Scaling: why is animal size so important?
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2004
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ., reprinted, transferred to digital printing |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XI, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0521319870 0521266572 9780521319874 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Scaling |b why is animal size so important? |c Knut Schmidt-Nielsen |
| 250 | |a 1. publ., reprinted, transferred to digital printing | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2004 | |
| 300 | |a XI, 241 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137243744403456 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
Preface
page
xi
1
The size of living things
1
The smallest and the largest
2
Giant dinosaurs: Were they semiaquatic?
3
The largest land mammals
4
2
Problems of size and scale
7
Definition of scaling
7
Constraints can be overcome by a novel design
9
Similarity
11
Allometric scaling
14
Dimensions
17
Dimensionless quantities
19
3
The use of allometry
21
Biological significance and statistical significance
21
The allometric signal
22
Secondary signals
23
Outliers and extrapolations
23
The use of allometric equations
25
Were dinosaurs stupid?
26
Scaling fish
29
4
How to scale eggs
33
Bird eggs
33
Requirements to be met
34
vi
Contents
Egg size and bird size
35
Incubation time
36
Pores in the eggshell
37
Water loss from eggs
39
5
The strength of bones and skeletons
42
What skeletons do
42
Scaling mammalian skeletons
43
What about real animals?
45
How light are bird bones?
47
Aquatic animals: lighter skeletons?
48
The strength of bones
49
External skeletons: a complicated matter
52
Breaking eggshells
54
6
Metabolic rate and body size
56
Metabolic rates of mammals
57
Is the true slope really
0.75?
60
Specific metabolic rate
62
Marsupial mammals
64
Birds
65
Reptiles
68
Amphibians and fish
71
Invertebrates
73
7
Warm-blooded vertebrates: What do metabolic regression
equations mean?
75
Body temperature
75
The surface law
77
Isometric or not?
82
McMahon s model
83
Gravitational effects as an explanation?
86
Metabolic similarities
87
8
Organ size and tissue metabolism
90
Tissue metabolism and cell size
90
Summated
tissue respiration
94
Metabolic equipment of the tissues
97
9
How the lungs supply enough oxygen
99
The lungs of mammals
99
Bird
lunes
104
Contents
vii
A remarkably simple concept: symmorphosis
106
Cold-blooded vertebrates
108
Fish gills
109
Gill area
111
10
Blood and gas transport
115
Hemoglobin concentration
11
S
Blood volume
117
Red cell size
118
Oxygen uptake and delivery
119
Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin
119
Oxygen unloading in the tissues
121
Fuel supply
124
Conclusions
125
11
Heart and circulation
126
The mammalian heart
126
Shrews, the smallest mammals
128
The bird heart
130
Marsupials
132
Cold-blooded vertebrates
133
Invertebrates
134
The work of the heart
135
Vascular turbulence
137
Circulation time
139
Non-scaleable variables
141
12
The meaning of time
143
Time and frequency: How fast beats the heart?
143
Metabolic rate and metabolic time
145
Life: How long, how fast?
146
Long life and big brains
148
Real time
149
A cold look at time
150
13
Animal activity and metabolic scope
151
Maximal performance
151
An important principle
152
Metabolic scope
152
Taylor and
Weibel
153
Birds and bats
156
viii Contents
To supply oxygen for flight: lungs and heart
158
Factorial scope: cold-blooded vertebrates
160
Muscle mass and muscle power
162
14
Moving on land: running and jumping
165
Running on land
165
The energy cost of running
167
How fast animals run
172
Running uphill and carrying loads
175
Scaling of jumps
176
Elastic energy storage
180
15
Swimming and flying
182
Fish
182
Swimming salmon
184
Flying animals
187
Birds
188
The structure of birds
188
Flight speed
189
Drag and cost of flight
190
Maximum size for bird flight
191
Is there a lower size limit?
193
Cost of transport
194
16
Body temperature and temperature regulation
197
Scaling of heat loss
197
The role of fur
201
Conductance and tolerance to cold
202
Warm-blooded dinosaurs?
204
The smallest birds and mammals
204
17
Some important concepts
209
Non-scaleable and scale-independent variables
209
Optimal design
211
Constraints and discontinuities
212
Ecological implications
213
Appendixes
217
A Symbols used
219
В
The allometric equation
220
Contents ix
С
Recalculation
of equations according to units used for
body mass
222
D
Algebraic rules for operating with expressions that contain
powers and roots
223
E
Dimensional formulas for some commonly used physical
quantities in the
M L T
system
224
References
225
Index
237
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Preface
page
xi
1
The size of living things
1
The smallest and the largest
2
Giant dinosaurs: Were they semiaquatic?
3
The largest land mammals
4
2
Problems of size and scale
7
Definition of scaling
7
Constraints can be overcome by a novel design
9
Similarity
11
Allometric scaling
14
Dimensions
17
Dimensionless quantities
19
3
The use of allometry
21
Biological significance and statistical significance
21
The allometric signal
22
Secondary signals
23
Outliers and extrapolations
23
The use of allometric equations
25
Were dinosaurs stupid?
26
Scaling fish
29
4
How to scale eggs
33
Bird eggs
33
Requirements to be met
34
vi
Contents
Egg size and bird size
35
Incubation time
36
Pores in the eggshell
37
Water loss from eggs
39
5
The strength of bones and skeletons
42
What skeletons do
42
Scaling mammalian skeletons
43
What about real animals?
45
How light are bird bones?
47
Aquatic animals: lighter skeletons?
48
The strength of bones
49
External skeletons: a complicated matter
52
Breaking eggshells
54
6
Metabolic rate and body size
56
Metabolic rates of mammals
57
Is the "true" slope really
0.75?
60
Specific metabolic rate
62
Marsupial mammals
64
Birds
65
Reptiles
68
Amphibians and fish
71
Invertebrates
73
7
Warm-blooded vertebrates: What do metabolic regression
equations mean?
75
Body temperature
75
The surface law
77
Isometric or not?
82
McMahon's model
83
Gravitational effects as an explanation?
86
Metabolic similarities
87
8
Organ size and tissue metabolism
90
Tissue metabolism and cell size
90
Summated
tissue respiration
94
Metabolic equipment of the tissues
97
9
How the lungs supply enough oxygen
99
The lungs of mammals
99
Bird
lunes
104
Contents
vii
A remarkably simple concept: symmorphosis
106
Cold-blooded vertebrates
108
Fish gills
109
Gill area
111
10
Blood and gas transport
115
Hemoglobin concentration
11
S
Blood volume
117
Red cell size
118
Oxygen uptake and delivery
119
Oxygen affinity of hemoglobin
119
Oxygen unloading in the tissues
121
Fuel supply
124
Conclusions
125
11
Heart and circulation
126
The mammalian heart
126
Shrews, the smallest mammals
128
The bird heart
130
Marsupials
132
Cold-blooded vertebrates
133
Invertebrates
134
The work of the heart
135
Vascular turbulence
137
Circulation time
139
Non-scaleable variables
141
12
The meaning of time
143
Time and frequency: How fast beats the heart?
143
Metabolic rate and metabolic time
145
Life: How long, how fast?
146
Long life and big brains
148
Real time
149
A cold look at time
150
13
Animal activity and metabolic scope
151
Maximal performance
151
An important principle
152
Metabolic scope
152
Taylor and
Weibel
153
Birds and bats
156
viii Contents
To supply oxygen for flight: lungs and heart
158
Factorial scope: cold-blooded vertebrates
160
Muscle mass and muscle power
162
14
Moving on land: running and jumping
165
Running on land
165
The energy cost of running
167
How fast animals run
172
Running uphill and carrying loads
175
Scaling of jumps
176
Elastic energy storage
180
15
Swimming and flying
182
Fish
182
Swimming salmon
184
Flying animals
187
Birds
188
The structure of birds
188
Flight speed
189
Drag and cost of flight
190
Maximum size for bird flight
191
Is there a lower size limit?
193
Cost of transport
194
16
Body temperature and temperature regulation
197
Scaling of heat loss
197
The role of fur
201
Conductance and tolerance to cold
202
Warm-blooded dinosaurs?
204
The smallest birds and mammals
204
17
Some important concepts
209
Non-scaleable and scale-independent variables
209
Optimal design
211
Constraints and discontinuities
212
Ecological implications
213
Appendixes
217
A Symbols used
219
В
The allometric equation
220
Contents ix
С
Recalculation
of equations according to units used for
body mass
222
D
Algebraic rules for operating with expressions that contain
powers and roots
223
E
Dimensional formulas for some commonly used physical
quantities in the
M L T
system
224
References
225
Index
237 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:13:51Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:12Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521319870 0521266572 9780521319874 |
| language | English |
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| physical | XI, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut 1915-2007 Verfasser (DE-588)107393719 aut Scaling why is animal size so important? Knut Schmidt-Nielsen 1. publ., reprinted, transferred to digital printing Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2004 XI, 241 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Biometrie (DE-588)4124925-2 gnd rswk-swf Körpergröße (DE-588)4125287-1 gnd rswk-swf Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd rswk-swf Messung (DE-588)4038852-9 gnd rswk-swf Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 s Biometrie (DE-588)4124925-2 s DE-604 Körpergröße (DE-588)4125287-1 s Messung (DE-588)4038852-9 s Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016227033&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Schmidt-Nielsen, Knut 1915-2007 Scaling why is animal size so important? Biometrie (DE-588)4124925-2 gnd Körpergröße (DE-588)4125287-1 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd Messung (DE-588)4038852-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4124925-2 (DE-588)4125287-1 (DE-588)4060087-7 (DE-588)4038852-9 |
| title | Scaling why is animal size so important? |
| title_auth | Scaling why is animal size so important? |
| title_exact_search | Scaling why is animal size so important? |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Scaling why is animal size so important? |
| title_full | Scaling why is animal size so important? Knut Schmidt-Nielsen |
| title_fullStr | Scaling why is animal size so important? Knut Schmidt-Nielsen |
| title_full_unstemmed | Scaling why is animal size so important? Knut Schmidt-Nielsen |
| title_short | Scaling |
| title_sort | scaling why is animal size so important |
| title_sub | why is animal size so important? |
| topic | Biometrie (DE-588)4124925-2 gnd Körpergröße (DE-588)4125287-1 gnd Tiere (DE-588)4060087-7 gnd Messung (DE-588)4038852-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Biometrie Körpergröße Tiere Messung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016227033&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT schmidtnielsenknut scalingwhyisanimalsizesoimportant |