Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawnictwo Neriton
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Polish missionaries in the Far East in the seventeenth and eighteenth century |
| Beschreibung: | 366, [2] s. il. 25 cm |
| ISBN: | 8389729814 |
Internformat
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Polish missionaries in the Far East in the seventeenth and eighteenth century | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. s. 293-314. Indeksy | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1600-1800 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137296171106304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Wstęp
...............................................................5
Rozdział I
—
Proces ewangelizacji Dalekiego Wschodu
................. 15
1.1.
Dzieje dawnych misji na terenie Dalekiego Wschodu
(do czasów nowożytnych)
.......................................... 16
1.1.1.
Nestorianie w Chinach
............................................ 17
1.1.2.
Misje katolickie w średniowieczu
..................................... 18
1.2.
Misje nowożytne na Dalekim Wschodzie
..............................20
1.2.1.
Padroado
.......................................................20
1.2.2.
Krótkie dzieje nowożytnej misji katolickiej na Dalekim Wschodzie
..........21
1.2.3.
Organizacja Kościoła katolickiego na Dalekim Wschodzie
.................24
1.2.4.
Misjonarze
......................................................25
1.3.
Akomodacja misyjna jezuitów a sprawa rytów chińskich
...................30
Rozdział
II
—
Udział Polaków w procesie ewangelizacji Dalekiego
Wschodu
(XVII-XVIII
w.)
.....................................34
2.1.
Andrzej Rudomina (ok.
1595-1631).................................35
2.2.
Wojciech Męciński
(1598-1643) ....................................44
2.3.
Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki
(1610-1656).................................73
2.4.
Michał Piotr Boym
(1612-1659)....................................82
2.5.
Jan Ignacy Lewicki
(І608-1646)
.....................................99
2.6.
Jan Bąkowski
(1672-1732)........................................ 103
2.7.
Misjonarze z innych zakonów pracujący na terenie Dalekiego
Wschodu
...................................................... 107
2.8.
Udział polskich zakonników w misjach w różnych rejonach świata poza
Dalekim Wschodem w
XVII-XVIII
w.
...............................112
2.9.
Inne polskie próby wyjazdu na misje na Daleki Wschód
.................. 113
Rozdział III
-
Motywacje misjonarzy pracujących na Dalekim
Wschodzie
................................................... 124
3.1.
Indipetae: prośby polskich jezuitów o misje zagraniczne
..................124
3.2.
Rola relacji misjonarskich w motywowaniu przyszłych misjonarzy
..........137
3.2.1.
Rola relacji misjonarskich drukowanych w Polsce
....................... 138
3.2.2.
Rola obcojęzycznej literatury misjonarskiej
............................155
3.2.3.
Materiały jezuickie (wewnątrzzakonne)
.............................. 159
3.3.
Święty Franciszek Ksawery jako wzorzec osobowy dla misjonarzy
.......... 161
3.3.1.
Żywoty św. Franciszka Ksawerego
.................................. 162
3.3.2.
Kazania i modlitwy do św. Franciszka Ksawerego
...................... 164
3.3.3.
Zbiory listów św. Franciszka Ksawerego
............................. 175
3.3.4.
Opisy cudów związanych ze św. Franciszkiem Ksawerym
................ 177
3.4.
Rola sztuk teatralnych w motywowaniu przyszłych misjonarzy
............ 180
Rozdział
IV
-
Działalność misyjna, jej cele i metody
.................183
4.1.
Działalność misyjna Polaków na Dalekim Wschodzie
................... 183
4.2.
Działalność misyjna w świetle relacji
............................... 187
4.3.
Cele i metody działalności misyjnej w świetle relacji
.................... 194
4.4.
Cele publikowania relacji misyjnych
................................ 200
Rozdział
V
-
Znaczenie misji dalekowschodniej dla kontaktów
międzykulturowych
..........................................212
5.1.
Działalność literacka Michała Boyma
...............................212
5.1.1.
Rękopisy Michała Boyma
........................................212
5.1.2.
Prace drukowane Michała Boyma
..................................218
5.1.2.1.
Briefoe
Relation................................................ 219
5.1.2.2.
Opublikowane listy Michała Boyma
................................ 225
5.1.2.3.
Flora Sinensis
.................................................. 226
5.1.2.4.
Prace Boyma na temat medycyny chińskiej
........................... 232
5.1.3.
Tablica kamienna z Singanfu
-
tzw.
stela
z
Xian....................... 233
5.1.4.
Flora Sinensis jako utwór propagandowy
............................. 242
5.1.5.
Czy Flora Sinensis to dzieło Michała Boyma?
......................... 247
5.1.6.
Flora Siensis a Dendrographia Jana
Jonstona
.......................... 250
5.1.7.
Cele misji Michała Boyma do Europy w świele
Breve
Relatio i Flora Sinensis
. 251
5.2.
Obraz Chin i misji chińskiej w
China Monumentis
Illustrata
............. 256
5.3.
Znajomość Dalekiego Wschodu w świetle relacji misyjnych
.............. 269
5.4.
Odbiór relacji misyjnych w Polsce a znajomość Dalekiego Wschodu
....... 277
5.5.
Obraz Dalekiego Wschodu w staropolskich sztukach teatralnych
......... 279
Podsumowanie
.....................................................289
Bibliografia
........................................................293
Aneks
1 -
Polscy autorzy Indipetae
(114
osób)
-
Skrócone życiorysy
.............. 315
Aneks
2 —
Najważniejsze wydarzenia w ewangelizacji Dalekiego Wschodu
w
XVII-XVIII
w.
............................................ 325
Aneks
3 -
Tłumaczenie inskrypcji Tablicy kamiennej z Singanfu (fragment)
(autorstwa M. Boyma)
........................................ 328
Aneks
4 -
Tłumaczenie inskrypcji ze
steli
nestoriańskiej z
Xian
................. 330
Aneks
5 -
Fragmenty
China
Monumentis
Illustrata Kirchera
.................... 337
Summary
..........................................................342
Indeks osobowy
....................................................346
Indeks geograficzny
................................................360
í
Bayerische
ì
Staatsbibliothek
München
J
POLISH MISSIONARIES IN THE FAR EAST
IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Summary
The aim of the present book is, on the one hand, to thoroughly present the group of the
Polish missionaries who in the 17th and
1
8th century Christianised the Far Eastern countries,
on the other
—
to answer the question what was the influence of their accounts and texts on
the religious disputes in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as on the common
knowledge about these distant countries.
In the
I6th-18lh
centuries the printing techniques allowed the wide range of texts to be
printed, from thin brochures to thick books with high-quality illustrations that delighted
and amazed readers, describing to them distant and alien countries, people, customs and
peculiarities. Printed accounts from the Far East missions played the role of a weapon for
the Roman Catholic Church in its fight against Protestantism, but at the same time they
brought closer the Europeans to the Far East, offering much more information than in the
Middle Ages or at the beginning of the period of geographical discoveries. What is more,
the accounts were much more reliable as there was a possibility to verify them.
The book is divided into five chapters of which the first outlines the history of the mis¬
sionary work in the countries of East and East-South Asia by the Roman Catholic Church,
in fact though, by Religious Orders. The most active of those in Asia were the Jesuits, Do¬
minicans, Franciscans,
Augustinians,
and French priests from the Mission
Etrangère de
Paris
(МЕР),
and several minor ones.
In the second chapter the author presents a comprehensive analysis of the biographies of
the Polish missionaries, focusing on the problems which have been neglected in the literature
on the subject so far. He concentrated on eight Poles:
Andrzej Rudomina, Wojciech Męciński,
Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki, Michał Boym, Jan Ignacy Lewicki, Jan Bąkowski, Marcin Placyd
Albrecht
and Romual Kocielsld.
He has been able to narrow down several dubious facts or
clarify certain dates pertaining to the lives of the Polish missionaries; he has also corrected
some erroneous establishments made by previous researchers, including Jesuit historians. The
most important are: thorough examination of the banishment and excommunication sen¬
tence of
Wojciech Męciński;
presentation of doubts concerning the source material on his
death in Japan; and establishing his motives of joining the Order and leaving for Japan. The
author has also ascertained a different travel route of
Michał Boym
to the Far East and re¬
interpreted the aims, circumstances and effects of his legation to Rome. Further, the author
presented how well
Jan Ignacy
Lewicki had been prepared for his mission to Tonkin (he was
fluent in Vietnamese); and proposed new assumptions about the birthplace of Lewicki and
Bąkowski.
Summary
343
Tlie
third chapter is dedicated to the motivations of young people to join the missionary
orders and to apply for mission to the Far East. The presented examination reveals that in
the analysed period there was considerable information available both in Polish and Latin
about the Far East countries and their Evangelisation that induced young people to leave for
the Far East. Although most often the information was fragmentary and distorted, neverthe¬
less it allowed missionaries to adapt quickly to the new conditions of life and work. On the
basis of the so-called
Inditetele,
i.e. the letters of Jesuits requesting to be sent on mission to
Far East, preserved in the Central Archives of the Jesuit Order
(ARSI),
the author analysed
the group of
114
Polish Jesuits, who in
1627-1724
sent to Rome
237
such letters. Great
religious zeal was evident in the letters, further stimulated by religious persecutions in Japan
and China. A great majority of their authors wanted to be sent to East India, Japan and
China. However, over three fourths were never sent to any foreign mission. Instead of going
to the Far East, they were sent to mission in the territory of the Commonwealth, occasion¬
ally to the neighbouring countries or Persia. According to the author, it was not enough to
write a requesting letter to go for a mission, as a positive decision did not depend on the
number of written requests. The superiors of the Polish Jesuits reluctantly sent young and
talented men for such distant and dangerous countries, offering instead the missions to the
eastern frontier of the Commonwealth or to Samogitia, as a kind of Polish Japan .
In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of that time there was popular information
about the martyrs death both of the Christians and missionaries. The largest number of
martyrs died in Japan, where at the beginning of the 17th century anti-Christian persecutions
began.
Tlie
visions of tortured missionaries and Japanese Christians who refused to give up
their faith must have strongly stimulated the imagination of young religious men and per¬
suaded them to follow the example and die fighting for the faith. The author has demon¬
strated that the cult of St. Francis
Xavier
also strengthened the faith of many and further
motivated young friars to leave for the Far East missions. But the Polish Roman Catholic
Church was not interested in the Far East missions for various reasons. Formally, the principle
of
Padroado
excluded other countries than Portugal and Spain from direct participation in
missionary work. More important, however, were the costs associated with foreign missions
that also brought about significant gains. This is confirmed by the fact that the Polish kings
sent missionaries to Persia and financed their missions there, hoping for trade or political
profits. Persia was supposed to be an important ally in the fight with the Ottoman Empire,
and missionaries often were the envoys of Polish kings or residents at the court of shah.
In the fifth chapter the author presents missionary works of the Polish missionaries as
the basic and most important
-
from missions viewpoint
-
activity of a missionary in the
Far East countries. On the basis of published accounts, mainly Jesuit, he indicated, not only
certain difficulties with which the missionaries were confronted but also various aims and
purposes of this activity and its achievements. The aims could be categorised into two groups:
direct and indirect, or
-
in other words
-
religious and non-religious. Observing the enter¬
prises of the Jesuits, their adversaries and critics began suspecting them of actions contradic¬
tory to the Orders principles and obligations. Finally it led to the dispute later to be known
as Chinese Rites and Terms Controversy . Even today the Jesuit policy of accommodation
causes controversies.
The author has demonstrated that the main purpose of the translators and exponents of
Far East mission was to describe to the Polish people its achievements in the Far East
344
Summary
countries, emphasising the universal dimensions of the Only True Faith and thus its Catholi¬
cism. It could be said that those texts served as ideological weapon in the fight of the Polish
Roman Catholic Church against the dissenters. At the same time they served the cognitive
needs and satisfied the curiosity of early modem Europeans. In the authors opinion mission
work was inseparably linked with the activities of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe,
which led to the conclusion that the history of missions should be analysed in the context
of both the history of Far Eastern and European countries.
A considerable part of the chapter is dedicated to the thorough examination of literary
works by
Michał Boym.
The author has exhaustively discussed the manuscripts and printed
editions of the works as well as the letters of this outstanding Polish missionary, the main of
which is Flora Sinensis. He indicated here propaganda purposes of numerous texts written
by Boym the aim of which was to popularise Jesuit missions in the Far East and present their
successes and achievements. He also convincingly demonstrated that the diplomatic legation
of Boym to Europe was to obtain help for Jesuit Chinese missions and not
-
as is still believed
-
to gain military and financial support for the falling Ming Dynasty. The Flora Sinensis,
according to the authors establishments, should be regarded not as an individual work of
the Polish missionary but a compilation of his research prepared by the Jesuits for propaganda
purposes. There is also a presentation of an image of China created by Athanasius Kircher
in his China Monumentis
Illustrata;
from the text emerges the pictures of exotic, idealised
country which did not correspond with the truth. The same chapter includes the analysis of
the Far East image captured by the written accounts from missions and old-Polish theatrical
plays. The author showed that the published texts broadened the knowledge about the Far
East in Europe, thus in Poland as well, although the knowledge was incomplete and did not
mirror the reality, as the published accounts from mission served mainly as ideological
weapon in the fight against the Roman Catholic Church opponents in Europe. Compared
with the missionary accounts of the Far East, the old-Polish theatrical plays did not offer
much information about the Far East, nonetheless they were examined because they reveal
the mentality and knowledge of their authors. Their aim, however, was not to reflect the
exotic reality but to stimulate religious zeal and influence the imagination of young Jesuits
and others. Like all works of art, they tended to generalize about the Far East and presented
very biased thoughts of their authors.
The literary legacy of missionaries, both the edited as inedited, has been analysed many
times, quite often, however, regardless of the circumstances and purposes of their writing
and publishing. Like all others, also Polish missionaries, especially the Jesuits, had the knowl¬
edge and set of skills in various domains of science, but first of all they were missionaries.
Their main aim was to spread the Glory of God, popularize the successes of their Order and
defend their brothers against their enemies. For this reason the texts written by missionaries
served mainly propaganda purposes, to be used as an political and ideological weapon. Even
so, they do include matter and values outside the religious sphere which
-
however
-
should
be regarded as means and not ends in their authors intention.
The researchers of the subject tend to express radical opinions, according to their outlook
on life. Historians from the Asiatic countries tends to see the role played by missionaries in
colonialist policy as extremely negative; this tendency is shared by the historiography of the
countries conquered by the Western powers. Missionaries are seen here as canters , cynical
Summary
345
agents or spies . And this is not only todays opinion, as they were seen as such already in
the
1
81 1 and
1
9th centuries.
On the opposite pole there is the Western historiography in which missionaries are seen
as scholars devoted solely to the development of pure science and imparting the knowledge
of technical and technological achievements to the Far East people. Genuine examination,
however, requires all the spheres of missionary activity to be put together in the reliable
historical context of those times.
Analyzing the accounts written by Polish missionaries, published also in Polish, the author
wanted to see whether they did or did not mirror the reality of the Far East at the time. The
picture he got from the accounts, especially written by Jesuits, was not ideal, but idealised;
was not full, but filled with various marvels . The Far East they presented was not the real
Far East, but on the other hand, why should be it? Missionaries had other purposes and tasks
and their were restricted by their own limitations: outlook on life, vision of the world formed
on the basis of previous, even more fantastic relations.
Missions, apart from converting individuals, did not significantly influenced the develop¬
ment or changes of the Far East societies in the
17*
and
18
centuries. Whereas missions,
especially Catholic ones, backed by trade and colonial activities had a deep effect on early
modern Europe, giving the Europeans mass
ofinformation
about the Far East and its inhab¬
itants.
The book is based on solid research conduced mainly in the Central Archives of the Jesuit
Order in Rome, in various archives and libraries in Poland (Archives of Little Poland Prov¬
ince, Jagiellonian University Library, the Princes Czartoryski Library, Polish National Library,
Warsaw University Library and others) and on thorough examination of the literature on the
subject. An additional value of the book are its five annexes: the first one presenting in simple
way of a table the Polish authors of the analysed Indipetae letters, the second summarising
the most important events of the Far East Evangelisation, third and fourth offering fragments
of the inscription from the Xian monument (both in Latin and English) and the last one
presenting the fragments of the China Munumentis
Illustrata
by Kircher. The book is also
supplemented by two indices of people and places
—
full and easy to use.
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
tresei
Wstęp
.5
Rozdział I
—
Proces ewangelizacji Dalekiego Wschodu
. 15
1.1.
Dzieje dawnych misji na terenie Dalekiego Wschodu
(do czasów nowożytnych)
. 16
1.1.1.
Nestorianie w Chinach
. 17
1.1.2.
Misje katolickie w średniowieczu
. 18
1.2.
Misje nowożytne na Dalekim Wschodzie
.20
1.2.1.
Padroado
.20
1.2.2.
Krótkie dzieje nowożytnej misji katolickiej na Dalekim Wschodzie
.21
1.2.3.
Organizacja Kościoła katolickiego na Dalekim Wschodzie
.24
1.2.4.
Misjonarze
.25
1.3.
Akomodacja misyjna jezuitów a sprawa rytów chińskich
.30
Rozdział
II
—
Udział Polaków w procesie ewangelizacji Dalekiego
Wschodu
(XVII-XVIII
w.)
.34
2.1.
Andrzej Rudomina (ok.
1595-1631).35
2.2.
Wojciech Męciński
(1598-1643) .44
2.3.
Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki
(1610-1656).73
2.4.
Michał Piotr Boym
(1612-1659).82
2.5.
Jan Ignacy Lewicki
(І608-1646)
.99
2.6.
Jan Bąkowski
(1672-1732). 103
2.7.
Misjonarze z innych zakonów pracujący na terenie Dalekiego
Wschodu
. 107
2.8.
Udział polskich zakonników w misjach w różnych rejonach świata poza
Dalekim Wschodem w
XVII-XVIII
w.
.112
2.9.
Inne polskie próby wyjazdu na misje na Daleki Wschód
. 113
Rozdział III
-
Motywacje misjonarzy pracujących na Dalekim
Wschodzie
. 124
3.1.
Indipetae: prośby polskich jezuitów o misje zagraniczne
.124
3.2.
Rola relacji misjonarskich w motywowaniu przyszłych misjonarzy
.137
3.2.1.
Rola relacji misjonarskich drukowanych w Polsce
. 138
3.2.2.
Rola obcojęzycznej literatury misjonarskiej
.155
3.2.3.
Materiały jezuickie (wewnątrzzakonne)
. 159
3.3.
Święty Franciszek Ksawery jako wzorzec osobowy dla misjonarzy
. 161
3.3.1.
Żywoty św. Franciszka Ksawerego
. 162
3.3.2.
Kazania i modlitwy do św. Franciszka Ksawerego
. 164
3.3.3.
Zbiory listów św. Franciszka Ksawerego
. 175
3.3.4.
Opisy cudów związanych ze św. Franciszkiem Ksawerym
. 177
3.4.
Rola sztuk teatralnych w motywowaniu przyszłych misjonarzy
. 180
Rozdział
IV
-
Działalność misyjna, jej cele i metody
.183
4.1.
Działalność misyjna Polaków na Dalekim Wschodzie
. 183
4.2.
Działalność misyjna w świetle relacji
. 187
4.3.
Cele i metody działalności misyjnej w świetle relacji
. 194
4.4.
Cele publikowania relacji misyjnych
. 200
Rozdział
V
-
Znaczenie misji dalekowschodniej dla kontaktów
międzykulturowych
.212
5.1.
Działalność literacka Michała Boyma
.212
5.1.1.
Rękopisy Michała Boyma
.212
5.1.2.
Prace drukowane Michała Boyma
.218
5.1.2.1.
Briefoe
Relation. 219
5.1.2.2.
Opublikowane listy Michała Boyma
. 225
5.1.2.3.
Flora Sinensis
. 226
5.1.2.4.
Prace Boyma na temat medycyny chińskiej
. 232
5.1.3.
Tablica kamienna z Singanfu
-
tzw.
stela
z
Xian. 233
5.1.4.
Flora Sinensis jako utwór propagandowy
. 242
5.1.5.
Czy Flora Sinensis to dzieło Michała Boyma?
. 247
5.1.6.
Flora Siensis a Dendrographia Jana
Jonstona
. 250
5.1.7.
Cele misji Michała Boyma do Europy w świele
Breve
Relatio i Flora Sinensis
. 251
5.2.
Obraz Chin i misji chińskiej w
China Monumentis
Illustrata
. 256
5.3.
Znajomość Dalekiego Wschodu w świetle relacji misyjnych
. 269
5.4.
Odbiór relacji misyjnych w Polsce a znajomość Dalekiego Wschodu
. 277
5.5.
Obraz Dalekiego Wschodu w staropolskich sztukach teatralnych
. 279
Podsumowanie
.289
Bibliografia
.293
Aneks
1 -
Polscy autorzy Indipetae
(114
osób)
-
Skrócone życiorysy
. 315
Aneks
2 —
Najważniejsze wydarzenia w ewangelizacji Dalekiego Wschodu
w
XVII-XVIII
w.
. 325
Aneks
3 -
Tłumaczenie inskrypcji Tablicy kamiennej z Singanfu (fragment)
(autorstwa M. Boyma)
. 328
Aneks
4 -
Tłumaczenie inskrypcji ze
steli
nestoriańskiej z
Xian
. 330
Aneks
5 -
Fragmenty
China
Monumentis
Illustrata Kirchera
. 337
Summary
.342
Indeks osobowy
.346
Indeks geograficzny
.360
í
Bayerische
ì
Staatsbibliothek
München
J
POLISH MISSIONARIES IN THE FAR EAST
IN THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURY
Summary
The aim of the present book is, on the one hand, to thoroughly present the group of the
Polish missionaries who in the 17th and
1
8th century Christianised the Far Eastern countries,
on the other
—
to answer the question what was the influence of their accounts and texts on
the religious disputes in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as well as on the common
knowledge about these distant countries.
In the
I6th-18lh
centuries the printing techniques allowed the wide range of texts to be
printed, from thin brochures to thick books with high-quality illustrations that delighted
and amazed readers, describing to them distant and alien countries, people, customs and
peculiarities. Printed accounts from the Far East missions played the role of a weapon for
the Roman Catholic Church in its fight against Protestantism, but at the same time they
brought closer the Europeans to the Far East, offering much more information than in the
Middle Ages or at the beginning of the period of geographical discoveries. What is more,
the accounts were much more reliable as there was a possibility to verify them.
The book is divided into five chapters of which the first outlines the history of the mis¬
sionary work in the countries of East and East-South Asia by the Roman Catholic Church,
in fact though, by Religious Orders. The most active of those in Asia were the Jesuits, Do¬
minicans, Franciscans,
Augustinians,
and French priests from the Mission
Etrangère de
Paris
(МЕР),
and several minor ones.
In the second chapter the author presents a comprehensive analysis of the biographies of
the Polish missionaries, focusing on the problems which have been neglected in the literature
on the subject so far. He concentrated on eight Poles:
Andrzej Rudomina, Wojciech Męciński,
Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki, Michał Boym, Jan Ignacy Lewicki, Jan Bąkowski, Marcin Placyd
Albrecht
and Romual Kocielsld.
He has been able to narrow down several dubious facts or
clarify certain dates pertaining to the lives of the Polish missionaries; he has also corrected
some erroneous establishments made by previous researchers, including Jesuit historians. The
most important are: thorough examination of the banishment and excommunication sen¬
tence of
Wojciech Męciński;
presentation of doubts concerning the source material on his
death in Japan; and establishing his motives of joining the Order and leaving for Japan. The
author has also ascertained a different travel route of
Michał Boym
to the Far East and re¬
interpreted the aims, circumstances and effects of his legation to Rome. Further, the author
presented how well
Jan Ignacy
Lewicki had been prepared for his mission to Tonkin (he was
fluent in Vietnamese); and proposed new assumptions about the birthplace of Lewicki and
Bąkowski.
Summary
343
Tlie
third chapter is dedicated to the motivations of young people to join the missionary
orders and to apply for mission to the Far East. The presented examination reveals that in
the analysed period there was considerable information available both in Polish and Latin
about the Far East countries and their Evangelisation that induced young people to leave for
the Far East. Although most often the information was fragmentary and distorted, neverthe¬
less it allowed missionaries to adapt quickly to the new conditions of life and work. On the
basis of the so-called
Inditetele,
i.e. the letters of Jesuits requesting to be sent on mission to
Far East, preserved in the Central Archives of the Jesuit Order
(ARSI),
the author analysed
the group of
114
Polish Jesuits, who in
1627-1724
sent to Rome
237
such letters. Great
religious zeal was evident in the letters, further stimulated by religious persecutions in Japan
and China. A great majority of their authors wanted to be sent to East India, Japan and
China. However, over three fourths were never sent to any foreign mission. Instead of going
to the Far East, they were sent to mission in the territory of the Commonwealth, occasion¬
ally to the neighbouring countries or Persia. According to the author, it was not enough to
write a requesting letter to go for a mission, as a positive decision did not depend on the
number of written requests. The superiors of the Polish Jesuits reluctantly sent young and
talented men for such distant and dangerous countries, offering instead the missions to the
eastern frontier of the Commonwealth or to Samogitia, as a kind of 'Polish Japan'.
In the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth of that time there was popular information
about the martyrs death both of the Christians and missionaries. The largest number of
martyrs died in Japan, where at the beginning of the 17th century anti-Christian persecutions
began.
Tlie
visions of tortured missionaries and Japanese Christians who refused to give up
their faith must have strongly stimulated the imagination of young religious men and per¬
suaded them to follow the example and die fighting for the faith. The author has demon¬
strated that the cult of St. Francis
Xavier
also strengthened the faith of many and further
motivated young friars to leave for the Far East missions. But the Polish Roman Catholic
Church was not interested in the Far East missions for various reasons. Formally, the principle
of
Padroado
excluded other countries than Portugal and Spain from direct participation in
missionary work. More important, however, were the costs associated with foreign missions
that also brought about significant gains. This is confirmed by the fact that the Polish kings
sent missionaries to Persia and financed their missions there, hoping for trade or political
profits. Persia was supposed to be an important ally in the fight with the Ottoman Empire,
and missionaries often were the envoys of Polish kings or residents at the court of shah.
In the fifth chapter the author presents missionary works of the Polish missionaries as
the basic and most important
-
from missions viewpoint
-
activity of a missionary in the
Far East countries. On the basis of published accounts, mainly Jesuit, he indicated, not only
certain difficulties with which the missionaries were confronted but also various aims and
purposes of this activity and its achievements. The aims could be categorised into two groups:
direct and indirect, or
-
in other words
-
religious and non-religious. Observing the enter¬
prises of the Jesuits, their adversaries and critics began suspecting them of actions contradic¬
tory to the Orders principles and obligations. Finally it led to the dispute later to be known
as "Chinese Rites and Terms Controversy". Even today the Jesuit policy of accommodation
causes controversies.
The author has demonstrated that the main purpose of the translators and exponents of
Far East mission was to describe to the Polish people its achievements in the Far East
344
Summary
countries, emphasising the universal dimensions of the Only True Faith and thus its Catholi¬
cism. It could be said that those texts served as ideological weapon in the fight of the Polish
Roman Catholic Church against the dissenters. At the same time they served the cognitive
needs and satisfied the curiosity of early modem Europeans. In the authors opinion mission
work was inseparably linked with the activities of the Roman Catholic Church in Europe,
which led to the conclusion that the history of missions should be analysed in the context
of both the history of Far Eastern and European countries.
A considerable part of the chapter is dedicated to the thorough examination of literary
works by
Michał Boym.
The author has exhaustively discussed the manuscripts and printed
editions of the works as well as the letters of this outstanding Polish missionary, the main of
which is Flora Sinensis. He indicated here propaganda purposes of numerous texts written
by Boym the aim of which was to popularise Jesuit missions in the Far East and present their
successes and achievements. He also convincingly demonstrated that the diplomatic legation
of Boym to Europe was to obtain help for Jesuit Chinese missions and not
-
as is still believed
-
to gain military and financial support for the falling Ming Dynasty. The Flora Sinensis,
according to the authors establishments, should be regarded not as an individual work of
the Polish missionary but a compilation of his research prepared by the Jesuits for propaganda
purposes. There is also a presentation of an image of China created by Athanasius Kircher
in his China Monumentis
Illustrata;
from the text emerges the pictures of exotic, idealised
country which did not correspond with the truth. The same chapter includes the analysis of
the Far East image captured by the written accounts from missions and old-Polish theatrical
plays. The author showed that the published texts broadened the knowledge about the Far
East in Europe, thus in Poland as well, although the knowledge was incomplete and did not
mirror the reality, as the published accounts from mission served mainly as ideological
weapon in the fight against the Roman Catholic Church opponents in Europe. Compared
with the missionary accounts of the Far East, the old-Polish theatrical plays did not offer
much information about the Far East, nonetheless they were examined because they reveal
the mentality and knowledge of their authors. Their aim, however, was not to reflect the
exotic reality but to stimulate religious zeal and influence the imagination of young Jesuits
and others. Like all works of art, they tended to generalize about the Far East and presented
very biased thoughts of their authors.
The literary legacy of missionaries, both the edited as inedited, has been analysed many
times, quite often, however, regardless of the circumstances and purposes of their writing
and publishing. Like all others, also Polish missionaries, especially the Jesuits, had the knowl¬
edge and set of skills in various domains of science, but first of all they were missionaries.
Their main aim was to spread the Glory of God, popularize the successes of their Order and
defend their brothers against their enemies. For this reason the texts written by missionaries
served mainly propaganda purposes, to be used as an political and ideological weapon. Even
so, they do include matter and values outside the religious sphere which
-
however
-
should
be regarded as means and not ends in their authors' intention.
The researchers of the subject tend to express radical opinions, according to their outlook
on life. Historians from the Asiatic countries tends to see the role played by missionaries in
colonialist policy as extremely negative; this tendency is shared by the historiography of the
countries conquered by the Western powers. Missionaries are seen here as "canters", "cynical
Summary
345
agents" or "spies". And this is not only todays opinion, as they were seen as such already in
the
1
81'1 and
1
9th centuries.
On the opposite pole there is the Western historiography in which missionaries are seen
as scholars devoted solely to the development of pure science and imparting the knowledge
of technical and technological achievements to the Far East people. Genuine examination,
however, requires all the spheres of missionary activity to be put together in the reliable
historical context of those times.
Analyzing the accounts written by Polish missionaries, published also in Polish, the author
wanted to see whether they did or did not mirror the reality of the Far East at the time. The
picture he got from the accounts, especially written by Jesuits, was not ideal, but idealised;
was not full, but filled with various "marvels". The Far East they presented was not the real
Far East, but on the other hand, why should be it? Missionaries had other purposes and tasks
and their were restricted by their own limitations: outlook on life, vision of the world formed
on the basis of previous, even more fantastic relations.
Missions, apart from converting individuals, did not significantly influenced the develop¬
ment or changes of the Far East societies in the
17*
and
18'''
centuries. Whereas missions,
especially Catholic ones, backed by trade and colonial activities had a deep effect on early
modern Europe, giving the Europeans mass
ofinformation
about the Far East and its inhab¬
itants.
The book is based on solid research conduced mainly in the Central Archives of the Jesuit
Order in Rome, in various archives and libraries in Poland (Archives of Little Poland Prov¬
ince, Jagiellonian University Library, the Princes Czartoryski Library, Polish National Library,
Warsaw University Library and others) and on thorough examination of the literature on the
subject. An additional value of the book are its five annexes: the first one presenting in simple
way of a table the Polish authors of the analysed Indipetae letters, the second summarising
the most important events of the Far East Evangelisation, third and fourth offering fragments
of the inscription from the Xian monument (both in Latin and English) and the last one
presenting the fragments of the China Munumentis
Illustrata
by Kircher. The book is also
supplemented by two indices of people and places
—
full and easy to use. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Ha, Nguyen Duc |
| author_facet | Ha, Nguyen Duc |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Ha, Nguyen Duc |
| author_variant | n d h nd ndh |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023059375 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 293-314. Indeksy |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)169975866 (DE-599)BVBBV023059375 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1600-1800 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-1800 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:28:09Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:10:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8389729814 |
| language | Polish |
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| physical | 366, [2] s. il. 25 cm |
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| spelling | Ha, Nguyen Duc Verfasser aut Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku Duc Ha Nguyen Wyd. 1. Warszawa Wydawnictwo Neriton 2006 366, [2] s. il. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Polish missionaries in the Far East in the seventeenth and eighteenth century Bibliogr. s. 293-314. Indeksy Geschichte 1600-1800 gnd rswk-swf Misjonarze polscy / Azja Wschodnia / 1500-1800 jhpk Kościół katolicki / misje / Azja Wschodnia / 1500-1800 jhpk Kościół katolicki - misje - Azja Wschodnia - 1500-1800 jhpk Misjonarze polscy - Azja Wschodnia - 1500-1800 jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Missionar (DE-588)4039575-3 gnd rswk-swf Ferner Osten (DE-588)4016795-1 gnd rswk-swf Ferner Osten (DE-588)4016795-1 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Missionar (DE-588)4039575-3 s Geschichte 1600-1800 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016262634&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016262634&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ha, Nguyen Duc Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku Bibliogr. s. 293-314. Indeksy Misjonarze polscy / Azja Wschodnia / 1500-1800 jhpk Kościół katolicki / misje / Azja Wschodnia / 1500-1800 jhpk Kościół katolicki - misje - Azja Wschodnia - 1500-1800 jhpk Misjonarze polscy - Azja Wschodnia - 1500-1800 jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Missionar (DE-588)4039575-3 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4039575-3 (DE-588)4016795-1 |
| title | Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku |
| title_auth | Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku |
| title_exact_search | Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku |
| title_full | Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku Duc Ha Nguyen |
| title_fullStr | Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku Duc Ha Nguyen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku Duc Ha Nguyen |
| title_short | Polscy misjonarze na Dalekim Wschodzie w XVII - XVIII wieku |
| title_sort | polscy misjonarze na dalekim wschodzie w xvii xviii wieku |
| topic | Misjonarze polscy / Azja Wschodnia / 1500-1800 jhpk Kościół katolicki / misje / Azja Wschodnia / 1500-1800 jhpk Kościół katolicki - misje - Azja Wschodnia - 1500-1800 jhpk Misjonarze polscy - Azja Wschodnia - 1500-1800 jhpk Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd Missionar (DE-588)4039575-3 gnd |
| topic_facet | Misjonarze polscy / Azja Wschodnia / 1500-1800 Kościół katolicki / misje / Azja Wschodnia / 1500-1800 Kościół katolicki - misje - Azja Wschodnia - 1500-1800 Misjonarze polscy - Azja Wschodnia - 1500-1800 Polen Volk Missionar Ferner Osten |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016262634&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016262634&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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