPONSIBILITY VIS-A-VIS NON-EC PARTIES 138
4.4 THE LEGAL EFFECTS OF A MIXED AGREEMENT WITHIN EC LAW 139 4.5 THE EC
AND INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS (IOS) 143 4.6 THE EU CONSTITUTION AND
MIXED AGREEMENTS 146 4.7 CONCLUSIONS 147 CHAPTER 5 THE ACCESSION AND
PARTICIPATION OF THE EC, NEXT TO ITS MEMBER STATES, IN THE UN LAW OF THE
SEA CONVENTION (LOSC) AND REGIONAL SEAS AGREEMENTS 149 5.1 INTRODUCTION
149 5.2 THE EC AND THE 1982 LOSC 150 5.2.1 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE THIRD
UN CONFERENCE ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (UNCLOS III) 150 5.2.2 ANNEX IX AND
THE "EEC PARTICIPATION CLAUSES" 153 5.2.2.1 LINKING THE COMMUNITY'S
PARTICIPATION TO THAT OF THE MAJORITY OF ITS MEMBER STATES 155 5.2.2.2
THE EXTENT OF PARTICIPATION AND RIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS 156 5.2.2.3
DECLARATION OF COMPETENCES 157 5.2.4.4 RESPONSIBILITY, LIABILITY AND
DISPUTE SETTLEMENT 159 5.2.3 THE EC'S SIGNATURE AND DECLARATION UPON
SIGNATURE 160 5.2.4 THE EC'S "FORMAL CONFIRMATION" AND DECLARATION UPON
"FORMAL CONFIRMATION" 162 5.2.5 DECLARATIONS BY MEMBER STATES 165 5.2.6
LIMITS OF ANNEX IX 165 5.2.7 EC PARTICIPATION, NEXT TO THE MEMBER
STATES, IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE LOSC 166 5.2.7.1 EC PARTICIPATION
IN THE BODIES SET OUT BY THE LOSC 166 5.2.7.2 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE UN
DEBATE UNDER THE AGENDA ITEM ON OCEANS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA 167
5.2.7.3 THE COUNCIL'S WORKING PARTY ON THE LAW OF THE SEA (COMAR) AND
COMMUNITY COORDINATION IN LOSC- RELATED ISSUES 168 5.2.7.4 THE "COMMON
FOREIGN POLICY" FORMAT AND THE LIMITED ROLE OF THE EC 169 TABLE OF
CONTENTS XIII 5.3 THE EC AND THE 1992 OSPAR CONVENTION 171 5.3.1 THE
EC'S ACCESSION TO THE 1992 OSPAR CONVENTION 171 5.3.2 EC PARTICIPATION
IN THE 1992 OSPAR CONVENTION 174 5.4 THE EC AND THE 1992 HELSINKI
CONVENTION 176 5.4.1 THE EC'S ACCESSION TO THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION
176 5.4.2 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 179 5.5 THE
EC AND THE 1976 BARCELONA CONVENTION (BARCON) AND ITS PROTOCOLS, AS
AMENDED 180 5.5.1 THE EC'S ACCESSION TO THE BARCON 180 5.5.2 EC
PARTICIPATION IN THE BARCON 182 5.6 CONCLUSIONS 184 CHAPTER 6 PREVENTING
OIL POLLUTION FROM SHIPPING 187 6.1 INTRODUCTION 187 6.1.1 POLLUTION
FROM THE MARITIME TRANSPORT OF OIL: EXTENT OF THE PHENOMENON 189 6.1.2
THE NEED TO STRIKE A BALANCE BETWEEN CONFLICTING INTERESTS, UNIFORMITY
AND FLEXIBILITY 191 6.1.3 THE GLOBAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE PREVENTION
OF OIL POLLUTION FROM SHIPPING 192 6.2 THE JURISDICTIONAL FRAMEWORK
UNDER THE LOSC 193 6.2.1 FLAG STATES 193 6.2.2 COASTAL STATES 196
6.2.2.1 TERRITORIAL SEA 196 6.2.2.2 STRAITS USED FOR INTERNATIONAL
NAVIGATION 198 6.2.2.3 THE EXCLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE (EEZ) 199 6.2.3 PORT
STATES 201 6.2.3.1 LEGISLATIVE JURISDICTION 201 6.2.3.2 ENFORCEMENT
JURISDICTION 204 6.3 CHAPTER 17 OF AGENDA 21 AND OIL POLLUTION FROM
SHIPPING 205 6.4 THE GLOBAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME 207 6.4.1 THE
INTERNATIONAL MARITIME ORGANIZATION (IMO) 207 6.4.2 GLOBAL REGULATORY
INSTRUMENTS 209 6.5 REGIONAL IMPLEMENTATION REGIME 212 6.5.1 PARIS
MEMORANDUM OF UNDERSTANDING ON PORT STATE CONTROL (PARIS MOU) 212 6.5.2
THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 214 6.5.3 THE 1976 BARCON AND ITS PROTOCOL,
AS AMENDED 219 6.5.4 THE NORTH-EAST ATLANTIC 222 6.6 WEAKNESSESS OF THE
EXISTING INTERNATIONAL REGIME 225 6.7 THE EC FRAMEWORK FOR THE
PREVENTION OF OIL POLLUTION FROM SHIPPING 227 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS
6.7.1 THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMON POLICY ON SAFE SEAS (CPSS) 227
6.7.2 EC DECISION-MAKING IN MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF
SHIPPING 230 6.7.3 THE EC AS A HAG STATE 232 6.8 EC LEGISLATIVE MEASURES
TO IMPLEMENT THE INTERNATIONAL REGIME ON OIL POLLUTION FROM SHIPPING 234
6.8.1 STRENGTHENING THE STANDARDS FOR THE TRANSPORT OF OIL IN
SINGLE-HULL TANKERS 235 6.8.2 CLASSIFICATION SOCIETIES 240 6.8.3
STRENGTHENING PORT STATE CONTROL 241 6.8.4 VESSEL TRAFFIC MONITORING AND
INFORMATION SYSTEM 244 6.8.5 EUROPEAN MARITIME SAFETY AGENCY (EMSA) 247
6.8.6 PORT RECEPTION FACILITIES 248 6.8.7 SHIP-SOURCE POLLUTION AND THE
INTRODUCTION OF PENALTIES FOR INFRINGEMENTS 248 6.8.8 THE WAY FORWARD:
THE ERIKA III PACKAGE 254 6.9 EC ACTION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 257
6.9.1 DIVISION OF EXTERNAL COMPETENCE 258 6.9.2 EC PARTICIPATION AND
COORDINATION IN THE IMO 261 6.9.2.1 THE EC'S ACCESSION TO THE IMO
CONVENTION 267 6.9.3 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE UN DISCUSSIONS UNDER THE
AGENDA ITEM "OCEANS AND THE LAW OF THE SEA" 270 6.9.4 EC PARTICIPATION
IN THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 271 6.9.5 EC PARTICIPATION IN BARCON 274
6.9.6 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE NORTH SEA MINISTERIAL CONFERENCE AND BONN
AGREEMENT 276 6.10 THE DUTY TO GIVE EFFECT TO EXISTING GAIRAS AND TO
ENFORCE THEM IN THE COMMUNITY 276 6.11 THE COMMISSION'S SUGGESTION TO
AMEND THE LOSC 279 6.12 FINAL OBSERVATIONS 282 CHAPTER 7 OCEAN DUMPING
287 7.1 INTRODUCTION 287 7.2 THE GLOBAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONTROL
OF OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION 288 7.2.1 OCEAN DUMPING AND
INCINERATION: EXTENT OF THE PHENOMENON 283 7.2.2 THE LOSC JURISDICTIONAL
FRAMEWORK FOR CONTROLLING OCEAN DUMPING 290 7.2.3 THE 1972 LONDON
(DUMPING) CONVENTION 292 7.2.4 THE REVISION PROCESS AND THE 1996
PROTOCOL 295 TABLE OF CONTENTS XV 7.3 REGIONAL CONVENTIONS AND THE
CONTROL OF OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION 299 7.3.1 THE 1972 OSLO
CONVENTION AND THE 1992 OSPAR CONVENTION 299 7.3.2 THE 1992 HELSINKI
CONVENTION 303 7.3.3 THE 1976 BARCON AND ITS DUMPING PROTOCOL, AS
AMENDED 305 7.4 WEAKNESSES OF THE EXISTING INTERNATIONAL REGIME 307 7.5
THE EC FRAMEWORK FOR THE CONTROL OF OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION 308
7.5.1 EC COMPETENCE CONCERNING OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION 308 7.5.2
THE 1976 PROPOSAL FOR A DIRECTIVE ON OCEAN DUMPING 310 7.5.3 THE 1985
PROPOSAL FOR A DIRECTIVE ON OCEAN DUMPING AND INCINERATION, AS AMENDED
312 7.5.4 COMMUNICATION FROM THE COMMISSION ON THE REMOVAL AND DISPOSAL
OF DISUSED OFFSHORE INSTALLATIONS 314 7.5.5 REASONS BEHIND THE FAILURE
OF THE PROPOSED DIRECTIVES 315 7.5.6 EC LEGISLATION COVERING OCEAN
DUMPING AND INCINERATION 316 7.5.7 REASONS BEHIND THE REGULATION OF
OCEAN DUMPING WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE EC WASTE MANAGEMENT
LEGISLATION 321 7.6 EC ACTION AT THE INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 322 7.6.1 THE
DIVISION OF EXTERNAL COMPETENCE 322 7.6.2 EC PARTICIPATION IN GLOBAL
DECISION-MAKING 323 7.6.3 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE 1972 OSLO CONVENTION
AND OSPAR 324 7.6.4 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 326
7.6.5 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE BARCON 327 7.7 FINAL OBSERVATIONS 328
CHAPTER 8 MARINE HABITAT PROTECTION THROUGH THE ESTABLISHMENT AND
MANAGEMENT OF MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAS) 331 8.1 INTRODUCTION 331
8.1.1 MARINE PROTECTED AREAS (MPAS) 332 8.2 THE JURISDICTIONAL FRAMEWORK
UNDER THE LOSC 334 8.2.1 ESTABLISHMENT OF MPAS UNDER THE LOSC 334 8.2.2
MANAGEMENT OF MPAS UNDER THE LOSC 336 8.3 THE GLOBAL POLITICAL DEBATE ON
MPAS 339 8.3.1 CHAPTER 17 OF AGENDA 21 339 8.3.2 THE WSSD PLAN OF
IMPLEMENTATION AND ITS FOLLOW-UP IN THE UN 340 8.4 THE GLOBAL REGULATORY
REGIME 341 8.4.1 THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY (CBD) 341 8.4.2
OTHER MEAS PROVIDING A LEGAL BASIS FOR THE DESIGNATION AND MANAGEMENT OF
MPAS 346 XVI TABLE OF CONTENTS 8.5 THE REGIONAL REGIME FOR THE
DESIGNATION AND MANAGEMENT OF MPAS 349 8.5.1 OSPAR'S ANNEX V AND THE
OSPAR NETWORK OF MPAS 349 8.5.2 THE 1992 HELSINKI CONVENTION 353 8.5.3
JOINT HELCOM/OSPAR NETWORK OF MPAS 356 8.5.4 THE 1995 PROTOCOL
CONCERNING SPECIALLY PROTECTED AREAS AND BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY IN THE
MEDITERRANEAN (SPA PROTOCOL) 357 8.5.5 OTHER REGIONAL MEAS PROVIDING A
LEGAL BASIS FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MPAS 361 8.6 THE
PROTECTION OF AREAS PARTICULARLY VULNERABLE TO INTERNATIONAL SHIPPING
364 8.6.1 SPECIAL AREAS UNDER ARTICLES 211(6) AND 234 OF THE LOSC 364
8.6.2 SPECIAL AREAS UNDER MARPOL 73/78 367 8.6.3 PARTICULARLY SENSITIVE
SEA AREAS (PSSAS) AND THE ADOPTION OF ASSOCIATED PROTECTIVE MEASURES
(APMS) 368 8.7 WEAKNESSES OF THE EXISTING INTERNATIONAL REGIME 374 8.8
EC REGIME 375 8.8.1 THE EC'S OBJECTIVE TO ESTABLISH A COHERENT NETWORK
OF MPAS 375 8.8.2 THE EC LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE ESTABLISHMENT AND
MANAGEMENT OF MPAS 378 8.8.3 EC REGULATORY ACTION TOWARDS THE
ESTABLISHMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MPAS 380 8.8.3.1 THE NATURA 2000 NETWORK
380 8.8.3.2 IMPLEMENTING NATURA 2000 IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 383
8.8.3.3 THE MANAGEMENT OF NATURA 2000 MARINE SITES 386 8.8.3.4 NATURA
2000 AND THE EC'S COMMON FISHERY POLICY (CFP) 387 8.8.4 EC ACTION AT THE
INTERNATIONAL LEVEL 390 8.8.4.1 THE DIVISION OF EXTERNAL COMPETENCES 390
8.8.4.2 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE UN DISCUSSIONS ON MPAS 391 8.8.4.3 EC
PARTICIPATION IN THE CBD AND OTHER MEAS 394 8.8.4.4 EC PARTICIPATION IN
THE IMO'S WORK ON PSSAS 399 8.8.4.5 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE REGIONAL
WORK ON MPAS 401 8.9 FINAL OBSERVATIONS 405 CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSIONS 409
9.1 SUMMARY OF THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS BOOK 409 9.2 IMPLEMENTING THE
INTERNATIONAL REGIME FOR THE PROTECTION AND PRESERVATION OF THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT 409 9.3 HOW DOES THE EC IMPLEMENT THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROVISIONS OF THE LOSC AND THE RELATED INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENTS? 411
9.3.1 A MULTILATERAL APPROACH TO OCEAN PRESERVATION 411 TABLE OF
CONTENTS XVII 9.3.2 THE SECTOR-BY-SECTOR APPROACH 412 9.3.3 TOWARDS A
COMPREHENSIVE OCEAN POLICY? 413 9.3.4 EC PARTICIPATION IN THE LOSC,
MARINE-RELATED MEAS AND REGIONAL SEAS CONVENTIONS 414 9.4 IN WHAT MANNER
DOES THE EXISTENCE OF A DIVISION OF COMPETENCES BETWEEN THE EC AND THE
MEMBER STATES INFLUENCE THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROVISIONS OF THE LOSC AND RELATED AGREEMENTS? 416 9.5 HOW DOES
COMMUNITY COORDINATION WORK? 419 9.6 ARE THE APPROACHES AND MEASURES
ADOPTED BY THE EC TO IMPLEMENT ITS INTERNATIONAL OCEAN OBLIGATIONS IN
CONFORMITY WITH THE LOSC? 422 9.7 EC CONTRIBUTION TOWARDS THE EFFECTIVE
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE INTERNATIONAL OCEAN REGIME 425 ANNEXES I
DECLARATION OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY ON SIGNATURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS
CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA OF 10 DECEMBER 1982 429 II DECLARATION
CONCERNING THE COMPETENCE OF THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY WITH REGARD TO
MATTERS GOVERNED BY THE UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE LAW OF THE SEA
OF 10 DECEMBER 1982 AND THE AGREEMENT OF 28 JULY 1994 RELATING TO THE
IMPLEMENTATION OF PART XI OF THE CONVENTION 433 BIBLIOGRAPHY 439 TABLE
OF CASES 455 TABLE OF INSTRUMENTS 459 INDEX 469 PPN: 267871570 TITEL:
THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY AND MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN THE
INTERNATIONAL LAW OF THE SEA : IMPLEMENTING GLOBAL OBLIGATIONS AT THE
REGIONAL LEVEL / VERONICA FRANK. - LEIDEN [U.A.] : NIJHOFF, 2007 ISBN:
978-90-04-15695-1 BIBLIOGRAPHISCHER DATENSATZ IM SWB-VERBUND |
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| author | Frank, Veronica |
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| classification_rvk | PR 2204 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)238971610 (DE-599)BVBBV023061747 |
| dewey-full | 344.2404/6343 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 344 - Labor, social, education & cultural law |
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| dewey-search | 344.2404/6343 |
| dewey-sort | 3344.2404 46343 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
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| geographic | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| geographic_facet | Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| id | DE-604.BV023061747 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:29:10Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-02T11:19:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789004156951 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007038832 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016264987 |
| oclc_num | 238971610 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-703 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-703 |
| physical | XXI, 480 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Nijhoff |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Publications on ocean development |
| series2 | Publications on ocean development |
| spelling | Frank, Veronica Verfasser aut The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level Veronica Frank Leiden [u.a.] Nijhoff 2007 XXI, 480 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Publications on ocean development 58 Includes bibliographical references and index Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd rswk-swf Environmental law, International Law of the sea Marine pollution - Law and legislation - European Union countries Marine pollution - Law and legislation - International cooperation Marine resources conservation - Law and legislation - European Union countries Oil pollution at sea - Safety regulations - European Union countries Oil pollution of the sea - Law and legislation - European Union countries Waste disposal in the ocean - Law and legislation - European Union countries Recht Marine pollution Law and legislation European Union countries Oil pollution of the sea Law and legislation European Union countries Oil pollution at sea Safety regulations European Union countries Waste disposal in the ocean Law and legislation European Union countries Marine resources conservation Law and legislation European Union countries Marine pollution Law and legislation International cooperation Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 gnd rswk-swf Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd rswk-swf Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 gnd rswk-swf Seevölkerrecht (DE-588)4132788-3 gnd rswk-swf Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 b Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 s Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 s Seevölkerrecht (DE-588)4132788-3 s Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 s DE-604 Publications on ocean development 58 (DE-604)BV000006984 58 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016264987&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Frank, Veronica The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level Publications on ocean development Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Environmental law, International Law of the sea Marine pollution - Law and legislation - European Union countries Marine pollution - Law and legislation - International cooperation Marine resources conservation - Law and legislation - European Union countries Oil pollution at sea - Safety regulations - European Union countries Oil pollution of the sea - Law and legislation - European Union countries Waste disposal in the ocean - Law and legislation - European Union countries Recht Marine pollution Law and legislation European Union countries Oil pollution of the sea Law and legislation European Union countries Oil pollution at sea Safety regulations European Union countries Waste disposal in the ocean Law and legislation European Union countries Marine resources conservation Law and legislation European Union countries Marine pollution Law and legislation International cooperation Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 gnd Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 gnd Seevölkerrecht (DE-588)4132788-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)5098525-5 (DE-588)4038331-3 (DE-588)4027453-6 (DE-588)4129524-9 (DE-588)4132788-3 |
| title | The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level |
| title_auth | The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level |
| title_exact_search | The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level |
| title_full | The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level Veronica Frank |
| title_fullStr | The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level Veronica Frank |
| title_full_unstemmed | The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level Veronica Frank |
| title_short | The European Community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea |
| title_sort | the european community and marine environmental protection in the international law of the sea implementing global obligations at the regional level |
| title_sub | implementing global obligations at the regional level |
| topic | Europäische Union (DE-588)5098525-5 gnd Environmental law, International Law of the sea Marine pollution - Law and legislation - European Union countries Marine pollution - Law and legislation - International cooperation Marine resources conservation - Law and legislation - European Union countries Oil pollution at sea - Safety regulations - European Union countries Oil pollution of the sea - Law and legislation - European Union countries Waste disposal in the ocean - Law and legislation - European Union countries Recht Marine pollution Law and legislation European Union countries Oil pollution of the sea Law and legislation European Union countries Oil pollution at sea Safety regulations European Union countries Waste disposal in the ocean Law and legislation European Union countries Marine resources conservation Law and legislation European Union countries Marine pollution Law and legislation International cooperation Meeresverschmutzung (DE-588)4038331-3 gnd Internationales Umweltrecht (DE-588)4027453-6 gnd Ölpest (DE-588)4129524-9 gnd Seevölkerrecht (DE-588)4132788-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Europäische Union Environmental law, International Law of the sea Marine pollution - Law and legislation - European Union countries Marine pollution - Law and legislation - International cooperation Marine resources conservation - Law and legislation - European Union countries Oil pollution at sea - Safety regulations - European Union countries Oil pollution of the sea - Law and legislation - European Union countries Waste disposal in the ocean - Law and legislation - European Union countries Recht Marine pollution Law and legislation European Union countries Oil pollution of the sea Law and legislation European Union countries Oil pollution at sea Safety regulations European Union countries Waste disposal in the ocean Law and legislation European Union countries Marine resources conservation Law and legislation European Union countries Marine pollution Law and legislation International cooperation Meeresverschmutzung Internationales Umweltrecht Ölpest Seevölkerrecht Europäische Union. Mitgliedsstaaten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016264987&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000006984 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT frankveronica theeuropeancommunityandmarineenvironmentalprotectionintheinternationallawoftheseaimplementingglobalobligationsattheregionallevel |