Repairing the past?: international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses
Gespeichert in:
| Weitere Verfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Antwerpen [u.a.]
Intersentia
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Series on transitional justice
1 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references |
| Beschreibung: | xix, 455 p. |
| ISBN: | 9789050954921 |
Internformat
MARC
| LEADER | 00000nam a2200000 cb4500 | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | BV023052232 | ||
| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20210112 | ||
| 007 | t | ||
| 008 | 071214s2007 |||| 00||| eng d | ||
| 020 | |a 9789050954921 |9 978-90-5095-492-1 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)494249717 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV023052232 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a eng | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 |a DE-19 |a DE-739 | ||
| 050 | 0 | |a K3240 | |
| 082 | 0 | |a 362.87 |2 22 | |
| 084 | |a PR 2213 |0 (DE-625)139532: |2 rvk | ||
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Repairing the past? |b international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses |c edited by Max du Plessis and Stephen Peté |
| 264 | 1 | |a Antwerpen [u.a.] |b Intersentia |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a xix, 455 p. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Series on transitional justice |v 1 | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references | ||
| 650 | 7 | |a Droits de l'homme |2 ram | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Réparations des crimes de l'histoire |2 ram | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Menschenrecht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Human rights | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Reparations for historical injustices | |
| 655 | 7 | |0 (DE-588)4143413-4 |a Aufsatzsammlung |2 gnd-content | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Du Plessis, Max |0 (DE-588)1080071725 |4 edt | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Peté, Stephen |d 1959- |0 (DE-588)1175983659 |4 edt | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Series on transitional justice |v 1 |w (DE-604)BV023052225 |9 1 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016255591 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137285704220672 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE..................................................................................................................... v FOREWORD ............................................................................................................. vii PARTA: THEORETICAL ISSUES -OF SCALE AND COMPLEXITY REPARATIONS FOR GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT Stephen Peté and Max du Plessis..................................................................... З 1 2 3 4 The magnitude and multitude of gross human rights abuses............................3 Reparations as a human rights ideal..................................................................11 Of drawing lines - ‘reparations for what?’ ........................................................15 3.1 When is‘gross’gross enough? ..................................................................17 3.2 When is the past too long ago?................................................................. 20 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 27 BACK TO THE FUTURE: THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION OF LIBERAL JUSTICE Michael Freeman ..................................................................................................29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 On justice............................................................................................................. 29 Historical justice................................................................................................. 33 Reparative justice
............................................................................................... 38 Are historical and distributive justice compatible? ......................................... 41 Remedial responsibility ..................................................................................... 43 Objections to reparations................................................................................... 47 Retributive justice............................................................................................... 49 Apology............................................................................................................... 50 Conclusions......................................................................................................... 50 Intersentia XI
Table of Contents TAKING APOLOGY SERIOUSLY Catherine Jenkins............................................................................................. 53 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 53 What is an apology? ........................................................................................... 57 Why have international lawyers shown littleinterest in apology?...................60 3.1 The focus on retribution through international criminal justice........ 61 3.2 The concept of an apologetic threshold ..................................................63 3.3 International law culture ..........................................................................64 3.4 State sovereignty........................................................................................65 Promoting apology............................................................................................. 66 4.1 Regional human rights conventionsand organs .....................................66 4.2 International criminal tribunals................................................................71 4.3 Truth commissions................................................................................... 78 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 80 AMNESTY OR IMPUNITY? A PRELIMINARY CRITIQUE OF THE REPORT OF THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA (TRC) Mahmood
Mamdani..........................................................................................83 1 2 Findings............................................................................................................... 85 A matter of definition..........................................................................................87 2.1 Gross violations..........................................................................................87 2.2 Severe ill-treatment....................................................................................91 3 The big picture the Commission obscured: the crime against humanity ... 95 4 Forced removals ................................................................................................. 96 5 Pass laws and coerced labour............................................................................ 100 6 Farm prison system............................................................................................102 7 Detention without trial......................................................................................103 8 Rule of law..........................................................................................................104 9 A racialised/ethnicised legal structure..............................................................108 10 Amnesty - but no reparations - for a‘crime against humanity’ .................. Ill 11 A dissenting view................................................................................................112 12
Conclusion..........................................................................................................116 xii Intersentia
Table of Contents HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS ON HOLOCAUST REPARATIONS: UNFINISHED BUSINESS OR AN EXAMPLE FOR OTHER REPARATIONS CAMPAIGNS? Regula Ludi .......................................................................................................... 119 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction ......................................................................................................119 Victim reparations: a post-war innovation......................................................122 The international context: the Luxembourg Treaty and its historical significance ..................... 126 Chronology of victim reparations in the federal republic of Germany .... 130 4.1 The occupation period (1945-1949).................................................... 131 4.2 Perpetrator integration and victim reparations in the early federal republic ........................................................................................134 4.3 Discovering the ‘survivor syndrome’ and the ‘forgotten victims’.... 136 4.4 Holocaust restitution campaigns after the collapse of communism . 138 The dialectics of victimhood: definitions, victim hierarchies and mechanisms of exclusion..................................................................................139 Conclusion: what did Holocaust reparations achieve? ..................................143 PART B: REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: HOW ARE REPARATIONS TO BE DETERMINED (PAST WRONG OR CURRENT EFFECTS), AGAINST WHOM, AND WHAT FORM SHOULD THEY TAKE? Max du
Plessis......................................................................................................147 1 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................147 Reparation for slavery........................................................................................150 2.1 Calls for reparation for slavery and international law........................150 2.2 International law and the sobering doctrine of inter-temporal law .. 151 2.3 Thinking outside the legal box ֊ Political strategies and arguments from morality and African-centred consciousness..........157 2.3.1 A moral global economy as incentive for reparation................ 157 2.3.2 Past wrong, current effect, against whom? Looking towards a collective conscience..................................................161 2.4 The reparations envisaged - What form should they take?..................167 2.4.1 Restitution....................................................................................169 2.4.2 Compensation..............................................................................169 Intersentia xiii
Table of Contents 3 2.4.3 Satisfaction.................................................................................... 174 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 176 REPARATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW Andreas O’Shea................................................................................................179 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction ......................................................................................................179 Reparations for accused and released persons................................................ 183 Reparations for victims of crimes .................................................................... 186 3.1 Principle of reparations for victims........................................................ 186 3.2 Institutional framework for the provision of reparations in international criminal process................................................................ 187 3.3 The establishment of principles on reparations.................................... 188 3.4 The source of reparations........................................................................189 3.5 The enforcement of orders of reparations .......................................... 189 Victim participation..........................................................................................190 An international reparations fund.................................................................... 194 Relationship between reparations and the duty to prosecute international crimes
..........................................................................................194 Conclusion..........................................................................................................196 REPARATIONS FOR GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN AFRICA - THE GREAT LAKES Jeremy Sarkin....................................................................................................197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 xiv Introduction ......................................................................................................197 Reparations for abuses committed during the colonial era .......................... 199 Colonial abuse and its effects............................................................................202 The Democratic Republic of the Congo..........................................................206 The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s transition and dealing with the past............................................................................................................... 209 Rwanda ............................................................................................................. 210 Reparations in Rwanda......................................................................................213 Burundi ............................................................................................................. 216 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights............................219 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda..........................................221 Claims between states in
the Great Lakes for reparations............................... 222 Debt relief, development aid and reparations ................................................226 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 228 Intersentia
Table of Contents PART C: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED ABROAD APARTHEID AND THE ALIEN TORTS ACT: GLOBAL JUSTICE MEETS SOVEREIGN EQUALITY Michael Osborne ........................................................................................... 231 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 231 Apartheid and the TRC ................................................................................... 233 The Alien Tort Statute ..................................................................................... 237 3.1 The ATS as late-bloomer ....................................................................... 237 3.2 The ATS as a response to systematic failure..........................................240 3.3 Limits of the ATS..................................................................................... 244 3.4 The ATS reaches the Supreme Court ....................................................246 3.4.1 The scope of the ATS ................................................................247 3.4.2 The ATS and the political question doctrine ..........................250 The apartheid litigation ................................................................................... 250 4.1 Parties and allegations............................................................................. 251 4.2 Personal jurisdiction over the apartheid defendants............................253 4.3 Judge Sprizzo’s decision......................................................................... 255 4.4
Evaluating Judge Sprizzo’s judgment ................................................... 257 4.4.1 State action ................................................................................. 257 4.4.2 Sources of international law....................................................... 258 4.4.3 Aiding and abetting liability....................................................... 259 4.4.4 The conduct of the defendant ..................................................260 4.4.5 Intention of the defendant......................................................... 261 4.4.6 Just doing business? ................................................................... 263 4.5 Explaining Judge Sprizzo’s decision ......................................................266 The ATS as an irritant to foreign relations..................................................... 267 5.1 The government interventions............................................................... 268 5.2 Risking relationships............................................................................... 271 5.3 Disrupting the deal................................................................................. 276 5.4 The economic costs of justice................................................................. 279 The ATS, sovereign equality and world order ................................................281 6.1 The ATS as judicial imperialism ........................................................... 281 6.2 The ATS as paradigm of a new world order............................................284 Saving the ATS: a modest
proposal................................................................. 287 7.1 The ATS and universal jurisdisction..................................................... 288 7.1.1 The necessity of‘minimum contracts’ ....................................288 7.1.2 Delimiting the ATS: subject-matter jurisdiction......................289 Intersentia XV
Table of Contents PARTD: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AT HOME REDRESS FOR SLAVERY - THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STRUGGLE Roy L. Brooks................................................................................................... 297 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 297 Short history of black redress movement........................................................300 Redress models ................................................................................................. 302 Tort model......................................................................................................... 302 Atonement model............................................................................................. 307 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 312 CORPORATE REPARATIONS FOR DESCENDANTS OF ENSLAVED AFRICAN-AMERICANS - PRACTICAL OBSTACLES Diane E. Sammons........................................................................................... 315 1 2 3 4 xvi Introduction ..................................................................................................... 315 The unique role of the U.S. Courts in shaping policy....................................318 2.1. Judicial activism versus judicial restraint ..............................................319 2.2 The rule of law versus equity..................................................................321 2.3 Individual versus collective
justice..........................................................322 2.3.1 Mass tort suits/class actions........................................................323 2.3.2 Civil rights litigation....................................................................325 2.3.3 Human rights litigation ..............................................................327 Legal theories..................................................................................................... 329 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 329 3.2 Slavery as violation of natural law..........................................................330 3.3 Property claims ....................................................................................... 334 3.3.1 Accounting................................................................................... 334 3.3.2 Unjust enrichment ..................................................................... 335 3.3.3 Conversion................................................................................... 336 3.4 Tort liability claims................................................................................. 337 3.5 Crimes against humanity........................................................................337 3.6 Consumer protection statutes ............................................................... 338 Legal stumbling blocks..................................................................................... 339 4.1
Standing....................................................................... 340 4.2 Statute of limitations............................................................................... 342 4.3 The political question doctrine ..............................................................344 4.3.1 Courts not precluded from hearing reparation claims ............345 Intersentia
Table of Contents 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 5 6 Textual constitutional commitment to other branches.......... 345 Lack of manageable standards................................................... 346 Embarrassment or contradictory prior statements of the administration or other constituent branches of government................................................................................. 346 4.4 Causation.................................................................................................347 The real stumbling blocks ............................................................................... 350 5.1 Gaps in historical knowledge................................................................. 350 5.2 Limited resources ................................................................................... 351 5.3 Traditional civil rights organisations at odds with grassroots activists..................................................................................................... 352 5.4 Political efforts......................................................................................... 352 5.5 Efforts by civil society............................................................................. 354 5.6 Conservative judiciary ........................................................................... 356 5.7 Effective grass roots support ................................................................. 356 The road forward ............................................................................................. 357 REPARATIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL ABUSE
IN CANADA: LITIGATION, ADR AND POLITICS Ken Cooper-Stephenson............................................................................... 359 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction and background......................................................................... 359 1.1 Political awareness: restoring dignity..................................................... 360 1.2 Residential school litigation................................................................... 361 1.3 The DR model......................................................................................... 363 The Assembly of First Nations report............................................................. 364 2.1 Background to the report....................................................................... 364 2.2 Critique of the DR model....................................................................... 365 2.3 Compensation recommendations......................................................... 366 2.4 Truth-telling and reconciliation ........................................................... 367 Political and legal progress............................................................................... 368 3.1 The political accord................................................................................. 368 3.2 The AFN class action............................................................................... 369 3.3 Reconciliation and compensation agreement ..................................... 370 Recent Supreme Court of Canada rulings ..................................................... 371 4.1
Vicarious liability ................................................................................... 372 4.2 Factual causation of damages................................................................. 374 Justice and alternative dispute resolution........................................... 376 5.1 Theoretical questions ............................................................................. 376 5.2 The rights-entitlement backcloth ..........................................................377 Intersentia ХѴ1І
Table of Contents 5.3 Justice, ADR and critical legal studies....................................................379 5.4 The ‘justice’ of negotiated rights ............................................................380 5.5 Corrective and distributive justice..........................................................382 5.6 The risks of quasi-legality........................................................................384 5.7 Harmony and holism ............................................................................. 384 6 Politics, rights and compromise ....................................................................... 385 6.1 Frictions and dichotomies ......................................................................385 6.2 Inside or outside law............................................................................... 387 A ‘DIMINISHED NATION’ - AUSTRALIA’S RESPONSE TO CLAIMS FOR REPARATIONS BY THE ‘STOLEN GENERATIONS’ Mark Harris..................................................................................................... 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 389 Historical background to the stolen generations............................................390 The stolen generations inquiry ........................................................................393 Stolen generations litigation ............................................................................399 Writing a nation’s history
............................................................................... 406 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 409 PARTE: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AGAINST FOREIGN STATES T WILL BE FORGOTTEN’: LEGAL REDRESS FOR KOREAN COMFORT WOMEN BoJungKwon ................................................................................................. 413 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 413 Challenges in prosecuting sexual violence in war ..........................................415 Litigation in Japan............................................................................................. 418 Taking the case to U.S. Courts......................................................................... 421 Women’s international war crimes tribunal on Japan’s military sexual slavery..................................................................................................... 424 To litigate or not to litigate: merits of legal redress for Korean comfort women............................................................................................................... 428 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 434 xviii Intersentia
Table of Contents THE HERERO DEMAND FOR REPARATIONS FROM GERMANY: THE HUNDRED YEAR OLD LEGACY OF A COLONIAL WAR IN THE POLITICS OF MODERN NAMIBIA Sidney L. Harring................................................................................................437 1 2 3 4 German colonisation of Namibia and the Herero war................................438 The Herero demand for reparations............................................................... 441 The Herero and their reparations claim in Namibian politics....................446 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 449 NOTE ON THE AUTHORS................................................................................... 451 Intersentia XIX
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE..................................................................................................................... v FOREWORD ............................................................................................................. vii PARTA: THEORETICAL ISSUES -OF SCALE AND COMPLEXITY REPARATIONS FOR GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT Stephen Peté and Max du Plessis..................................................................... З 1 2 3 4 The magnitude and multitude of gross human rights abuses............................3 Reparations as a human rights ideal..................................................................11 Of drawing lines - ‘reparations for what?’ ........................................................15 3.1 When is‘gross’gross enough? ..................................................................17 3.2 When is the past too long ago?................................................................. 20 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 27 BACK TO THE FUTURE: THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION OF LIBERAL JUSTICE Michael Freeman ..................................................................................................29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 On justice............................................................................................................. 29 Historical justice................................................................................................. 33 Reparative justice
............................................................................................... 38 Are historical and distributive justice compatible? ......................................... 41 Remedial responsibility ..................................................................................... 43 Objections to reparations................................................................................... 47 Retributive justice............................................................................................... 49 Apology............................................................................................................... 50 Conclusions......................................................................................................... 50 Intersentia XI
Table of Contents TAKING APOLOGY SERIOUSLY Catherine Jenkins............................................................................................. 53 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 53 What is an apology? ........................................................................................... 57 Why have international lawyers shown littleinterest in apology?...................60 3.1 The focus on retribution through international criminal justice........ 61 3.2 The concept of an apologetic threshold ..................................................63 3.3 International law culture ..........................................................................64 3.4 State sovereignty........................................................................................65 Promoting apology............................................................................................. 66 4.1 Regional human rights conventionsand organs .....................................66 4.2 International criminal tribunals................................................................71 4.3 Truth commissions................................................................................... 78 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 80 AMNESTY OR IMPUNITY? A PRELIMINARY CRITIQUE OF THE REPORT OF THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA (TRC) Mahmood
Mamdani..........................................................................................83 1 2 Findings............................................................................................................... 85 A matter of definition..........................................................................................87 2.1 Gross violations..........................................................................................87 2.2 Severe ill-treatment....................................................................................91 3 The big picture the Commission obscured: the crime against humanity ... 95 4 Forced removals ................................................................................................. 96 5 Pass laws and coerced labour............................................................................ 100 6 Farm prison system............................................................................................102 7 Detention without trial......................................................................................103 8 Rule of law..........................................................................................................104 9 A racialised/ethnicised legal structure..............................................................108 10 Amnesty - but no reparations - for a‘crime against humanity’ .................. Ill 11 A dissenting view................................................................................................112 12
Conclusion..........................................................................................................116 xii Intersentia
Table of Contents HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS ON HOLOCAUST REPARATIONS: UNFINISHED BUSINESS OR AN EXAMPLE FOR OTHER REPARATIONS CAMPAIGNS? Regula Ludi .......................................................................................................... 119 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction ......................................................................................................119 Victim reparations: a post-war innovation......................................................122 The international context: the Luxembourg Treaty and its historical significance ..................... 126 Chronology of victim reparations in the federal republic of Germany .... 130 4.1 The occupation period (1945-1949).................................................... 131 4.2 Perpetrator integration and victim reparations in the early federal republic ........................................................................................134 4.3 Discovering the ‘survivor syndrome’ and the ‘forgotten victims’.... 136 4.4 Holocaust restitution campaigns after the collapse of communism . 138 The dialectics of victimhood: definitions, victim hierarchies and mechanisms of exclusion..................................................................................139 Conclusion: what did Holocaust reparations achieve? ..................................143 PART B: REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: HOW ARE REPARATIONS TO BE DETERMINED (PAST WRONG OR CURRENT EFFECTS), AGAINST WHOM, AND WHAT FORM SHOULD THEY TAKE? Max du
Plessis......................................................................................................147 1 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................147 Reparation for slavery........................................................................................150 2.1 Calls for reparation for slavery and international law........................150 2.2 International law and the sobering doctrine of inter-temporal law .. 151 2.3 Thinking outside the legal box ֊ Political strategies and arguments from morality and African-centred consciousness..........157 2.3.1 A moral global economy as incentive for reparation................ 157 2.3.2 Past wrong, current effect, against whom? Looking towards a collective conscience..................................................161 2.4 The reparations envisaged - What form should they take?..................167 2.4.1 Restitution....................................................................................169 2.4.2 Compensation..............................................................................169 Intersentia xiii
Table of Contents 3 2.4.3 Satisfaction.................................................................................... 174 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 176 REPARATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW Andreas O’Shea................................................................................................179 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction ......................................................................................................179 Reparations for accused and released persons................................................ 183 Reparations for victims of crimes .................................................................... 186 3.1 Principle of reparations for victims........................................................ 186 3.2 Institutional framework for the provision of reparations in international criminal process................................................................ 187 3.3 The establishment of principles on reparations.................................... 188 3.4 The source of reparations........................................................................189 3.5 The enforcement of orders of reparations .......................................... 189 Victim participation..........................................................................................190 An international reparations fund.................................................................... 194 Relationship between reparations and the duty to prosecute international crimes
..........................................................................................194 Conclusion..........................................................................................................196 REPARATIONS FOR GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN AFRICA - THE GREAT LAKES Jeremy Sarkin....................................................................................................197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 xiv Introduction ......................................................................................................197 Reparations for abuses committed during the colonial era .......................... 199 Colonial abuse and its effects............................................................................202 The Democratic Republic of the Congo..........................................................206 The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s transition and dealing with the past............................................................................................................... 209 Rwanda ............................................................................................................. 210 Reparations in Rwanda......................................................................................213 Burundi ............................................................................................................. 216 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights............................219 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda..........................................221 Claims between states in
the Great Lakes for reparations............................... 222 Debt relief, development aid and reparations ................................................226 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 228 Intersentia
Table of Contents PART C: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED ABROAD APARTHEID AND THE ALIEN TORTS ACT: GLOBAL JUSTICE MEETS SOVEREIGN EQUALITY Michael Osborne ........................................................................................... 231 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 231 Apartheid and the TRC ................................................................................... 233 The Alien Tort Statute ..................................................................................... 237 3.1 The ATS as late-bloomer ....................................................................... 237 3.2 The ATS as a response to systematic failure..........................................240 3.3 Limits of the ATS..................................................................................... 244 3.4 The ATS reaches the Supreme Court ....................................................246 3.4.1 The scope of the ATS ................................................................247 3.4.2 The ATS and the political question doctrine ..........................250 The apartheid litigation ................................................................................... 250 4.1 Parties and allegations............................................................................. 251 4.2 Personal jurisdiction over the apartheid defendants............................253 4.3 Judge Sprizzo’s decision......................................................................... 255 4.4
Evaluating Judge Sprizzo’s judgment ................................................... 257 4.4.1 State action ................................................................................. 257 4.4.2 Sources of international law....................................................... 258 4.4.3 Aiding and abetting liability....................................................... 259 4.4.4 The conduct of the defendant ..................................................260 4.4.5 Intention of the defendant......................................................... 261 4.4.6 Just doing business? ................................................................... 263 4.5 Explaining Judge Sprizzo’s decision ......................................................266 The ATS as an irritant to foreign relations..................................................... 267 5.1 The government interventions............................................................... 268 5.2 Risking relationships............................................................................... 271 5.3 Disrupting the deal................................................................................. 276 5.4 The economic costs of justice................................................................. 279 The ATS, sovereign equality and world order ................................................281 6.1 The ATS as judicial imperialism ........................................................... 281 6.2 The ATS as paradigm of a new world order............................................284 Saving the ATS: a modest
proposal................................................................. 287 7.1 The ATS and universal jurisdisction..................................................... 288 7.1.1 The necessity of‘minimum contracts’ ....................................288 7.1.2 Delimiting the ATS: subject-matter jurisdiction......................289 Intersentia XV
Table of Contents PARTD: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AT HOME REDRESS FOR SLAVERY - THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STRUGGLE Roy L. Brooks................................................................................................... 297 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 297 Short history of black redress movement........................................................300 Redress models ................................................................................................. 302 Tort model......................................................................................................... 302 Atonement model............................................................................................. 307 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 312 CORPORATE REPARATIONS FOR DESCENDANTS OF ENSLAVED AFRICAN-AMERICANS - PRACTICAL OBSTACLES Diane E. Sammons........................................................................................... 315 1 2 3 4 xvi Introduction ..................................................................................................... 315 The unique role of the U.S. Courts in shaping policy....................................318 2.1. Judicial activism versus judicial restraint ..............................................319 2.2 The rule of law versus equity..................................................................321 2.3 Individual versus collective
justice..........................................................322 2.3.1 Mass tort suits/class actions........................................................323 2.3.2 Civil rights litigation....................................................................325 2.3.3 Human rights litigation ..............................................................327 Legal theories..................................................................................................... 329 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 329 3.2 Slavery as violation of natural law..........................................................330 3.3 Property claims ....................................................................................... 334 3.3.1 Accounting................................................................................... 334 3.3.2 Unjust enrichment ..................................................................... 335 3.3.3 Conversion................................................................................... 336 3.4 Tort liability claims................................................................................. 337 3.5 Crimes against humanity........................................................................337 3.6 Consumer protection statutes ............................................................... 338 Legal stumbling blocks..................................................................................... 339 4.1
Standing....................................................................... 340 4.2 Statute of limitations............................................................................... 342 4.3 The political question doctrine ..............................................................344 4.3.1 Courts not precluded from hearing reparation claims ............345 Intersentia
Table of Contents 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 5 6 Textual constitutional commitment to other branches.......... 345 Lack of manageable standards................................................... 346 Embarrassment or contradictory prior statements of the administration or other constituent branches of government................................................................................. 346 4.4 Causation.................................................................................................347 The real stumbling blocks ............................................................................... 350 5.1 Gaps in historical knowledge................................................................. 350 5.2 Limited resources ................................................................................... 351 5.3 Traditional civil rights organisations at odds with grassroots activists..................................................................................................... 352 5.4 Political efforts......................................................................................... 352 5.5 Efforts by civil society............................................................................. 354 5.6 Conservative judiciary ........................................................................... 356 5.7 Effective grass roots support ................................................................. 356 The road forward ............................................................................................. 357 REPARATIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL ABUSE
IN CANADA: LITIGATION, ADR AND POLITICS Ken Cooper-Stephenson............................................................................... 359 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction and background......................................................................... 359 1.1 Political awareness: restoring dignity..................................................... 360 1.2 Residential school litigation................................................................... 361 1.3 The DR model......................................................................................... 363 The Assembly of First Nations report............................................................. 364 2.1 Background to the report....................................................................... 364 2.2 Critique of the DR model....................................................................... 365 2.3 Compensation recommendations......................................................... 366 2.4 Truth-telling and reconciliation ........................................................... 367 Political and legal progress............................................................................... 368 3.1 The political accord................................................................................. 368 3.2 The AFN class action............................................................................... 369 3.3 Reconciliation and compensation agreement ..................................... 370 Recent Supreme Court of Canada rulings ..................................................... 371 4.1
Vicarious liability ................................................................................... 372 4.2 Factual causation of damages................................................................. 374 Justice and alternative dispute resolution........................................... 376 5.1 Theoretical questions ............................................................................. 376 5.2 The rights-entitlement backcloth ..........................................................377 Intersentia ХѴ1І
Table of Contents 5.3 Justice, ADR and critical legal studies....................................................379 5.4 The ‘justice’ of negotiated rights ............................................................380 5.5 Corrective and distributive justice..........................................................382 5.6 The risks of quasi-legality........................................................................384 5.7 Harmony and holism ............................................................................. 384 6 Politics, rights and compromise ....................................................................... 385 6.1 Frictions and dichotomies ......................................................................385 6.2 Inside or outside law............................................................................... 387 A ‘DIMINISHED NATION’ - AUSTRALIA’S RESPONSE TO CLAIMS FOR REPARATIONS BY THE ‘STOLEN GENERATIONS’ Mark Harris..................................................................................................... 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 389 Historical background to the stolen generations............................................390 The stolen generations inquiry ........................................................................393 Stolen generations litigation ............................................................................399 Writing a nation’s history
............................................................................... 406 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 409 PARTE: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AGAINST FOREIGN STATES T WILL BE FORGOTTEN’: LEGAL REDRESS FOR KOREAN COMFORT WOMEN BoJungKwon ................................................................................................. 413 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 413 Challenges in prosecuting sexual violence in war ..........................................415 Litigation in Japan............................................................................................. 418 Taking the case to U.S. Courts......................................................................... 421 Women’s international war crimes tribunal on Japan’s military sexual slavery..................................................................................................... 424 To litigate or not to litigate: merits of legal redress for Korean comfort women............................................................................................................... 428 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 434 xviii Intersentia
Table of Contents THE HERERO DEMAND FOR REPARATIONS FROM GERMANY: THE HUNDRED YEAR OLD LEGACY OF A COLONIAL WAR IN THE POLITICS OF MODERN NAMIBIA Sidney L. Harring................................................................................................437 1 2 3 4 German colonisation of Namibia and the Herero war................................438 The Herero demand for reparations............................................................... 441 The Herero and their reparations claim in Namibian politics....................446 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 449 NOTE ON THE AUTHORS................................................................................... 451 Intersentia XIX
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE..................................................................................................................... v FOREWORD ............................................................................................................. vii PARTA: THEORETICAL ISSUES -OF SCALE AND COMPLEXITY REPARATIONS FOR GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT Stephen Peté and Max du Plessis..................................................................... З 1 2 3 4 The magnitude and multitude of gross human rights abuses............................3 Reparations as a human rights ideal..................................................................11 Of drawing lines - ‘reparations for what?’ ........................................................15 3.1 When is‘gross’gross enough? ..................................................................17 3.2 When is the past too long ago?................................................................. 20 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 27 BACK TO THE FUTURE: THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION OF LIBERAL JUSTICE Michael Freeman ..................................................................................................29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 On justice............................................................................................................. 29 Historical justice................................................................................................. 33 Reparative justice
............................................................................................... 38 Are historical and distributive justice compatible? ......................................... 41 Remedial responsibility ..................................................................................... 43 Objections to reparations................................................................................... 47 Retributive justice............................................................................................... 49 Apology............................................................................................................... 50 Conclusions......................................................................................................... 50 Intersentia XI
Table of Contents TAKING APOLOGY SERIOUSLY Catherine Jenkins............................................................................................. 53 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 53 What is an apology? ........................................................................................... 57 Why have international lawyers shown littleinterest in apology?...................60 3.1 The focus on retribution through international criminal justice........ 61 3.2 The concept of an apologetic threshold ..................................................63 3.3 International law culture ..........................................................................64 3.4 State sovereignty........................................................................................65 Promoting apology............................................................................................. 66 4.1 Regional human rights conventionsand organs .....................................66 4.2 International criminal tribunals................................................................71 4.3 Truth commissions................................................................................... 78 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 80 AMNESTY OR IMPUNITY? A PRELIMINARY CRITIQUE OF THE REPORT OF THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA (TRC) Mahmood
Mamdani..........................................................................................83 1 2 Findings............................................................................................................... 85 A matter of definition..........................................................................................87 2.1 Gross violations..........................................................................................87 2.2 Severe ill-treatment....................................................................................91 3 The big picture the Commission obscured: the crime against humanity ... 95 4 Forced removals ................................................................................................. 96 5 Pass laws and coerced labour............................................................................ 100 6 Farm prison system............................................................................................102 7 Detention without trial......................................................................................103 8 Rule of law..........................................................................................................104 9 A racialised/ethnicised legal structure..............................................................108 10 Amnesty - but no reparations - for a‘crime against humanity’ .................. Ill 11 A dissenting view................................................................................................112 12
Conclusion..........................................................................................................116 xii Intersentia
Table of Contents HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS ON HOLOCAUST REPARATIONS: UNFINISHED BUSINESS OR AN EXAMPLE FOR OTHER REPARATIONS CAMPAIGNS? Regula Ludi .......................................................................................................... 119 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction ......................................................................................................119 Victim reparations: a post-war innovation......................................................122 The international context: the Luxembourg Treaty and its historical significance ..................... 126 Chronology of victim reparations in the federal republic of Germany .... 130 4.1 The occupation period (1945-1949).................................................... 131 4.2 Perpetrator integration and victim reparations in the early federal republic ........................................................................................134 4.3 Discovering the ‘survivor syndrome’ and the ‘forgotten victims’.... 136 4.4 Holocaust restitution campaigns after the collapse of communism . 138 The dialectics of victimhood: definitions, victim hierarchies and mechanisms of exclusion..................................................................................139 Conclusion: what did Holocaust reparations achieve? ..................................143 PART B: REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: HOW ARE REPARATIONS TO BE DETERMINED (PAST WRONG OR CURRENT EFFECTS), AGAINST WHOM, AND WHAT FORM SHOULD THEY TAKE? Max du
Plessis......................................................................................................147 1 2 Introduction ......................................................................................................147 Reparation for slavery........................................................................................150 2.1 Calls for reparation for slavery and international law........................150 2.2 International law and the sobering doctrine of inter-temporal law .. 151 2.3 Thinking outside the legal box ֊ Political strategies and arguments from morality and African-centred consciousness..........157 2.3.1 A moral global economy as incentive for reparation................ 157 2.3.2 Past wrong, current effect, against whom? Looking towards a collective conscience..................................................161 2.4 The reparations envisaged - What form should they take?..................167 2.4.1 Restitution....................................................................................169 2.4.2 Compensation..............................................................................169 Intersentia xiii
Table of Contents 3 2.4.3 Satisfaction.................................................................................... 174 Conclusion........................................................................................................... 176 REPARATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW Andreas O’Shea................................................................................................179 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction ......................................................................................................179 Reparations for accused and released persons................................................ 183 Reparations for victims of crimes .................................................................... 186 3.1 Principle of reparations for victims........................................................ 186 3.2 Institutional framework for the provision of reparations in international criminal process................................................................ 187 3.3 The establishment of principles on reparations.................................... 188 3.4 The source of reparations........................................................................189 3.5 The enforcement of orders of reparations .......................................... 189 Victim participation..........................................................................................190 An international reparations fund.................................................................... 194 Relationship between reparations and the duty to prosecute international crimes
..........................................................................................194 Conclusion..........................................................................................................196 REPARATIONS FOR GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN AFRICA - THE GREAT LAKES Jeremy Sarkin....................................................................................................197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 xiv Introduction ......................................................................................................197 Reparations for abuses committed during the colonial era .......................... 199 Colonial abuse and its effects............................................................................202 The Democratic Republic of the Congo..........................................................206 The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s transition and dealing with the past............................................................................................................... 209 Rwanda ............................................................................................................. 210 Reparations in Rwanda......................................................................................213 Burundi ............................................................................................................. 216 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights............................219 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda..........................................221 Claims between states in
the Great Lakes for reparations............................... 222 Debt relief, development aid and reparations ................................................226 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 228 Intersentia
Table of Contents PART C: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED ABROAD APARTHEID AND THE ALIEN TORTS ACT: GLOBAL JUSTICE MEETS SOVEREIGN EQUALITY Michael Osborne ........................................................................................... 231 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 231 Apartheid and the TRC ................................................................................... 233 The Alien Tort Statute ..................................................................................... 237 3.1 The ATS as late-bloomer ....................................................................... 237 3.2 The ATS as a response to systematic failure..........................................240 3.3 Limits of the ATS..................................................................................... 244 3.4 The ATS reaches the Supreme Court ....................................................246 3.4.1 The scope of the ATS ................................................................247 3.4.2 The ATS and the political question doctrine ..........................250 The apartheid litigation ................................................................................... 250 4.1 Parties and allegations............................................................................. 251 4.2 Personal jurisdiction over the apartheid defendants............................253 4.3 Judge Sprizzo’s decision......................................................................... 255 4.4
Evaluating Judge Sprizzo’s judgment ................................................... 257 4.4.1 State action ................................................................................. 257 4.4.2 Sources of international law....................................................... 258 4.4.3 Aiding and abetting liability....................................................... 259 4.4.4 The conduct of the defendant ..................................................260 4.4.5 Intention of the defendant......................................................... 261 4.4.6 Just doing business? ................................................................... 263 4.5 Explaining Judge Sprizzo’s decision ......................................................266 The ATS as an irritant to foreign relations..................................................... 267 5.1 The government interventions............................................................... 268 5.2 Risking relationships............................................................................... 271 5.3 Disrupting the deal................................................................................. 276 5.4 The economic costs of justice................................................................. 279 The ATS, sovereign equality and world order ................................................281 6.1 The ATS as judicial imperialism ........................................................... 281 6.2 The ATS as paradigm of a new world order............................................284 Saving the ATS: a modest
proposal................................................................. 287 7.1 The ATS and universal jurisdisction..................................................... 288 7.1.1 The necessity of‘minimum contracts’ ....................................288 7.1.2 Delimiting the ATS: subject-matter jurisdiction......................289 Intersentia XV
Table of Contents PARTD: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AT HOME REDRESS FOR SLAVERY - THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STRUGGLE Roy L. Brooks................................................................................................... 297 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 297 Short history of black redress movement........................................................300 Redress models ................................................................................................. 302 Tort model......................................................................................................... 302 Atonement model............................................................................................. 307 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 312 CORPORATE REPARATIONS FOR DESCENDANTS OF ENSLAVED AFRICAN-AMERICANS - PRACTICAL OBSTACLES Diane E. Sammons........................................................................................... 315 1 2 3 4 xvi Introduction ..................................................................................................... 315 The unique role of the U.S. Courts in shaping policy....................................318 2.1. Judicial activism versus judicial restraint ..............................................319 2.2 The rule of law versus equity..................................................................321 2.3 Individual versus collective
justice..........................................................322 2.3.1 Mass tort suits/class actions........................................................323 2.3.2 Civil rights litigation....................................................................325 2.3.3 Human rights litigation ..............................................................327 Legal theories..................................................................................................... 329 3.1 Introduction ........................................................................................... 329 3.2 Slavery as violation of natural law..........................................................330 3.3 Property claims ....................................................................................... 334 3.3.1 Accounting................................................................................... 334 3.3.2 Unjust enrichment ..................................................................... 335 3.3.3 Conversion................................................................................... 336 3.4 Tort liability claims................................................................................. 337 3.5 Crimes against humanity........................................................................337 3.6 Consumer protection statutes ............................................................... 338 Legal stumbling blocks..................................................................................... 339 4.1
Standing....................................................................... 340 4.2 Statute of limitations............................................................................... 342 4.3 The political question doctrine ..............................................................344 4.3.1 Courts not precluded from hearing reparation claims ............345 Intersentia
Table of Contents 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 5 6 Textual constitutional commitment to other branches.......... 345 Lack of manageable standards................................................... 346 Embarrassment or contradictory prior statements of the administration or other constituent branches of government................................................................................. 346 4.4 Causation.................................................................................................347 The real stumbling blocks ............................................................................... 350 5.1 Gaps in historical knowledge................................................................. 350 5.2 Limited resources ................................................................................... 351 5.3 Traditional civil rights organisations at odds with grassroots activists..................................................................................................... 352 5.4 Political efforts......................................................................................... 352 5.5 Efforts by civil society............................................................................. 354 5.6 Conservative judiciary ........................................................................... 356 5.7 Effective grass roots support ................................................................. 356 The road forward ............................................................................................. 357 REPARATIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL ABUSE
IN CANADA: LITIGATION, ADR AND POLITICS Ken Cooper-Stephenson............................................................................... 359 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction and background......................................................................... 359 1.1 Political awareness: restoring dignity..................................................... 360 1.2 Residential school litigation................................................................... 361 1.3 The DR model......................................................................................... 363 The Assembly of First Nations report............................................................. 364 2.1 Background to the report....................................................................... 364 2.2 Critique of the DR model....................................................................... 365 2.3 Compensation recommendations......................................................... 366 2.4 Truth-telling and reconciliation ........................................................... 367 Political and legal progress............................................................................... 368 3.1 The political accord................................................................................. 368 3.2 The AFN class action............................................................................... 369 3.3 Reconciliation and compensation agreement ..................................... 370 Recent Supreme Court of Canada rulings ..................................................... 371 4.1
Vicarious liability ................................................................................... 372 4.2 Factual causation of damages................................................................. 374 Justice and alternative dispute resolution........................................... 376 5.1 Theoretical questions ............................................................................. 376 5.2 The rights-entitlement backcloth ..........................................................377 Intersentia ХѴ1І
Table of Contents 5.3 Justice, ADR and critical legal studies....................................................379 5.4 The ‘justice’ of negotiated rights ............................................................380 5.5 Corrective and distributive justice..........................................................382 5.6 The risks of quasi-legality........................................................................384 5.7 Harmony and holism ............................................................................. 384 6 Politics, rights and compromise ....................................................................... 385 6.1 Frictions and dichotomies ......................................................................385 6.2 Inside or outside law............................................................................... 387 A ‘DIMINISHED NATION’ - AUSTRALIA’S RESPONSE TO CLAIMS FOR REPARATIONS BY THE ‘STOLEN GENERATIONS’ Mark Harris..................................................................................................... 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 389 Historical background to the stolen generations............................................390 The stolen generations inquiry ........................................................................393 Stolen generations litigation ............................................................................399 Writing a nation’s history
............................................................................... 406 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 409 PARTE: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AGAINST FOREIGN STATES T WILL BE FORGOTTEN’: LEGAL REDRESS FOR KOREAN COMFORT WOMEN BoJungKwon ................................................................................................. 413 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 413 Challenges in prosecuting sexual violence in war ..........................................415 Litigation in Japan............................................................................................. 418 Taking the case to U.S. Courts......................................................................... 421 Women’s international war crimes tribunal on Japan’s military sexual slavery..................................................................................................... 424 To litigate or not to litigate: merits of legal redress for Korean comfort women............................................................................................................... 428 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 434 xviii Intersentia
Table of Contents THE HERERO DEMAND FOR REPARATIONS FROM GERMANY: THE HUNDRED YEAR OLD LEGACY OF A COLONIAL WAR IN THE POLITICS OF MODERN NAMIBIA Sidney L. Harring................................................................................................437 1 2 3 4 German colonisation of Namibia and the Herero war................................438 The Herero demand for reparations............................................................... 441 The Herero and their reparations claim in Namibian politics....................446 Conclusion......................................................................................................... 449 NOTE ON THE AUTHORS................................................................................... 451 Intersentia XIX
|
| adam_txt |
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE. v FOREWORD . vii PARTA: THEORETICAL ISSUES -OF SCALE AND COMPLEXITY REPARATIONS FOR GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT Stephen Peté and Max du Plessis. З 1 2 3 4 The magnitude and multitude of gross human rights abuses.3 Reparations as a human rights ideal.11 Of drawing lines - ‘reparations for what?’ .15 3.1 When is‘gross’gross enough? .17 3.2 When is the past too long ago?. 20 Conclusion. 27 BACK TO THE FUTURE: THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION OF LIBERAL JUSTICE Michael Freeman .29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 On justice. 29 Historical justice. 33 Reparative justice
. 38 Are historical and distributive justice compatible? . 41 Remedial responsibility . 43 Objections to reparations. 47 Retributive justice. 49 Apology. 50 Conclusions. 50 Intersentia XI
Table of Contents TAKING APOLOGY SERIOUSLY Catherine Jenkins. 53 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction . 53 What is an apology? . 57 Why have international lawyers shown littleinterest in apology?.60 3.1 The focus on retribution through international criminal justice. 61 3.2 The concept of an apologetic threshold .63 3.3 International law culture .64 3.4 State sovereignty.65 Promoting apology. 66 4.1 Regional human rights conventionsand organs .66 4.2 International criminal tribunals.71 4.3 Truth commissions. 78 Conclusion. 80 AMNESTY OR IMPUNITY? A PRELIMINARY CRITIQUE OF THE REPORT OF THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA (TRC) Mahmood
Mamdani.83 1 2 Findings. 85 A matter of definition.87 2.1 Gross violations.87 2.2 Severe ill-treatment.91 3 The big picture the Commission obscured: the crime against humanity . 95 4 Forced removals . 96 5 Pass laws and coerced labour. 100 6 Farm prison system.102 7 Detention without trial.103 8 Rule of law.104 9 A racialised/ethnicised legal structure.108 10 Amnesty - but no reparations - for a‘crime against humanity’ . Ill 11 A dissenting view.112 12
Conclusion.116 xii Intersentia
Table of Contents HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS ON HOLOCAUST REPARATIONS: UNFINISHED BUSINESS OR AN EXAMPLE FOR OTHER REPARATIONS CAMPAIGNS? Regula Ludi . 119 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction .119 Victim reparations: a post-war innovation.122 The international context: the Luxembourg Treaty and its historical significance . 126 Chronology of victim reparations in the federal republic of Germany . 130 4.1 The occupation period (1945-1949). 131 4.2 Perpetrator integration and victim reparations in the early federal republic .134 4.3 Discovering the ‘survivor syndrome’ and the ‘forgotten victims’. 136 4.4 Holocaust restitution campaigns after the collapse of communism . 138 The dialectics of victimhood: definitions, victim hierarchies and mechanisms of exclusion.139 Conclusion: what did Holocaust reparations achieve? .143 PART B: REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: HOW ARE REPARATIONS TO BE DETERMINED (PAST WRONG OR CURRENT EFFECTS), AGAINST WHOM, AND WHAT FORM SHOULD THEY TAKE? Max du
Plessis.147 1 2 Introduction .147 Reparation for slavery.150 2.1 Calls for reparation for slavery and international law.150 2.2 International law and the sobering doctrine of inter-temporal law . 151 2.3 Thinking outside the legal box ֊ Political strategies and arguments from morality and African-centred consciousness.157 2.3.1 A moral global economy as incentive for reparation. 157 2.3.2 Past wrong, current effect, against whom? Looking towards a collective conscience.161 2.4 The reparations envisaged - What form should they take?.167 2.4.1 Restitution.169 2.4.2 Compensation.169 Intersentia xiii
Table of Contents 3 2.4.3 Satisfaction. 174 Conclusion. 176 REPARATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW Andreas O’Shea.179 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction .179 Reparations for accused and released persons. 183 Reparations for victims of crimes . 186 3.1 Principle of reparations for victims. 186 3.2 Institutional framework for the provision of reparations in international criminal process. 187 3.3 The establishment of principles on reparations. 188 3.4 The source of reparations.189 3.5 The enforcement of orders of reparations . 189 Victim participation.190 An international reparations fund. 194 Relationship between reparations and the duty to prosecute international crimes
.194 Conclusion.196 REPARATIONS FOR GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN AFRICA - THE GREAT LAKES Jeremy Sarkin.197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 xiv Introduction .197 Reparations for abuses committed during the colonial era . 199 Colonial abuse and its effects.202 The Democratic Republic of the Congo.206 The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s transition and dealing with the past. 209 Rwanda . 210 Reparations in Rwanda.213 Burundi . 216 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.219 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.221 Claims between states in
the Great Lakes for reparations. 222 Debt relief, development aid and reparations .226 Conclusion. 228 Intersentia
Table of Contents PART C: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED ABROAD APARTHEID AND THE ALIEN TORTS ACT: GLOBAL JUSTICE MEETS SOVEREIGN EQUALITY Michael Osborne . 231 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction . 231 Apartheid and the TRC . 233 The Alien Tort Statute . 237 3.1 The ATS as late-bloomer . 237 3.2 The ATS as a response to systematic failure.240 3.3 Limits of the ATS. 244 3.4 The ATS reaches the Supreme Court .246 3.4.1 The scope of the ATS .247 3.4.2 The ATS and the political question doctrine .250 The apartheid litigation . 250 4.1 Parties and allegations. 251 4.2 Personal jurisdiction over the apartheid defendants.253 4.3 Judge Sprizzo’s decision. 255 4.4
Evaluating Judge Sprizzo’s judgment . 257 4.4.1 State action . 257 4.4.2 Sources of international law. 258 4.4.3 Aiding and abetting liability. 259 4.4.4 The conduct of the defendant .260 4.4.5 Intention of the defendant. 261 4.4.6 Just doing business? . 263 4.5 Explaining Judge Sprizzo’s decision .266 The ATS as an irritant to foreign relations. 267 5.1 The government interventions. 268 5.2 Risking relationships. 271 5.3 Disrupting the deal. 276 5.4 The economic costs of justice. 279 The ATS, sovereign equality and world order .281 6.1 The ATS as judicial imperialism . 281 6.2 The ATS as paradigm of a new world order.284 Saving the ATS: a modest
proposal. 287 7.1 The ATS and universal jurisdisction. 288 7.1.1 The necessity of‘minimum contracts’ .288 7.1.2 Delimiting the ATS: subject-matter jurisdiction.289 Intersentia XV
Table of Contents PARTD: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AT HOME REDRESS FOR SLAVERY - THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STRUGGLE Roy L. Brooks. 297 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction . 297 Short history of black redress movement.300 Redress models . 302 Tort model. 302 Atonement model. 307 Conclusion. 312 CORPORATE REPARATIONS FOR DESCENDANTS OF ENSLAVED AFRICAN-AMERICANS - PRACTICAL OBSTACLES Diane E. Sammons. 315 1 2 3 4 xvi Introduction . 315 The unique role of the U.S. Courts in shaping policy.318 2.1. Judicial activism versus judicial restraint .319 2.2 The rule of law versus equity.321 2.3 Individual versus collective
justice.322 2.3.1 Mass tort suits/class actions.323 2.3.2 Civil rights litigation.325 2.3.3 Human rights litigation .327 Legal theories. 329 3.1 Introduction . 329 3.2 Slavery as violation of natural law.330 3.3 Property claims . 334 3.3.1 Accounting. 334 3.3.2 Unjust enrichment . 335 3.3.3 Conversion. 336 3.4 Tort liability claims. 337 3.5 Crimes against humanity.337 3.6 Consumer protection statutes . 338 Legal stumbling blocks. 339 4.1
Standing. 340 4.2 Statute of limitations. 342 4.3 The political question doctrine .344 4.3.1 Courts not precluded from hearing reparation claims .345 Intersentia
Table of Contents 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 5 6 Textual constitutional commitment to other branches. 345 Lack of manageable standards. 346 Embarrassment or contradictory prior statements of the administration or other constituent branches of government. 346 4.4 Causation.347 The real stumbling blocks . 350 5.1 Gaps in historical knowledge. 350 5.2 Limited resources . 351 5.3 Traditional civil rights organisations at odds with grassroots activists. 352 5.4 Political efforts. 352 5.5 Efforts by civil society. 354 5.6 Conservative judiciary . 356 5.7 Effective grass roots support . 356 The road forward . 357 REPARATIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL ABUSE
IN CANADA: LITIGATION, ADR AND POLITICS Ken Cooper-Stephenson. 359 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction and background. 359 1.1 Political awareness: restoring dignity. 360 1.2 Residential school litigation. 361 1.3 The DR model. 363 The Assembly of First Nations report. 364 2.1 Background to the report. 364 2.2 Critique of the DR model. 365 2.3 Compensation recommendations. 366 2.4 Truth-telling and reconciliation . 367 Political and legal progress. 368 3.1 The political accord. 368 3.2 The AFN class action. 369 3.3 Reconciliation and compensation agreement . 370 Recent Supreme Court of Canada rulings . 371 4.1
Vicarious liability . 372 4.2 Factual causation of damages. 374 Justice and alternative dispute resolution. 376 5.1 Theoretical questions . 376 5.2 The rights-entitlement backcloth .377 Intersentia ХѴ1І
Table of Contents 5.3 Justice, ADR and critical legal studies.379 5.4 The ‘justice’ of negotiated rights .380 5.5 Corrective and distributive justice.382 5.6 The risks of quasi-legality.384 5.7 Harmony and holism . 384 6 Politics, rights and compromise . 385 6.1 Frictions and dichotomies .385 6.2 Inside or outside law. 387 A ‘DIMINISHED NATION’ - AUSTRALIA’S RESPONSE TO CLAIMS FOR REPARATIONS BY THE ‘STOLEN GENERATIONS’ Mark Harris. 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction . 389 Historical background to the stolen generations.390 The stolen generations inquiry .393 Stolen generations litigation .399 Writing a nation’s history
. 406 Conclusion. 409 PARTE: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AGAINST FOREIGN STATES T WILL BE FORGOTTEN’: LEGAL REDRESS FOR KOREAN COMFORT WOMEN BoJungKwon . 413 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction . 413 Challenges in prosecuting sexual violence in war .415 Litigation in Japan. 418 Taking the case to U.S. Courts. 421 Women’s international war crimes tribunal on Japan’s military sexual slavery. 424 To litigate or not to litigate: merits of legal redress for Korean comfort women. 428 Conclusion. 434 xviii Intersentia
Table of Contents THE HERERO DEMAND FOR REPARATIONS FROM GERMANY: THE HUNDRED YEAR OLD LEGACY OF A COLONIAL WAR IN THE POLITICS OF MODERN NAMIBIA Sidney L. Harring.437 1 2 3 4 German colonisation of Namibia and the Herero war.438 The Herero demand for reparations. 441 The Herero and their reparations claim in Namibian politics.446 Conclusion. 449 NOTE ON THE AUTHORS. 451 Intersentia XIX
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE. v FOREWORD . vii PARTA: THEORETICAL ISSUES -OF SCALE AND COMPLEXITY REPARATIONS FOR GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT Stephen Peté and Max du Plessis. З 1 2 3 4 The magnitude and multitude of gross human rights abuses.3 Reparations as a human rights ideal.11 Of drawing lines - ‘reparations for what?’ .15 3.1 When is‘gross’gross enough? .17 3.2 When is the past too long ago?. 20 Conclusion. 27 BACK TO THE FUTURE: THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION OF LIBERAL JUSTICE Michael Freeman .29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 On justice. 29 Historical justice. 33 Reparative justice
. 38 Are historical and distributive justice compatible? . 41 Remedial responsibility . 43 Objections to reparations. 47 Retributive justice. 49 Apology. 50 Conclusions. 50 Intersentia XI
Table of Contents TAKING APOLOGY SERIOUSLY Catherine Jenkins. 53 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction . 53 What is an apology? . 57 Why have international lawyers shown littleinterest in apology?.60 3.1 The focus on retribution through international criminal justice. 61 3.2 The concept of an apologetic threshold .63 3.3 International law culture .64 3.4 State sovereignty.65 Promoting apology. 66 4.1 Regional human rights conventionsand organs .66 4.2 International criminal tribunals.71 4.3 Truth commissions. 78 Conclusion. 80 AMNESTY OR IMPUNITY? A PRELIMINARY CRITIQUE OF THE REPORT OF THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA (TRC) Mahmood
Mamdani.83 1 2 Findings. 85 A matter of definition.87 2.1 Gross violations.87 2.2 Severe ill-treatment.91 3 The big picture the Commission obscured: the crime against humanity . 95 4 Forced removals . 96 5 Pass laws and coerced labour. 100 6 Farm prison system.102 7 Detention without trial.103 8 Rule of law.104 9 A racialised/ethnicised legal structure.108 10 Amnesty - but no reparations - for a‘crime against humanity’ . Ill 11 A dissenting view.112 12
Conclusion.116 xii Intersentia
Table of Contents HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS ON HOLOCAUST REPARATIONS: UNFINISHED BUSINESS OR AN EXAMPLE FOR OTHER REPARATIONS CAMPAIGNS? Regula Ludi . 119 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction .119 Victim reparations: a post-war innovation.122 The international context: the Luxembourg Treaty and its historical significance . 126 Chronology of victim reparations in the federal republic of Germany . 130 4.1 The occupation period (1945-1949). 131 4.2 Perpetrator integration and victim reparations in the early federal republic .134 4.3 Discovering the ‘survivor syndrome’ and the ‘forgotten victims’. 136 4.4 Holocaust restitution campaigns after the collapse of communism . 138 The dialectics of victimhood: definitions, victim hierarchies and mechanisms of exclusion.139 Conclusion: what did Holocaust reparations achieve? .143 PART B: REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: HOW ARE REPARATIONS TO BE DETERMINED (PAST WRONG OR CURRENT EFFECTS), AGAINST WHOM, AND WHAT FORM SHOULD THEY TAKE? Max du
Plessis.147 1 2 Introduction .147 Reparation for slavery.150 2.1 Calls for reparation for slavery and international law.150 2.2 International law and the sobering doctrine of inter-temporal law . 151 2.3 Thinking outside the legal box ֊ Political strategies and arguments from morality and African-centred consciousness.157 2.3.1 A moral global economy as incentive for reparation. 157 2.3.2 Past wrong, current effect, against whom? Looking towards a collective conscience.161 2.4 The reparations envisaged - What form should they take?.167 2.4.1 Restitution.169 2.4.2 Compensation.169 Intersentia xiii
Table of Contents 3 2.4.3 Satisfaction. 174 Conclusion. 176 REPARATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW Andreas O’Shea.179 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction .179 Reparations for accused and released persons. 183 Reparations for victims of crimes . 186 3.1 Principle of reparations for victims. 186 3.2 Institutional framework for the provision of reparations in international criminal process. 187 3.3 The establishment of principles on reparations. 188 3.4 The source of reparations.189 3.5 The enforcement of orders of reparations . 189 Victim participation.190 An international reparations fund. 194 Relationship between reparations and the duty to prosecute international crimes
.194 Conclusion.196 REPARATIONS FOR GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN AFRICA - THE GREAT LAKES Jeremy Sarkin.197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 xiv Introduction .197 Reparations for abuses committed during the colonial era . 199 Colonial abuse and its effects.202 The Democratic Republic of the Congo.206 The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s transition and dealing with the past. 209 Rwanda . 210 Reparations in Rwanda.213 Burundi . 216 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.219 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.221 Claims between states in
the Great Lakes for reparations. 222 Debt relief, development aid and reparations .226 Conclusion. 228 Intersentia
Table of Contents PART C: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED ABROAD APARTHEID AND THE ALIEN TORTS ACT: GLOBAL JUSTICE MEETS SOVEREIGN EQUALITY Michael Osborne . 231 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction . 231 Apartheid and the TRC . 233 The Alien Tort Statute . 237 3.1 The ATS as late-bloomer . 237 3.2 The ATS as a response to systematic failure.240 3.3 Limits of the ATS. 244 3.4 The ATS reaches the Supreme Court .246 3.4.1 The scope of the ATS .247 3.4.2 The ATS and the political question doctrine .250 The apartheid litigation . 250 4.1 Parties and allegations. 251 4.2 Personal jurisdiction over the apartheid defendants.253 4.3 Judge Sprizzo’s decision. 255 4.4
Evaluating Judge Sprizzo’s judgment . 257 4.4.1 State action . 257 4.4.2 Sources of international law. 258 4.4.3 Aiding and abetting liability. 259 4.4.4 The conduct of the defendant .260 4.4.5 Intention of the defendant. 261 4.4.6 Just doing business? . 263 4.5 Explaining Judge Sprizzo’s decision .266 The ATS as an irritant to foreign relations. 267 5.1 The government interventions. 268 5.2 Risking relationships. 271 5.3 Disrupting the deal. 276 5.4 The economic costs of justice. 279 The ATS, sovereign equality and world order .281 6.1 The ATS as judicial imperialism . 281 6.2 The ATS as paradigm of a new world order.284 Saving the ATS: a modest
proposal. 287 7.1 The ATS and universal jurisdisction. 288 7.1.1 The necessity of‘minimum contracts’ .288 7.1.2 Delimiting the ATS: subject-matter jurisdiction.289 Intersentia XV
Table of Contents PARTD: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AT HOME REDRESS FOR SLAVERY - THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STRUGGLE Roy L. Brooks. 297 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction . 297 Short history of black redress movement.300 Redress models . 302 Tort model. 302 Atonement model. 307 Conclusion. 312 CORPORATE REPARATIONS FOR DESCENDANTS OF ENSLAVED AFRICAN-AMERICANS - PRACTICAL OBSTACLES Diane E. Sammons. 315 1 2 3 4 xvi Introduction . 315 The unique role of the U.S. Courts in shaping policy.318 2.1. Judicial activism versus judicial restraint .319 2.2 The rule of law versus equity.321 2.3 Individual versus collective
justice.322 2.3.1 Mass tort suits/class actions.323 2.3.2 Civil rights litigation.325 2.3.3 Human rights litigation .327 Legal theories. 329 3.1 Introduction . 329 3.2 Slavery as violation of natural law.330 3.3 Property claims . 334 3.3.1 Accounting. 334 3.3.2 Unjust enrichment . 335 3.3.3 Conversion. 336 3.4 Tort liability claims. 337 3.5 Crimes against humanity.337 3.6 Consumer protection statutes . 338 Legal stumbling blocks. 339 4.1
Standing. 340 4.2 Statute of limitations. 342 4.3 The political question doctrine .344 4.3.1 Courts not precluded from hearing reparation claims .345 Intersentia
Table of Contents 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 5 6 Textual constitutional commitment to other branches. 345 Lack of manageable standards. 346 Embarrassment or contradictory prior statements of the administration or other constituent branches of government. 346 4.4 Causation.347 The real stumbling blocks . 350 5.1 Gaps in historical knowledge. 350 5.2 Limited resources . 351 5.3 Traditional civil rights organisations at odds with grassroots activists. 352 5.4 Political efforts. 352 5.5 Efforts by civil society. 354 5.6 Conservative judiciary . 356 5.7 Effective grass roots support . 356 The road forward . 357 REPARATIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL ABUSE
IN CANADA: LITIGATION, ADR AND POLITICS Ken Cooper-Stephenson. 359 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction and background. 359 1.1 Political awareness: restoring dignity. 360 1.2 Residential school litigation. 361 1.3 The DR model. 363 The Assembly of First Nations report. 364 2.1 Background to the report. 364 2.2 Critique of the DR model. 365 2.3 Compensation recommendations. 366 2.4 Truth-telling and reconciliation . 367 Political and legal progress. 368 3.1 The political accord. 368 3.2 The AFN class action. 369 3.3 Reconciliation and compensation agreement . 370 Recent Supreme Court of Canada rulings . 371 4.1
Vicarious liability . 372 4.2 Factual causation of damages. 374 Justice and alternative dispute resolution. 376 5.1 Theoretical questions . 376 5.2 The rights-entitlement backcloth .377 Intersentia ХѴ1І
Table of Contents 5.3 Justice, ADR and critical legal studies.379 5.4 The ‘justice’ of negotiated rights .380 5.5 Corrective and distributive justice.382 5.6 The risks of quasi-legality.384 5.7 Harmony and holism . 384 6 Politics, rights and compromise . 385 6.1 Frictions and dichotomies .385 6.2 Inside or outside law. 387 A ‘DIMINISHED NATION’ - AUSTRALIA’S RESPONSE TO CLAIMS FOR REPARATIONS BY THE ‘STOLEN GENERATIONS’ Mark Harris. 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction . 389 Historical background to the stolen generations.390 The stolen generations inquiry .393 Stolen generations litigation .399 Writing a nation’s history
. 406 Conclusion. 409 PARTE: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AGAINST FOREIGN STATES T WILL BE FORGOTTEN’: LEGAL REDRESS FOR KOREAN COMFORT WOMEN BoJungKwon . 413 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction . 413 Challenges in prosecuting sexual violence in war .415 Litigation in Japan. 418 Taking the case to U.S. Courts. 421 Women’s international war crimes tribunal on Japan’s military sexual slavery. 424 To litigate or not to litigate: merits of legal redress for Korean comfort women. 428 Conclusion. 434 xviii Intersentia
Table of Contents THE HERERO DEMAND FOR REPARATIONS FROM GERMANY: THE HUNDRED YEAR OLD LEGACY OF A COLONIAL WAR IN THE POLITICS OF MODERN NAMIBIA Sidney L. Harring.437 1 2 3 4 German colonisation of Namibia and the Herero war.438 The Herero demand for reparations. 441 The Herero and their reparations claim in Namibian politics.446 Conclusion. 449 NOTE ON THE AUTHORS. 451 Intersentia XIX
TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE. v FOREWORD . vii PARTA: THEORETICAL ISSUES -OF SCALE AND COMPLEXITY REPARATIONS FOR GROSS VIOLATIONS OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN CONTEXT Stephen Peté and Max du Plessis. З 1 2 3 4 The magnitude and multitude of gross human rights abuses.3 Reparations as a human rights ideal.11 Of drawing lines - ‘reparations for what?’ .15 3.1 When is‘gross’gross enough? .17 3.2 When is the past too long ago?. 20 Conclusion. 27 BACK TO THE FUTURE: THE HISTORICAL DIMENSION OF LIBERAL JUSTICE Michael Freeman .29 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 On justice. 29 Historical justice. 33 Reparative justice
. 38 Are historical and distributive justice compatible? . 41 Remedial responsibility . 43 Objections to reparations. 47 Retributive justice. 49 Apology. 50 Conclusions. 50 Intersentia XI
Table of Contents TAKING APOLOGY SERIOUSLY Catherine Jenkins. 53 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction . 53 What is an apology? . 57 Why have international lawyers shown littleinterest in apology?.60 3.1 The focus on retribution through international criminal justice. 61 3.2 The concept of an apologetic threshold .63 3.3 International law culture .64 3.4 State sovereignty.65 Promoting apology. 66 4.1 Regional human rights conventionsand organs .66 4.2 International criminal tribunals.71 4.3 Truth commissions. 78 Conclusion. 80 AMNESTY OR IMPUNITY? A PRELIMINARY CRITIQUE OF THE REPORT OF THE TRUTH AND RECONCILIATION COMMISSION OF SOUTH AFRICA (TRC) Mahmood
Mamdani.83 1 2 Findings. 85 A matter of definition.87 2.1 Gross violations.87 2.2 Severe ill-treatment.91 3 The big picture the Commission obscured: the crime against humanity . 95 4 Forced removals . 96 5 Pass laws and coerced labour. 100 6 Farm prison system.102 7 Detention without trial.103 8 Rule of law.104 9 A racialised/ethnicised legal structure.108 10 Amnesty - but no reparations - for a‘crime against humanity’ . Ill 11 A dissenting view.112 12
Conclusion.116 xii Intersentia
Table of Contents HISTORICAL REFLECTIONS ON HOLOCAUST REPARATIONS: UNFINISHED BUSINESS OR AN EXAMPLE FOR OTHER REPARATIONS CAMPAIGNS? Regula Ludi . 119 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction .119 Victim reparations: a post-war innovation.122 The international context: the Luxembourg Treaty and its historical significance . 126 Chronology of victim reparations in the federal republic of Germany . 130 4.1 The occupation period (1945-1949). 131 4.2 Perpetrator integration and victim reparations in the early federal republic .134 4.3 Discovering the ‘survivor syndrome’ and the ‘forgotten victims’. 136 4.4 Holocaust restitution campaigns after the collapse of communism . 138 The dialectics of victimhood: definitions, victim hierarchies and mechanisms of exclusion.139 Conclusion: what did Holocaust reparations achieve? .143 PART B: REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW REPARATIONS AND INTERNATIONAL LAW: HOW ARE REPARATIONS TO BE DETERMINED (PAST WRONG OR CURRENT EFFECTS), AGAINST WHOM, AND WHAT FORM SHOULD THEY TAKE? Max du
Plessis.147 1 2 Introduction .147 Reparation for slavery.150 2.1 Calls for reparation for slavery and international law.150 2.2 International law and the sobering doctrine of inter-temporal law . 151 2.3 Thinking outside the legal box ֊ Political strategies and arguments from morality and African-centred consciousness.157 2.3.1 A moral global economy as incentive for reparation. 157 2.3.2 Past wrong, current effect, against whom? Looking towards a collective conscience.161 2.4 The reparations envisaged - What form should they take?.167 2.4.1 Restitution.169 2.4.2 Compensation.169 Intersentia xiii
Table of Contents 3 2.4.3 Satisfaction. 174 Conclusion. 176 REPARATIONS UNDER INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW Andreas O’Shea.179 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction .179 Reparations for accused and released persons. 183 Reparations for victims of crimes . 186 3.1 Principle of reparations for victims. 186 3.2 Institutional framework for the provision of reparations in international criminal process. 187 3.3 The establishment of principles on reparations. 188 3.4 The source of reparations.189 3.5 The enforcement of orders of reparations . 189 Victim participation.190 An international reparations fund. 194 Relationship between reparations and the duty to prosecute international crimes
.194 Conclusion.196 REPARATIONS FOR GROSS HUMAN RIGHTS VIOLATIONS IN AFRICA - THE GREAT LAKES Jeremy Sarkin.197 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 xiv Introduction .197 Reparations for abuses committed during the colonial era . 199 Colonial abuse and its effects.202 The Democratic Republic of the Congo.206 The Democratic Republic of the Congo’s transition and dealing with the past. 209 Rwanda . 210 Reparations in Rwanda.213 Burundi . 216 The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights.219 The International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda.221 Claims between states in
the Great Lakes for reparations. 222 Debt relief, development aid and reparations .226 Conclusion. 228 Intersentia
Table of Contents PART C: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED ABROAD APARTHEID AND THE ALIEN TORTS ACT: GLOBAL JUSTICE MEETS SOVEREIGN EQUALITY Michael Osborne . 231 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction . 231 Apartheid and the TRC . 233 The Alien Tort Statute . 237 3.1 The ATS as late-bloomer . 237 3.2 The ATS as a response to systematic failure.240 3.3 Limits of the ATS. 244 3.4 The ATS reaches the Supreme Court .246 3.4.1 The scope of the ATS .247 3.4.2 The ATS and the political question doctrine .250 The apartheid litigation . 250 4.1 Parties and allegations. 251 4.2 Personal jurisdiction over the apartheid defendants.253 4.3 Judge Sprizzo’s decision. 255 4.4
Evaluating Judge Sprizzo’s judgment . 257 4.4.1 State action . 257 4.4.2 Sources of international law. 258 4.4.3 Aiding and abetting liability. 259 4.4.4 The conduct of the defendant .260 4.4.5 Intention of the defendant. 261 4.4.6 Just doing business? . 263 4.5 Explaining Judge Sprizzo’s decision .266 The ATS as an irritant to foreign relations. 267 5.1 The government interventions. 268 5.2 Risking relationships. 271 5.3 Disrupting the deal. 276 5.4 The economic costs of justice. 279 The ATS, sovereign equality and world order .281 6.1 The ATS as judicial imperialism . 281 6.2 The ATS as paradigm of a new world order.284 Saving the ATS: a modest
proposal. 287 7.1 The ATS and universal jurisdisction. 288 7.1.1 The necessity of‘minimum contracts’ .288 7.1.2 Delimiting the ATS: subject-matter jurisdiction.289 Intersentia XV
Table of Contents PARTD: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AT HOME REDRESS FOR SLAVERY - THE AFRICAN-AMERICAN STRUGGLE Roy L. Brooks. 297 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction . 297 Short history of black redress movement.300 Redress models . 302 Tort model. 302 Atonement model. 307 Conclusion. 312 CORPORATE REPARATIONS FOR DESCENDANTS OF ENSLAVED AFRICAN-AMERICANS - PRACTICAL OBSTACLES Diane E. Sammons. 315 1 2 3 4 xvi Introduction . 315 The unique role of the U.S. Courts in shaping policy.318 2.1. Judicial activism versus judicial restraint .319 2.2 The rule of law versus equity.321 2.3 Individual versus collective
justice.322 2.3.1 Mass tort suits/class actions.323 2.3.2 Civil rights litigation.325 2.3.3 Human rights litigation .327 Legal theories. 329 3.1 Introduction . 329 3.2 Slavery as violation of natural law.330 3.3 Property claims . 334 3.3.1 Accounting. 334 3.3.2 Unjust enrichment . 335 3.3.3 Conversion. 336 3.4 Tort liability claims. 337 3.5 Crimes against humanity.337 3.6 Consumer protection statutes . 338 Legal stumbling blocks. 339 4.1
Standing. 340 4.2 Statute of limitations. 342 4.3 The political question doctrine .344 4.3.1 Courts not precluded from hearing reparation claims .345 Intersentia
Table of Contents 4.3.2 4.3.3 4.3.4 5 6 Textual constitutional commitment to other branches. 345 Lack of manageable standards. 346 Embarrassment or contradictory prior statements of the administration or other constituent branches of government. 346 4.4 Causation.347 The real stumbling blocks . 350 5.1 Gaps in historical knowledge. 350 5.2 Limited resources . 351 5.3 Traditional civil rights organisations at odds with grassroots activists. 352 5.4 Political efforts. 352 5.5 Efforts by civil society. 354 5.6 Conservative judiciary . 356 5.7 Effective grass roots support . 356 The road forward . 357 REPARATIONS FOR RESIDENTIAL SCHOOL ABUSE
IN CANADA: LITIGATION, ADR AND POLITICS Ken Cooper-Stephenson. 359 1 2 3 4 5 Introduction and background. 359 1.1 Political awareness: restoring dignity. 360 1.2 Residential school litigation. 361 1.3 The DR model. 363 The Assembly of First Nations report. 364 2.1 Background to the report. 364 2.2 Critique of the DR model. 365 2.3 Compensation recommendations. 366 2.4 Truth-telling and reconciliation . 367 Political and legal progress. 368 3.1 The political accord. 368 3.2 The AFN class action. 369 3.3 Reconciliation and compensation agreement . 370 Recent Supreme Court of Canada rulings . 371 4.1
Vicarious liability . 372 4.2 Factual causation of damages. 374 Justice and alternative dispute resolution. 376 5.1 Theoretical questions . 376 5.2 The rights-entitlement backcloth .377 Intersentia ХѴ1І
Table of Contents 5.3 Justice, ADR and critical legal studies.379 5.4 The ‘justice’ of negotiated rights .380 5.5 Corrective and distributive justice.382 5.6 The risks of quasi-legality.384 5.7 Harmony and holism . 384 6 Politics, rights and compromise . 385 6.1 Frictions and dichotomies .385 6.2 Inside or outside law. 387 A ‘DIMINISHED NATION’ - AUSTRALIA’S RESPONSE TO CLAIMS FOR REPARATIONS BY THE ‘STOLEN GENERATIONS’ Mark Harris. 389 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction . 389 Historical background to the stolen generations.390 The stolen generations inquiry .393 Stolen generations litigation .399 Writing a nation’s history
. 406 Conclusion. 409 PARTE: REPARATIONS CLAIMS PURSUED AGAINST FOREIGN STATES T WILL BE FORGOTTEN’: LEGAL REDRESS FOR KOREAN COMFORT WOMEN BoJungKwon . 413 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Introduction . 413 Challenges in prosecuting sexual violence in war .415 Litigation in Japan. 418 Taking the case to U.S. Courts. 421 Women’s international war crimes tribunal on Japan’s military sexual slavery. 424 To litigate or not to litigate: merits of legal redress for Korean comfort women. 428 Conclusion. 434 xviii Intersentia
Table of Contents THE HERERO DEMAND FOR REPARATIONS FROM GERMANY: THE HUNDRED YEAR OLD LEGACY OF A COLONIAL WAR IN THE POLITICS OF MODERN NAMIBIA Sidney L. Harring.437 1 2 3 4 German colonisation of Namibia and the Herero war.438 The Herero demand for reparations. 441 The Herero and their reparations claim in Namibian politics.446 Conclusion. 449 NOTE ON THE AUTHORS. 451 Intersentia XIX |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author2 | Du Plessis, Max Peté, Stephen 1959- |
| author2_role | edt edt |
| author2_variant | p m d pm pmd s p sp |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1080071725 (DE-588)1175983659 |
| author_facet | Du Plessis, Max Peté, Stephen 1959- |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023052232 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | K3240 |
| callnumber-raw | K3240 |
| callnumber-search | K3240 |
| callnumber-sort | K 43240 |
| callnumber-subject | K - General Law |
| classification_rvk | PR 2213 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)494249717 (DE-599)BVBBV023052232 |
| dewey-full | 362.87 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 362 - Social problems and services to groups |
| dewey-raw | 362.87 |
| dewey-search | 362.87 |
| dewey-sort | 3362.87 |
| dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Soziologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft Soziologie |
| format | Book |
| fullrecord | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>02261nam a2200445 cb4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV023052232</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20210112 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">071214s2007 |||| 00||| eng d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9789050954921</subfield><subfield code="9">978-90-5095-492-1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)494249717</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)BVBBV023052232</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">eng</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-12</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-19</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-739</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="050" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">K3240</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="082" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">362.87</subfield><subfield code="2">22</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">PR 2213</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)139532:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Repairing the past?</subfield><subfield code="b">international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses</subfield><subfield code="c">edited by Max du Plessis and Stephen Peté</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Antwerpen [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">Intersentia</subfield><subfield code="c">2007</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">xix, 455 p.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="490" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Series on transitional justice</subfield><subfield code="v">1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="500" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Includes bibliographical references</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Droits de l'homme</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Réparations des crimes de l'histoire</subfield><subfield code="2">ram</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Menschenrecht</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Human rights</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1=" " ind2="4"><subfield code="a">Reparations for historical injustices</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="655" ind1=" " ind2="7"><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4143413-4</subfield><subfield code="a">Aufsatzsammlung</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd-content</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Du Plessis, Max</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1080071725</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="700" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Peté, Stephen</subfield><subfield code="d">1959-</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)1175983659</subfield><subfield code="4">edt</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="830" ind1=" " ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Series on transitional justice</subfield><subfield code="v">1</subfield><subfield code="w">(DE-604)BV023052225</subfield><subfield code="9">1</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016255591</subfield></datafield></record></collection> |
| genre | (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| id | DE-604.BV023052232 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:25:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:52Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789050954921 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016255591 |
| oclc_num | 494249717 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-739 |
| physical | xix, 455 p. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Intersentia |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Series on transitional justice |
| series2 | Series on transitional justice |
| spelling | Repairing the past? international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses edited by Max du Plessis and Stephen Peté Antwerpen [u.a.] Intersentia 2007 xix, 455 p. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Series on transitional justice 1 Includes bibliographical references Droits de l'homme ram Réparations des crimes de l'histoire ram Menschenrecht Human rights Reparations for historical injustices (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Du Plessis, Max (DE-588)1080071725 edt Peté, Stephen 1959- (DE-588)1175983659 edt Series on transitional justice 1 (DE-604)BV023052225 1 Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung UB Passau - ADAM Catalogue Enrichment application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Repairing the past? international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses Series on transitional justice Droits de l'homme ram Réparations des crimes de l'histoire ram Menschenrecht Human rights Reparations for historical injustices |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Repairing the past? international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses |
| title_auth | Repairing the past? international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses |
| title_exact_search | Repairing the past? international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Repairing the past? international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses |
| title_full | Repairing the past? international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses edited by Max du Plessis and Stephen Peté |
| title_fullStr | Repairing the past? international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses edited by Max du Plessis and Stephen Peté |
| title_full_unstemmed | Repairing the past? international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses edited by Max du Plessis and Stephen Peté |
| title_short | Repairing the past? |
| title_sort | repairing the past international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses |
| title_sub | international perspectives on reparations for gross human rights abuses |
| topic | Droits de l'homme ram Réparations des crimes de l'histoire ram Menschenrecht Human rights Reparations for historical injustices |
| topic_facet | Droits de l'homme Réparations des crimes de l'histoire Menschenrecht Human rights Reparations for historical injustices Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016255591&sequence=000005&line_number=0003&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV023052225 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT duplessismax repairingthepastinternationalperspectivesonreparationsforgrosshumanrightsabuses AT petestephen repairingthepastinternationalperspectivesonreparationsforgrosshumanrightsabuses |
Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.
Inhaltsverzeichnis
Inhaltsverzeichnis