Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Wydawn. "Neriton" [u.a.]
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zusammenfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 528, [8] S. Karten |
| ISBN: | 9788389729606 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 |c Tadeusz Kondracki |
| 264 | 1 | |a Warszawa |b Wydawn. "Neriton" [u.a.] |c 2007 | |
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| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
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| 500 | |a Zusammenfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. s. 488-507. Indeks | |
| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów / historia |2 jhpk |
| 610 | 1 | 7 | |a Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów - historia |2 jhpk |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1945-1948 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kombatanci polscy / towarzystwa / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kombatanci polscy / działalność polityczna / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kombatanci polscy / opieka i pomoc / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kombatanci polscy - działalność polityczna - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kombatanci polscy - opieka i pomoc - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Kombatanci polscy - towarzystwa - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 |2 jhpk | |
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| 689 | 0 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1945-1948 |A z |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137244175368192 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
WSTĘP
....................................................................5
ROZDZIAŁ I
-
GENEZA RUCHÓW KOMBATANCKICH
....................21
Początki organizacji kombatanckich w Europie
............................21
Dzień dzisiejszy światowego ruchu kombatanckiego
........................27
Wpływ wojny na psychikę kombatantów
..................................29
Kombatanci-kobiety
....................................................40
Rola organizacji kombatanckich w życiu środowisk byłych żołnierzy
.........47
Specyficzne cechy polskich organizacji kombatanckich na emigracji
........47
ROZDZIAŁ
II
-
POCZĄTKI POLSKIEGO RUCHU KOMBATANCKIEGO
W WIELKIEJ BRYTANII PO
II
WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ
....................64
Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie w latach
1945-1947
(od zakończenia
wojny w Europie do demobilizacji)
.......................................64
Wojska Lądowe
......................................................65
Polskie Siły Powietrzne
...............................................92
Polska Marynarka Wojenna
..........................................103
Początki Samopomocy Wojska (Stowarzyszenia Polskich Kombatantów),
Samopomocy Lotniczej i Samopomocy Marynarki Wojennej. Instytucje,
mechanizmy działania, personalia
.......................................107
Samopomoc Lotnicza (czerwiec-lipiec
1945
r.)
.........................108
Samopomoc Wojska (sierpień-październik
1945
r.)
.....................126
Samopomoc Marynarki Wojennej (listopad
1945
r.)
.....................151
Komitet Porozumiewawczy Trzech Samopomocy
.......................168
ROZDZIAŁ III
-
„Z WOJSKOWYCH SZEREGÓW DO ŻYCIA
CYWILNEGO
.......................................................171
Czy wolno nam złożyć broń? Rozterki i spory ideowe w pierwszej fazie
działalności trzech samopomocy
.......................................171
Środowisko Wojsk Lądowych
........................................176
Środowisko Polskich Sił Powietrznych
.................................209
Środowisko Polskiej Marynarki Wojennej
..............................219
Ewolucja struktur organizacyjnych trzech samopomocy
..................227
Samopomoc Wojska (Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów)
...........228
Samopomoc Lotnicza
...............................................255
Samopomoc Marynarki Wojenne]
....................................280
ROZDZIAŁ
IV
-
„DLA DOBRA ŻOŁNIERZA POLSKIEGO
.................290
Zakres działalności trzech samopomocy
................................290
Zaplecze materialne działalności kombatanckiej
........................293
Dział zatrudnienia w pracy trzech samopomocy
.......................295
Dział emigracyjny w pracy trzech samopomocy
........................300
Dział opieki społecznej
(welfare)
.....................................306
Wydawnictwa (prasa) trzech samopomocy
............................313
Działalność kulturalno-oświatowa
....................................324
Sport
..............................................................340
Życie codzienne kombatantów polskich w Wielkiej Brytanii
...............343
Mobilność
.........................................................343
Praca
..............................................................364
Warunki mieszkaniowe
..............................................382
Wyżywienie
........................................................393
ROZDZIAŁ
V
-
POLITYCZNE UWARUNKOWANIA DZIAŁALNOŚCI
TRZECH SAMOPOMOCY
............................................402
W optyce wroga. Polscy kombatanci w Wielkiej Brytanii w świetle
materiałów przedstawicielstw dyplomatycznych władz „warszawskich
.....402
Jaka była wiedza na temat PSZ i organizacji kombatanckich oraz
współpraca z czynnikami brytyjskimi?
.............................404
Zagadnienie repatriacji
..............................................407
Zagadnienie Polskiego Korpusu Przysposobienia i Rozmieszczenia
........410
Zagadnienie polskich organizacji kombatanckich w Wielkiej Brytanii
.....413
Inne zagadnienia sporne
.............................................418
Działania organizacyjno-propagandowe przedstawicielstw
dyplomatycznych władz „warszawskich
............................419
„Dzień wolności dla Polski nadejdzie . Koncepcje walki o Polskę
w programach i działalności polskich organizacji kombatanckich
w Wielkiej Brytanii
...................................................426
Zagadnienia ideowe i polityczne w pracy trzech samopomocy:
Stowarzyszenia Polskich Kombatantów, Samopomocy Lotniczej
i Samopomocy Marynarki Wojennej
...............................432
Nowe kierunki w polskim środowisku kombatanckim w Wielkiej Brytanii
od
1948
roku (struktura Sekretariatu Kół Oddziałowych)
.............447
ZAKOŃCZENIE
..........................................................473
SUMMARY
..............................................................484
BIBLIOGRAFIA
..........................................................488
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
......................................................508
SPIS TABLIC
.............................................................514
INDEKS OSÓB
...........................................................517
-
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
Summary
The publication discusses the first, little known period in the activity of the three
most important Polish combatant organisations in the United Kingdom after
1945:
Samopomoc Wojska
-
the Army Self Help Society (from
1946
known as
Stowarzyszenie
Polskich Kombatantów
-
the Polish Ex-Combatants Association
)
whose members were
primarily soldiers of the land forces,
Samopomoc Lotnicza
-
the Polish Air Force As¬
sociation, and
Samopomoc Marynarki Wojennej
-
the Polish Naval Association.
Among the three organisations a distinctive part was played by the Polish Air Force
Association. Its special status was due to the fact that it had been established already
at the end of June
1945,
and thus prior to the withdrawal by the British authorities of
their recognition for the Government of the Republic of Poland in London
(5
July
1945;
at the same time the British acknowledged the new government in Warsaw, created
under the auspices of the Soviet Union). Anther feature which distinguished the Polish
Air Force Association were its particularly close relations with the British hosts
-
air¬
men belonging to the Royal Air Force Association
-
owing to the tradition of joint
combat and especially the memory of the part played by Polish airmen in the Battle of
Britain
(1940).
In the new political situation the model of the Polish Air Force Association inspired
officers of the Land Forces who in August
1945
established the Army Self Help Society,
as well as the Navy officers, who in November
1945
founded the Polish Naval Associa¬
tion. The initiation of assorted forms of self help was particularly essential for these two
organisations since both environments
-
in contrast to the Air Force
-
did not have
other significant representations in the social life of the Polish Armed Forces veterans.
The date of inclusion into the Polish Ex-Combatants Association revealed a basic
difference between the two corps of the Polish Armed Forces. Already in
1945
the 1st
Corps, stationing in Scotland, did not create any obstacles for the organisation of As¬
sociation groups, but the 2nd Corps impeded this initiative for political reasons until
June
1946.
A similar situation existed in the Polish Armed Forces command, organisa¬
tionally connected with the 2nd Corps and known as Polish Forces in the Middle East,
as well as in the
1st
Polish Armoured Division, which at the time was stationing in
Germany
.
From the very beginning, the supreme authorities of the Air Force and the Navy
encouraged self help activity. Nonetheless, here also certain lower rank commands
484
hindered the very existence of self help groups either for the sake of of military discipline
or for ideological reasons. In the Navy a passing encumbrance for the development of
the Polish Naval Association affected some of the vessels, including the largest one
-
light cruiser ORP Conrad . In the Air Force an adverse attitude appeared temporarily
among some of the medium and lower level rank commands, including the famous
Squadron
303.
This negative approach to the establishment of the Polish Ex-Combatants
Association among those commands changed due to the outcome of a decision to
liquidate the Polish Armed Forces. The borderline caesura was the end of May
1945,
when the British authorities confirmed their intention to carry out a demobilisation of
the Polish Armed Forces by enlisting their personnel in the newly created Polish Reset¬
tlement Corps; the Polish military authorities were compelled to accept this project.
The presented study considers the origin of the mentioned organisations and com¬
pares problems characteristic for their environments. The analysed self-help organisa¬
tions created an expansive and efficient potential (especially the Polish Ex-Combatants
Association). The setting up of an Association structure in the United Kingdom
(1945
and at the beginning of
1946)
made it possible to rapidly integrate thousands of soldiers
from units which in
1946-1948
arrived to Great Britain from Germany (chiefly the
1st
Polish Armoured Division), Italy (the 2nd Corps) and the Middle East (Polish Forces in
the Middle East). Association groups were scattered across the whole Isles, an area
totalling almost a thousand kilometres from northern Scotland to the south of England.
The size of the organisations corresponded to their social basis. In June
1947
the largest
-
the Polish Ex-Combatants Association
-
had about
30 000
members (already after
the arrival of the 2nd Corps from Italy
).
Membership in the Polish Air Force Association
reached its peak at the end of spring
1946
(approximately
8000
persons, i.e. ca.
61%
of
the Polish Air Force); in this case, the maximum size of the organisation was recorded
in the wake of the decision to demobilise the Polish Armed Forces. The Polish Naval
Association reached its optimal size later, in the autumn of
1946,
when it included about
2200
members (a figure which corresponded to
67%
of the Polish Navy).
The three analysed organisations took on the task of ensuring respectable living
conditions for their members. This was an objective which in the then prevailing po¬
litical situation the agencies of the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile, no
longer recognised by the Allies, were already incapable of pursuing. Assorted initiatives
were connected with the heretofore insufficiently appreciated question of guaranteeing
financial footing for Polish social life abroad. From the early months of their activity all
three organisations became involved in solving the current problems of their environ¬
ments. During the first stage in the history of the Polish Ex-Combatants Association,
the Polish Air Force Association and the Polish Naval Association a particularly prom¬
inent part was played by the departments of employment and emigration as well as
units responsible for social welfare (whose work came down rendering help to the in¬
valids and the sick). An important
integrative
role was performed by the combatant
press and the homes of the particular organisations, opened since
1946
(and in the
Polish Ex-Combatants Association known as ex-combatants club houses).
Special emphasis is due to the first, more than ten-months long period of
a sui
generis symbiosis of the Polish Ex-Combatants Association, the Polish Air Force As¬
sociation and the Polish Naval Association with the still existing structures of the Polish
commands
:
the Ground Forces, the Air Forces and the Navy
(1945-1947).
It was then
that the rungs of the combatant organisations
-
benefiting from the all-sided assistance
485
offered by appropriate commands of the Polish Armed Forces
-
managed to become
sufficiently resilient to survive the Polish Resettlement Corps period
(1946/1947-1949),
precarious for the social organisations, and the months after the soldiers left the Polish
Resettlement Corps camps. Group and individual bonds were severed, and their
rees¬
tablishment
became possible only after the Poles achieved stability in their private and
professional lives., a process which, as a rule, lasted to the turn of the
1940s.
Another interesting issue is the evolution of the organisational forms of the Army
Self Help Society, the Polish Air Force Association and the Polish Naval Association.
Apart from individual factors, typical for each organisation (such as the vast inner
structure of the Polish Ex-Combatants Association justified by its size), they shared
a number of discernible features which included predominantly:
a) the role played by the liquidation of the Polish Armed Forces and its negative
impact upon self help organisations. At the turn of
1946
the latter lost the support of
the structures of the Ground Forces, the Air Force and the Navy commands. Tine liq¬
uidation of the Polish Armed Forces compelled the three self help organisations to as¬
sume the function for which they had been originally created (i.e. continuing to provide
care for thousands of men, which previously had been the task of the Polish Armed
Forces);
b) a profound crisis experienced by all self help organisations during the Polish
Resettlement Corps phase, and in particular at a time when organisational and per¬
sonal contacts were broken while leaving the Corps. The restitution of those bonds
lasted to the beginning of the
1950s.
The analysed period witnessed other mass-scale
phenomena
-
the repatriation of about
100 000
soldiers (including
86 000
from the
United Kingdom, mainly in
1946-1947)
and further emigration (primarily from
1948).
In Great Britain itself the most important problems of the Polish community included
the search for employment, which entailed travelling around the country, and assorted
questions associated with settling down, starting families, etc. The demands of the la¬
bour market increased naturalisation. Population migrations considerably influenced
the activity of the combatant organisations, which lost part of their members who had
decided to return to Poland. At the same time, emigration, mainly to other parts of
Western Europe and across the Atlantic, proved conducive for opening branches of the
organisations active in Great Britain.
All the organisations recovered at the turn of the
1940s,
after grave crises con¬
nected primarily with the scattering of the former Polish Armed Forces personnel dur¬
ing the phase of withdrawal from the Polish Resettlement Corps. Members who during
the transition stage lost contact with the ranks, now returned. The first to recreate their
structures were the Polish Air Force Association and the Polish Naval Association, as
evidenced by, La. the rapidly stabilising network of groups, and especially growing mem¬
bership.
d) The greatest emphasis on a political programme
-
the struggle for regaining the
independence of Poland
-
was placed by the Polish Ex-Combatants Association, which
caused anxiety among the British authorities and was duly registered by the diplo¬
matic representatives of the Warsaw authorities. After the liquidation of the Polish
Armed Forces, the Polish Ex-Combatants Association took over the task of co-creating
a pro-independence programme for the Polish
émigrés.
In the second half of the
1940s
(and later on) the roots of this exceptional political activity were to be found, first and
foremost, in the initiatives of those of its members who originated from the 2nd Corps
486
(the
Syrena
Branch of the Polish Ex-Combatants Association
).
Pertinent discussions
concerned the creation of two structures within the Association
-
an open one serving
as a cover, and a secret structure intended for the realisation of political targets. These
ventures were inspired by General
Władysław
Anders, commander of the 2nd Corps,
whose plan to use the Association for the cause of Polish independence is testified by
his order about establishing an Association organisation in the 2nd Corps (June
1946)
and a speech addressed to his soldiers, in which he once again urged them to join the
Polish Ex-Combatants Association (March
1947).
In
1946-1948
General W. Anders
and his closest collaborators proved incapable of imposing their own vision of the com¬
batant movement upon the Association; their plans envisaged undertakings concen¬
trated on political goals and based on clandestine and
stricte
military structures. In
1948
attempts at implementing this project ended in a fiasco. This is the reason why at the
time of growing international tension related to the Berlin crisis
(1948)
the authors of
the plan focused their efforts on including a parallel structure of branch groups into an
organisational framework. These tasks were realised by the Secretariat of Veterans As¬
sociations established in November
1948,
and concentrating almost exclusively groups
originating from the land forces, with a particularly marked participation of units from
the 2nd Corps, specially loyal to General Anders.
The origin and activity of Polish combatant organisations in Great Britain, which
served, i.a. hampering the process of assimilation, were frowned upon by the British
authorities; from their point of view, the organisations slowed down a much desired
process of a rapid and complete merge of the Polish community and British society.
Initially, the dominating official attitude towards the Polish social organisations was
far-reaching suspicion. The degree of the organisations political involvement became
the object of keen attention. The British, however, never resorted to administrative
prohibitions, but merely observed whether the activity of the organisations was not
political. From the British viewpoint Polish social organisations focused on daily life
problems (and with self help functions) could, contrary to earlier apprehensions, even
assist in the gradual adaptation of the Poles to life on the British Isles. Testimony of the
support provided by the British authorities for the self help current in Polish combatant
activity was evidenced by multiple forms of assistance for the organisations of Polish
airmen and sailors, almost totally devoid of political aspects, with simultaneous distrust
for the Polish Ex-Combatants Association (accused of political involvement). It is high¬
ly characteristic that in bilateral contacts between London and Warsaw the British
authorities (attacked by the regime in Warsaw for tolerating Polish social organisations
harbouring political goals) stressed the useful and self help nature of the combatant
organisations in the United Kingdom, even the Polish Ex-Combatants Association.
Translated by
Aleksandra Rodzińska-Chojnowska
487
|
| adam_txt |
SPIS TREŚCI
WSTĘP
.5
ROZDZIAŁ I
-
GENEZA RUCHÓW KOMBATANCKICH
.21
Początki organizacji kombatanckich w Europie
.21
Dzień dzisiejszy światowego ruchu kombatanckiego
.27
Wpływ wojny na psychikę kombatantów
.29
Kombatanci-kobiety
.40
Rola organizacji kombatanckich w życiu środowisk byłych żołnierzy
.47
Specyficzne cechy polskich organizacji kombatanckich na emigracji
.47
ROZDZIAŁ
II
-
POCZĄTKI POLSKIEGO RUCHU KOMBATANCKIEGO
W WIELKIEJ BRYTANII PO
II
WOJNIE ŚWIATOWEJ
.64
Polskie Siły Zbrojne na Zachodzie w latach
1945-1947
(od zakończenia
wojny w Europie do demobilizacji)
.64
Wojska Lądowe
.65
Polskie Siły Powietrzne
.92
Polska Marynarka Wojenna
.103
Początki Samopomocy Wojska (Stowarzyszenia Polskich Kombatantów),
Samopomocy Lotniczej i Samopomocy Marynarki Wojennej. Instytucje,
mechanizmy działania, personalia
.107
Samopomoc Lotnicza (czerwiec-lipiec
1945
r.)
.108
Samopomoc Wojska (sierpień-październik
1945
r.)
.126
Samopomoc Marynarki Wojennej (listopad
1945
r.)
.151
Komitet Porozumiewawczy Trzech Samopomocy
.168
ROZDZIAŁ III
-
„Z WOJSKOWYCH SZEREGÓW DO ŻYCIA
CYWILNEGO"
.171
Czy wolno nam złożyć broń? Rozterki i spory ideowe w pierwszej fazie
działalności trzech samopomocy
.171
Środowisko Wojsk Lądowych
.176
Środowisko Polskich Sił Powietrznych
.209
Środowisko Polskiej Marynarki Wojennej
.219
Ewolucja struktur organizacyjnych trzech samopomocy
.227
Samopomoc Wojska (Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów)
.228
Samopomoc Lotnicza
.255
Samopomoc Marynarki Wojenne]
.280
ROZDZIAŁ
IV
-
„DLA DOBRA ŻOŁNIERZA POLSKIEGO"
.290
Zakres działalności trzech samopomocy
.290
Zaplecze materialne działalności kombatanckiej
.293
Dział zatrudnienia w pracy trzech samopomocy
.295
Dział emigracyjny w pracy trzech samopomocy
.300
Dział opieki społecznej
(welfare)
.306
Wydawnictwa (prasa) trzech samopomocy
.313
Działalność kulturalno-oświatowa
.324
Sport
.340
Życie codzienne kombatantów polskich w Wielkiej Brytanii
.343
Mobilność
.343
Praca
.364
Warunki mieszkaniowe
.382
Wyżywienie
.393
ROZDZIAŁ
V
-
POLITYCZNE UWARUNKOWANIA DZIAŁALNOŚCI
TRZECH SAMOPOMOCY
.402
W optyce wroga. Polscy kombatanci w Wielkiej Brytanii w świetle
materiałów przedstawicielstw dyplomatycznych władz „warszawskich"
.402
Jaka była wiedza na temat PSZ i organizacji kombatanckich oraz
współpraca z czynnikami brytyjskimi?
.404
Zagadnienie repatriacji
.407
Zagadnienie Polskiego Korpusu Przysposobienia i Rozmieszczenia
.410
Zagadnienie polskich organizacji kombatanckich w Wielkiej Brytanii
.413
Inne zagadnienia sporne
.418
Działania organizacyjno-propagandowe przedstawicielstw
dyplomatycznych władz „warszawskich"
.419
„Dzień wolności dla Polski nadejdzie". Koncepcje walki o Polskę
w programach i działalności polskich organizacji kombatanckich
w Wielkiej Brytanii
.426
Zagadnienia ideowe i polityczne w pracy trzech samopomocy:
Stowarzyszenia Polskich Kombatantów, Samopomocy Lotniczej
i Samopomocy Marynarki Wojennej
.432
Nowe kierunki w polskim środowisku kombatanckim w Wielkiej Brytanii
od
1948
roku (struktura Sekretariatu Kół Oddziałowych)
.447
ZAKOŃCZENIE
.473
SUMMARY
.484
BIBLIOGRAFIA
.488
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
.508
SPIS TABLIC
.514
INDEKS OSÓB
.517
-
Bayerische
Staatsbibliothek
München
Summary
The publication discusses the first, little known period in the activity of the three
most important Polish combatant organisations in the United Kingdom after
1945:
Samopomoc Wojska
-
the Army Self Help Society (from
1946
known as
Stowarzyszenie
Polskich Kombatantów
-
the Polish Ex-Combatants Association
)
whose members were
primarily soldiers of the land forces,
Samopomoc Lotnicza
-
the Polish Air Force As¬
sociation, and
Samopomoc Marynarki Wojennej
-
the Polish Naval Association.
Among the three organisations a distinctive part was played by the Polish Air Force
Association. Its special status was due to the fact that it had been established already
at the end of June
1945,
and thus prior to the withdrawal by the British authorities of
their recognition for the Government of the Republic of Poland in London
(5
July
1945;
at the same time the British acknowledged the new government in Warsaw, created
under the auspices of the Soviet Union). Anther feature which distinguished the Polish
Air Force Association were its particularly close relations with the British hosts
-
air¬
men belonging to the Royal Air Force Association
-
owing to the tradition of joint
combat and especially the memory of the part played by Polish airmen in the Battle of
Britain
(1940).
In the new political situation the model of the Polish Air Force Association inspired
officers of the Land Forces who in August
1945
established the Army Self Help Society,
as well as the Navy officers, who in November
1945
founded the Polish Naval Associa¬
tion. The initiation of assorted forms of self help was particularly essential for these two
organisations since both environments
-
in contrast to the Air Force
-
did not have
other significant representations in the social life of the Polish Armed Forces veterans.
The date of inclusion into the Polish Ex-Combatants Association revealed a basic
difference between the two corps of the Polish Armed Forces. Already in
1945
the 1st
Corps, stationing in Scotland, did not create any obstacles for the organisation of As¬
sociation groups, but the 2nd Corps impeded this initiative for political reasons until
June
1946.
A similar situation existed in the Polish Armed Forces command, organisa¬
tionally connected with the 2nd Corps and known as Polish Forces in the Middle East,
as well as in the
1st
Polish Armoured Division, which at the time was stationing in
Germany
.
From the very beginning, the supreme authorities of the Air Force and the Navy
encouraged self help activity. Nonetheless, here also certain lower rank commands
484
hindered the very existence of self help groups either for the sake of of military discipline
or for ideological reasons. In the Navy a passing encumbrance for the development of
the Polish Naval Association affected some of the vessels, including the largest one
-
light cruiser ORP "Conrad". In the Air Force an adverse attitude appeared temporarily
among some of the medium and lower level rank commands, including the famous
Squadron
303.
This negative approach to the establishment of the Polish Ex-Combatants
Association among those commands changed due to the outcome of a decision to
liquidate the Polish Armed Forces. The borderline caesura was the end of May
1945,
when the British authorities confirmed their intention to carry out a demobilisation of
the Polish Armed Forces by enlisting their personnel in the newly created Polish Reset¬
tlement Corps; the Polish military authorities were compelled to accept this project.
The presented study considers the origin of the mentioned organisations and com¬
pares problems characteristic for their environments. The analysed self-help organisa¬
tions created an expansive and efficient potential (especially the Polish Ex-Combatants
Association). The setting up of an Association structure in the United Kingdom
(1945
and at the beginning of
1946)
made it possible to rapidly integrate thousands of soldiers
from units which in
1946-1948
arrived to Great Britain from Germany (chiefly the
1st
Polish Armoured Division), Italy (the 2nd Corps) and the Middle East (Polish Forces in
the Middle East). Association groups were scattered across the whole Isles, an area
totalling almost a thousand kilometres from northern Scotland to the south of England.
The size of the organisations corresponded to their social basis. In June
1947
the largest
-
the Polish Ex-Combatants Association
-
had about
30 000
members (already after
the arrival of the 2nd Corps from Italy
).
Membership in the Polish Air Force Association
reached its peak at the end of spring
1946
(approximately
8000
persons, i.e. ca.
61%
of
the Polish Air Force); in this case, the maximum size of the organisation was recorded
in the wake of the decision to demobilise the Polish Armed Forces. The Polish Naval
Association reached its optimal size later, in the autumn of
1946,
when it included about
2200
members (a figure which corresponded to
67%
of the Polish Navy).
The three analysed organisations took on the task of ensuring respectable living
conditions for their members. This was an objective which in the then prevailing po¬
litical situation the agencies of the Government of the Republic of Poland in exile, no
longer recognised by the Allies, were already incapable of pursuing. Assorted initiatives
were connected with the heretofore insufficiently appreciated question of guaranteeing
financial footing for Polish social life abroad. From the early months of their activity all
three organisations became involved in solving the current problems of their environ¬
ments. During the first stage in the history of the Polish Ex-Combatants Association,
the Polish Air Force Association and the Polish Naval Association a particularly prom¬
inent part was played by the departments of employment and emigration as well as
units responsible for social welfare (whose work came down rendering help to the in¬
valids and the sick). An important
integrative
role was performed by the combatant
press and the homes of the particular organisations, opened since
1946
(and in the
Polish Ex-Combatants Association known as ex-combatants club houses).
Special emphasis is due to the first, more than ten-months long period of
a sui
generis symbiosis of the Polish Ex-Combatants Association, the Polish Air Force As¬
sociation and the Polish Naval Association with the still existing structures of the Polish
commands
:
the Ground Forces, the Air Forces and the Navy
(1945-1947).
It was then
that the rungs of the combatant organisations
-
benefiting from the all-sided assistance
485
offered by appropriate commands of the Polish Armed Forces
-
managed to become
sufficiently resilient to survive the Polish Resettlement Corps period
(1946/1947-1949),
precarious for the social organisations, and the months after the soldiers left the Polish
Resettlement Corps camps. Group and individual bonds were severed, and their
rees¬
tablishment
became possible only after the Poles achieved stability in their private and
professional lives., a process which, as a rule, lasted to the turn of the
1940s.
Another interesting issue is the evolution of the organisational forms of the Army
Self Help Society, the Polish Air Force Association and the Polish Naval Association.
Apart from individual factors, typical for each organisation (such as the vast inner
structure of the Polish Ex-Combatants Association justified by its size), they shared
a number of discernible features which included predominantly:
a) the role played by the liquidation of the Polish Armed Forces and its negative
impact upon self help organisations. At the turn of
1946
the latter lost the support of
the structures of the Ground Forces, the Air Force and the Navy commands. Tine liq¬
uidation of the Polish Armed Forces compelled the three self help organisations to as¬
sume the function for which they had been originally created (i.e. continuing to provide
care for thousands of men, which previously had been the task of the Polish Armed
Forces);
b) a profound crisis experienced by all self help organisations during the Polish
Resettlement Corps phase, and in particular at a time when organisational and per¬
sonal contacts were broken while leaving the Corps. The restitution of those bonds
lasted to the beginning of the
1950s.
The analysed period witnessed other mass-scale
phenomena
-
the repatriation of about
100 000
soldiers (including
86 000
from the
United Kingdom, mainly in
1946-1947)
and further emigration (primarily from
1948).
In Great Britain itself the most important problems of the Polish community included
the search for employment, which entailed travelling around the country, and assorted
questions associated with settling down, starting families, etc. The demands of the la¬
bour market increased naturalisation. Population migrations considerably influenced
the activity of the combatant organisations, which lost part of their members who had
decided to return to Poland. At the same time, emigration, mainly to other parts of
Western Europe and across the Atlantic, proved conducive for opening branches of the
organisations active in Great Britain.
All the organisations recovered at the turn of the
1940s,
after grave crises con¬
nected primarily with the scattering of the former Polish Armed Forces personnel dur¬
ing the phase of withdrawal from the Polish Resettlement Corps. Members who during
the transition stage lost contact with the ranks, now returned. The first to recreate their
structures were the Polish Air Force Association and the Polish Naval Association, as
evidenced by, La. the rapidly stabilising network of groups, and especially growing mem¬
bership.
d) The greatest emphasis on a political programme
-
the struggle for regaining the
independence of Poland
-
was placed by the Polish Ex-Combatants Association, which
caused anxiety among the British authorities and was duly registered by the diplo¬
matic representatives of the "Warsaw" authorities. After the liquidation of the Polish
Armed Forces, the Polish Ex-Combatants Association took over the task of co-creating
a pro-independence programme for the Polish
émigrés.
In the second half of the
1940s
(and later on) the roots of this exceptional political activity were to be found, first and
foremost, in the initiatives of those of its members who originated from the 2nd Corps
486
(the
"Syrena"
Branch of the Polish Ex-Combatants Association
).
Pertinent discussions
concerned the creation of two structures within the Association
-
an open one serving
as a cover, and a secret structure intended for the realisation of political targets. These
ventures were inspired by General
Władysław
Anders, commander of the 2nd Corps,
whose plan to use the Association for the cause of Polish independence is testified by
his order about establishing an Association organisation in the 2nd Corps (June
1946)
and a speech addressed to his soldiers, in which he once again urged them to join the
Polish Ex-Combatants Association (March
1947).
In
1946-1948
General W. Anders
and his closest collaborators proved incapable of imposing their own vision of the com¬
batant movement upon the Association; their plans envisaged undertakings concen¬
trated on political goals and based on clandestine and
stricte
military structures. In
1948
attempts at implementing this project ended in a fiasco. This is the reason why at the
time of growing international tension related to the Berlin crisis
(1948)
the authors of
the plan focused their efforts on including a parallel structure of branch groups into an
organisational framework. These tasks were realised by the Secretariat of Veterans As¬
sociations established in November
1948,
and concentrating almost exclusively groups
originating from the land forces, with a particularly marked participation of units from
the 2nd Corps, specially loyal to General Anders.
The origin and activity of Polish combatant organisations in Great Britain, which
served, i.a. hampering the process of assimilation, were frowned upon by the British
authorities; from their point of view, the organisations slowed down a much desired
process of a rapid and complete merge of the Polish community and British society.
Initially, the dominating official attitude towards the Polish social organisations was
far-reaching suspicion. The degree of the organisations' political involvement became
the object of keen attention. The British, however, never resorted to administrative
prohibitions, but merely observed whether the activity of the organisations was not
political. From the British viewpoint Polish social organisations focused on daily life
problems (and with self help functions) could, contrary to earlier apprehensions, even
assist in the gradual adaptation of the Poles to life on the British Isles. Testimony of the
support provided by the British authorities for the self help current in Polish combatant
activity was evidenced by multiple forms of assistance for the organisations of Polish
airmen and sailors, almost totally devoid of political aspects, with simultaneous distrust
for the Polish Ex-Combatants Association (accused of political involvement). It is high¬
ly characteristic that in bilateral contacts between London and Warsaw the British
authorities (attacked by the regime in Warsaw for tolerating Polish social organisations
harbouring political goals) stressed the useful and self help nature of the combatant
organisations in the United Kingdom, even the Polish Ex-Combatants Association.
Translated by
Aleksandra Rodzińska-Chojnowska
487 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Kondracki, Tadeusz 1956- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1070405272 |
| author_facet | Kondracki, Tadeusz 1956- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kondracki, Tadeusz 1956- |
| author_variant | t k tk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023023329 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 488-507. Indeks |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)169918160 (DE-599)BVBBV023023329 |
| era | Geschichte 1945-1948 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1945-1948 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV023023329 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:14:01Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788389729606 |
| language | Polish |
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| spelling | Kondracki, Tadeusz 1956- Verfasser (DE-588)1070405272 aut Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 Tadeusz Kondracki Warszawa Wydawn. "Neriton" [u.a.] 2007 528, [8] S. Karten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zusammenfassung in engl. Sprache Bibliogr. s. 488-507. Indeks Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów / historia jhpk Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów - historia jhpk Geschichte 1945-1948 gnd rswk-swf Kombatanci polscy / towarzystwa / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy / działalność polityczna / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy / opieka i pomoc / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy - działalność polityczna - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy - opieka i pomoc - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy - towarzystwa - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 jhpk Kombattant (DE-588)4164745-2 gnd rswk-swf Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 gnd rswk-swf Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 s Kombattant (DE-588)4164745-2 s Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 s Geschichte 1945-1948 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016227347&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016227347&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Kondracki, Tadeusz 1956- Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 Bibliogr. s. 488-507. Indeks Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów / historia jhpk Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów - historia jhpk Kombatanci polscy / towarzystwa / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy / działalność polityczna / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy / opieka i pomoc / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy - działalność polityczna - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy - opieka i pomoc - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy - towarzystwa - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 jhpk Kombattant (DE-588)4164745-2 gnd Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4164745-2 (DE-588)4043774-7 (DE-588)4046497-0 (DE-588)4022153-2 |
| title | Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 |
| title_auth | Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 |
| title_exact_search | Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 |
| title_full | Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 Tadeusz Kondracki |
| title_fullStr | Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 Tadeusz Kondracki |
| title_full_unstemmed | Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 Tadeusz Kondracki |
| title_short | Polskie organizacje kombatanckie w Wielkiej Brytanii w latach 1945 - 1948 |
| title_sort | polskie organizacje kombatanckie w wielkiej brytanii w latach 1945 1948 |
| topic | Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów / historia jhpk Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów - historia jhpk Kombatanci polscy / towarzystwa / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy / działalność polityczna / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy / opieka i pomoc / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy - działalność polityczna - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy - opieka i pomoc - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 jhpk Kombatanci polscy - towarzystwa - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 jhpk Kombattant (DE-588)4164745-2 gnd Organisation (DE-588)4043774-7 gnd Polen Volk (DE-588)4046497-0 gnd |
| topic_facet | Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów / historia Stowarzyszenie Polskich Kombatantów - historia Kombatanci polscy / towarzystwa / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 Kombatanci polscy / działalność polityczna / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 Kombatanci polscy / opieka i pomoc / Wielka Brytania / 1945-1970 Kombatanci polscy - działalność polityczna - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 Kombatanci polscy - opieka i pomoc - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 Kombatanci polscy - towarzystwa - Wielka Brytania - 1945-1970 Kombattant Organisation Polen Volk Großbritannien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016227347&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016227347&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT kondrackitadeusz polskieorganizacjekombatanckiewwielkiejbrytaniiwlatach19451948 |