Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi:
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| Format: | Book |
|---|---|
| Language: | Russian |
| Published: |
Syktyvkar
Izdat. "Kola"
2007
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Item Description: | In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Physical Description: | 349 S. |
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Record in the Search Index
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| adam_text | СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Конаков Н.Д., Шабаев Ю.П. История этнографического
изучения народов коми
................................................ 3
Жеребцов И.Л. Галина Николаевна Климова
................45
ПИОНЕРЫ КОМИ ЭТНОГРАФИИ
Жеребцов И.Л., Рогачев М.Б. Становление профессио¬
нальной этнографии в коми (А-С. Сидоров,
Г.А. Старцев)
.......................................................49
Терюков А.И. Коми этнография в 1930-е годы
..............64
Терюков А.И. Этнографические исследования
В.П. Налимова
......................................................74
Чагин Г.Н. В.П. Налимов
-
исследователь иньвенских
коми-пермяков
...........................................................82
Жеребцов И.Л. Антон Казимирович Супинский
..........103
Жеребцов И.Л. Этнограф Л.П.Лашук (биографический
очерк)
................................................................108
Мартынова Е.П. Об Учителе
......................................120
Савельева Э.А. Любомир Николаевич Жеребцов
..........125
Жеребцов И.Л., Несанелис Д.А. Ю.В. Гагарин: очерк
жизни и научного творчества
...............................130
Жеребцов И.Л., Шарапов В.Э. Любовь Степановна
Грибова
..............................................................138
ПОЛЕВЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕН¬
НОСТЬ
Ивановская Н.И. Этнографическая экспедиция на
территорию Коми СИ. Сергеля
(май-сентябрь
1906
г.)
.........................................141
Шарапов В.Э. О целях и некоторых итогах «пермской
экспедиции»
1907
года
.......................................152
Колчина Е.В. Полевые исследования М.А. Браун по
народам коми
.....................................................164
Федянович Т.П. Исследования В.Н. Белицер по
народам коми
.....................................................181
Семенов В.А. Методы анкетирования в изучении
этнографии и фольклора коми
..............:..............204
Денисенко В.Н. Изучение современных этнических
процессов (конец
XX
века)
..................................215
349
ИСТОРИЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ
ЛОКАЛЬНЫХ И ЭТНОКОНФЕССИ-
ОНАЛЬНЫХ ГРУПП КОМИ
Конаков Н.Д. Этнографические исследования в
переселенческих группах коми
............................231
Власова В.В. История этнографического изучения
старообрядческой традиции коми
.........................245
Истомин К.В. Коми-ижемское оленеводство.
Историография двух веков изучения
....................257
ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ МУЗЕЙНЫХ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ПО ЭТНОГ¬
РАФИИ КОМИ
Чувьюров
A.A.
К истории формирования фотоколлекций
по народам коми в собрании РЭМ
.........................275
Леэте
Α.,
Липив В.Б. О методике и результатах
исследований этнографических экспедиций
Эстонского национального музея по
этнографическим группам коми
...........................307
Котылева И.Н., Пьянкова Т.А. Из истории
формирования коллекции Национального музея
Республики Коми по традиционной культуре
коми
..................................................................325
SUMMARY
...............................................................340
СОКРАЩЕНИЯ
........................................................348
SUMMARY
Ethnographic research in the European North-East has a long
history: Komi traditional culture has already been under study
for more than two centuries. Fragmented information on Komi
customs were first published by Ivan Ivanovich Lepekhin, who
visited the Komi regions in
1771,
in his Daily writings. The first
monographic study of the Komi people, and the culture and economy
of the Komi regions was made by Andreas
Sjögren
(Die Syrjanen,
ein historisch-statistisch-philologischer Versuch).
Sjögren,
who can
be called a founder of
Иппо
-Ugric
studies in Russia, visited the
Komi regions in the course of his long expedition through the
Russian North between
1824
and
1829.
The first fragments of
ethnographic observations and descriptions were followed by a
period of a extensive in-depth research. This work was perceived
by many academics of the time as a kind of civil service activity.
The advent of this era was heralded by two important events in
the social life of Russia during the first half of 19th century.
Firstly, the Gubernskiye
Vedomosti
newspaper (The Provincial
News) was founded in
1838.
In addition to official information
the newspaper included an unofficial section. The paper s
publishing agenda supported the publication of articles on local
ethnography, history and archaeology . Local teachers, officials,
priests and doctors, as well as expatriated political activists, started
to cooperate with the newspaper and published articles in its pages.
As a result, the Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Perm regional Provincial
News published a lot of material on local ethnography and folklore.
With regard to publications on Komi ethnography, the Vologda
Provincial News is a valuable source and should become a separate
topic for
historiographie
study.
Secondly, and equally important for Russian ethnography,
including the study of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia, was the
creation of the Russian Geographic Society (RGS) in
1845.
This
Society started actively to collect information on the culture and
everyday life of different peoples of Russia, and as early as
1848
the Society had compiled a special provincial programme for
collecting ethnographic and folklore material. Members of the
Komi regional intelligentsia eagerly responded to the RGS s call
for the collect of information on local traditions and customs and,
340
besides sending their material to the RGS, they published a
significant part of it in the Provincial News. These publications
became the basis for the first general work on Komi ethnography:
Zyryane
i Zyryanskiy
Kray (the Zyryans and the Zyryan regions)
published in
1874.
This work was written by a member of the
Vologda Provincial Statistical Committee, K.A. Popov.
The creation of university scientific societies, which were allowed
in Russia from the 1860s, played an important role in consolidating
and organising the work of local researchers as well as publishing
its results. In
1864,
the Society of Interested in Natural Sciences
was created at the Moscow University. Later, this society was
renamed Society for Natural Sciences, Archaeology and
Ethnography. In
1896,
a further Society for Natural Sciences was
created at Kazan University. This society had a special department
for archaeological and ethnographic studies, and in
1878
a separate
Archaeological, Historical and Ethnographic Society was created.
In its transactions many works were published by ethnographers
of Finno-Ugric peoples, including all the monographs of Prof. I.N.
Smirnov containing ethnographic descriptions of the Volga- and
Permian-Finnic peoples. Later, these monographs were awarded
the Demidov Prize. In
1883,
the Finno-Ugric Society was established
in
Helsingfors
(Helsinki). The primary aim of this society, according
to its founding documents approved by the Czarist Senate, was to
collect knowledge on Finno-Ugric peoples, their languages, history
and ethnography. The results of this work were published in Finnish,
German and French in the Journal of the Finno-Ugric Society
(from
1886
onwards), in the Transactions of the Finno-Ugric Society
(from
1890),
and in the series of collected articles known as Finno-
Ugric studies (from
1901).
The Finno-Ugric Society contributed much to the systematic
research of Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia as well as to the formation
of the Finnish school of ethnography/cultural anthropology. Despite
noting that its influence on the local Komi ethnographic school has
been less significant, we have included a special article devoted to
the ethnographic expedition of the Society (headed by U.T. Sirelius)
to the Komi regions for we believe that an adequate understanding
of Finno-Ugric ethnography is impossible without taking into
account Finnish researches.
As for provincial Russia itself, a more important role in the
development of ethnographic research was played by the provincial
scientific societies. These societies were established later than the
university societies but the organisational and research work that
they undertook was significant, and some of the societies developed
into quite important organs of research. Good examples of such
341
societies are the Archangel Society for the Research of the Russian
North (established in
1908)
and the Vologda Society for the
Research of the Northern Territories (established in
1909).
Local researchers started to study the Russian North as early
as the 18th century when the first Society for Historical Studies
in Russia was set up in Archangel by V.V. Krestinin. Unfortunately,
this society did not last for a long time. In the 19th century,
significant historical, archaeological, ethnographic and folklore
research was undertaken there by A.F. Gilferding,
P.E.
Yefimenko,
L.N.
Rybníkov,
E.N.
Barsov,
N.E.
Onuchkov,
F.M, Istomin
and
others. Besides providing purely scientific results, the work of
these researchers proved the importance of coordinating the
researches of this large region. This coordination became the
primary aim of the Archangel Society for the Research of the
Russian North (ASRRN). The society had a rather complicated
structure and was divided into several departments and divisions,
and in
1911,
a division of the society was created in Ust-Sysolsk
(Syktyvkar). Researchers from several Russian provinces as well
as from Moscow, St. Petersburg, France, Norway and Germany
became members of the society, and it issued its own journal News
of the ASRRN from
1909
until
1919.
At certain times of its life,
this journal was mentioned as the best periodical on local studies
in all Russia. Some works on Komi ethnography, including the
ethnographic articles of the young Pitirim Sorokin, were published
in the journal.
Regional studies in Vologda Province were started earlier than
in Archangel; in fact they were initiated as early as the 17th
century, when the Vologodsky Letopisets (The Vologda Chronicles)
were compiled. The Vologda Society for the Research of the
Northern Territories (VSRNT) was established in
1909.
The
chairman of the Russian Historical Society, Great Prince Nikolay
Mikhaylovich, as well as D.N. Anuchin and D.K.
Zelenin
(the
greatest Russian ethnographers/anthropologists of the time) were
honorary members of this society and, included among1 the
membership, were the Komi ethnographers K.F. Zhakov and
P.A.Sorokin.
The society set up a special commission for geographic
and ethnographic studies, from
1914
to
1917
it published the journal
VSRNT News and, from
1922,
ran the journals Northern Territories
and Helper of a local Researcher, all with valuable ethnographic
articles on northern peoples.
Besides these two societies, a significant role in Komi
ethnographic research was played by the Society for the History,
Archaeology and Ethnography of Cherdyn, the Ural Society for
Natural Sciences, and the Yekaterinburg Society for Ural and
342
Siberian
Studies. The activity of these societies has not yet been
fully researched but they will surely prove worthy of
historiographie
analysis.
The work of these professional ethnographers/cultural
anthropologists have made it possible to compile a complete picture
of Komi culture and the Komi way of life, as well as to analyse the
Komi traditional worldview and the influence of other peoples upon
Komi culture. An important difference between Komi ethnography
and the ethnography of other Finno-Ugric peoples was that Komi
peoples were studied by a whole collective of researchers rather
than by separate scholars.
In the last quarter of the 19th century, two monographs were
published in St Petersburg by scholars of Komi origin: The Zyrian
Region during the era of the Permian bishops, and the Zyryan
language by G.S. Lytkin
(1889),
and The Zyryans and St.
Stephan
of Perm by A.V.
Krasov.
In the beginning of the 20th century
Komi ethnography was enriched by the works of V.P. Nalimov,
K.F. Zhakov and
P.A.
Sorokin. All these researchers later became
well-known scientists and heads of university departments, with
their award-winning publications being regularly referred to by
eminent Russian scholars. Their work demands special attention,
and this has only just begun, and some examples of their research
are given in this collection of articles. Special attention should
also be paid in this context to G.N. Chagin, a scholar from the city
of Perm who collated the unpublished materials of V.P. Nalimov
held in the archive of the Finno-Ugric Society, as well as a short
article by A.M. Teryukov of St. Petersburg devoted to the life of
the above-mentioned Nalimov.
V.P. Nalimov was the only Komi ethnographer to have stayed
in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War. After
the rise of Bolshevism he became a professor in the University of
Nizhniy Novgorod; later he gave lectures at different universities
in Moscow and was one of the organisers of the
Böljak
society, the
primary aim of which was to study Udmurtian history and culture.
K.F. Zhakov emigrated to Estonia and, later, to Latvia. There he
became famous for his new philosophic concept called Limitism,
which was not, however, appreciated by his colleagues.
P.A.
Sorokin
was exiled from Russia and ended up at Harvard University, where
he founded the Department of Sociology. In
1964,
just before his
death, he was elected President of the American Sociological
Association.
Despite the overall loss of scientists, there was a significant
rise in Komi ethnography in
1920s:
a wider interest in local history
and culture emerged in the Komi area in this period. This interest
343
led to valuable scientific results as well as to the foundation of a
new generation of professional ethnographers of Komi origin. This
period, together with the work of some of the members of this new
generation of scholars, is described in the two key articles of the
present collection.
Powerful stimulus for Komi ethnography came in
1922
in the
shape of the Association for the Research of the Komi Region
(ARKA),
and the person who created it was the famous specialist
in Caucasus peoples, Professor.
A.N.
Gren,
who had become
interested in Komi ethnography and language and settled at Ust-
Sysolsk for this purpose. The second president of the Association,
A.S. Sidorov, had started his career as an ethnographer in the
early
1920s.
He studied linguistics, archaeology and ethnography
in Leningrad where, in
1928,
he published his main work Komi
healing, magic and witchcraft. Among Russian and foreign
anthropologists, folklorists and religious scholars, this work is still
the most widely cited publication. Another well-known Komi
ethnographer of the period, G.A. Startsev, also graduated from
Leningrad. He was the author of three large monographs: Zyryans;
Ostyaks; and Samoyeds, devoted to Komi, Khanty and Nenets
cultures respectively. The monograph on the Komi was never
published. The other two monographs were published in Leningrad
(1928)
and Moscow
(1930)
respectively. There was a number of
other studies of Komi culture during this period.
Unfortunately, Finno-Ugric ethnographic studies were repressed
during the early Soviet years. In
1931,
an article by one M.Y.
Palvarde entitled Bourgeois Finnish ethnography and the policy
of Finnish fascism was published in the Transactions of the
Academy of History of Material Culture. Furthermore, this served
as a signal for the physical repression of scholars of Finno-Ugric
studies. In
1932,
a case was fabricated by GPU against the so-
called Union for the Liberation of Finno-Ugric Peoples. Many
scholars studying the Komi, Marl, Udmurt and Mordva peoples
were accused as being member of this non-existent union, which
was supposedly attempting to separate the Finno-Ugric peoples
from the Russian state in order to create an independent Finno-
Ugric Republic with alliance to Finland. All scientific work on
Finno-Ugric peoples was censored and the whole idea of Finno-
Ugric linguistic unity was disabused. As a result, by the end of
1930s
all Komi ethnographers were either in prison or killed. This
difficult period for Komi ethnography is described in a separate
article among the present collection.
Komi ethnography did not revive until
1945.
For this it is
indebted to the renowned soviet ethnographer,
Vera Nikolayevna
344
Belitzer,
who managed to organise an extensive collection of
ethnographic material among Komi and Komi-Permians. The
results of her work were published in Moscow in her monograph
Notes on the Ethnography of the Komi Peoples
(1958).
This was
the first general academic monograph of Komi ethnography to be
published, and it still remains the largest and most significant
collection of ethnographic material in the field. Unfortunately the
history of the creation of the monograph as well as the activity of
V.N. Belitzer in general are not recounted either in the
encyclopaedia Komi Republic or in the set of publications People
of science, published by the Komi Science Centre. We have therefore
included a separate article devoted to the work of Belitzer in the
present collection. This article was written by a fellow researcher
at the Institute of Ethnology/Cultural Anthropology, Russian
Academy of Sciences, T.P. Fedyanovich.
When in the early
1950s
a collective of ethnographers formed
the Komi Department, Ural Division, USSR Academy of Sciences
(the Komi Science Centre), many ethnographers from Moscow,
including Belitzer, participated. The best-known researchers in
the collective were L.P. Lashuk and L.N. Zherebsov. Each of them
has written dozens of publications, some of them of prime
significance for Komi ethnography, especially their work on
ethnogenesis, the formation of the Komi region, the division of
Komi people into cultural groups, and the role of ethnic contacts
and relations in the development of Komi culture. Later, Lashuk
became Professor in the Department of Ethnography/Cultural
Anthropology, Moscow University and, while there, was scientific
supervisor to a number of well-known Soviet/Russian
ethnographers and anthropologists. L.N. Zherebsov headed the
Department of Ethnography/Cultural Anthropology in the Komi
Department (Komi Science Centre), Russian Academy of Sciences
for more than twenty years. During this period, Komi ethnography
has established a reputation throughout the Soviet Union, and
Komi ethnographers have been regularly mentioned as among the
discipline s leading scholars in this country. This period of Komi
ethnography has already been described in the books The scientific
search and The scientific search continues, published by the Institute
of Language, Literature and History. However, we think that the
period from the
1950s
to the
1980s
should be more closely analysed
in its capacity as the classical period of Soviet ethnography and
as the period when Komi ethnography came to occupy a position
in Russian science. And to complete the picture of the period, one
must also mention the names of such ethnographers as Y.V. Gagarin,
345
L.S.
Gribova, G.N.
Kumova,
N.I.
Dukart andG.P. Belorukova,
whose
scientific careers
started
in the
1960s.
A new generation of Komi ethnographers emerged from the
end of
1970s
into the early
1980s.
Members of this generation
include N.D.
Koňakov,
M.B.
Rogachov,
I.V.
Ilyina, Y.P. Shabaev,
O.V. Kotov, V.N. Denisenko. In the
1990s,
V.E. Sharapov, D.A.
Nesanelis, T.I. Dronova and O.I. Ulyashov can be added to this
group. Over the years the scope of scientific topics has got
significantly wider to include the active study of traditional
resource utilisation, traditional knowledge, Komi local groups, ethnic
identity and modern ethnic processes. A study of the most crucial
of these topics during the last quarter of the 20th century
-
namely
ethnic processes among Komi local groups
-
is included in the
present collection of articles.
The long and difficult history of Komi ethnography demands
further analysis in a separate monograph; it is impossible to
attempt such an analysis in a collection of articles. The primary
aim of the present collection is eventually to collate the knowledge
and experience of ethnographers, all interested in Komi people but
from different institutions, in a single book. While assembling
these articles, we have attempted also to create a coherent picture
of Komi ethnographic research activity, past and present. In order
to do this, it was important to add an analysis of museum collections
relating to the Komi peoples. These collections are quite numerous
and the history of their creation goes back
100
years. The first
ethnographic museum in Russia, the Ethnographic Division of the
Russian Museum of Emperor Alexander III (known today as the
Russian Ethnographic Museum) was created in
1902.
By
1906
it
had undertaken its first expedition to the Komi Region in order
to collect ethnographic material. The Estonian National Museum
was created in
1909,
and the Komi National Museum in
1911.
At
the moment, these three museums have the richest collections
relating to traditional Komi culture. Under conditions of
increasing urbanisation and globalisation, leading to the
elimination of ethnic specifics in peoples, museum collections are
increasingly becoming important sources for ethnographic/
anthropological studies. Therefore several articles in the present
collection are devoted to the history of the Komi ethnographic
collections in these museums. Of course, quite valuable collections
on Komi-Permian people also exist in the Museum of the Komi-
Permian Okrug of P.I. Subbotin-Permyak (created in
1921),
as
well as in the Permian Regional Museum, and the National Museum
of Finland and the Cherdyn Museum of A.S. Pushkin have
interesting collections on the Komi as well as on the Komi-Permian,
but these collections are not analysed in this collection of articles
due to limitations of space. We do think, however, that an analysis
of these collections is important and should be published as early
as possible.
It will be clear that the present collection of articles
actualises
rather than solves the
historiographie
problems involved in Komi
ethnography/cultural anthropology; the same can be said, however,
about the historiography of ethnographic/anthropological studies
in Russia in general. The History of Russian Ethnography written
by
S.A.
Tokarev in
1961
has become quite old . The need to publish
a new work on the topic is an active topic of discussion. This
collection of article will show that there are still significant lacunae
in the historiographical analyses of two centuries of ethnographic
research of the Komi. It is logical, that the creation of a monograph
entitled
-
shall we say
-
A historiography of Komi ethnography
-
should now be a matter of priority. Such a monograph might
ideally appear before the much-discussed, now fundamental, works
on the Komi culture and history, because an analysis of past work
should always precede any future research.
|
| adam_txt |
СОДЕРЖАНИЕ
Конаков Н.Д., Шабаев Ю.П. История этнографического
изучения народов коми
. 3
Жеребцов И.Л. Галина Николаевна Климова
.45
ПИОНЕРЫ КОМИ ЭТНОГРАФИИ
Жеребцов И.Л., Рогачев М.Б. Становление профессио¬
нальной этнографии в коми (А-С. Сидоров,
Г.А. Старцев)
.49
Терюков А.И. Коми этнография в 1930-е годы
.64
Терюков А.И. Этнографические исследования
В.П. Налимова
.74
Чагин Г.Н. В.П. Налимов
-
исследователь иньвенских
коми-пермяков
.82
Жеребцов И.Л. Антон Казимирович Супинский
.103
Жеребцов И.Л. Этнограф Л.П.Лашук (биографический
очерк)
.108
Мартынова Е.П. Об Учителе
.120
Савельева Э.А. Любомир Николаевич Жеребцов
.125
Жеребцов И.Л., Несанелис Д.А. Ю.В. Гагарин: очерк
жизни и научного творчества
.130
Жеребцов И.Л., Шарапов В.Э. Любовь Степановна
Грибова
.138
ПОЛЕВЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ: ИСТОРИЯ И СОВРЕМЕН¬
НОСТЬ
Ивановская Н.И. Этнографическая экспедиция на
территорию Коми СИ. Сергеля
(май-сентябрь
1906
г.)
.141
Шарапов В.Э. О целях и некоторых итогах «пермской
экспедиции»
1907
года
.152
Колчина Е.В. Полевые исследования М.А. Браун по
народам коми
.164
Федянович Т.П. Исследования В.Н. Белицер по
народам коми
.181
Семенов В.А. Методы анкетирования в изучении
этнографии и фольклора коми
.:.204
Денисенко В.Н. Изучение современных этнических
процессов (конец
XX
века)
.215
349
ИСТОРИЯ ИЗУЧЕНИЯ
ЛОКАЛЬНЫХ И ЭТНОКОНФЕССИ-
ОНАЛЬНЫХ ГРУПП КОМИ
Конаков Н.Д. Этнографические исследования в
переселенческих группах коми
.231
Власова В.В. История этнографического изучения
старообрядческой традиции коми
.245
Истомин К.В. Коми-ижемское оленеводство.
Историография двух веков изучения
.257
ФОРМИРОВАНИЕ МУЗЕЙНЫХ КОЛЛЕКЦИИ ПО ЭТНОГ¬
РАФИИ КОМИ
Чувьюров
A.A.
К истории формирования фотоколлекций
по народам коми в собрании РЭМ
.275
Леэте
Α.,
Липив В.Б. О методике и результатах
исследований этнографических экспедиций
Эстонского национального музея по
этнографическим группам коми
.307
Котылева И.Н., Пьянкова Т.А. Из истории
формирования коллекции Национального музея
Республики Коми по традиционной культуре
коми
.325
SUMMARY
.340
СОКРАЩЕНИЯ
.348
SUMMARY
Ethnographic research in the European North-East has a long
history: Komi traditional culture has already been under study
for more than two centuries. Fragmented information on Komi
customs were first published by Ivan Ivanovich Lepekhin, who
visited the Komi regions in
1771,
in his Daily writings. The first
monographic study of the Komi people, and the culture and economy
of the Komi regions was made by Andreas
Sjögren
(Die Syrjanen,
ein historisch-statistisch-philologischer Versuch).
Sjögren,
who can
be called a founder of
Иппо
-Ugric
studies in Russia, visited the
Komi regions in the course of his long expedition through the
Russian North between
1824
and
1829.
The first fragments of
ethnographic observations and descriptions were followed by a
period of a extensive in-depth research. This work was perceived
by many academics of the time as a kind of civil service activity.
The advent of this era was heralded by two important events in
the social life of Russia during the first half of 19th century.
Firstly, the Gubernskiye
Vedomosti
newspaper (The Provincial
News) was founded in
1838.
In addition to official information
the newspaper included an unofficial section. The paper's
publishing agenda 'supported the publication of articles on local
ethnography, history and archaeology'. Local teachers, officials,
priests and doctors, as well as expatriated political activists, started
to cooperate with the newspaper and published articles in its pages.
As a result, the Arkhangelsk, Vologda and Perm regional Provincial
News published a lot of material on local ethnography and folklore.
With regard to publications on Komi ethnography, the Vologda
Provincial News is a valuable source and should become a separate
topic for
historiographie
study.
Secondly, and equally important for Russian ethnography,
including the study of the Finno-Ugric peoples of Russia, was the
creation of the Russian Geographic Society (RGS) in
1845.
This
Society started actively to collect information on the culture and
everyday life of different peoples of Russia, and as early as
1848
the Society had compiled a special provincial programme for
collecting ethnographic and folklore material. Members of the
Komi regional intelligentsia eagerly responded to the RGS's call
for the collect of information on local traditions and customs and,
340
besides sending their material to the RGS, they published a
significant part of it in the Provincial News. These publications
became the basis for the first general work on Komi ethnography:
Zyryane
i Zyryanskiy
Kray (the Zyryans and the Zyryan regions)
published in
1874.
This work was written by a member of the
Vologda Provincial Statistical Committee, K.A. Popov.
The creation of university scientific societies, which were allowed
in Russia from the 1860s, played an important role in consolidating
and organising the work of local researchers as well as publishing
its results. In
1864,
the Society of Interested in Natural Sciences
was created at the Moscow University. Later, this society was
renamed Society for Natural Sciences, Archaeology and
Ethnography. In
1896,
a further Society for Natural Sciences was
created at Kazan University. This society had a special department
for archaeological and ethnographic studies, and in
1878
a separate
Archaeological, Historical and Ethnographic Society was created.
In its transactions many works were published by ethnographers
of Finno-Ugric peoples, including all the monographs of Prof. I.N.
Smirnov containing ethnographic descriptions of the Volga- and
Permian-Finnic peoples. Later, these monographs were awarded
the Demidov Prize. In
1883,
the Finno-Ugric Society was established
in
Helsingfors
(Helsinki). The primary aim of this society, according
to its founding documents approved by the Czarist Senate, was to
collect knowledge on Finno-Ugric peoples, their languages, history
and ethnography. The results of this work were published in Finnish,
German and French in the Journal of the Finno-Ugric Society
(from
1886
onwards), in the Transactions of the Finno-Ugric Society
(from
1890),
and in the series of collected articles known as Finno-
Ugric studies (from
1901).
The Finno-Ugric Society contributed much to the systematic
research of Finno-Ugric peoples in Russia as well as to the formation
of the Finnish school of ethnography/cultural anthropology. Despite
noting that its influence on the local Komi ethnographic school has
been less significant, we have included a special article devoted to
the ethnographic expedition of the Society (headed by U.T. Sirelius)
to the Komi regions for we believe that an adequate understanding
of Finno-Ugric ethnography is impossible without taking into
account Finnish researches.
As for provincial Russia itself, a more important role in the
development of ethnographic research was played by the provincial
scientific societies. These societies were established later than the
university societies but the organisational and research work that
they undertook was significant, and some of the societies developed
into quite important organs of research. Good examples of such
341
societies are the Archangel Society for the Research of the Russian
North (established in
1908)
and the Vologda Society for the
Research of the Northern Territories (established in
1909).
Local researchers started to study the Russian North as early
as the 18th century when the first Society for Historical Studies
in Russia was set up in Archangel by V.V. Krestinin. Unfortunately,
this society did not last for a long time. In the 19th century,
significant historical, archaeological, ethnographic and folklore
research was undertaken there by A.F. Gilferding,
P.E.
Yefimenko,
L.N.
Rybníkov,
E.N.
Barsov,
N.E.
Onuchkov,
F.M, Istomin
and
others. Besides providing purely scientific results, the work of
these researchers proved the importance of coordinating the
researches of this large region. This coordination became the
primary aim of the Archangel Society for the Research of the
Russian North (ASRRN). The society had a rather complicated
structure and was divided into several departments and divisions,
and in
1911,
a division of the society was created in Ust-Sysolsk
(Syktyvkar). Researchers from several Russian provinces as well
as from Moscow, St. Petersburg, France, Norway and Germany
became members of the society, and it issued its own journal News
of the ASRRN from
1909
until
1919.
At certain times of its life,
this journal was mentioned as the best periodical on local studies
in all Russia. Some works on Komi ethnography, including the
ethnographic articles of the young Pitirim Sorokin, were published
in the journal.
Regional studies in Vologda Province were started earlier than
in Archangel; in fact they were initiated as early as the 17th
century, when the Vologodsky Letopisets (The Vologda Chronicles)
were compiled. The Vologda Society for the Research of the
Northern Territories (VSRNT) was established in
1909.
The
chairman of the Russian Historical Society, Great Prince Nikolay
Mikhaylovich, as well as D.N. Anuchin and D.K.
Zelenin
(the
greatest Russian ethnographers/anthropologists of the time) were
honorary members of this society and, included among1 the
membership, were the Komi ethnographers K.F. Zhakov and
P.A.Sorokin.
The society set up a special commission for geographic
and ethnographic studies, from
1914
to
1917
it published the journal
VSRNT News and, from
1922,
ran the journals Northern Territories
and Helper of a local Researcher, all with valuable ethnographic
articles on northern peoples.
Besides these two societies, a significant role in Komi
ethnographic research was played by the Society for the History,
Archaeology and Ethnography of Cherdyn, the Ural Society for
Natural Sciences, and the Yekaterinburg Society for Ural and
342
Siberian
Studies. The activity of these societies has not yet been
fully researched but they will surely prove worthy of
historiographie
analysis.
The work of these professional ethnographers/cultural
anthropologists have made it possible to compile a complete picture
of Komi culture and the Komi way of life, as well as to analyse the
Komi traditional worldview and the influence of other peoples upon
Komi culture. An important difference between Komi ethnography
and the ethnography of other Finno-Ugric peoples was that Komi
peoples were studied by a whole collective of researchers rather
than by separate scholars.
In the last quarter of the 19th century, two monographs were
published in St Petersburg by scholars of Komi origin: The Zyrian
Region during the era of the Permian bishops, and the Zyryan
language by G.S. Lytkin
(1889),
and The Zyryans and St.
Stephan
of Perm by A.V.
Krasov.
In the beginning of the 20th century
Komi ethnography was enriched by the works of V.P. Nalimov,
K.F. Zhakov and
P.A.
Sorokin. All these researchers later became
well-known scientists and heads of university departments, with
their award-winning publications being regularly referred to by
eminent Russian scholars. Their work demands special attention,
and this has only just begun, and some examples of their research
are given in this collection of articles. Special attention should
also be paid in this context to G.N. Chagin, a scholar from the city
of Perm who collated the unpublished materials of V.P. Nalimov
held in the archive of the Finno-Ugric Society, as well as a short
article by A.M. Teryukov of St. Petersburg devoted to the life of
the above-mentioned Nalimov.
V.P. Nalimov was the only Komi ethnographer to have stayed
in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution and the Civil War. After
the rise of Bolshevism he became a professor in the University of
Nizhniy Novgorod; later he gave lectures at different universities
in Moscow and was one of the organisers of the
Böljak
society, the
primary aim of which was to study Udmurtian history and culture.
K.F. Zhakov emigrated to Estonia and, later, to Latvia. There he
became famous for his new philosophic concept called Limitism,
which was not, however, appreciated by his colleagues.
P.A.
Sorokin
was exiled from Russia and ended up at Harvard University, where
he founded the Department of Sociology. In
1964,
just before his
death, he was elected President of the American Sociological
Association.
Despite the overall loss of scientists, there was a significant
rise in Komi ethnography in
1920s:
a wider interest in local history
and culture emerged in the Komi area in this period. This interest
343
led to valuable scientific results as well as to the foundation of a
new generation of professional ethnographers of Komi origin. This
period, together with the work of some of the members of this new
generation of scholars, is described in the two key articles of the
present collection.
Powerful stimulus for Komi ethnography came in
1922
in the
shape of the Association for the Research of the Komi Region
(ARKA),
and the person who created it was the famous specialist
in Caucasus peoples, Professor.
A.N.
Gren,
who had become
interested in Komi ethnography and language and settled at Ust-
Sysolsk for this purpose. The second president of the Association,
A.S. Sidorov, had started his career as an ethnographer in the
early
1920s.
He studied linguistics, archaeology and ethnography
in Leningrad where, in
1928,
he published his main work Komi
healing, magic and witchcraft. Among Russian and foreign
anthropologists, folklorists and religious scholars, this work is still
the most widely cited publication. Another well-known Komi
ethnographer of the period, G.A. Startsev, also graduated from
Leningrad. He was the author of three large monographs: Zyryans;
Ostyaks; and Samoyeds, devoted to Komi, Khanty and Nenets
cultures respectively. The monograph on the Komi was never
published. The other two monographs were published in Leningrad
(1928)
and Moscow
(1930)
respectively. There was a number of
other studies of Komi culture during this period.
Unfortunately, Finno-Ugric ethnographic studies were repressed
during the early Soviet years. In
1931,
an article by one M.Y.
Palvarde entitled 'Bourgeois Finnish ethnography and the policy
of Finnish fascism' was published in the Transactions of the
Academy of History of Material Culture. Furthermore, this served
as a signal for the physical repression of scholars of Finno-Ugric
studies. In
1932,
a case was fabricated by GPU against the so-
called Union for the Liberation of Finno-Ugric Peoples. Many
scholars studying the Komi, Marl, Udmurt and Mordva peoples
were accused as being member of this non-existent union, which
was supposedly attempting to separate the Finno-Ugric peoples
from the Russian state in order to create an independent Finno-
Ugric Republic with alliance to Finland. All scientific work on
Finno-Ugric peoples was censored and the whole idea of Finno-
Ugric linguistic unity was disabused. As a result, by the end of
1930s
all Komi ethnographers were either in prison or killed. This
difficult period for Komi ethnography is described in a separate
article among the present collection.
Komi ethnography did not revive until
1945.
For this it is
indebted to the renowned soviet ethnographer,
Vera Nikolayevna
344
Belitzer,
who managed to organise an extensive collection of
ethnographic material among Komi and Komi-Permians. The
results of her work were published in Moscow in her monograph
Notes on the Ethnography of the Komi Peoples
(1958).
This was
the first general academic monograph of Komi ethnography to be
published, and it still remains the largest and most significant
collection of ethnographic material in the field. Unfortunately the
history of the creation of the monograph as well as the activity of
V.N. Belitzer in general are not recounted either in the
encyclopaedia Komi Republic or in the set of publications People
of science, published by the Komi Science Centre. We have therefore
included a separate article devoted to the work of Belitzer in the
present collection. This article was written by a fellow researcher
at the Institute of Ethnology/Cultural Anthropology, Russian
Academy of Sciences, T.P. Fedyanovich.
When in the early
1950s
a collective of ethnographers formed
the Komi Department, Ural Division, USSR Academy of Sciences
(the Komi Science Centre), many ethnographers from Moscow,
including Belitzer, participated. The best-known researchers in
the collective were L.P. Lashuk and L.N. Zherebsov. Each of them
has written dozens of publications, some of them of prime
significance for Komi ethnography, especially their work on
ethnogenesis, the formation of the Komi region, the division of
Komi people into cultural groups, and the role of ethnic contacts
and relations in the development of Komi culture. Later, Lashuk
became Professor in the Department of Ethnography/Cultural
Anthropology, Moscow University and, while there, was scientific
supervisor to a number of well-known Soviet/Russian
ethnographers and anthropologists. L.N. Zherebsov headed the
Department of Ethnography/Cultural Anthropology in the Komi
Department (Komi Science Centre), Russian Academy of Sciences
for more than twenty years. During this period, Komi ethnography
has established a reputation throughout the Soviet Union, and
Komi ethnographers have been regularly mentioned as among the
discipline's leading scholars in this country. This period of Komi
ethnography has already been described in the books The scientific
search and The scientific search continues, published by the Institute
of Language, Literature and History. However, we think that the
period from the
1950s
to the
1980s
should be more closely analysed
in its capacity as the 'classical' period of Soviet ethnography and
as the period when Komi ethnography came to occupy a position
in Russian science. And to complete the picture of the period, one
must also mention the names of such ethnographers as Y.V. Gagarin,
345
L.S.
Gribova, G.N.
Kumova,
N.I.
Dukart andG.P. Belorukova,
whose
scientific careers
started
in the
1960s.
A new generation of Komi ethnographers emerged from the
end of
1970s
into the early
1980s.
Members of this generation
include N.D.
Koňakov,
M.B.
Rogachov,
I.V.
Ilyina, Y.P. Shabaev,
O.V. Kotov, V.N. Denisenko. In the
1990s,
V.E. Sharapov, D.A.
Nesanelis, T.I. Dronova and O.I. Ulyashov can be added to this
group. Over the years the scope of scientific topics has got
significantly wider to include the active study of traditional
resource utilisation, traditional knowledge, Komi local groups, ethnic
identity and modern ethnic processes. A study of the most crucial
of these topics during the last quarter of the 20th century
-
namely
ethnic processes among Komi local groups
-
is included in the
present collection of articles.
The long and difficult history of Komi ethnography demands
further analysis in a separate monograph; it is impossible to
attempt such an analysis in a collection of articles. The primary
aim of the present collection is eventually to collate the knowledge
and experience of ethnographers, all interested in Komi people but
from different institutions, in a single book. While assembling
these articles, we have attempted also to create a coherent picture
of Komi ethnographic research activity, past and present. In order
to do this, it was important to add an analysis of museum collections
relating to the Komi peoples. These collections are quite numerous
and the history of their creation goes back
100
years. The first
ethnographic museum in Russia, the Ethnographic Division of the
Russian Museum of Emperor Alexander III (known today as the
Russian Ethnographic Museum) was created in
1902.
By
1906
it
had undertaken its first expedition to the Komi Region in order
to collect ethnographic material. The Estonian National Museum
was created in
1909,
and the Komi National Museum in
1911.
At
the moment, these three museums have the richest collections
relating to traditional Komi culture. Under conditions of
increasing urbanisation and globalisation, leading to the
elimination of ethnic specifics in peoples, museum collections are
increasingly becoming important sources for ethnographic/
anthropological studies. Therefore several articles in the present
collection are devoted to the history of the Komi ethnographic
collections in these museums. Of course, quite valuable collections
on Komi-Permian people also exist in the Museum of the Komi-
Permian Okrug of P.I. Subbotin-Permyak (created in
1921),
as
well as in the Permian Regional Museum, and the National Museum
of Finland and the Cherdyn Museum of A.S. Pushkin have
interesting collections on the Komi as well as on the Komi-Permian,
but these collections are not analysed in this collection of articles
due to limitations of space. We do think, however, that an analysis
of these collections is important and should be published as early
as possible.
It will be clear that the present collection of articles
actualises
rather than solves the
historiographie
problems involved in Komi
ethnography/cultural anthropology; the same can be said, however,
about the historiography of ethnographic/anthropological studies
in Russia in general. The History of Russian Ethnography written
by
S.A.
Tokarev in
1961
has become quite 'old'. The need to publish
a new work on the topic is an active topic of discussion. This
collection of article will show that there are still significant lacunae
in the historiographical analyses of two centuries of ethnographic
research of the Komi. It is logical, that the creation of a monograph
entitled
-
shall we say
-
A historiography of Komi ethnography
-
should now be a matter of priority. Such a monograph might
ideally appear before the much-discussed, now fundamental, works
on the Komi culture and history, because an analysis of past work
should always precede any future research. |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023020952 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)220109264 (DE-599)BVBBV023020952 |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
| format | Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Biografie |
| geographic | Autonome Republik Komi (DE-588)4096743-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Autonome Republik Komi |
| id | DE-604.BV023020952 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:13:08Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:09Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Russian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016225015 |
| oclc_num | 220109264 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM |
| physical | 349 S. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Izdat. "Kola" |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi Ministerstvo Kulʹtury i Nacionalʹnoj Politiki Respubliki Komi, Obščestvo Izučenija Komi Kraja. [Redkollegija A. F. Smetanin (predsedatelʹ) ... Syktyvkar Izdat. "Kola" 2007 349 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1900-2000 gnd rswk-swf Ethnologie (DE-588)4078931-7 gnd rswk-swf Komi (DE-588)4096742-6 gnd rswk-swf Ethnologe (DE-588)4153098-6 gnd rswk-swf Autonome Republik Komi (DE-588)4096743-8 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4006804-3 Biografie gnd-content Autonome Republik Komi (DE-588)4096743-8 g Ethnologie (DE-588)4078931-7 s Komi (DE-588)4096742-6 s Geschichte 1900-2000 z DE-604 Ethnologe (DE-588)4153098-6 s Smetanin, Aleksandr F. Sonstige oth Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016225015&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016225015&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi Ethnologie (DE-588)4078931-7 gnd Komi (DE-588)4096742-6 gnd Ethnologe (DE-588)4153098-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4078931-7 (DE-588)4096742-6 (DE-588)4153098-6 (DE-588)4096743-8 (DE-588)4006804-3 |
| title | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi |
| title_auth | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi |
| title_exact_search | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi |
| title_full | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi Ministerstvo Kulʹtury i Nacionalʹnoj Politiki Respubliki Komi, Obščestvo Izučenija Komi Kraja. [Redkollegija A. F. Smetanin (predsedatelʹ) ... |
| title_fullStr | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi Ministerstvo Kulʹtury i Nacionalʹnoj Politiki Respubliki Komi, Obščestvo Izučenija Komi Kraja. [Redkollegija A. F. Smetanin (predsedatelʹ) ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi Ministerstvo Kulʹtury i Nacionalʹnoj Politiki Respubliki Komi, Obščestvo Izučenija Komi Kraja. [Redkollegija A. F. Smetanin (predsedatelʹ) ... |
| title_short | Očerki po istorii izučenija ėtnografii Komi |
| title_sort | ocerki po istorii izucenija etnografii komi |
| topic | Ethnologie (DE-588)4078931-7 gnd Komi (DE-588)4096742-6 gnd Ethnologe (DE-588)4153098-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ethnologie Komi Ethnologe Autonome Republik Komi Biografie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016225015&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016225015&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT smetaninaleksandrf ocerkipoistoriiizucenijaetnografiikomi |