Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Česká Demografická Společnost
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Acta demographica
16 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The history of demographic thought in the Czech lands |
| Beschreibung: | 301 S. |
| ISBN: | 8023983695 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137251044589568 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | DEJINY
POPULAČNÍHO MYŠLENI
V
ČESKÝCH
ZEMÍCH
OBSAH
Uvod
.............................................................................................................1
I. Od
nejstarších dob
k
renesanci
............................................................1
1.1. Nejstarší osídlení českých zemí
.............................................................1
Význam
paleodemografie
pro poznání struktury osídlení a počtu
obyvatelstva
............................................................................................................1
1.2.
Křesťanství a jeho odraz v populačním myšlení na našem území
.........7
1.3.
Názor světské moci a odraz populačního myšlení v písemných
památkách
13.-14.
století
...................................................................14
Kolonizace a její důsledky
....................................................................................16
Populační myšlení v homiletice i v krásné literatuře
............................................21
„Oprava mravů
....................................................................................................24
II.
Populační myšlení husitského a pohusitského období
....................29
II.
1.
Názory předhusitských kazatelů. Mistr Jan Hus o manželství,
rodině a populační reprodukci
...........................................................29
Mistr Jan Hus o manželství a rodině
.....................................................................31
11.2. Husitský názor na dítě a rodinu
.........................................................34
11.3. Pohusitská homiletika a její odraz v populačním myšlení
15.
století. Jan Rokycana, Václav Koranda mladší. Odpůrci husitství...
38
11.4. Petr Chelčický o rodině a populaci
....................................................43
III.
Populační myšlení v předbělohorských Čechách
..........................47
III.
1.
Odhady počtu obyvatelstva českých zemí
........................................47
III.2. Vývoj názorů na populaci v Jednotě bratrské
..................................49
Ш.З.
Odraz populačního myšlení ve dvojím proudu české homiletiky
a v literatuře
16.
století
......................................................................53
Populace v pohledu světské literatury
.........................................................57
IX
Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích
Památníky
.............................................................................................................61
III.4. Právní předpisy a populace. Teorie a praxe. Kontracepce,
potraty, vraždy novorozeňat
..............................................................64
IV.
Populační myšlení pobělohorského období
....................................73
IV.
1.
Předpoklady populačního růstu. Odhady počtu obyvatel
................ 73
IV.2 Názory Jana Amose Komenského, Pavla Stránského, Jiřího
Kezelia Bydžovského
.........................................................................80
IV.3. Názory Bohuslava Balbína, Tomáše Pěšiny z Čechorodu a
dalších
................................................................................................89
IV.4. Odraz populačního myšlení v barokní homiletice a ve světské
literatuře
............................................................................................ 91
V. Od merkantilismu
к
fysiokratismu. Populacionismus v období
osvícenského absolutismu druhé poloviny
18.
století
.................101
V.l Zvláštnosti středoevropského merkantilismu a jeho česká
podoba
............................................................................................. 101
V.2. Populacionismus jako základní prvek státní politiky
......................106
V.3. Populace a národ, stát a národ. Vlastenectví, nacionalismus
..........117
V.4. Populační myšlení první poloviny
19.
století
..................................121
V.
5.
Manželství a rodina v právních předpisech absolutistického
státu
................................................................................................ 129
VI.
Populační otázky v sociálně politickém a ekonomickém
myšlení druhé poloviny
19.
století
...............................................133
VI.
1.
Charakteristika období
...................................................................133
VI.2. Populační myšlení v programu radikálních demokratů
a liberální buržoasie
.......................................................................137
VI.3. Populační myšlení v
reformistických
ekonomických
teoriích. Populační nacionalismus ve spojení
s
ekonomickým
nacionalismem
................................................................................. 147
VI.4. Na přelomu
19.
a
20.
století. Názory
T. G.
Masaryka
na populační problémy
...................................................................154
VI.5. Pokrokáři, radikálové a anarchisté na přelomu století o problému
populace
...........................................................................................158
Obsah
VII.
Vývoj populačního myšlení v období mezi dvěma
světovými válkami
........................................................................163
VILI Charakteristika období
...................................................................163
VIÍ.2. Vývoj populačního myšlení v meziválečném období
...................166
VII.3. Institucionalizace demografie do roku
1945.................................182
VII.4. Populační politika v letech
1918-1938.........................................185
VII.
5.
Důsledky druhé světové války pro populační obraz
Československa
...............................................................................192
VIH.
Od konce druhé světové války do roku
1989.............................195
VIII. 1.
Charakteristika populačního vývoje
..............................................195
VIII.2 Diskuse o populačních otázkách v poválečném období
...............202
VI1I.3. Organizace demografického bádání v
ČSR
od roku
1945...........211
VIII.4. Globální a syntetické pohledy na vývoj populace
.......................214
VIII.5.
Vývoj populační politiky jako odraz populačního
myšlení
...........................................................................................217
IX.
Populační myšlení po roce
1989.....................................................223
IX.
1.
Demografická situace
.....................................................................223
IX.2. Populační politika a populační myšlení po roce
1989....................226
Závěr
.......................................................................................................245
Literatura
...............................................................................................249
Bibliografické příručky a základní souhrnná díla
.......................................................249
Edice pramenů a prameny
...........................................................................................250
Fondy Archivu Národního muzea, využité
к
tématu
..................................................251
Fondy pozůstalostí
.......................................................................................................251
Postily a jiná díla církevní provenience, většinou z fondů Knihovny Národního
muzea
.................................................................................................................252
Excerpované edice smolných knih
..............................................................................254
Prameny
к
18.
a
19.
století
...........................................................................................255
Ostatní literatura
...........................................................................................................259
Zkratky
....................................................................................................277
Summary
.................................................................................................279
Jmenný rejstřík
.......................................................................................291
XI
Summary
The history of demographic thought in
the Czech Lands
This study was initially a separate chapter in the author s
Dějin
populačního myšlení a populačních teorií
(The history of demographic thought
and demographic theory), completed in
1985
and published internally by the
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in
1989.
It has now been expanded to
include newly published literature and extended to cover the period up to around
2002,
and it has been shortened by one issue that in the meantime the author has
developed in articles for the periodical review
Demografie,
for the
Sborník
Národního muzea,
and for other academic journals.
In nine chapters the author looks at the evolution of ideas on population
development in the Czech lands, from the time of the earliest settlements up to
the present.
Chapter I
—
From the earliest times to the Renaissance
This chapter deals primarily with Christianity and its influence on
demographic thought, as traceable in the earliest written document sources.
However, a written record of ethical and legal norms is not the same thing as
everyday life, and in no historical period do people behave entirely in
accordance with stipulated norms. Directives pertaining to reproduction and
aimed at the general masses emphasised monogamy and a resistance to any form
of fertility controls (e. g. abortions), and these instructions were fully in
harmony with the interests of the secular authorities in maintaining a strongly
populated state and in the existence of a sufficiently large number of taxpayers.
The population climate was shaped by strong pressure from mostly external
circumstances, the most powerful of which was the high mortality rate
(especially infant and child mortality). In this chapter the author also looks at the
effects of colonisation; the influx of foreigners to the Czech lands introduced
a new element into local ideas about the population, and a clash of different
279
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_____________________
customs, social behaviours, and relations understandably emerged. Nevertheless,
the environment the migrants moved into is not characterised as one that was
hostile to or intolerant of foreigners.
Chapter II
-
Demographic thought in the Hussite and post-Hussite periods
This chapter is based on an analysis of sources that revealed this period to
be particularly important and significantly marked by pronounced changes. It
was not just the scholarly heresy that was striving for a return to the ideals of a
church originally of humble means, but was also a sensitive response to the
problems that were burdening ordinary people; the criticism of the church and
the purely theoretical speculations resulted in the direction of attention at
everyday problems. The biggest figure in the reform movement was
Jan Hus
(1370-1415),
who amidst the strict moralists that surrounded him and the
preachers that came after him comes across, in the author s view, as a wise,
contemplative, and tolerant individual.
A change in the mediaeval hierarchy is perhaps most notable from the
views that emerged that recognised the human dignity of women and children,
even if the road to their full integration into society as equals was still stretched
well into the future. For Jan Rokycana
(+1471)
the
procreative
function of the
family was supplanted in importance by its educative role, and the advice he put
forth has lost none of its ethical value to date: It is not enough to create a child,
it is necessary also to raise that child, and nor is the parent freed of the
responsibility to oversee (but not dictate) what kind of family the children
themselves lodge (he is primarily criticising the practice of arranging
incompatible marriages for money).
The author found some original thoughts on the family and population in
the writings of
Petr Chelčický
(circa
ІЗїЮ-сігса
1460),
a yeoman from Southern
Bohemia, who was the spiritual father of the Unity of the Czech Brethren. He
reserves a very honourable position in the family for women, whom he regards
not as the weaker and the subordinate sex, but evaluates women in terms of
moral responsibility and merit.
Chapter HI
-
Demographic thought in the period before the Battle of White
Mountain
(1620)
The author takes a detailed looked at how opinions on the population
developed among the Czech Brethren, particularly owing to the notable legacy it
left in the form of written works and its impact on Czech cultural history, and
even as an example of courage in the face of persecution. In the works by the
most prominent of its members
-
Jan Augusta and even
Beneš Bavoryňský
-
an
altogether new feature appears, to that point unknown in mediaeval thought,
280
__________________________________________________________
Summary
relating to views on children, and specifically to the idea that they should
express their own opinions (and chastise their parents for behaving improperly).
Parents are assigned the duty of providing for their children s successful
physical and mental development (ensuring that their children are raised
properly and educated and capable of standing on their own feet, and helping
them find appropriate employment). In exchange children should return this
favour with their love , look after their parents in old age and sickness, and
ensure that they are able to die with dignity. Despite the fact that initially
ordinary people felt threatened by the Czech Brethren, it became the guardian of
language and culture by spreading education.
The author examines demographic thought in the two streams of Czech
confessional teachings and in
16*
century literature, pointing out that
differences existed in their ideas about some issues relating to the family,
marriage, and sex life, but that these differences stemmed more from the
personality of the figure expressing them in writing, his education, breadth of
knowledge, and tolerance than it did from the fact of whether he was a Catholic
or a Protestant. These qualifications aside, it is possible to find features in
common, which characterise the preaching
ofthat
day in general and distinguish
it from the nature of preaching that emerged after the Battle of White Mountain
(1620).
Ideas about human reproduction take on a much stronger and more
favourable tone in the sermons of the reformist movement and are also closer to
the day-to-day worries of ordinary people, addressing their health, the physical
and mental abilities of the young generation. The shift to a focus on man,
characteristic of humanism, and on human action, rather than just relying on the
will of God, was held in important regard. Later, this legacy was taken up by Jan
Amos Komenský (Comenius),
who in the Czech lands is regarded as the first
thinker to notably support population growth, similar in outlook to West
European mercantilism.
In the sub-chapters on population ideas contained in secular literature, it
was possible to note a continually growing circle of people whose work dealt
with themes of interest to demographic historians (by profession these authors
tended to be priests, teachers, the lesser nobility, stewards, and people of other
professions). To provide an idea of the opinions on marriage, family, love, and
sex the author drew on a previously unused source
-
the private documents of
the nobility.
In the sub-chapter on legal regulations and practice, the author addresses
the question of whether throughout the entire so-called pre-statistical age an
unregulated fertility existed among the majority of the population, how well
281
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_____________________
known and widespread abortion was, and how often induced abortions and
infanticide occurred.
Chapter IV
—
Demographic thought in the period after the Battle of White
Mountain
Although the year
1620
represented a turning point in economic and social
development in the Czech lands, it does not signify a fundamental change in the
progress of demographic thought. One trend, strongly influenced by the
Reformation, prevailed and in a certain sense peaked with
Komenský
and his
general interpretation of population issues. A second trend encountered, but in
the anti-Reformation doctrine, was a more reserved perspective on human
reproduction, less sensitive to the possibilities for supporting population growth,
and considerably fatalistic in its judgement of health and illness, but it was not
explicitly anti-populationist. Voices arguing against substantial population
growth were necessarily scarce in an environment that was experiencing a
significant population decline (owing to forced emigration for religious reasons
and to the consequences of the Thirty Years War).
The author reviews the opinions of
Jan Amos Komenský,
Pavel
Stránský,
Jiří
Kezeli
Bydžovský, Bohuslav Balbín, Tomáš Pěšina
of
Čechorod
and others.
She traces the reflection of demographic ideas in Baroque religious doctrine and
in secular literature and reaches the conclusion that no significant shift occurred
in views on human reproduction even in the period that historical demographers
describe as demographically dynamic: in connection with changes in human
thought there were also changes in thoughts relating to the population tied to
shifts in the population climate, which always persists for a significant period of
time; also, a high mortality rate in all age groups persisted (particularly child and
infant mortality), as well as a high birth rate, combined with a low average life
expectancy. A significant difference was in the relationship to life and death:
when the authors of documents and the preachers reflect on rates of illness and
death at all, then their views are dominated by a religious resignation, while
mention of how to avoid illness or how to treat it vanish and education has
suddenly become irrelevant (and for women even harmful). Women were
abruptly pushed back into a position that in the authors view they belong in
within the hierarchy of family ties, with the head of the family being the
husband. The social contempt for single mothers and illegitimate children is
backed by the church s condemnation of these categories. The promising
development in demographic though that had brought attention to women,
children, the family, religious tolerance, the role of education, human health and
illness, was then forcibly interrupted for a long time to come by a militant
process of re-Catholicisation.
282
__________________________________________________
Summary
Chapter V
-
From mercantilism to physiocratism. Populationism in the age
of Enlightened Absolutism in the second half of the 18th century
The mercantilism that had emphasised the deliberate increase in population
numbers and aimed at elevating Czech cities to the level of great European
centres soon fused in this region with physiocratism, and virtually no traces of
pure mercantilism are evident here.
Nevertheless, the ideas of Austrian mercantilists, which had a powerful
influence on the Czech environment, concentrated more on indirect methods
(support for migration, providing sources of livelihood) than reaching, for
example, for the model of French mercantilists (high taxes for unmarried people,
pressure on families aimed at increasing fertility).
Voices calling for increasing population density from internal sources
only begin appearing with the onset of Enlightenment Absolutism at the end of
the 18th century. Typically already from the 17th century these appeals were tied
to criticism of the demanding labour duties, serfdom, and guilds systems.
Emphasis on the family as the basic social unit, as the source of a descendents,
and materially providing for the family, appear in all literary works. Among
some authors, harking back to Reformation traditions, there is the added wish
that the descendents also be physically healthy and educated.
The author notes the influence of two main theorists of Austrian
populationism
-
Joseph
von Sonnenfels
(who came from an orthodox Jewish
family in
Mikulov
in Moravia) and
Johann Gottlob von Justi,
and she notes that
throughout the reign of Josef II, from the time of his co-regency, conditions
began to take shape for the emergence of economic and political liberalism and
in reality the feudal structure of society changed. Without this precondition the
Industrial Revolution would have been unthinkable
(Antonín Boháč
was the first
in this country to point to the connection between the two phenomena). During
this period population theory and politics reached an unprecedented unity,
breadth, and effectiveness.
Primaj
interest was focused on three areas:
documenting the size of the population, economic growth, decreasing mortality
as a precondition for increasing natural population growth. Views on the
significance and role of the population can be sought among the earliest
statisticians, Enlightenment economists, and among a large group of doctors.
The author cites the most striking and characteristic figures from these three
groups.
One original thinker that the author draws attention is
Jan Melič,
a Prague
doctor, whose ideas were ahead of their time, and who was the first in this
region to present statistical evidence of the level of infant mortality, calculated
using the birth registry, and sketched out a plan to study mortality in connection
283
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_____________________
with profession, age, and social environment. He also presented a detailed
outline of health and social insurance for both men and women in the
population. His opinion that the state had thus far mistakenly endeavoured to
increase the population by means of immigration was also backed by many of
his contemporaries and ultimately became one of the basic elements of
demographic thought in the Enlightenment. There were a number of doctors
who developed ideas and proposals along these lines (Anton
Hain, Johann
Joseph
Nehr, Johann Dyonisius
John, Franz Anton Stelzig). Joseph Anton
Riegger pointed to the causal relationship between socio-economic status and
health; F. A. Stelzig developed the first life tables for Bohemia in
1800-1828
and also put forth a definition of the golden rule that every wise statistician
must follow .
The third sub-chapter briefly describes the development of National
Revivalist patriotism as part of the development of European thought. In this
region, there was a sensitive reaction to the forced adaptation to a foreign
government and attempts at Germanification (language not just as
a communication tool but as the key to obtaining access to education in the
mother tongue, access to authorities and participation in administration). A new
feature was the increase in social confidence.
The main issues in demographic thought during the first half of the 19th
century were: forced residential constraints in the emerging urban centres and
the inadequate attention devoted to the development of general education as the
precondition for implementing a better system of health care (names like
Johann
Springer, K. J. Czoernig, Theophil Pisling, Bernard Bolzano,
Matěj J. Sychra,
Jan Ohéral, Kašpar
of Sternberk,
V.
J. Krombholz,
Augustin Smetana).
Chapter VI
-
Population issues in socio-political and economic thought in
the second half of the 19th century
During this period, demographic thought was tied mainly to the economic
thought, and the national and linguistic character of the National Revival shifted
the majority of ideas about population growth onto that level. Here the author
examines demographic thought in the programme of the radical democrats and
the liberal bourgeoisie. The educated classes and townspeople became aware,
even before the middle of the 19th century, that in order for a nation to compete
with foreign industry abroad and German industry at home it is necessary to
attain a better standing in industrial and agricultural work. A determined effort
to promote industrial businesses and the role of education in the mother tongue
are set as an essential precondition for defending the existence of the Czech
nation.
284
__________________________________________________________
Summary
The interest of scientific communities in population was also important
(The Association for the Support of Industry in Bohemia, the programme of the
Physiocratic Society). Both these groups began collecting statistics in which the
population factor plays a significant role).
Among some original thinkers at this time it is necessary to mention
Karel
Havlíček Borovský,
and also of interest were the probes of the well-known
pioneer in the cooperative movement, the doctor
František
Cyril Kampelik, into
the health, social and population conditions in the Czech borderlands in the
north, including his own social
utopia
that combined the advantages of the city
with life in the country and confronted the trends of migration overseas. The
historian Anton
Heinrich
Springer emphasised the significance in this region of
the widest possible participation in public life and business
-
the significance of
these groups, their involvement in upbringing and education, and their role in
training for highly skilled work.
In the same chapter the author traces population issues in Reformist
economic theories and in this connection looks at population nationalism tied
to economic nationalism , which in this region typically emphasised the quality
of the population and not just its growth.
(Karel
Milan Lambl s programme of
economic-production re-education;
Alfons František
Šťastný s
protection of the
rustic way of life). The author takes a closer look at the figure of
František
Ladislav
Riegr, a lawyer, economist, and politician, who was familiar with the
work of J. B. Say, A. Smith, R.
Malthus
and the criticism of
Friedrich
Engels.
The close link between the issue of the nation and social issues is found in
the demographic ideas of
František Ladislav Chleborad,
whose criticism of
Malthus s cannibalistic teachings differed from the ideas of the Charles
University professor of economics Josef Kaizl, who, on the contrary, regarded
them as true and incontrovertible and he attempted himself to formulate a
population optimum.
Perhaps the most interesting figure in this period is the Czech economist
Albín Bráf,
whose work and public activities revealed views typical of the
demographic thought of this fateful age, according to the history
Jan Erazim
Vocel, in that it was dominated by two elements: nationality and penury .
Bráf s
papers contain, among other things, a proposal to found a Czech Society
for Population Issues .
The late 19th and early 20th century was dominated by people whose work
had a big influence on shaping opinions on social and thus also population
development; for example,
Tomáš
Garrigue
Masaryk
-
a university professor at
the time, and from
1918
the first President of Czechoslovakia. Many of
Masaryk
s
ideas focused on the family as the foundation of the moral health of
285
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_____________________
society, and on the environment, which fulfils an important socialisation role.
Harmony and morality in the family were for him the measure of human
relations, and the relationship to the value of human life was a measure of the
culture of a nation.
Chapter
VII
-
The development of demographic thought in the period
between the two world wars
The First World War was the first major blow to the population structure.
Here, as in other countries, in the early post-war years a large portion of
demographic thought turned its attention to the demographic consequences of
the war and to the strengthening trend of a declining fertility. Actual economic
and population developments had an influence on demographic thought, which
throughout the interwar period was inspired by West European demographic
literature, primarily British, French and German authors. Those who were
specialising in demography in this region primarily understood theory as a guide
to practical solutions
-
in it they tried to find appropriate forms of population
policy. From the outset there was a dominant interest in the nationality issue (the
development of the Czech and German populations, and migration).
From the time the State Statistical Office was founded and the department
for population statistics was set up, an increasing amount of work focused on
contemporary issues, such as European depopulation , relative over¬
population, the relationship been population development and social and
economic development, and attempts at formulating a population optimum.
Antonín Boháč,
who criticised the modification of Dumont s theory of
social capillarity, expressed criticism of all theories that over-simplified the
dependency of the decline in fertility on the material situation of families.
Boháč
is regarded as the real founder of Czech demography, and among his
contemporaries he was the one who achieved the most consistent view. He
stipulated the need to make detailed geographic studies and to calculate
differential measures of fertility that could relate to geographic and economic
spheres, which were usually quite socially homogeneous. In
1914
he published
a theory of a decline in fertility by isochronic distance from depopulating
centres (at that time Prague and
Liberec
and the surrounding area), an
awareness of which was associated with the name of the German economist Karl
Oldenberg(1916).
Throughout the interwar period in most studies the decline in fertility was
assessed as a negative trend, from the economic, political and nationality
perspectives. Demographic opinion varied only in terms of the causes they cited
and the means of addressing them.
286
________________________________________________
Summary
Pronatalist outlooks were often combined with appeals for a return to
rationalism and egoism, which contained a motivation for the spread of
contraception
(Bedřich Augustin),
and the Czech population issue was tied to
nationality and to religious indifference of the majority of the population (Josef
Gruber),
or to a decline in the vitality of the population (Cyril
Horáček
Jr.). A
number of authors studied population development in various industrial regions
and studied the causes behind migration from rural to urban areas, examining
everything from facts to effects
(Jaromír
Koreák,
Josef
Pohl-Doberský,
J.
Dvořák),
the consequences of emigration (Jan Auerhan). Several authors
attempted to place Czech population questions in the context of a broader
international comparison.
Among the more notable figures from this period that the author looks at
are, for example, Alois Hajn (Neo-Malthusianism and the Czechoslovak
Republic,
1921),
the lawyer and economist
Karel Engliš,
the social-democratic
politician
František Modráček,
and others.
in connection with the debate on the population optimum the author mainly
summarises the ideas of Otto Schmidt, who pointed to the qualitative aspect of
the optimum as a state fluctuating over time.
Sociologists and philosophers also turned their attention to the family (a
number of studies on the crisis in family life), and a major discussion was
evoked by an attempt to reform penal law in connection with abortions.
Relatively soon after the emergence of the independent state, eugenics
requirements were expressed, formulated by the Czech Eugenics Society,
founded in
1919.
The author also looks at the institutionalisation of demography
up to
1945
and population policy in
1918-1938.
Chapter
VIII -
From the end of the Second World War to
1989
The period was characterised by alternating, distinct population waves,
attempts to respond to them, and efforts to steer population development. After
1945
professional publications and the daily press promoted a discussion of the
questions of how to compensate direct population losses from the war and the
decline in numbers in the labour force after the transfer of German and
Hungarian minorities out of the country. There were renewed voices calling for
an evaluation of population issues as a whole with regard to their health and
cultural aspects, and not just to focus on reproduction indicators.
Vladimír Srb
contributed several large studies to the discussion. The high rate of infant
mortality, which had already attracted attention during the First Republic, again
became a topic of study. The urgency of population issues was pushed into the
background by the struggle for the nature of the state and the stagnation of
population studies after
1948.
The illusion of the permanent ascendancy of a
287
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_____________________
favourable trend was accorded powerful ideological backing (the application of
Marx s population law , according to which the preconditions for harmonic
population growth are created in socialist societies). A significant obstacle was
also the fact that demographic (and other) statistics became an official secret,
contacts with scientific institutions in the capitalist world were severed, and
many teachers were denied permission to teach, while others fled persecution by
emigrating. Politically motivated emigration continued also in the years to come.
František Fajfr
(1992-1969)
was one of the most distinct figures of the
period in which, after the stagnation of demographic studies, more objective
insights into population development emerged, despite the political situation in
the country at the time. Also, some important contributions were made to ideas
about the population optimum
(Zdeněk Vávra,
Milan
Kučera),
and among some
more generally oriented works was the study by
Zdeněk Pavlík, Nástin
populačního vývoje světa
(An outline of
World
Population Development) and his
concept of global revolution of modern epoch (including working-out concept of
demographic revolution).
In this chapter the author also looks at how demographic research was
organised after
1945,
at global and synthetic perspectives on population
development (Martin
Hampl, Zdeněk Pavlík),
at research on the population
climate
(Z. Pavlík),
and at trends in population policies as a reflection of
demographic thought, which quite convincingly snowed that even the most
effective population measures are incapable of perpetually stimulating fertility if
there exist circumstances unfavourably affecting the population climate.
Chapter IX
-
Demographic thought after
1989
In simple terms, opinions on what changes occurred in the demographic
behaviour in this period are now roughly divided into two groups. The first
group contains advocates of the approach that no form of intervention is
necessary, because it is pointless and ineffective to do so (there is even the
extreme view that it is unacceptable to do so, because it is interference in the
rights and freedoms of the individual). The second group (in short the
pronatalists ) are satisfied to observe current trends, which show a gradual
decline in the natural increase of the population and a more rapid aging of the
population than was estimated in long-term prognoses, and they have no
intention of ceasing to develop concepts for population policy.
The author does not hide the fact that she belongs to the second camp and
she is particularly critical of the fact that the formation of a more favourable
population climate, which in this country is rather unfavourable to wishes to
have children, is not the subject of any real attention. Unlike expectations in the
post-revolution general euphoria, a considerably materialistic value scale has
288
__________________________________________________________
Summary
emerged, and the blame for this cannot be thrown just on the preceding forty-
year totalitarian period. There is no written evidence, let alone signs in daily life,
of the valuation of motherhood and raising children as a socially significant,
responsible role of women (and men). Even the poorly informed and thus far
indifferent are aware, however, that the limits of common sense have been
passed and an emphatic effort to address the situation will occur.
In conclusion the author summarises all the basic features that in her
opinion characterise demographic thought in a long-term outlook.
289
|
| adam_txt |
DEJINY
POPULAČNÍHO MYŠLENI
V
ČESKÝCH
ZEMÍCH
OBSAH
Uvod
.1
I. Od
nejstarších dob
k
renesanci
.1
1.1. Nejstarší osídlení českých zemí
.1
Význam
paleodemografie
pro poznání struktury osídlení a počtu
obyvatelstva
.1
1.2.
Křesťanství a jeho odraz v populačním myšlení na našem území
.7
1.3.
Názor světské moci a odraz populačního myšlení v písemných
památkách
13.-14.
století
.14
Kolonizace a její důsledky
.16
Populační myšlení v homiletice i v krásné literatuře
.21
„Oprava" mravů
.24
II.
Populační myšlení husitského a pohusitského období
.29
II.
1.
Názory předhusitských kazatelů. Mistr Jan Hus o manželství,
rodině a populační reprodukci
.29
Mistr Jan Hus o manželství a rodině
.31
11.2. Husitský názor na dítě a rodinu
.34
11.3. Pohusitská homiletika a její odraz v populačním myšlení
15.
století. Jan Rokycana, Václav Koranda mladší. Odpůrci husitství.
38
11.4. Petr Chelčický o rodině a populaci
.43
III.
Populační myšlení v předbělohorských Čechách
.47
III.
1.
Odhady počtu obyvatelstva českých zemí
.47
III.2. Vývoj názorů na populaci v Jednotě bratrské
.49
Ш.З.
Odraz populačního myšlení ve dvojím proudu české homiletiky
a v literatuře
16.
století
.53
Populace v pohledu světské literatury
.57
IX
Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích
Památníky
.61
III.4. Právní předpisy a populace. Teorie a praxe. Kontracepce,
potraty, vraždy novorozeňat
.64
IV.
Populační myšlení pobělohorského období
.73
IV.
1.
Předpoklady populačního růstu. Odhady počtu obyvatel
. 73
IV.2 Názory Jana Amose Komenského, Pavla Stránského, Jiřího
Kezelia Bydžovského
.80
IV.3. Názory Bohuslava Balbína, Tomáše Pěšiny z Čechorodu a
dalších
.89
IV.4. Odraz populačního myšlení v barokní homiletice a ve světské
literatuře
. 91
V. Od merkantilismu
к
fysiokratismu. Populacionismus v období
osvícenského absolutismu druhé poloviny
18.
století
.101
V.l Zvláštnosti středoevropského merkantilismu a jeho česká
podoba
. 101
V.2. Populacionismus jako základní prvek státní politiky
.106
V.3. Populace a národ, stát a národ. Vlastenectví, nacionalismus
.117
V.4. Populační myšlení první poloviny
19.
století
.121
V.
5.
Manželství a rodina v právních předpisech absolutistického
státu
. 129
VI.
Populační otázky v sociálně politickém a ekonomickém
myšlení druhé poloviny
19.
století
.133
VI.
1.
Charakteristika období
.133
VI.2. Populační myšlení v programu radikálních demokratů
a liberální buržoasie
.137
VI.3. Populační myšlení v
reformistických
ekonomických
teoriích. Populační nacionalismus ve spojení
s
ekonomickým
nacionalismem
. 147
VI.4. Na přelomu
19.
a
20.
století. Názory
T. G.
Masaryka
na populační problémy
.154
VI.5. Pokrokáři, radikálové a anarchisté na přelomu století o problému
populace
.158
Obsah
VII.
Vývoj populačního myšlení v období mezi dvěma
světovými válkami
.163
VILI Charakteristika období
.163
VIÍ.2. Vývoj populačního myšlení v meziválečném období
.166
VII.3. Institucionalizace demografie do roku
1945.182
VII.4. Populační politika v letech
1918-1938.185
VII.
5.
Důsledky druhé světové války pro populační obraz
Československa
.192
VIH.
Od konce druhé světové války do roku
1989.195
VIII. 1.
Charakteristika populačního vývoje
.195
VIII.2 Diskuse o populačních otázkách v poválečném období
.202
VI1I.3. Organizace demografického bádání v
ČSR
od roku
1945.211
VIII.4. Globální a syntetické pohledy na vývoj populace
.214
VIII.5.
Vývoj populační politiky jako odraz populačního
myšlení
.217
IX.
Populační myšlení po roce
1989.223
IX.
1.
Demografická situace
.223
IX.2. Populační politika a populační myšlení po roce
1989.226
Závěr
.245
Literatura
.249
Bibliografické příručky a základní souhrnná díla
.249
Edice pramenů a prameny
.250
Fondy Archivu Národního muzea, využité
к
tématu
.251
Fondy pozůstalostí
.251
Postily a jiná díla církevní provenience, většinou z fondů Knihovny Národního
muzea
.252
Excerpované edice smolných knih
.254
Prameny
к
18.
a
19.
století
.255
Ostatní literatura
.259
Zkratky
.277
Summary
.279
Jmenný rejstřík
.291
XI
Summary
The history of demographic thought in
the Czech Lands
This study was initially a separate chapter in the author's
Dějin
populačního myšlení a populačních teorií
(The history of demographic thought
and demographic theory), completed in
1985
and published internally by the
Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences in
1989.
It has now been expanded to
include newly published literature and extended to cover the period up to around
2002,
and it has been shortened by one issue that in the meantime the author has
developed in articles for the periodical review
Demografie,
for the
Sborník
Národního muzea,
and for other academic journals.
In nine chapters the author looks at the evolution of ideas on population
development in the Czech lands, from the time of the earliest settlements up to
the present.
Chapter I
—
From the earliest times to the Renaissance
This chapter deals primarily with Christianity and its influence on
demographic thought, as traceable in the earliest written document sources.
However, a written record of ethical and legal norms is not the same thing as
everyday life, and in no historical period do people behave entirely in
accordance with stipulated norms. Directives pertaining to reproduction and
aimed at the general masses emphasised monogamy and a resistance to any form
of fertility controls (e. g. abortions), and these instructions were fully in
harmony with the interests of the secular authorities in maintaining a strongly
populated state and in the existence of a sufficiently large number of taxpayers.
The population climate was shaped by strong pressure from mostly external
circumstances, the most powerful of which was the high mortality rate
(especially infant and child mortality). In this chapter the author also looks at the
effects of colonisation; the influx of foreigners to the Czech lands introduced
a new element into local ideas about the population, and a clash of different
279
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_
customs, social behaviours, and relations understandably emerged. Nevertheless,
the environment the migrants moved into is not characterised as one that was
hostile to or intolerant of foreigners.
Chapter II
-
Demographic thought in the Hussite and post-Hussite periods
This chapter is based on an analysis of sources that revealed this period to
be particularly important and significantly marked by pronounced changes. It
was not just the "scholarly heresy" that was striving for a return to the ideals of a
church originally of humble means, but was also a sensitive response to the
problems that were burdening ordinary people; the criticism of the church and
the purely theoretical speculations resulted in the direction of attention at
everyday problems. The biggest figure in the reform movement was
Jan Hus
(1370-1415),
who amidst the strict moralists that surrounded him and the
preachers that came after him comes across, in the author's view, as a wise,
contemplative, and tolerant individual.
A change in the mediaeval hierarchy is perhaps most notable from the
views that emerged that recognised the human dignity of women and children,
even if the road to their full integration into society as equals was still stretched
well into the future. For Jan Rokycana
(+1471)
the
procreative
function of the
family was supplanted in importance by its educative role, and the advice he put
forth has lost none of its ethical value to date: It is not enough to create a child,
it is necessary also to raise that child, and nor is the parent freed of the
responsibility to oversee (but not dictate) what kind of family the children
themselves lodge (he is primarily criticising the practice of arranging
incompatible marriages for money).
The author found some original thoughts on the family and population in
the writings of
Petr Chelčický
(circa
ІЗїЮ-сігса
1460),
a yeoman from Southern
Bohemia, who was the spiritual father of the Unity of the Czech Brethren. He
reserves a very honourable position in the family for women, whom he regards
not as the weaker and the subordinate sex, but evaluates women in terms of
moral responsibility and merit.
Chapter HI
-
Demographic thought in the period before the Battle of White
Mountain
(1620)
The author takes a detailed looked at how opinions on the population
developed among the Czech Brethren, particularly owing to the notable legacy it
left in the form of written works and its impact on Czech cultural history, and
even as an example of courage in the face of persecution. In the works by the
most prominent of its members
-
Jan Augusta and even
Beneš Bavoryňský
-
an
altogether new feature appears, to that point unknown in mediaeval thought,
280
_
Summary
relating to views on children, and specifically to the idea that they should
express their own opinions (and chastise their parents for behaving improperly).
Parents are assigned the duty of providing for their children's successful
physical and mental development (ensuring that their children are raised
properly and educated and capable of standing on their own feet, and helping
them find appropriate employment). In exchange children should return this
favour with "their love", look after their parents in old age and sickness, and
ensure that they are able to die with dignity. Despite the fact that initially
ordinary people felt threatened by the Czech Brethren, it became the guardian of
language and culture by spreading education.
The author examines demographic thought in the two streams of Czech
confessional teachings and in
16*
century literature, pointing out that
differences existed in their ideas about some issues relating to the family,
marriage, and sex life, but that these differences stemmed more from the
personality of the figure expressing them in writing, his education, breadth of
knowledge, and tolerance than it did from the fact of whether he was a Catholic
or a Protestant. These qualifications aside, it is possible to find features in
common, which characterise the preaching
ofthat
day in general and distinguish
it from the nature of preaching that emerged after the Battle of White Mountain
(1620).
Ideas about human reproduction take on a much stronger and more
favourable tone in the sermons of the reformist movement and are also closer to
the day-to-day worries of ordinary people, addressing their health, the physical
and mental abilities of the young generation. The shift to a focus on man,
characteristic of humanism, and on human action, rather than just relying on the
will of God, was held in important regard. Later, this legacy was taken up by Jan
Amos Komenský (Comenius),
who in the Czech lands is regarded as the first
thinker to notably support population growth, similar in outlook to West
European mercantilism.
In the sub-chapters on population ideas contained in secular literature, it
was possible to note a continually growing circle of people whose work dealt
with themes of interest to demographic historians (by profession these authors
tended to be priests, teachers, the lesser nobility, stewards, and people of other
professions). To provide an idea of the opinions on marriage, family, love, and
sex the author drew on a previously unused source
-
the private documents of
the nobility.
In the sub-chapter on legal regulations and practice, the author addresses
the question of whether throughout the entire so-called pre-statistical age an
unregulated fertility existed among the majority of the population, how well
281
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_
known and widespread abortion was, and how often induced abortions and
infanticide occurred.
Chapter IV
—
Demographic thought in the period after the Battle of White
Mountain
Although the year
1620
represented a turning point in economic and social
development in the Czech lands, it does not signify a fundamental change in the
progress of demographic thought. One trend, strongly influenced by the
Reformation, prevailed and in a certain sense peaked with
Komenský
and his
general interpretation of population issues. A second trend encountered, but in
the anti-Reformation doctrine, was a more reserved perspective on human
reproduction, less sensitive to the possibilities for supporting population growth,
and considerably fatalistic in its judgement of health and illness, but it was not
explicitly anti-populationist. Voices arguing against substantial population
growth were necessarily scarce in an environment that was experiencing a
significant population decline (owing to forced emigration for religious reasons
and to the consequences of the Thirty Years War).
The author reviews the opinions of
Jan Amos Komenský,
Pavel
Stránský,
Jiří
Kezeli
Bydžovský, Bohuslav Balbín, Tomáš Pěšina
of
Čechorod
and others.
She traces the reflection of demographic ideas in Baroque religious doctrine and
in secular literature and reaches the conclusion that no significant shift occurred
in views on human reproduction even in the period that historical demographers
describe as demographically dynamic: in connection with changes in human
thought there were also changes in thoughts relating to the population tied to
shifts in the population climate, which always persists for a significant period of
time; also, a high mortality rate in all age groups persisted (particularly child and
infant mortality), as well as a high birth rate, combined with a low average life
expectancy. A significant difference was in the relationship to life and death:
when the authors of documents and the preachers reflect on rates of illness and
death at all, then their views are dominated by a religious resignation, while
mention of how to avoid illness or how to treat it vanish and education has
suddenly become irrelevant (and for women even harmful). Women were
abruptly pushed back into a position that in the authors' view they belong in
within the hierarchy of family ties, with the head of the family being the
husband. The social contempt for single mothers and illegitimate children is
backed by the church's condemnation of these categories. The promising
development in demographic though that had brought attention to women,
children, the family, religious tolerance, the role of education, human health and
illness, was then forcibly interrupted for a long time to come by a militant
process of re-Catholicisation.
282
_
Summary
Chapter V
-
From mercantilism to physiocratism. Populationism in the age
of Enlightened Absolutism in the second half of the 18th century
The mercantilism that had emphasised the deliberate increase in population
numbers and aimed at elevating Czech cities to the level of great European
centres soon fused in this region with physiocratism, and virtually no traces of
"pure" mercantilism are evident here.
Nevertheless, the ideas of Austrian mercantilists, which had a powerful
influence on the Czech environment, concentrated more on indirect methods
(support for migration, providing sources of livelihood) than reaching, for
example, for the model of French mercantilists (high taxes for unmarried people,
pressure on families aimed at increasing fertility).
Voices calling for increasing population density from "internal" sources
only begin appearing with the onset of Enlightenment Absolutism at the end of
the 18th century. Typically already from the 17th century these appeals were tied
to criticism of the demanding labour duties, serfdom, and guilds systems.
Emphasis on the family as the basic social unit, as the source of a descendents,
and materially providing for the family, appear in all literary works. Among
some authors, harking back to Reformation traditions, there is the added wish
that the descendents also be physically healthy and educated.
The author notes the influence of two main theorists of Austrian
populationism
-
Joseph
von Sonnenfels
(who came from an orthodox Jewish
family in
Mikulov
in Moravia) and
Johann Gottlob von Justi,
and she notes that
throughout the reign of Josef II, from the time of his co-regency, conditions
began to take shape for the emergence of economic and political liberalism and
in reality the feudal structure of society changed. Without this precondition the
Industrial Revolution would have been unthinkable
(Antonín Boháč
was the first
in this country to point to the connection between the two phenomena). During
this period population theory and politics reached an unprecedented unity,
breadth, and effectiveness.
Primaj
interest was focused on three areas:
documenting the size of the population, economic growth, decreasing mortality
as a precondition for increasing natural population growth. Views on the
significance and role of the population can be sought among the earliest
statisticians, Enlightenment economists, and among a large group of doctors.
The author cites the most striking and characteristic figures from these three
groups.
One original thinker that the author draws attention is
Jan Melič,
a Prague
doctor, whose ideas were ahead of their time, and who was the first in this
region to present statistical evidence of the level of infant mortality, calculated
using the birth registry, and sketched out a plan to study mortality in connection
283
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_
with profession, age, and social environment. He also presented a detailed
outline of health and social insurance for both men and women in the
population. His opinion that the state had thus far mistakenly endeavoured to
increase the population by means of immigration was also backed by many of
his contemporaries and ultimately became one of the basic elements of
demographic thought in the Enlightenment. There were a number of doctors
who developed ideas and proposals along these lines (Anton
Hain, Johann
Joseph
Nehr, Johann Dyonisius
John, Franz Anton Stelzig). Joseph Anton
Riegger pointed to the causal relationship between socio-economic status and
health; F. A. Stelzig developed the first life tables for Bohemia in
1800-1828
and also put forth a definition of the "golden rule that every wise statistician
must follow".
The third sub-chapter briefly describes the development of National
Revivalist patriotism as part of the development of European thought. In this
region, there was a sensitive reaction to the forced adaptation to a foreign
government and attempts at Germanification (language not just as
a communication tool but as the key to obtaining access to education in the
mother tongue, access to authorities and participation in administration). A new
feature was the increase in social confidence.
The main issues in demographic thought during the first half of the 19th
century were: forced residential constraints in the emerging urban centres and
the inadequate attention devoted to the development of general education as the
precondition for implementing a better system of health care (names like
Johann
Springer, K. J. Czoernig, Theophil Pisling, Bernard Bolzano,
Matěj J. Sychra,
Jan Ohéral, Kašpar
of Sternberk,
V.
J. Krombholz,
Augustin Smetana).
Chapter VI
-
Population issues in socio-political and economic thought in
the second half of the 19th century
During this period, demographic thought was tied mainly to the economic
thought, and the national and linguistic character of the National Revival shifted
the majority of ideas about population growth onto that level. Here the author
examines demographic thought in the programme of the radical democrats and
the liberal bourgeoisie. The educated classes and townspeople became aware,
even before the middle of the 19th century, that in order for a nation to compete
with foreign industry abroad and German industry at home it is necessary to
attain a better standing in industrial and agricultural work. A determined effort
to promote industrial businesses and the role of education in the mother tongue
are set as an essential precondition for defending the existence of the Czech
nation.
284
_
Summary
The interest of scientific communities in population was also important
(The Association for the Support of Industry in Bohemia, the programme of the
Physiocratic Society). Both these groups began collecting statistics in which the
population factor plays a significant role).
Among some original thinkers at this time it is necessary to mention
Karel
Havlíček Borovský,
and also of interest were the probes of the well-known
pioneer in the cooperative movement, the doctor
František
Cyril Kampelik, into
the health, social and population conditions in the Czech borderlands in the
north, including his own social
utopia
that combined the advantages of the city
with life in the country and confronted the trends of migration overseas. The
historian Anton
Heinrich
Springer emphasised the significance in this region of
the widest possible participation in public life and business
-
the significance of
these groups, their involvement in upbringing and education, and their role in
training for highly skilled work.
In the same chapter the author traces population issues in Reformist
economic theories and in this connection looks at "population nationalism" tied
to "economic nationalism", which in this region typically emphasised the quality
of the population and not just its growth.
(Karel
Milan Lambl's programme of
economic-production re-education;
Alfons František
Šťastný's
protection of the
rustic way of life). The author takes a closer look at the figure of
František
Ladislav
Riegr, a lawyer, economist, and politician, who was familiar with the
work of J. B. Say, A. Smith, R.
Malthus
and the criticism of
Friedrich
Engels.
The close link between the issue of the nation and social issues is found in
the demographic ideas of
František Ladislav Chleborad,
whose criticism of
Malthus's "cannibalistic teachings" differed from the ideas of the Charles
University professor of economics Josef Kaizl, who, on the contrary, regarded
them as "true and incontrovertible" and he attempted himself to formulate a
population optimum.
Perhaps the most interesting figure in this period is the Czech economist
Albín Bráf,
whose work and public activities revealed views typical of the
demographic thought of this "fateful" age, according to the history
Jan Erazim
Vocel, in that it was "dominated by two elements: nationality and penury".
Bráf s
papers contain, among other things, a proposal to found a "Czech Society
for Population Issues".
The late 19th and early 20th century was dominated by people whose work
had a big influence on shaping opinions on social and thus also population
development; for example,
Tomáš
Garrigue
Masaryk
-
a university professor at
the time, and from
1918
the first President of Czechoslovakia. Many of
Masaryk'
s
ideas focused on the family as the foundation of the moral health of
285
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_
society, and on the environment, which fulfils an important socialisation role.
Harmony and morality in the family were for him the measure of human
relations, and the relationship to the value of human life was a measure of the
culture of a nation.
Chapter
VII
-
The development of demographic thought in the period
between the two world wars
The First World War was the first major blow to the population structure.
Here, as in other countries, in the early post-war years a large portion of
demographic thought turned its attention to the demographic consequences of
the war and to the strengthening trend of a declining fertility. Actual economic
and population developments had an influence on demographic thought, which
throughout the interwar period was inspired by West European demographic
literature, primarily British, French and German authors. Those who were
specialising in demography in this region primarily understood theory as a guide
to practical solutions
-
in it they tried to find appropriate forms of population
policy. From the outset there was a dominant interest in the nationality issue (the
development of the Czech and German populations, and migration).
From the time the State Statistical Office was founded and the department
for population statistics was set up, an increasing amount of work focused on
contemporary issues, such as European "depopulation", relative over¬
population, the relationship been population development and social and
economic development, and attempts at formulating a population optimum.
Antonín Boháč,
who criticised the modification of Dumont's theory of
social capillarity, expressed criticism of all theories that over-simplified the
dependency of the decline in fertility on the material situation of families.
Boháč
is regarded as the real founder of Czech demography, and among his
contemporaries he was the one who achieved the most consistent view. He
stipulated the need to make detailed geographic studies and to calculate
differential measures of fertility that could relate to geographic and economic
spheres, which were usually quite socially homogeneous. In
1914
he published
a theory of a decline in fertility by isochronic distance from "depopulating
centres" (at that time Prague and
Liberec
and the surrounding area), an
awareness of which was associated with the name of the German economist Karl
Oldenberg(1916).
Throughout the interwar period in most studies the decline in fertility was
assessed as a negative trend, from the economic, political and nationality
perspectives. Demographic opinion varied only in terms of the causes they cited
and the means of addressing them.
286
_
Summary
Pronatalist outlooks were often combined with appeals for a return to
rationalism and egoism, which contained a motivation for the spread of
contraception
(Bedřich Augustin),
and the Czech population issue was tied to
nationality and to religious indifference of the majority of the population (Josef
Gruber),
or to a decline in the "vitality" of the population (Cyril
Horáček
Jr.). A
number of authors studied population development in various industrial regions
and studied the causes behind migration from rural to urban areas, examining
everything from facts to effects
(Jaromír
Koreák,
Josef
Pohl-Doberský,
J.
Dvořák),
the consequences of emigration (Jan Auerhan). Several authors
attempted to place "Czech population questions" in the context of a broader
international comparison.
Among the more notable figures from this period that the author looks at
are, for example, Alois Hajn (Neo-Malthusianism and the Czechoslovak
Republic,
1921),
the lawyer and economist
Karel Engliš,
the social-democratic
politician
František Modráček,
and others.
in connection with the debate on the population optimum the author mainly
summarises the ideas of Otto Schmidt, who pointed to the qualitative aspect of
the optimum as a state fluctuating over time.
Sociologists and philosophers also turned their attention to the family (a
number of studies on the crisis in family life), and a major discussion was
evoked by an attempt to reform penal law in connection with abortions.
Relatively soon after the emergence of the independent state, eugenics
requirements were expressed, formulated by the Czech Eugenics Society,
founded in
1919.
The author also looks at the institutionalisation of demography
up to
1945
and population policy in
1918-1938.
Chapter
VIII -
From the end of the Second World War to
1989
The period was characterised by alternating, distinct population waves,
attempts to respond to them, and efforts to steer population development. After
1945
professional publications and the daily press promoted a discussion of the
questions of how to compensate direct population losses from the war and the
decline in numbers in the labour force after the transfer of German and
Hungarian minorities out of the country. There were renewed voices calling for
an evaluation of population issues as a whole with regard to their health and
cultural aspects, and not just to focus on reproduction indicators.
Vladimír Srb
contributed several large studies to the discussion. The high rate of infant
mortality, which had already attracted attention during the First Republic, again
became a topic of study. The urgency of population issues was pushed into the
background by the struggle for the nature of the state and the stagnation of
population studies after
1948.
The illusion of the permanent ascendancy of a
287
The history of demographic thought in the Czech Lands
_
favourable trend was accorded powerful ideological backing (the application of
Marx's "population law", according to which the preconditions for harmonic
population growth are created in socialist societies). A significant obstacle was
also the fact that demographic (and other) statistics became an official secret,
contacts with scientific institutions in the "capitalist" world were severed, and
many teachers were denied permission to teach, while others fled persecution by
emigrating. Politically motivated emigration continued also in the years to come.
František Fajfr
(1992-1969)
was one of the most distinct figures of the
period in which, after the stagnation of demographic studies, more objective
insights into population development emerged, despite the political situation in
the country at the time. Also, some important contributions were made to ideas
about the population optimum
(Zdeněk Vávra,
Milan
Kučera),
and among some
more generally oriented works was the study by
Zdeněk Pavlík, Nástin
populačního vývoje světa
(An outline of
World
Population Development) and his
concept of global revolution of modern epoch (including working-out concept of
demographic revolution).
In this chapter the author also looks at how demographic research was
organised after
1945,
at global and synthetic perspectives on population
development (Martin
Hampl, Zdeněk Pavlík),
at research on the population
climate
(Z. Pavlík),
and at trends in population policies as a reflection of
demographic thought, which quite convincingly snowed that even the most
effective population measures are incapable of perpetually stimulating fertility if
there exist circumstances unfavourably affecting the population climate.
Chapter IX
-
Demographic thought after
1989
In simple terms, opinions on what changes occurred in the demographic
behaviour in this period are now roughly divided into two groups. The first
group contains advocates of the approach that no form of intervention is
necessary, because it is pointless and ineffective to do so (there is even the
extreme view that it is unacceptable to do so, because it is interference in the
rights and freedoms of the individual). The second group (in short "the
pronatalists") are satisfied to observe current trends, which show a gradual
decline in the natural increase of the population and a more rapid aging of the
population than was estimated in long-term prognoses, and they have no
intention of ceasing to develop concepts for population policy.
The author does not hide the fact that she belongs to the second camp and
she is particularly critical of the fact that the formation of a more favourable
population climate, which in this country is rather unfavourable to wishes to
have children, is not the subject of any real attention. Unlike expectations in the
"post-revolution" general euphoria, a considerably materialistic value scale has
288
_
Summary
emerged, and the blame for this cannot be thrown just on the preceding forty-
year totalitarian period. There is no written evidence, let alone signs in daily life,
of the valuation of motherhood and raising children as a socially significant,
responsible role of women (and men). Even the poorly informed and thus far
indifferent are aware, however, that the limits of common sense have been
passed and an emphatic effort to address the situation will occur.
In conclusion the author summarises all the basic features that in her
opinion characterise demographic thought in a long-term outlook.
289 |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:15:52Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:19Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8023983695 |
| language | Czech |
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| spelling | Šubrtová, Alena Verfasser aut Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích Alena Šubrtová Praha Česká Demografická Společnost 2006 301 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Acta demographica 16 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The history of demographic thought in the Czech lands Geschichte gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Demography Czech Republic History Demographie (DE-588)4011412-0 gnd rswk-swf Tschechische Republik Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 gnd rswk-swf Böhmische Länder (DE-588)4069573-6 g Demographie (DE-588)4011412-0 s Geschichte z DE-604 Acta demographica 16 (DE-604)BV000773704 16 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016231910&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016231910&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Šubrtová, Alena Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích Acta demographica Geschichte Demography Czech Republic History Demographie (DE-588)4011412-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4011412-0 (DE-588)4069573-6 |
| title | Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích |
| title_auth | Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích |
| title_exact_search | Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích |
| title_full | Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích Alena Šubrtová |
| title_fullStr | Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích Alena Šubrtová |
| title_full_unstemmed | Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích Alena Šubrtová |
| title_short | Dějiny populačního myšlení v českých zemích |
| title_sort | dejiny populacniho mysleni v ceskych zemich |
| topic | Geschichte Demography Czech Republic History Demographie (DE-588)4011412-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Demography Czech Republic History Demographie Tschechische Republik Böhmische Länder |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016231910&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016231910&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000773704 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT subrtovaalena dejinypopulacnihomyslenivceskychzemich |