An introduction to ocean turbulence:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Klappentext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XX, 240 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780521859486 9780521676809 |
Internformat
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| 100 | 1 | |a Thorpe, S. A. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1053163274 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a An introduction to ocean turbulence |c S. A. Thorpe |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Ocean turbulence |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Cambridge [u.a.] |b Cambridge Univ. Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XX, 240 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Ocean circulation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ocean circulation / Problems, exercises, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Turbulence | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Turbulence / Problems, exercises, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ocean circulation | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ocean circulation |v Problems, exercises, etc | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Turbulence | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Turbulence |v Problems, exercises, etc | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137239952752640 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Preface
page
ix
Notes
on the text
xi
Acknowledgements
xiii
Abbreviations
xv
Standard parameters and symbols
xvi
Units and their symbols
xviii
SI prefixes
xix
Approximate values of commonly used measures
xx
1
Turbulence, heat and waves
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Reynolds experiment
3
1.3
Joule s experiment
5
1.4
The surf zone: waves and turbulence
8
1.5
The nature of turbulent flow
13
1.5.1
Stirring
+
diffusion
=
mixing
13
1.5.2
Entrainment and detrainment
15
1.6
Shear, convergence and strain
18
1.7
Ocean stratification and buoyancy
19
1.7.1
Density
19
1.7.2
Buoyancy, and the buoyancy frequency, TV
22
1.7.3
The oceanic density profile
23
1.8
Consequences of stratification
25
1.8.1
Internal waves and turbulent motion
25
1.8.2
Isopycnal and diapycnal mixing
28
Suggested further reading
32
Further study
32
Problems for Chapter
1 33
1
Measurement of ocean turbulence
37
2.1
Characteristics of turbulence
37
2.1.1
Structure
37
2.1.2
Stress and flux
39
2.1.3
Dissipation
39
2.2
Transport by eddies
39
2.2.1
Reynolds
stress
39
2.2.2
Heat and buoyancy flux
42
2.3
Energetics
43
2.3.1
Turbulent dissipation,
ε,
and isotropy
43
2.3.2
The range and observed variation of
ε
45
2.3.3
The rate of loss of temperature variance,
χτ
47
2.3.4
The Kolmogorov length scale, IK
48
2.3.5
The turbulence cascade and the structure of turbulence
49
2.3.6
The Taylor hypothesis and the spectrum of turbulent
energy
51
2.4
The terms in the energy balance equation
54
2.4.1
The rate of production of turbulent kinetic energy by the
mean flow
56
2.4.2
The turbulent potential energy
56
2.4.3
The rate of dissipation
59
2.5
Measurement techniques and instruments
59
2.5.1
The first measurements of turbulence: spectra
60
2.5.2
The air-foil probe: the measurement of
ε
60
2.5.3
First measurements of Reynolds stress, and
the related dissipation per unit area
67
2.5.4
Estimates of Reynolds stress and
ε
using an ADCP
71
Suggested further reading
73
Further study
74
Problems for Chapter
2 75
3
Turbulence in oceanic boundary layers
77
3.1
Introduction: processes, and types of boundary layers
77
3.2
Convection in the absence of shear
81
3.2.1
Convection below a cooled surface or over
a heated seabed
81
3.2.2
Buoyant plumes and entrainment
83
3.3
Stress and no convection; the law of the wall
85
3.4
Stress and buoyancy flux
87
3.4.1
The Monin-Obukov length scale
87
3.4.2
Diurnal and seasonal heat cycling of the mixed layer
89
3.4.3
Other mixing processes in the upper ocean
95
3.4.4
The benthic (or bottom) boundary layer
100
3.4.5
Tidal mixing and straining in shallow seas
102
Suggested further reading
106
Further study
107
Problems for Chapter
3 110
I Turbulence in the ocean pycnocline
4.1
Introduction
4.1.1
Processes of turbulence generation
4.1.2
The first observations of turbulence in the thermocline
4.2
Shear-flow instability and the transition to turbulence
4.3
The Richardson number in the ocean
4.4
Further turbulence parameters derived from
microstructure
measurements
4.4.1
Estimation of
s
4.4.2
Estimation of eddy diffusion coefficients
4.4.3
Rf and the ratio of the eddy coefficients of mass and
momentum
4.5
Entrainment into the surface mixed layer
4.6
Observations of mid-water mixing processes
4.7
The rate of diapycnal mixing
4.8
Double diffusive convection
Suggested further reading
Further study
Problems for Chapter
4
S
Turbulent dispersion
5.1
Introduction
5.1.1
The properties of
dispersants
5.1.2
Appropriate measures
5.1.3
Effects of relative eddy and patch sizes
5.2
The dispersion of particles
5.2.1
Autocorrelation and integral scales
5.2.2
Richardson s four-thirds power law
5.2.3
Dispersion of pairs of particles
5.2.4
Effects of closed vertical circulations on buoyant particles
5.3
Observations of the dispersion of floats
5.3.1
Surface floats
5.3.2
Subsurface floats
5.4
The dispersion of solutes: methods and observations
5.4.1
Dispersion (or horizontal diffusion) of a solute
5.4.2
Dye releases in the surface boundary layer
5.4.3
Tracer releases in the pycnocline
5.4.4
Natural and anthropogenic tracers
Suggested further reading
Further study
Problems for Chapter
5
116
116
116
117
119
125
129
129
131
133
135
135
139
144
149
150
152
158
158
158
163
164
168
168
170
171
171
174
174
179
180
180
180
182
187
189
190
192
é
The energetics of ocean mixing
197
6.1
Introduction
197
6.2
How much energy is required to mix the abyssal ocean?
199
6.3
The tides
200
6.3.1
The surface or barotropic tides
200
6.3.2
The internal or baroclinic tides
201
6.4
The atmospheric input of energy through the sea surface
204
6.4.1
The wind stress
204
6.4.2
Surface waves
205
6.4.3
Buoyancy flux
207
6.5
The mean circulation and mesoscale eddies
208
6.6
Internal waves
209
6.7
Dissipation produced by bottom stress
210
6.8
Flow through and around abyssal topography
210
6.9
Geothermal heat flux
216
6.10
Discussion
217
Suggested further reading
218
Further study
219
Problems for Chapter
6 220
References
225
Index
235
AN INTRODUCTION TO OCEAN TURBULENCE S. A. THORPE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
PRESS CONTENTS PREFACE PAGE IX NOTES ON THE TEXT XI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
XIII ABBREVIATIONS XV STANDARD PARAMETERS AND SYMBOLS XVI UNITS AND
THEIR SYMBOLS XVIII SI PREFIXES XIX APPROXIMATE VALUES OF COMMONLY USED
MEASURES XX 1 TURBULENCE, HEAT AND WAVES 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2
REYNOLDS EXPERIMENT 3 1.3 JOULE S EXPERIMENT 5 1.4 THE SURF ZONE: WAVES
AND TURBULENCE 8 1.5 THE NATURE OF TURBULENT FLOW 13 1.5.1 STIRRING +
DIFFUSION = MIXING 13 1.5.2 ENTRAINMENT AND DETRAINMENT 15 1.6 SHEAR,
CONVERGENCE AND STRAIN 18 1.7 OCEAN STRATIFICATION AND BUOYANCY 19 1.7.1
DENSITY 19 1.7.2 BUOYANCY, AND THE BUOYANCY FREQUENCY, N 22 1.7.3 THE
OCEANIC DENSITY PROFILE 23 1.8 CONSEQUENCES OF STRATIFICATION 25 1.8.1
INTERNAL WAVES AND TURBULENT MOTION 25 1.8.2 ISOPYCNAL AND DIAPYCNAL
MIXING 28 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 32 FURTHER STUDY 32 PROBLEMS FOR
CHAPTER 1 33 2 MEASUREMENT OF OCEAN TURBULENCE 37 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF
TURBULENCE 37 2.1.1 STRUCTURE 37 2.1.2 STRESS AND FLUX 39 2.1.3
DISSIPATION 39 2.2 TRANSPORT BY EDDIES 39 VI CONTENTS 2.2.1 REYNOLDS
STRESS 39 2.2.2 HEAT AND BUOYANCY FLUX 42 2.3 ENERGETICS 43 2.3.1
TURBULENT DISSIPATION, E, AND ISOTROPY 43 2.3.2 THE RANGE AND OBSERVED
VARIATION OF E 45 2.3.3 THE RATE OF LOSS OF TEMPERATURE VARIANCE, XT 47
2.3.4 THE KOLMOGOROV LENGTH SCALE, L^ 48 2.3.5 THE TURBULENCE CASCADE
AND THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE 49 2.3.6 THE TAYLOR HYPOTHESIS AND THE
SPECTRUM OF TURBULENT ENERGY 51 2.4 THE TERMS IN THE ENERGY BALANCE
EQUATION 54 2.4.1 THE RATE OF PRODUCTION OF TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY BY
THE MEAN FLOW 56 2.4.2 THE TURBULENT POTENTIAL ENERGY 56 2.4.3 THE RATE
OF DISSIPATION 59 2.5 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTS 59 2.5.1
THE FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF TURBULENCE: SPECTRA 60 2.5.2 THE AIR-FOIL
PROBE: THE MEASUREMENT OF 60 2.5.3 FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF REYNOLDS
STRESS, AND THE RELATED DISSIPATION PER UNIT AREA 67 2.5.4 ESTIMATES OF
REYNOLDS STRESS AND E USING AN ADCP 71 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 73
FURTHER STUDY 74 PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 2 75 3 TURBULENCE IN OCEANIC
BOUNDARY LAYERS 77 3.1 INTRODUCTION: PROCESSES, AND TYPES OF BOUNDARY
LAYERS 77 3.2 CONVECTION IN THE ABSENCE OF SHEAR 81 3.2.1 CONVECTION
BELOW A COOLED SURFACE OR OVER A HEATED SEABED 81 3.2.2 BUOYANT PLUMES
AND ENTRAINMENT 83 3.3 STRESS AND NO CONVECTION; THE LAW OF THE WALL 85
3.4 STRESS AND BUOYANCY FLUX 87 3.4.1 THE MONIN-OBUKOV LENGTH SCALE 87
3.4.2 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL HEAT CYCLING OF THE MIXED LAYER 89 3.4.3
OTHER MIXING PROCESSES IN THE UPPER OCEAN 95 3.4.4 THE BENTHIC (OR
BOTTOM) BOUNDARY LAYER 100 3.4.5 TIDAL MIXING AND STRAINING IN SHALLOW
SEAS 102 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 106 FURTHER STUDY 107 PROBLEMS FOR
CHAPTER 3 110 CONTENTS VII 4 TURBULENCE IN THE OCEAN PYCNOCLINE 11 6 4.1
INTRODUCTION 116 4.1.1 PROCESSES OF TURBULENCE GENERATION 116 4.1.2 THE
FIRST OBSERVATIONS OF TURBULENCE IN THE THERMOCLINE 117 4.2 SHEAR-FLOW
INSTABILITY AND THE TRANSITION TO TURBULENCE 119 4.3 THE RICHARDSON
NUMBER IN THE OCEAN 125 4.4 FURTHER TURBULENCE PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM
MICROSTRUCTURE MEASUREMENTS 129 4.4.1 ESTIMATION OF E 129 4.4.2
ESTIMATION OF EDDY DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS 131 4.4.3 R( AND THE RATIO OF
THE EDDY COEFFICIENTS OF MASS AND MOMENTUM 133 4.5 ENTRAINMENT INTO THE
SURFACE MIXED LAYER 135 4.6 OBSERVATIONS OF MID-WATER MIXING PROCESSES
135 4.7 THE RATE OF DIAPYCNAL MIXING 139 4.8 DOUBLE DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION
144 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 149 FURTHER STUDY 150 PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER
4 152 5 TURBULENT DISPERSION 158 5.1 INTRODUCTION 158 5.1.1 THE
PROPERTIES OF DISPERSANTS 158 5.1.2 APPROPRIATE MEASURES 163 5.1.3
EFFECTS OF RELATIVE EDDY AND PATCH SIZES 164 5.2 THE DISPERSION OF
PARTICLES 168 5.2.1 AUTOCORRELATION AND INTEGRAL SCALES 168 5.2.2
RICHARDSON S FOUR-THIRDS POWER LAW 170 5.2.3 DISPERSION OF PAIRS OF
PARTICLES 171 5.2.4 EFFECTS OF CLOSED VERTICAL CIRCULATIONS ON BUOYANT
PARTICLES 171 5.3 OBSERVATIONS OF THE DISPERSION OF FLOATS 174 5.3.1
SURFACE FLOATS 174 5.3.2 SUBSURFACE FLOATS 179 5.4 THE DISPERSION OF
SOLUTES: METHODS AND OBSERVATIONS 180 5.4.1 DISPERSION (OR HORIZONTAL
DIFFUSION) OF A SOLUTE 180 5.4.2 DYE RELEASES IN THE SURFACE BOUNDARY
LAYER 180 5.4.3 TRACER RELEASES IN THE PYCNOCLINE 182 5.4.4 NATURAL AND
ANTHROPOGENIC TRACERS 187 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 189 FURTHER STUDY
190 PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 5 192 VIII CONTENTS 6 THE ENERGETICS OF OCEAN
MIXING 197 6.1 INTRODUCTION 197 6.2 HOW MUCH ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO MIX
THE ABYSSAL OCEAN? 199 6.3 THE TIDES 200 6.3.1 THE SURFACE OR BAROTROPIC
TIDES 200 6.3.2 THE INTERNAL OR BAROCLINIC TIDES 201 6.4 THE ATMOSPHERIC
INPUT OF ENERGY THROUGH THE SEA SURFACE 204 6.4.1 THE WIND STRESS 204
6.4.2 SURFACE WAVES 205 6.4.3 BUOYANCY FLUX 207 6.5 THE MEAN CIRCULATION
AND MESOSCALE EDDIES 208 6.6 INTERNAL WAVES 209 6.7 DISSIPATION PRODUCED
BY BOTTOM STRESS 210 6.8 FLOW THROUGH AND AROUND ABYSSAL TOPOGRAPHY 210
6.9 GEOTHERMAL HEAT FLUX 216 6.10 DISCUSSION 217 SUGGESTED FURTHER
READING 218 FURTHER STUDY 219 PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 6 220 REFERENCES 225
INDEX 235
|
| adam_txt |
Preface
page
ix
Notes
on the text
xi
Acknowledgements
xiii
Abbreviations
xv
Standard parameters and symbols
xvi
Units and their symbols
xviii
SI prefixes
xix
Approximate values of commonly used measures
xx
1
Turbulence, heat and waves
1
1.1
Introduction
1
1.2
Reynolds'experiment
3
1.3
Joule's experiment
5
1.4
The surf zone: waves and turbulence
8
1.5
The nature of turbulent flow
13
1.5.1
Stirring
+
diffusion
=
mixing
13
1.5.2
Entrainment and detrainment
15
1.6
Shear, convergence and strain
18
1.7
Ocean stratification and buoyancy
19
1.7.1
Density
19
1.7.2
Buoyancy, and the buoyancy frequency, TV
22
1.7.3
The oceanic density profile
23
1.8
Consequences of stratification
25
1.8.1
Internal waves and turbulent motion
25
1.8.2
Isopycnal and diapycnal mixing
28
Suggested further reading
32
Further study
32
Problems for Chapter
1 33
1
Measurement of ocean turbulence
37
2.1
Characteristics of turbulence
37
2.1.1
Structure
37
2.1.2
Stress and flux
39
2.1.3
Dissipation
39
2.2
Transport by eddies
39
2.2.1
Reynolds
stress
39
2.2.2
Heat and buoyancy flux
42
2.3
Energetics
43
2.3.1
Turbulent dissipation,
ε,
and isotropy
43
2.3.2
The range and observed variation of
ε
45
2.3.3
The rate of loss of temperature variance,
χτ
47
2.3.4
The Kolmogorov length scale, IK
48
2.3.5
The turbulence cascade and the structure of turbulence
49
2.3.6
The Taylor hypothesis and the spectrum of turbulent
energy
51
2.4
The terms in the energy balance equation
54
2.4.1
The rate of production of turbulent kinetic energy by the
mean flow
56
2.4.2
The turbulent potential energy
56
2.4.3
The rate of dissipation
59
2.5
Measurement techniques and instruments
59
2.5.1
The first measurements of turbulence: spectra
60
2.5.2
The air-foil probe: the measurement of
ε
60
2.5.3
First measurements of Reynolds stress, and
the related dissipation per unit area
67
2.5.4
Estimates of Reynolds stress and
ε
using an ADCP
71
Suggested further reading
73
Further study
74
Problems for Chapter
2 75
3
Turbulence in oceanic boundary layers
77
3.1
Introduction: processes, and types of boundary layers
77
3.2
Convection in the absence of shear
81
3.2.1
Convection below a cooled surface or over
a heated seabed
81
3.2.2
Buoyant plumes and entrainment
83
3.3
Stress and no convection; the law of the wall
85
3.4
Stress and buoyancy flux
87
3.4.1
The Monin-Obukov length scale
87
3.4.2
Diurnal and seasonal heat cycling of the mixed layer
89
3.4.3
Other mixing processes in the upper ocean
95
3.4.4
The benthic (or bottom) boundary layer
100
3.4.5
Tidal mixing and straining in shallow seas
102
Suggested further reading
106
Further study
107
Problems for Chapter
3 110
I Turbulence in the ocean pycnocline
4.1
Introduction
4.1.1
Processes of turbulence generation
4.1.2
The first observations of turbulence in the thermocline
4.2
Shear-flow instability and the transition to turbulence
4.3
The Richardson number in the ocean
4.4
Further turbulence parameters derived from
microstructure
measurements
4.4.1
Estimation of
s
4.4.2
Estimation of eddy diffusion coefficients
4.4.3
Rf and the ratio of the eddy coefficients of mass and
momentum
4.5
Entrainment into the surface mixed layer
4.6
Observations of mid-water mixing processes
4.7
The rate of diapycnal mixing
4.8
Double diffusive convection
Suggested further reading
Further study
Problems for Chapter
4
S
Turbulent dispersion
5.1
Introduction
5.1.1
The properties of
dispersants
5.1.2
Appropriate measures
5.1.3
Effects of relative eddy and patch sizes
5.2
The dispersion of particles
5.2.1
Autocorrelation and integral scales
5.2.2
Richardson's four-thirds power law
5.2.3
Dispersion of pairs of particles
5.2.4
Effects of closed vertical circulations on buoyant particles
5.3
Observations of the dispersion of floats
5.3.1
Surface floats
5.3.2
Subsurface floats
5.4
The dispersion of solutes: methods and observations
5.4.1
Dispersion (or horizontal diffusion) of a solute
5.4.2
Dye releases in the surface boundary layer
5.4.3
Tracer releases in the pycnocline
5.4.4
Natural and anthropogenic tracers
Suggested further reading
Further study
Problems for Chapter
5
116
116
116
117
119
125
129
129
131
133
135
135
139
144
149
150
152
158
158
158
163
164
168
168
170
171
171
174
174
179
180
180
180
182
187
189
190
192
é
The energetics of ocean mixing
197
6.1
Introduction
197
6.2
How much energy is required to mix the abyssal ocean?
199
6.3
The tides
200
6.3.1
The surface or barotropic tides
200
6.3.2
The internal or baroclinic tides
201
6.4
The atmospheric input of energy through the sea surface
204
6.4.1
The wind stress
204
6.4.2
Surface waves
205
6.4.3
Buoyancy flux
207
6.5
The mean circulation and mesoscale eddies
208
6.6
Internal waves
209
6.7
Dissipation produced by bottom stress
210
6.8
Flow through and around abyssal topography
210
6.9
Geothermal heat flux
216
6.10
Discussion
217
Suggested further reading
218
Further study
219
Problems for Chapter
6 220
References
225
Index
235
AN INTRODUCTION TO OCEAN TURBULENCE S. A. THORPE CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY
PRESS CONTENTS PREFACE PAGE IX NOTES ON THE TEXT XI ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
XIII ABBREVIATIONS XV STANDARD PARAMETERS AND SYMBOLS XVI UNITS AND
THEIR SYMBOLS XVIII SI PREFIXES XIX APPROXIMATE VALUES OF COMMONLY USED
MEASURES XX 1 TURBULENCE, HEAT AND WAVES 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2
REYNOLDS' EXPERIMENT 3 1.3 JOULE'S EXPERIMENT 5 1.4 THE SURF ZONE: WAVES
AND TURBULENCE 8 1.5 THE NATURE OF TURBULENT FLOW 13 1.5.1 STIRRING +
DIFFUSION = MIXING 13 1.5.2 ENTRAINMENT AND DETRAINMENT 15 1.6 SHEAR,
CONVERGENCE AND STRAIN 18 1.7 OCEAN STRATIFICATION AND BUOYANCY 19 1.7.1
DENSITY 19 1.7.2 BUOYANCY, AND THE BUOYANCY FREQUENCY, N 22 1.7.3 THE
OCEANIC DENSITY PROFILE 23 1.8 CONSEQUENCES OF STRATIFICATION 25 1.8.1
INTERNAL WAVES AND TURBULENT MOTION 25 1.8.2 ISOPYCNAL AND DIAPYCNAL
MIXING 28 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 32 FURTHER STUDY 32 PROBLEMS FOR
CHAPTER 1 33 2 MEASUREMENT OF OCEAN TURBULENCE 37 2.1 CHARACTERISTICS OF
TURBULENCE 37 2.1.1 STRUCTURE 37 2.1.2 STRESS AND FLUX 39 2.1.3
DISSIPATION 39 2.2 TRANSPORT BY EDDIES 39 VI CONTENTS 2.2.1 REYNOLDS
STRESS 39 2.2.2 HEAT AND BUOYANCY FLUX 42 2.3 ENERGETICS 43 2.3.1
TURBULENT DISSIPATION, E, AND ISOTROPY 43 2.3.2 THE RANGE AND OBSERVED
VARIATION OF E 45 2.3.3 THE RATE OF LOSS OF TEMPERATURE VARIANCE, XT 47
2.3.4 THE KOLMOGOROV LENGTH SCALE, L^ 48 2.3.5 THE TURBULENCE CASCADE
AND THE STRUCTURE OF TURBULENCE 49 2.3.6 THE TAYLOR HYPOTHESIS AND THE
SPECTRUM OF TURBULENT ENERGY 51 2.4 THE TERMS IN THE ENERGY BALANCE
EQUATION 54 2.4.1 THE RATE OF PRODUCTION OF TURBULENT KINETIC ENERGY BY
THE MEAN FLOW 56 2.4.2 THE TURBULENT POTENTIAL ENERGY 56 2.4.3 THE RATE
OF DISSIPATION 59 2.5 MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES AND INSTRUMENTS 59 2.5.1
THE FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF TURBULENCE: SPECTRA 60 2.5.2 THE AIR-FOIL
PROBE: THE MEASUREMENT OF 60 2.5.3 FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF REYNOLDS
STRESS, AND THE RELATED DISSIPATION PER UNIT AREA 67 2.5.4 ESTIMATES OF
REYNOLDS STRESS AND E USING AN ADCP 71 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 73
FURTHER STUDY 74 PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 2 75 3 TURBULENCE IN OCEANIC
BOUNDARY LAYERS 77 3.1 INTRODUCTION: PROCESSES, AND TYPES OF BOUNDARY
LAYERS 77 3.2 CONVECTION IN THE ABSENCE OF SHEAR 81 3.2.1 CONVECTION
BELOW A COOLED SURFACE OR OVER A HEATED SEABED 81 3.2.2 BUOYANT PLUMES
AND ENTRAINMENT 83 3.3 STRESS AND NO CONVECTION; THE LAW OF THE WALL 85
3.4 STRESS AND BUOYANCY FLUX 87 3.4.1 THE MONIN-OBUKOV LENGTH SCALE 87
3.4.2 DIURNAL AND SEASONAL HEAT CYCLING OF THE MIXED LAYER 89 3.4.3
OTHER MIXING PROCESSES IN THE UPPER OCEAN 95 3.4.4 THE BENTHIC (OR
BOTTOM) BOUNDARY LAYER 100 3.4.5 TIDAL MIXING AND STRAINING IN SHALLOW
SEAS 102 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 106 FURTHER STUDY 107 PROBLEMS FOR
CHAPTER 3 110 CONTENTS VII 4 TURBULENCE IN THE OCEAN PYCNOCLINE 11 6 4.1
INTRODUCTION 116 4.1.1 PROCESSES OF TURBULENCE GENERATION 116 4.1.2 THE
FIRST OBSERVATIONS OF TURBULENCE IN THE THERMOCLINE 117 4.2 SHEAR-FLOW
INSTABILITY AND THE TRANSITION TO TURBULENCE 119 4.3 THE RICHARDSON
NUMBER IN THE OCEAN 125 4.4 FURTHER TURBULENCE PARAMETERS DERIVED FROM
MICROSTRUCTURE MEASUREMENTS 129 4.4.1 ESTIMATION OF E 129 4.4.2
ESTIMATION OF EDDY DIFFUSION COEFFICIENTS 131 4.4.3 R( AND THE RATIO OF
THE EDDY COEFFICIENTS OF MASS AND MOMENTUM 133 4.5 ENTRAINMENT INTO THE
SURFACE MIXED LAYER 135 4.6 OBSERVATIONS OF MID-WATER MIXING PROCESSES
135 4.7 THE RATE OF DIAPYCNAL MIXING 139 4.8 DOUBLE DIFFUSIVE CONVECTION
144 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 149 FURTHER STUDY 150 PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER
4 152 5 TURBULENT DISPERSION 158 5.1 INTRODUCTION 158 5.1.1 THE
PROPERTIES OF DISPERSANTS 158 5.1.2 APPROPRIATE MEASURES 163 5.1.3
EFFECTS OF RELATIVE EDDY AND PATCH SIZES 164 5.2 THE DISPERSION OF
PARTICLES 168 5.2.1 AUTOCORRELATION AND INTEGRAL SCALES 168 5.2.2
RICHARDSON'S FOUR-THIRDS POWER LAW 170 5.2.3 DISPERSION OF PAIRS OF
PARTICLES 171 5.2.4 EFFECTS OF CLOSED VERTICAL CIRCULATIONS ON BUOYANT
PARTICLES 171 5.3 OBSERVATIONS OF THE DISPERSION OF FLOATS 174 5.3.1
SURFACE FLOATS 174 5.3.2 SUBSURFACE FLOATS 179 5.4 THE DISPERSION OF
SOLUTES: METHODS AND OBSERVATIONS 180 5.4.1 DISPERSION (OR HORIZONTAL
DIFFUSION) OF A SOLUTE 180 5.4.2 DYE RELEASES IN THE SURFACE BOUNDARY
LAYER 180 5.4.3 TRACER RELEASES IN THE PYCNOCLINE 182 5.4.4 NATURAL AND
ANTHROPOGENIC TRACERS 187 SUGGESTED FURTHER READING 189 FURTHER STUDY
190 PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 5 192 VIII CONTENTS 6 THE ENERGETICS OF OCEAN
MIXING 197 6.1 INTRODUCTION 197 6.2 HOW MUCH ENERGY IS REQUIRED TO MIX
THE ABYSSAL OCEAN? 199 6.3 THE TIDES 200 6.3.1 THE SURFACE OR BAROTROPIC
TIDES 200 6.3.2 THE INTERNAL OR BAROCLINIC TIDES 201 6.4 THE ATMOSPHERIC
INPUT OF ENERGY THROUGH THE SEA SURFACE 204 6.4.1 THE WIND STRESS 204
6.4.2 SURFACE WAVES 205 6.4.3 BUOYANCY FLUX 207 6.5 THE MEAN CIRCULATION
AND MESOSCALE EDDIES 208 6.6 INTERNAL WAVES 209 6.7 DISSIPATION PRODUCED
BY BOTTOM STRESS 210 6.8 FLOW THROUGH AND AROUND ABYSSAL TOPOGRAPHY 210
6.9 GEOTHERMAL HEAT FLUX 216 6.10 DISCUSSION 217 SUGGESTED FURTHER
READING 218 FURTHER STUDY 219 PROBLEMS FOR CHAPTER 6 220 REFERENCES 225
INDEX 235 |
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| callnumber-subject | GC - Oceanography |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)154682251 (DE-599)BVBBV023020465 |
| dewey-full | 551.462 |
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| dewey-ones | 551 - Geology, hydrology, meteorology |
| dewey-raw | 551.462 |
| dewey-search | 551.462 |
| dewey-sort | 3551.462 |
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| discipline | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Geologie / Paläontologie Geographie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:12:54Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:08Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521859486 9780521676809 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Thorpe, S. A. Verfasser (DE-588)1053163274 aut An introduction to ocean turbulence S. A. Thorpe Ocean turbulence 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2007 XX, 240 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ocean circulation Ocean circulation / Problems, exercises, etc Turbulence Turbulence / Problems, exercises, etc Ocean circulation Problems, exercises, etc Turbulence Problems, exercises, etc Turbulente Strömung (DE-588)4117265-6 gnd rswk-swf Meeresströmung (DE-588)4130725-2 gnd rswk-swf Turbulente Strömung (DE-588)4117265-6 s Meeresströmung (DE-588)4130725-2 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Augsburg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016224542&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Klappentext GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016224542&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Thorpe, S. A. An introduction to ocean turbulence Ocean circulation Ocean circulation / Problems, exercises, etc Turbulence Turbulence / Problems, exercises, etc Ocean circulation Problems, exercises, etc Turbulence Problems, exercises, etc Turbulente Strömung (DE-588)4117265-6 gnd Meeresströmung (DE-588)4130725-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117265-6 (DE-588)4130725-2 |
| title | An introduction to ocean turbulence |
| title_alt | Ocean turbulence |
| title_auth | An introduction to ocean turbulence |
| title_exact_search | An introduction to ocean turbulence |
| title_exact_search_txtP | An introduction to ocean turbulence |
| title_full | An introduction to ocean turbulence S. A. Thorpe |
| title_fullStr | An introduction to ocean turbulence S. A. Thorpe |
| title_full_unstemmed | An introduction to ocean turbulence S. A. Thorpe |
| title_short | An introduction to ocean turbulence |
| title_sort | an introduction to ocean turbulence |
| topic | Ocean circulation Ocean circulation / Problems, exercises, etc Turbulence Turbulence / Problems, exercises, etc Ocean circulation Problems, exercises, etc Turbulence Problems, exercises, etc Turbulente Strömung (DE-588)4117265-6 gnd Meeresströmung (DE-588)4130725-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Ocean circulation Ocean circulation / Problems, exercises, etc Turbulence Turbulence / Problems, exercises, etc Ocean circulation Problems, exercises, etc Turbulence Problems, exercises, etc Turbulente Strömung Meeresströmung |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016224542&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016224542&sequence=000003&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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