Cochlear hearing loss: physiological, psychological and technical issues
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Chichester
Wiley
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Wiley series in human communication science
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Publisher description Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XII, 332 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470516331 |
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| 020 | |a 9780470516331 |9 978-0-470-51633-1 | ||
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| 100 | 1 | |a Moore, Brian C. J. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)140102434 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Cochlear hearing loss |b physiological, psychological and technical issues |c Brian C. J. Moore |
| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Chichester |b Wiley |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XII, 332 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Wiley series in human communication science | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Hearing disorders | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cochlea |x Pathophysiology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hearing |x Physiological aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hearing Disorders | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Cochlea |x physiopathology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hearing |x physiology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137267541835776 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface xi
1 Physiological Aspects of Cochlear Hearing Loss 1
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. LINEAR AND NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 1
III. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE OUTER AND
MIDDLE EAR 6
IV. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NORMAL COCHLEA 9
1. The cochlea, the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti 9
2. Tuning on the basilar membrane 12
3. The nonlinearity of input-output functions on the basilar membrane 16
4. Two-tone suppression 18
5. Combination tone generation 18
6. Responses of the basilar membrane to complex sounds 19
7. Otoacoustic emissions 20
V. NEURAL RESPONSES IN THE NORMAL AUDITORY NERVE 21
1. Spontaneous firing rates and thresholds 22
2. Tuning curves and iso-rate contours 22
3. Rate-versus-level functions 23
4. Two-tone suppression 25
5. Phase locking 26
VI. TYPES OF HEARING LOSS 28
VII. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DAMAGED COCHLEA 29
1. Basilar membrane responses 29
2. Neural responses 31
3. Structure-function correlation 32
4. Otoacoustic emissions 35
5. Phase locking 35
VIII. CONCLUSIONS 36
2 Absolute Thresholds 39
I. INTRODUCTION 39
II. MEASURES OF ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD 39
1. Minimum audible pressure (MAP) 39
2. Minimum audible field (MAF) 39
3. Comparison of MAP and MAF 40
4. The audiogram 41
HI. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEVERITY OF HEARING LOSS 42
IV. CAUSES OF HEARING LOSS DUE TO COCHLEAR DAMAGE 43
V. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ELEVATED ABSOLUTE
THRESHOLDS 44
vi CONTENTS
3 Masking, Frequency Selectivity and Basilar Membrane Nonlinearity 45
I. INTRODUCTION 45
II. THE MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY USING
MASKING 46
1. Introduction 46
2. The power-spectrum model 46
3. Estimating the shape of a filter 47
III ESTIMATING FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY FROM MASKING
EXPERIMENTS 48
1. Psychophysical tuning curves 48
2. The notched-noise method 51
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUDITORY FILTER IN NORMAL
HEARING 54
1. Variation with centre frequency 54
2. Variation with level 56
3. Summary 59
V. MASKING PATTERNS AND EXCITATION PATTERNS 59
1. Masking patterns 59
2. Relationship of the auditory filter to the excitation pattern 61
3. Changes in excitation patterns with level 62
4. Possible effects of suppression 63
VI. NON-SIMULTANEOUS MASKING 64
1. Basic properties of non-simultaneous masking 64
2. Evidence for suppression from non-simultaneous masking 67
3. The enhancement of frequency selectivity revealed in non-simultaneous
masking 69
4. Relation between the growth of forward masking and the basilar
membrane input-output function 70
VII. THE AUDIBILITY OF PARTIALS IN COMPLEX TONES 73
VIII. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR DAMAGE ON FREQUENCY
SELECTIVITY IN SIMULTANEOUS MASKING 75
1. Complicating factors 75
2. Psychophysical tuning curves 76
3. Auditory filter shapes measured with notched noise 79
IX. THE USE OF MASKING TO DIAGNOSE DEAD REGIONS 83
1. The threshold-equalizing noise (TEN) test 83
2. The TEN(HL) test 85
3. Prevalence of dead regions assessed using the TEN(HL) test 86
X. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR DAMAGE ON FORWARD MASKING
AND SUPPRESSION 86
XI. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS ON BM
INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTIONS 88
XII. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCED
FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY, DEAD REGIONS,
LOSS OF SUPPRESSION AND STEEPER BM
INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTIONS 90
1. Susceptibility to masking 90
2. Timbre perception 90
3. Perceptual consequences of dead regions 91
CONTENTS vii
4 Loudness Perception and Intensity Resolution 93
I. INTRODUCTION 93
II. LOUDNESS PERCEPTION FOR NORMALLY
HEARING PEOPLE 93
1. Equal-loudness contours and loudness level 93
2. The scaling of loudness 94
3. The detection of intensity changes 96
III. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS ON
LOUDNESS PERCEPTION 97
IV. A MODEL OF NORMAL LOUDNESS PERCEPTION 101
V. A MODEL OF LOUDNESS PERCEPTION APPLIED TO COCHLEAR
HEARING LOSS 104
1. Introduction 104
2. Elevation of absolute threshold 105
3. Reduced compressive nonlinearity 105
4. Reduced inner hair cell/neural function 106
5. Reduced frequency selectivity 107
6. Complete loss of functioning IHCs or neurones (dead regions) 108
7. Using the model to account for loudness recruitment 109
VI. EFFECTS OF BANDWIDTH ON LOUDNESS 110
1. Normal hearing 110
2. Impaired hearing 111
VII. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS ON
INTENSITY RESOLUTION 113
VIII. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERED
LOUDNESS PERCEPTION 114
1. Consequences of loudness recruitment and reduced
dynamic range 114
2. Perceptual consequences of reduced loudness summation 114
3. Perceptual consequences of altered intensity discrimination 115
5 Temporal Resolution and Temporal Integration 117
I. INTRODUCTION 117
II. MODELLING WITHIN-CHANNEL TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN
NORMAL HEARING 118
1. Bandpass filtering 118
2. The nonlinearity 119
3. The sliding temporal integrator 120
4. The decision device 122
5. Characterizing the nonlinear device and the sliding
temporal integrator 122
III. TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN NORMAL HEARING 124
1. The effect of centre frequency on gap detection 124
2. Temporal modulation transfer functions 125
3. The rate of recovery from forward masking 126
IV. TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN PEOPLE WITH
COCHLEAR DAMAGE 128
1. The influence of sound level on gap detection and the rate of decay of
forward masking 128
viii CONTENTS
2. The influence of audible bandwidth on temporal modulation transfer
functions and gap detection 130
3. The influence of changes in the compressive nonlinearity 131
V. TEMPORAL INTEGRATION AT THRESHOLD 135
1. Temporal integration in normally hearing people 135
2. Temporal integration in people with cochlear hearing loss 136
3. Explanations for reduced temporal integration in people with cochlear
hearing loss 137
VI. TEMPORAL INTEGRATION AT SUPRATHRESHOLD LEVELS 138
VII. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABNORMAL TEMPORAL
PROCESSING IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 140
1. Consequences of abnormal temporal resolution 140
2. Consequences of reduced temporal integration 141
6 Pitch Perception and Frequency Discrimination 143
I. INTRODUCTION 143
II. THEORIES OF PITCH PERCEPTION 144
III. THE PERCEPTION OF THE PITCH OF PURE TONES BY NORMALLY
HEARING PEOPLE 144
1. The frequency discrimination of pure tones 144
2. The perception of musical intervals 148
3. The effect of level on pitch 149
IV. FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION OF PURE TONES BY PEOPLE
WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 150
1. Difference limens for frequency (DLFs) 150
2. Frequency modulation detection limens (FMDLs) 152
V. THE PERCEPTION OF PURE-TONE PITCH FOR FREQUENCIES
FALLING IN A DEAD REGION 155
VI. PITCH ANOMALIES IN THE PERCEPTION OF PURE TONES 157
VII. THE PITCH PERCEPTION OF COMPLEX TONES BY NORMALLY
HEARING PEOPLE 159
1. The phenomenon of the missing fundamental 159
2. Discrimination of the repetition rate of complex tones 159
VIII. THEORIES OF PITCH PERCEPTION FOR COMPLEX TONES 160
1. The representation of a complex tone in the peripheral
auditory system 160
2. Spectro-temporal pitch theories 162
3. The relative importance of envelope and temporal fine structure 164
IX. PITCH PERCEPTION OF COMPLEX TONES BY PEOPLE WITH
COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 167
1. Theoretica] considerations 167
2. Experimental studies 169
X. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERED FREQUENCY
DISCRIMINATION AND PITCH PERCEPTION 170
1. Effects on speech perception 170
2. Effects on music perception 172
7 Spatial Hearing and Advantages of Binaural Hearing 173
I. INTRODUCTION 173
II. THE LOCALIZATION OF SINUSOIDS 174
1. Cues for localization 174
CONTENTS ix
2. Performance of normally hearing people in localization
and lateralization 177
3. Performance of hearing-impaired people in localization and
lateralization 178
III. THE LOCALIZATION OF COMPLEX SOUNDS 179
1. The role of transients and across-frequency comparisons 179
2. Performance of normally hearing people 179
3. Performance of people with cochlear hearing loss 180
4. Reasons for large interaural time difference and interaural level
difference thresholds in people with cochlear hearing loss 183
IV. THE CONE OF CONFUSION, HEAD MOVEMENTS AND
PINNA CUES 184
1. The cone of confusion 184
2. The role of head movements 185
3. Information provided by the pinnae 185
4. Localization using pinna cues by normally hearing and hearing-impaired
people 186
V. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ON SOUND LOCALIZATION 186
VI. THE PRECEDENCE EFFECT 187
1. The precedence effect for normal hearing 187
2. The precedence effect for impaired hearing 188
VII. BINAURAL MASKING LEVEL DIFFERENCES (MLDs) 189
1. MLDs for normally hearing people 189
2. Mechanisms underlying MLDs 192
3. MLDs for people with cochlear hearing loss 192
4. Possible reasons for smaller MLDs in people with
cochlear damage 193
VIII. HEAD-SHADOW EFFECTS 194
1. Benefits of head shadow for normally hearing people 194
2. Benefits of head shadow for hearing-impaired people 195
IX. RELEASE FROM INFORMATIONAL MASKING 196
X. DIOTIC ADVANTAGES 198
XI. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABNORMAL BINAURAL AND
SPATIAL HEARING IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR DAMAGE 199
8 Speech Perception 201
I. INTRODUCTION 201
II. THE MAGNITUDE OF THE NOISE PROBLEM 201
HI. THE ROLE OF AUDIBILITY 203
1. The Articulation Index (AI) and Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) 203
2. Use of the AI or SII to predict speech intelligibility for the hearing
impaired 204
3. The intelligibility of speech in noise at high overall levels 205
4. Comparison of detection and recognition for speech in noise 206
5. The intelligibility of speech in quiet at high overall levels 207
6. Simulation of hearing loss by selective filtering (frequency-dependent
attenuation) 207
7. Simulation of hearing loss by masking 208
8. Conclusions on the role of audibility 209
IV. INFLUENCE OF DEAD REGIONS ON SPEECH PERCEPTION 209
V. CORRELATION BETWEEN PSYCHOACOUSTIC ABILITIES AND
SPEECH PERCEPTION 212
x CONTENTS
VI. ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY ON
VOWEL AND CONSONANT PERCEPTION 214
1. Consonant perception 214
2. Vowel perception 215
VII. INFLUENCE OF LOSS OF SENSITIVITY TO TEMPORAL FINE
STRUCTURE 219
VIII. THE USE OF SIMULATIONS TO ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE OF
PSYCHOACOUSTIC FACTORS IN SPEECH PERCEPTION 221
1. Simulations of loudness recruitment combined with
threshold elevation 222
2. Simulations of reduced frequency selectivity 226
3. Simulation of the combined effects of threshold elevation, recruitment
and reduced frequency selectivity 229
4. Simulation of reduced temporal resolution 230
IX. CONCLUSIONS 232
9 Hearing Aids 233
I. INTRODUCTION 233
II. LINEAR AMPLIFICATION 233
1. The difficulty of restoring audibility using linear aids 233
2. Prescriptive fitting rules for linear hearing aids 234
III. COMPRESSION AMPLIFICATION 236
1. Basic characteristics of automatic gain control systems 236
2. Varieties of automatic gain control systems 241
3. Rationales for the use of multi-band compression
(and noise reduction) 241
4. Research on the effectiveness of multi-band syllabic compression 242
5. Methods for initial fitting of hearing aids with
multi-band compression 244
6. Methods for fine tuning hearing aids with multi-band compression 252
7. Slow-acting automatic gain control systems 253
8. Comparisons of slow-acting and fast-acting systems 255
9. General conclusions about compression 257
IV. SOME GENERAL PROBLEMS WITH HEARING AIDS 257
1. Inadequate gain at high frequencies 257
2. Acoustic feedback 258
3. Peakiness of frequency response 259
4. The occlusion effect 260
5. Time delays 261
V. METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE SPEECH-TO-NOISE RATIO 262
1. Multi-channel noise reduction 262
2. Directional microphones 262
3. Binaural processing algorithms 263
VI. TRANSPOSITION AIDS FOR SEVERE AND PROFOUND HEARING
LOSS 264
VII. COCHLEAR IMPLANTS 266
VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS 267
Glossary 269
References 287
Index 327
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface xi
1 Physiological Aspects of Cochlear Hearing Loss 1
I. INTRODUCTION 1
II. LINEAR AND NONLINEAR SYSTEMS 1
III. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE OUTER AND
MIDDLE EAR 6
IV. STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE NORMAL COCHLEA 9
1. The cochlea, the basilar membrane and the organ of Corti 9
2. Tuning on the basilar membrane 12
3. The nonlinearity of input-output functions on the basilar membrane 16
4. Two-tone suppression 18
5. Combination tone generation 18
6. Responses of the basilar membrane to complex sounds 19
7. Otoacoustic emissions 20
V. NEURAL RESPONSES IN THE NORMAL AUDITORY NERVE 21
1. Spontaneous firing rates and thresholds 22
2. Tuning curves and iso-rate contours 22
3. Rate-versus-level functions 23
4. Two-tone suppression 25
5. Phase locking 26
VI. TYPES OF HEARING LOSS 28
VII. PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DAMAGED COCHLEA 29
1. Basilar membrane responses 29
2. Neural responses 31
3. Structure-function correlation 32
4. Otoacoustic emissions 35
5. Phase locking 35
VIII. CONCLUSIONS 36
2 Absolute Thresholds 39
I. INTRODUCTION 39
II. MEASURES OF ABSOLUTE THRESHOLD 39
1. Minimum audible pressure (MAP) 39
2. Minimum audible field (MAF) 39
3. Comparison of MAP and MAF 40
4. The audiogram 41
HI. DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SEVERITY OF HEARING LOSS 42
IV. CAUSES OF HEARING LOSS DUE TO COCHLEAR DAMAGE 43
V. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ELEVATED ABSOLUTE
THRESHOLDS 44
vi CONTENTS
3 Masking, Frequency Selectivity and Basilar Membrane Nonlinearity 45
I. INTRODUCTION 45
II. THE MEASUREMENT OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY USING
MASKING 46
1. Introduction 46
2. The power-spectrum model 46
3. Estimating the shape of a filter 47
III ESTIMATING FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY FROM MASKING
EXPERIMENTS 48
1. Psychophysical tuning curves 48
2. The notched-noise method 51
IV. CHARACTERISTICS OF THE AUDITORY FILTER IN NORMAL
HEARING 54
1. Variation with centre frequency 54
2. Variation with level 56
3. Summary 59
V. MASKING PATTERNS AND EXCITATION PATTERNS 59
1. Masking patterns 59
2. Relationship of the auditory filter to the excitation pattern 61
3. Changes in excitation patterns with level 62
4. Possible effects of suppression 63
VI. NON-SIMULTANEOUS MASKING 64
1. Basic properties of non-simultaneous masking 64
2. Evidence for suppression from non-simultaneous masking 67
3. The enhancement of frequency selectivity revealed in non-simultaneous
masking 69
4. Relation between the growth of forward masking and the basilar
membrane input-output function 70
VII. THE AUDIBILITY OF PARTIALS IN COMPLEX TONES 73
VIII. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR DAMAGE ON FREQUENCY
SELECTIVITY IN SIMULTANEOUS MASKING 75
1. Complicating factors 75
2. Psychophysical tuning curves 76
3. Auditory filter shapes measured with notched noise 79
IX. THE USE OF MASKING TO DIAGNOSE DEAD REGIONS 83
1. The threshold-equalizing noise (TEN) test 83
2. The TEN(HL) test 85
3. Prevalence of dead regions assessed using the TEN(HL) test 86
X. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR DAMAGE ON FORWARD MASKING
AND SUPPRESSION 86
XI. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS ON BM
INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTIONS 88
XII. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF REDUCED
FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY, DEAD REGIONS,
LOSS OF SUPPRESSION AND STEEPER BM
INPUT-OUTPUT FUNCTIONS 90
1. Susceptibility to masking 90
2. Timbre perception 90
3. Perceptual consequences of dead regions 91
CONTENTS vii
4 Loudness Perception and Intensity Resolution 93
I. INTRODUCTION 93
II. LOUDNESS PERCEPTION FOR NORMALLY
HEARING PEOPLE 93
1. Equal-loudness contours and loudness level 93
2. The scaling of loudness 94
3. The detection of intensity changes 96
III. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS ON
LOUDNESS PERCEPTION 97
IV. A MODEL OF NORMAL LOUDNESS PERCEPTION 101
V. A MODEL OF LOUDNESS PERCEPTION APPLIED TO COCHLEAR
HEARING LOSS 104
1. Introduction 104
2. Elevation of absolute threshold 105
3. Reduced compressive nonlinearity 105
4. Reduced inner hair cell/neural function 106
5. Reduced frequency selectivity 107
6. Complete loss of functioning IHCs or neurones (dead regions) 108
7. Using the model to account for loudness recruitment 109
VI. EFFECTS OF BANDWIDTH ON LOUDNESS 110
1. Normal hearing 110
2. Impaired hearing 111
VII. EFFECTS OF COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS ON
INTENSITY RESOLUTION 113
VIII. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERED
LOUDNESS PERCEPTION 114
1. Consequences of loudness recruitment and reduced
dynamic range 114
2. Perceptual consequences of reduced loudness summation 114
3. Perceptual consequences of altered intensity discrimination 115
5 Temporal Resolution and Temporal Integration 117
I. INTRODUCTION 117
II. MODELLING WITHIN-CHANNEL TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN
NORMAL HEARING 118
1. Bandpass filtering 118
2. The nonlinearity 119
3. The sliding temporal integrator 120
4. The decision device 122
5. Characterizing the nonlinear device and the sliding
temporal integrator 122
III. TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN NORMAL HEARING 124
1. The effect of centre frequency on gap detection 124
2. Temporal modulation transfer functions 125
3. The rate of recovery from forward masking 126
IV. TEMPORAL RESOLUTION IN PEOPLE WITH
COCHLEAR DAMAGE 128
1. The influence of sound level on gap detection and the rate of decay of
forward masking 128
viii CONTENTS
2. The influence of audible bandwidth on temporal modulation transfer
functions and gap detection 130
3. The influence of changes in the compressive nonlinearity 131
V. TEMPORAL INTEGRATION AT THRESHOLD 135
1. Temporal integration in normally hearing people 135
2. Temporal integration in people with cochlear hearing loss 136
3. Explanations for reduced temporal integration in people with cochlear
hearing loss 137
VI. TEMPORAL INTEGRATION AT SUPRATHRESHOLD LEVELS 138
VII. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABNORMAL TEMPORAL
PROCESSING IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 140
1. Consequences of abnormal temporal resolution 140
2. Consequences of reduced temporal integration 141
6 Pitch Perception and Frequency Discrimination 143
I. INTRODUCTION 143
II. THEORIES OF PITCH PERCEPTION 144
III. THE PERCEPTION OF THE PITCH OF PURE TONES BY NORMALLY
HEARING PEOPLE 144
1. The frequency discrimination of pure tones 144
2. The perception of musical intervals 148
3. The effect of level on pitch 149
IV. FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATION OF PURE TONES BY PEOPLE
WITH COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 150
1. Difference limens for frequency (DLFs) 150
2. Frequency modulation detection limens (FMDLs) 152
V. THE PERCEPTION OF PURE-TONE PITCH FOR FREQUENCIES
FALLING IN A DEAD REGION 155
VI. PITCH ANOMALIES IN THE PERCEPTION OF PURE TONES 157
VII. THE PITCH PERCEPTION OF COMPLEX TONES BY NORMALLY
HEARING PEOPLE 159
1. The phenomenon of the missing fundamental 159
2. Discrimination of the repetition rate of complex tones 159
VIII. THEORIES OF PITCH PERCEPTION FOR COMPLEX TONES 160
1. The representation of a complex tone in the peripheral
auditory system 160
2. Spectro-temporal pitch theories 162
3. The relative importance of envelope and temporal fine structure 164
IX. PITCH PERCEPTION OF COMPLEX TONES BY PEOPLE WITH
COCHLEAR HEARING LOSS 167
1. Theoretica] considerations 167
2. Experimental studies 169
X. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ALTERED FREQUENCY
DISCRIMINATION AND PITCH PERCEPTION 170
1. Effects on speech perception 170
2. Effects on music perception 172
7 Spatial Hearing and Advantages of Binaural Hearing 173
I. INTRODUCTION 173
II. THE LOCALIZATION OF SINUSOIDS 174
1. Cues for localization 174
CONTENTS ix
2. Performance of normally hearing people in localization
and lateralization 177
3. Performance of hearing-impaired people in localization and
lateralization 178
III. THE LOCALIZATION OF COMPLEX SOUNDS 179
1. The role of transients and across-frequency comparisons 179
2. Performance of normally hearing people 179
3. Performance of people with cochlear hearing loss 180
4. Reasons for large interaural time difference and interaural level
difference thresholds in people with cochlear hearing loss 183
IV. THE CONE OF CONFUSION, HEAD MOVEMENTS AND
PINNA CUES 184
1. The cone of confusion 184
2. The role of head movements 185
3. Information provided by the pinnae 185
4. Localization using pinna cues by normally hearing and hearing-impaired
people 186
V. GENERAL CONCLUSIONS ON SOUND LOCALIZATION 186
VI. THE PRECEDENCE EFFECT 187
1. The precedence effect for normal hearing 187
2. The precedence effect for impaired hearing 188
VII. BINAURAL MASKING LEVEL DIFFERENCES (MLDs) 189
1. MLDs for normally hearing people 189
2. Mechanisms underlying MLDs 192
3. MLDs for people with cochlear hearing loss 192
4. Possible reasons for smaller MLDs in people with
cochlear damage 193
VIII. HEAD-SHADOW EFFECTS 194
1. Benefits of head shadow for normally hearing people 194
2. Benefits of head shadow for hearing-impaired people 195
IX. RELEASE FROM INFORMATIONAL MASKING 196
X. DIOTIC ADVANTAGES 198
XI. PERCEPTUAL CONSEQUENCES OF ABNORMAL BINAURAL AND
SPATIAL HEARING IN PEOPLE WITH COCHLEAR DAMAGE 199
8 Speech Perception 201
I. INTRODUCTION 201
II. THE MAGNITUDE OF THE NOISE PROBLEM 201
HI. THE ROLE OF AUDIBILITY 203
1. The Articulation Index (AI) and Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) 203
2. Use of the AI or SII to predict speech intelligibility for the hearing
impaired 204
3. The intelligibility of speech in noise at high overall levels 205
4. Comparison of detection and recognition for speech in noise 206
5. The intelligibility of speech in quiet at high overall levels 207
6. Simulation of hearing loss by selective filtering (frequency-dependent
attenuation) 207
7. Simulation of hearing loss by masking 208
8. Conclusions on the role of audibility 209
IV. INFLUENCE OF DEAD REGIONS ON SPEECH PERCEPTION 209
V. CORRELATION BETWEEN PSYCHOACOUSTIC ABILITIES AND
SPEECH PERCEPTION 212
x CONTENTS
VI. ASSESSING THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY SELECTIVITY ON
VOWEL AND CONSONANT PERCEPTION 214
1. Consonant perception 214
2. Vowel perception 215
VII. INFLUENCE OF LOSS OF SENSITIVITY TO TEMPORAL FINE
STRUCTURE 219
VIII. THE USE OF SIMULATIONS TO ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE OF
PSYCHOACOUSTIC FACTORS IN SPEECH PERCEPTION 221
1. Simulations of loudness recruitment combined with
threshold elevation 222
2. Simulations of reduced frequency selectivity 226
3. Simulation of the combined effects of threshold elevation, recruitment
and reduced frequency selectivity 229
4. Simulation of reduced temporal resolution 230
IX. CONCLUSIONS 232
9 Hearing Aids 233
I. INTRODUCTION 233
II. LINEAR AMPLIFICATION 233
1. The difficulty of restoring audibility using linear aids 233
2. Prescriptive fitting rules for linear hearing aids 234
III. COMPRESSION AMPLIFICATION 236
1. Basic characteristics of automatic gain control systems 236
2. Varieties of automatic gain control systems 241
3. Rationales for the use of multi-band compression
(and noise reduction) 241
4. Research on the effectiveness of multi-band syllabic compression 242
5. Methods for initial fitting of hearing aids with
multi-band compression 244
6. Methods for fine tuning hearing aids with multi-band compression 252
7. Slow-acting automatic gain control systems 253
8. Comparisons of slow-acting and fast-acting systems 255
9. General conclusions about compression 257
IV. SOME GENERAL PROBLEMS WITH HEARING AIDS 257
1. Inadequate gain at high frequencies 257
2. Acoustic feedback 258
3. Peakiness of frequency response 259
4. The occlusion effect 260
5. Time delays 261
V. METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE SPEECH-TO-NOISE RATIO 262
1. Multi-channel noise reduction 262
2. Directional microphones 262
3. Binaural processing algorithms 263
VI. TRANSPOSITION AIDS FOR SEVERE AND PROFOUND HEARING
LOSS 264
VII. COCHLEAR IMPLANTS 266
VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS 267
Glossary 269
References 287
Index 327 |
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| discipline | Pädagogik Psychologie Medizin |
| discipline_str_mv | Pädagogik Psychologie Medizin |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023039466 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:20:06Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:35Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470516331 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007015880 |
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| spelling | Moore, Brian C. J. Verfasser (DE-588)140102434 aut Cochlear hearing loss physiological, psychological and technical issues Brian C. J. Moore 2. ed. Chichester Wiley 2007 XII, 332 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Wiley series in human communication science Includes bibliographical references and index Hearing disorders Cochlea Pathophysiology Hearing Physiological aspects Hearing Disorders Cochlea physiopathology Hearing physiology Cochlea (DE-588)4010338-9 gnd rswk-swf Hörverlust (DE-588)4125460-0 gnd rswk-swf Cochlea (DE-588)4010338-9 s Hörverlust (DE-588)4125460-0 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0715/2007015880.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0739/2007015880-d.html Publisher description HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016243061&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Moore, Brian C. J. Cochlear hearing loss physiological, psychological and technical issues Hearing disorders Cochlea Pathophysiology Hearing Physiological aspects Hearing Disorders Cochlea physiopathology Hearing physiology Cochlea (DE-588)4010338-9 gnd Hörverlust (DE-588)4125460-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4010338-9 (DE-588)4125460-0 |
| title | Cochlear hearing loss physiological, psychological and technical issues |
| title_auth | Cochlear hearing loss physiological, psychological and technical issues |
| title_exact_search | Cochlear hearing loss physiological, psychological and technical issues |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Cochlear hearing loss physiological, psychological and technical issues |
| title_full | Cochlear hearing loss physiological, psychological and technical issues Brian C. J. Moore |
| title_fullStr | Cochlear hearing loss physiological, psychological and technical issues Brian C. J. Moore |
| title_full_unstemmed | Cochlear hearing loss physiological, psychological and technical issues Brian C. J. Moore |
| title_short | Cochlear hearing loss |
| title_sort | cochlear hearing loss physiological psychological and technical issues |
| title_sub | physiological, psychological and technical issues |
| topic | Hearing disorders Cochlea Pathophysiology Hearing Physiological aspects Hearing Disorders Cochlea physiopathology Hearing physiology Cochlea (DE-588)4010338-9 gnd Hörverlust (DE-588)4125460-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Hearing disorders Cochlea Pathophysiology Hearing Physiological aspects Hearing Disorders Cochlea physiopathology Hearing physiology Cochlea Hörverlust |
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