Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Warszawa
Neriton
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (p. 272-281) and index |
| Beschreibung: | 309 p. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 8389729733 |
Internformat
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 272-281) and index | ||
| 610 | 1 | 4 | |a Poland / Sejm Ustawodawczy |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137235781517312 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
WSTĘP
..........................................................4
ROZDZIAŁ I. Siły Zbrojne na tle sytuacji wewnętrznej Polski w latach
1945-1947...................................................13
1.
Sytuacja wewnętrzna Polski w pierwszych latach po wyzwoleniu
.......13
2.
Utworzenie Wojska Polskiego
......................................25
3.
Wojsko Polskie w systemie władzy państwowej
......................32
4.
Udział Sił Zbrojnych w systemie gospodarki
.........................43
ROZDZIAŁ
II.
Funkcjonowanie Sejmu Ustawodawczego w latach
1947-1952...................................................56
1.
Wybory i organizacja działalności Sejmu
............................56
2.
Formy i metody pracy Izby
........................................69
3.
Sejmowa komisja wojskowa (komisja obrony narodowej)
..............80
4.
Sprawy obronności i wojska w
exposés
prezesa Rady Ministrów
........99
ROZDZIAŁ III. Obronność państwa w pracach Sejmu
Ustawodawczego
.............................................108
1.
Rola parlamentu w kształtowaniu struktur Sił Zbrojnych i polityki
obronnej państwa
...............................................108
2.
Obronność powszechna i narodowa w debatach parlamentarnych
.....137
3.
Obrona narodowa w projekcie Konstytucji z
22
lipca
1952
r.
..........149
ROZDZIAŁ
IV.
Ustawodawstwo wojskowe w dorobku Sejmu
Ustawodawczego
.............................................168
1.
Pierwsze akty prawne dotyczące Wojska Polskiego
..................168
2.
Ustawy regulujące sądownictwo wojskowe
.........................185
3.
Ustawa o powszechnym obowiązku wojskowym z
4
lutego
1952
r.
___196
4.
Ustawy o pragmatyce zawodowej służby wojskowej
.................208
5.
Akty prawne dotyczące szkolnictwa wojskowego
....................218
6.
Pakiet ustaw socjalno-bytowych
...................................236
ZAKOŃCZENIE
..................................................262
BIBLIOGRAFIA
...................................................268
ZAŁĄCZNIKI
.....................................................277
1.
Dekrety i ustawy odnośnie wojska i obronności uchwalone w okresie
działalności Sejmu Ustawodawczego
(19
stycznia
1947
r.
- 4
sierpnia
1952
r.)
.........................................................278
2.
Wykaz posłów Sejmu Ustawodawczego
-
członków komisji wojskowej
(obrony narodowej)
-
z elementami biografii zawodowej
.............281
3.
Treść roty przysięgi wojskowej WP z
1947
r.
........................287
4.
Treść roty przysięgi wojskowej WP z
1950
r.
........................287
5.
Treść uchwały Sejmu z
28
grudnia
1950
r. załączonej do wniosku
klubów poselskich: PZPR, ZSL, SD i Katolicko-Społecznego
w związku z
II
Światowym Kongresem Obrońców Pokoju
............288
6.
Wniosek z
31
marca
1947
r. posłów Tadeusza Ćwika i Gustawa
Paszkiewicza w sprawie uczczenia zasług posła Karola
Świerczewskiego
................................................288
7.
Wykaz szkół oficerskich w latach
1947-1952........................289
SUMMARY
.......................................................296
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
..............................................301
WYKAZ TABEL
...................................................304
INDEKS NAZWISK
...............................................305
Summary
The communist system in Poland was predetermined by the will of
Józef
Stalin
before World War II and fully defined afterwards by the Legislative Assembly called
Sejm Ustawodawczy
during its six year term. The Parliament had always played the
most important role in the formation of Poland s state structures, including its defence
policy. Parliamentary work in this field was initiated on
4
February
1947
at the first
sitting of the
Sejm Ustawodawczy,
one day later a new president was appointed. Out of
19
parliamentary committees appointed on
18
February
1947
also the Military Com¬
mittee started its operations (from
2
July
1949,
the National Defence Committee) On
18
February
1947
the
Sejm
appointed also
19
parliamentary committees, including the
Military Committee (from
2
July
1949
on the National Defence Committee). It prepared
18
decrees and
32
legal acts pertaining to national defence, pragmatics and matters
related to daily operations of the Armed Forces.
Under the command of Marshal of Poland
Michał Rola-Żymierski
the Polish Army
gradually adapted its structures to peace time of the post-war period. The situation
changed in November
1949
when Russian Marshal
Konstanty Rokossowski
took over
the command of the Polish Army. It was the beginning of a new phase in the develop¬
ment of the Polish Army, significantly different from the previous one. In the face of
international political crisis and threat of military intervention, the Armed Forces un¬
derwent a reorganisation and increased their military potential. The activity of the
opposition parties, especially of the Polish People s Party (PSL) represented by
Stanisław
Mikolajczyk, towards the programme of the leading Polish Workers Party
(PPR),
was
unable to change the political system of post-war Poland imposed by
Józef
Stalin.
Nevertheless, such attempts were undertaken with great determination by the Polish
People s Party at the parliamentary forum. Despite strong opposition, on
5
February
1947
Bolesław Bierut
was appointed president and on
19
February
1947
the Small
Constitution was adopted.
The fighting spirit of the opposition created a unique ambience of the parliamen¬
tary debates in the first year of the Sejm s term. They reflected the negative attitude of
Polish people towards the imposed political system. After the withdrawal of the Polish
People s Party from the political life at the end of
1947,
the debates were characterised
by a forced unanimity. Parliamentary legislation had to correspond to the political rules
of the communist system.
296
Until
1949
the place and role of the Army within the new system were defined by
the leaders of the Polish Workers Party, later known as the Polish United Workers
Party, mainly through political and educational instruments, and after
1949
by party-
political instruments. In May
1949
the Military Committee of the Polish United Work¬
ers Party Political Bureau chaired by
Bolesław Bierut
was appointed. The Committee
existed until
1951
and set the policy directions of the Ministry of National Defence. Till
1990
the documents of the Committee were secret and stored in the Archives of the
Main Political Directorate of the Polish Army. At present they are kept in the Central
Military Archives in Warsaw.
Matters directly related to the functioning of the Army were discussed in more than
a dozen of debates which resulted in regulations and decrees concerning military ranks
(from private to general), elements of tradition and soldier discipline and, to a greater
extent, soldiers pay.
Acts adopted by the
Sejm
adjusted the pragmatics of the military service to military
structures in the new political system. The decree on military service of officers
adopted on
3
April
1948
was the first one to deal with the pragmatics of military
service. This decree stipulated by means of special regulations the service of regular
soldiers in the period of transition to the peace time after World War II and was
amended at the beginning of
1951.
Only once during its term the
Sejm
passed an act
on soldiers pay at the plenary session, instead, all the subsequent regulations were
issued as Ministry regulations or orders of the Minister of National Defence. Pay and
social matters were inseparably related to the difficult economic situation of Poland
devastated by the war. Demobilised soldiers and their families were entitled to social
care in the form of benefits and compensations on the basis of acts adopted back in
the post-war period.
Subsequent acts on military pragmatics adopted by the
Sejm
reflected a new period
in the Army development. After the Polish United Workers Party was established in
December
1948
and Marshal
Konstanty Rokossowski
took command of the Army a year
later, the
Sejm
entirely devoid of opposition, unanimously passed other acts on military
pragmatics
(1950-1952).
These included laws on common military service
(1950),
de¬
crees on officer and general service, military discipline, bonus entitlements for soldiers
of compulsory military service
(1951)
and an act on service of privates and non-com¬
missioned officers
(1952).
Legislation process of the above-mentioned acts was ac¬
companied in Poland by a growing propaganda campaign of a military threat posed by
the United States and Western European countries, intensified by the military activities
in Korea
(1950).
In addition to the matters pertaining to daily operations of the Army, the
Sejm
de¬
voted a few debates to national defence. Together with respective ministries they for¬
mulated acts in law concerning air space security, border protection, system of higher
military education and system of youth activation within the Common Organisation
Service to Poland
(Powszechna Organizacja „Służba Polsce ).
Month by month Poland
was bearing more political resemblance to the USSR. By amending the pre-war crimi¬
nal law on
6
September
1951,
the scope of protection for the new system and governing
bodies was broadened. The process of Stalinisation was progressing. The Army or¬
ganisational structures were developed on the Soviet patterns, training methods of the
297
Red Army, Soviet military theory and thought were adopted. They were popularised in
books, press, military periodicals, regulations and instructions, often directly translated
from Russian. On
4
February
1950,
the compulsory military service term was prolonged
from eighteen months to two years, while in the navy and air forces the period of
service was three-year one. Uniformed members of Service to Poland , implementing
the work programme based on Soviet Komsomol, actively builded cities and factories,
as well as developed western regions of the countryside. The Service to Poland was
a paramilitary organisation and became one of the tools of exerting ideological influence
on the youth aged
16-21
through obligatory membership. The organisation existed
under the auspices of the communist Association of the Polish Youth
(ZwiązekMłodzieży
Polskiej),
established in
1948
and introduced into the Army in December
1948
It aimed
to promote ideals of communism among conscription soldiers. In a communist state,
according to Leninism promoted by the Association of the Polish Youth, the army
served as a tool in the struggle for power, protected the achievements and interests of
the working class. Matters related to the functioning of military education, especially
directions and rules of regular soldiers training were particularly problematic for mili¬
tary authorities. In this field the main aim was to create a new man
-
a man of social¬
ism. This was reflected in the methods of organising education and military training in
which from
1948
onwards Marxism, Leninism and Stalinism were gradually incorpo¬
rated, whereas the popularisation of patriotic traditions was treated instrumentally.
On
7
February
1947,
in his
exposé
Prime Minister
Józef
Cyrankiewicz clearly defined
political preferences of the state, directions of the defence policy and relations with the
Western European countries and the United States. Rejection of the Marshal Plan led
to the Iron Curtain with which the USSR and its depended Eastern European countries
of the so-called People s Democracy sealed off from open contact with Western Europe.
Already in
1949
Polish authorities presented their vision of the world based on the
intelligence activities of the Western countries and the American warmongers threat¬
ening peace . Strengthening the threat of military attack from the West, intensified by
the Korean conflict of
1950,
a fierce anti-war propaganda campaign against the United
States and Western Europe was launched in all forms of public life. The atmosphere of
war panic accompanied legislative activities of the
Sejm,
especially during the debate
on the Peace Protection Act in December
1950.
The U.S. government and the newly
established North Atlantic Treaty Organisation were attacked with hostility at a parlia¬
mentary forum. The propaganda dominated all parliamentary sittings, including Presi¬
dent s address, Prime Minister s and Vice Minister s
exposés
and speeches of regular
parliamentarians.
The analysis of the parliamentary debates
-
in which an aggressive tone became
a common means of expression
-
reveals how the element of foreign policy of the
Soviet Union towards the satellite countries, diving the world into those who work
towards peace and those who work towards war , promoted by the authorities,
was able to dominate citizens awareness and naturally impact forms of verbal expres¬
sion. Certainly, the speeches at the parliamentary forum were an effective means
of communication with the society, reflected the dependence of Polish policy on
the Soviet government and the independent power of the leading Polish United Work¬
ers Party.
298
It is unlikely that parliamentarians praising communist leaders,
Bolesław Bierut
and
Józef
Stalin, expressed their own deeply held beliefs and outlooks on reality and voiced
the opinion of Polish people. The vast majority of them realised that there was no room
for political manoeuvre; open criticism or independent comments could have meant
the loss of position, privileges, job and often health. As a result, those exaggerated,
pompous and artificial speeches had nothing to do with the truth and reality.
Constant presence of the measures of coercion and indoctrination reinforced
the adaptive attitude in a great part of the society. Simple and uneducated people, whose
priority was to escape from their poverty and horrors of war, adapted to life in the new
system, hoping for improvement of their daily existence promised by the communist
leaders. After all, Poland was being built for the prosperity of the working people of
town and country . The Security Service and the Army recruited peasant and working
youth and offered them unlimited opportunities for promotion. The growing number
of members in the Association of the Polish Youth and the Polish United Workers
Party, also soldiers, reflected the level of public acceptance of the general situation
rather than the ideology. Canvassing for the party became a priority goal of the military
authorities. The totalitarian system was to be implemented due to imperial power of
the USSR.
The Main Political Directorate of the Polish Army, later the division of the Central
Committee of the Polish United Workers Party
(КС
PZPR),
following the guidelines of
the party, played a fundamental role in shaping ideological and moral values of the
soldiers. Political-educational officers effectively followed the party s policy by agitating
for signing the Peace Plebiscite and supporting the draft of the future Constitution.
Military activation during the debate on the Constitution draft of
1952
was thoroughly
conducted. What draws attention is the exceptional diligence of the military political-
educational staff in following propaganda activities, which included preparing reports
for the superiors on the atmosphere in military units and on methods of disciplining
those who did not comply. The Main Political Directorate of the Polish Army co-oper¬
ated with the Main Political Directorate in exerting control over all organisational
levels of the Army by military special forces. In cases of alleged disloyalty, they prepared
political trials based on fabricated evidence, following the guidelines of the chief military
authorities. Those methods had a destructive force. The Main Political Directorate of
the Polish Army was authorised to liquidate the right wing and nationalist deviation
among soldiers. First such charges were pressed against higher officers in November
1949.
From
31
July to
13
August
1951
the Supreme Military Court held four trials of
four generals, including brigadier general
Stanisław
Tatar, brigadier general
Franciszek
Herman, brigadier general
Jerzy
Kirchmayer,
major general Stefan
Mossor
and five
other officers. In similar trials, more than a dozen of death sentences were passed.
Concurrently to the open trials, highly publicised for propaganda purposes, there were
confidential trials resulting in extremely harsh verdicts. Total subjection of the Polish
Army to the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Armed Forces,
Józef
Stalin, led to po¬
litical purges. The activities of the Polish government were designed to authorise the
system transformations in line with the party s programme and guidelines. In
1951
the
socio-political system was strong enough for the leaders to initiate steps towards a new
Constitution that would ratify transformational changes in Poland and define the final
299
structure
of the country. On
26
May
1951
an act on preparation and adoption of the
Constitution was passed. The
Sejm Ustawodawczy
(1947-1952)
confirmed its name
-
on
22
July
1952
it adopted the Constitution and closed its legislative activities. It
convened for the last time on
4
August
1952.
The Constitution introduced the country s
new name, Polish People s Republic, which remained in effect until
29
December
1989.
Tłumaczyła: Urszula Bołcun
300
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
tresei
WSTĘP
.4
ROZDZIAŁ I. Siły Zbrojne na tle sytuacji wewnętrznej Polski w latach
1945-1947.13
1.
Sytuacja wewnętrzna Polski w pierwszych latach po wyzwoleniu
.13
2.
Utworzenie Wojska Polskiego
.25
3.
Wojsko Polskie w systemie władzy państwowej
.32
4.
Udział Sił Zbrojnych w systemie gospodarki
.43
ROZDZIAŁ
II.
Funkcjonowanie Sejmu Ustawodawczego w latach
1947-1952.56
1.
Wybory i organizacja działalności Sejmu
.56
2.
Formy i metody pracy Izby
.69
3.
Sejmowa komisja wojskowa (komisja obrony narodowej)
.80
4.
Sprawy obronności i wojska w
exposés
prezesa Rady Ministrów
.99
ROZDZIAŁ III. Obronność państwa w pracach Sejmu
Ustawodawczego
.108
1.
Rola parlamentu w kształtowaniu struktur Sił Zbrojnych i polityki
obronnej państwa
.108
2.
Obronność powszechna i narodowa w debatach parlamentarnych
.137
3.
Obrona narodowa w projekcie Konstytucji z
22
lipca
1952
r.
.149
ROZDZIAŁ
IV.
Ustawodawstwo wojskowe w dorobku Sejmu
Ustawodawczego
.168
1.
Pierwsze akty prawne dotyczące Wojska Polskiego
.168
2.
Ustawy regulujące sądownictwo wojskowe
.185
3.
Ustawa o powszechnym obowiązku wojskowym z
4
lutego
1952
r.
_196
4.
Ustawy o pragmatyce zawodowej służby wojskowej
.208
5.
Akty prawne dotyczące szkolnictwa wojskowego
.218
6.
Pakiet ustaw socjalno-bytowych
.236
ZAKOŃCZENIE
.262
BIBLIOGRAFIA
.268
ZAŁĄCZNIKI
.277
1.
Dekrety i ustawy odnośnie wojska i obronności uchwalone w okresie
działalności Sejmu Ustawodawczego
(19
stycznia
1947
r.
- 4
sierpnia
1952
r.)
.278
2.
Wykaz posłów Sejmu Ustawodawczego
-
członków komisji wojskowej
(obrony narodowej)
-
z elementami biografii zawodowej
.281
3.
Treść roty przysięgi wojskowej WP z
1947
r.
.287
4.
Treść roty przysięgi wojskowej WP z
1950
r.
.287
5.
Treść uchwały Sejmu z
28
grudnia
1950
r. załączonej do wniosku
klubów poselskich: PZPR, ZSL, SD i Katolicko-Społecznego
w związku z
II
Światowym Kongresem Obrońców Pokoju
.288
6.
Wniosek z
31
marca
1947
r. posłów Tadeusza Ćwika i Gustawa
Paszkiewicza w sprawie uczczenia zasług posła Karola
Świerczewskiego
.288
7.
Wykaz szkół oficerskich w latach
1947-1952.289
SUMMARY
.296
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
.301
WYKAZ TABEL
.304
INDEKS NAZWISK
.305
Summary
The communist system in Poland was predetermined by the will of
Józef
Stalin
before World War II and fully defined afterwards by the Legislative Assembly called
'Sejm Ustawodawczy
during its six year term. The Parliament had always played the
most important role in the formation of Poland's state structures, including its defence
policy. Parliamentary work in this field was initiated on
4
February
1947
at the first
sitting of the
Sejm Ustawodawczy,
one day later a new president was appointed. Out of
19
parliamentary committees appointed on
18
February
1947
also the Military Com¬
mittee started its operations (from
2
July
1949,
the National Defence Committee) On
18
February
1947
the
Sejm
appointed also
19
parliamentary committees, including the
Military Committee (from
2
July
1949
on the National Defence Committee). It prepared
18
decrees and
32
legal acts pertaining to national defence, pragmatics and matters
related to daily operations of the Armed Forces.
Under the command of Marshal of Poland
Michał Rola-Żymierski
the Polish Army
gradually adapted its structures to peace time of the post-war period. The situation
changed in November
1949
when Russian Marshal
Konstanty Rokossowski
took over
the command of the Polish Army. It was the beginning of a new phase in the develop¬
ment of the Polish Army, significantly different from the previous one. In the face of
international political crisis and threat of military intervention, the Armed Forces un¬
derwent a reorganisation and increased their military potential. The activity of the
opposition parties, especially of the Polish People's Party (PSL) represented by
Stanisław
Mikolajczyk, towards the programme of the leading Polish Workers' Party
(PPR),
was
unable to change the political system of post-war Poland imposed by
Józef
Stalin.
Nevertheless, such attempts were undertaken with great determination by the Polish
People's Party at the parliamentary forum. Despite strong opposition, on
5
February
1947
Bolesław Bierut
was appointed president and on
19
February
1947
the Small
Constitution was adopted.
The fighting spirit of the opposition created a unique ambience of the parliamen¬
tary debates in the first year of the Sejm's term. They reflected the negative attitude of
Polish people towards the imposed political system. After the withdrawal of the Polish
People's Party from the political life at the end of
1947,
the debates were characterised
by a forced unanimity. Parliamentary legislation had to correspond to the political rules
of the communist system.
296
Until
1949
the place and role of the Army within the new system were defined by
the leaders of the Polish Workers' Party, later known as the Polish United Workers'
Party, mainly through political and educational instruments, and after
1949
by party-
political instruments. In May
1949
the Military Committee of the Polish United Work¬
ers' Party Political Bureau chaired by
Bolesław Bierut
was appointed. The Committee
existed until
1951
and set the policy directions of the Ministry of National Defence. Till
1990
the documents of the Committee were secret and stored in the Archives of the
Main Political Directorate of the Polish Army. At present they are kept in the Central
Military Archives in Warsaw.
Matters directly related to the functioning of the Army were discussed in more than
a dozen of debates which resulted in regulations and decrees concerning military ranks
(from private to general), elements of tradition and soldier discipline and, to a greater
extent, soldiers' pay.
Acts adopted by the
Sejm
adjusted the pragmatics of the military service to military
structures in the new political system. The decree on military service of officers
adopted on
3
April
1948
was the first one to deal with the pragmatics of military
service. This decree stipulated by means of special regulations the service of regular
soldiers in the period of transition to the peace time after World War II and was
amended at the beginning of
1951.
Only once during its term the
Sejm
passed an act
on soldiers' pay at the plenary session, instead, all the subsequent regulations were
issued as Ministry regulations or orders of the Minister of National Defence. Pay and
social matters were inseparably related to the difficult economic situation of Poland
devastated by the war. Demobilised soldiers and their families were entitled to social
care in the form of benefits and compensations on the basis of acts adopted back in
the post-war period.
Subsequent acts on military pragmatics adopted by the
Sejm
reflected a new period
in the Army development. After the Polish United Workers' Party was established in
December
1948
and Marshal
Konstanty Rokossowski
took command of the Army a year
later, the
Sejm
entirely devoid of opposition, unanimously passed other acts on military
pragmatics
(1950-1952).
These included laws on common military service
(1950),
de¬
crees on officer and general service, military discipline, bonus entitlements for soldiers
of compulsory military service
(1951)
and an act on service of privates and non-com¬
missioned officers
(1952).
Legislation process of the above-mentioned acts was ac¬
companied in Poland by a growing propaganda campaign of a military threat posed by
the United States and Western European countries, intensified by the military activities
in Korea
(1950).
In addition to the matters pertaining to daily operations of the Army, the
Sejm
de¬
voted a few debates to national defence. Together with respective ministries they for¬
mulated acts in law concerning air space security, border protection, system of higher
military education and system of youth activation within the Common Organisation
"Service to Poland"
(Powszechna Organizacja „Służba Polsce").
Month by month Poland
was bearing more political resemblance to the USSR. By amending the pre-war crimi¬
nal law on
6
September
1951,
the scope of protection for the new system and governing
bodies was broadened. The process of Stalinisation was progressing. The Army or¬
ganisational structures were developed on the Soviet patterns, training methods of the
297
Red Army, Soviet military theory and thought were adopted. They were popularised in
books, press, military periodicals, regulations and instructions, often directly translated
from Russian. On
4
February
1950,
the compulsory military service term was prolonged
from eighteen months to two years, while in the navy and air forces the period of
service was three-year one. Uniformed members of "Service to Poland", implementing
the work programme based on Soviet Komsomol, actively builded cities and factories,
as well as developed western regions of the countryside. The "Service to Poland" was
a paramilitary organisation and became one of the tools of exerting ideological influence
on the youth aged
16-21
through obligatory membership. The organisation existed
under the auspices of the communist Association of the Polish Youth
(ZwiązekMłodzieży
Polskiej),
established in
1948
and introduced into the Army in December
1948
It aimed
to promote ideals of communism among conscription soldiers. In a communist state,
according to Leninism promoted by the Association of the Polish Youth, the army
served as a tool in the struggle for power, protected the achievements and interests of
the working class. Matters related to the functioning of military education, especially
directions and rules of regular soldiers training were particularly problematic for mili¬
tary authorities. In this field the main aim was to create a new man
-
a man of social¬
ism. This was reflected in the methods of organising education and military training in
which from
1948
onwards Marxism, Leninism and Stalinism were gradually incorpo¬
rated, whereas the popularisation of patriotic traditions was treated instrumentally.
On
7
February
1947,
in his
exposé
Prime Minister
Józef
Cyrankiewicz clearly defined
political preferences of the state, directions of the defence policy and relations with the
Western European countries and the United States. Rejection of the Marshal Plan led
to the "Iron Curtain" with which the USSR and its depended Eastern European countries
of the so-called People's Democracy sealed off from open contact with Western Europe.
Already in
1949
Polish authorities presented their vision of the world based on the
intelligence activities of the Western countries and "the American warmongers threat¬
ening peace". Strengthening the threat of military attack from the West, intensified by
the Korean conflict of
1950,
a fierce anti-war propaganda campaign against the United
States and Western Europe was launched in all forms of public life. The atmosphere of
war panic accompanied legislative activities of the
Sejm,
especially during the debate
on the Peace Protection Act in December
1950.
The U.S. government and the newly
established North Atlantic Treaty Organisation were attacked with hostility at a parlia¬
mentary forum. The propaganda dominated all parliamentary sittings, including Presi¬
dent's address, Prime Minister's and Vice Minister's
exposés
and speeches of regular
parliamentarians.
The analysis of the parliamentary debates
-
in which an aggressive tone became
a common means of expression
-
reveals how the element of foreign policy of the
Soviet Union towards the satellite countries, diving the world into those who "work
towards peace" and those who "work towards war", promoted by the authorities,
was able to dominate citizens' awareness and naturally impact forms of verbal expres¬
sion. Certainly, the speeches at the parliamentary forum were an effective means
of communication with the society, reflected the dependence of Polish policy on
the Soviet government and the independent power of the leading Polish United Work¬
ers' Party.
298
It is unlikely that parliamentarians praising communist leaders,
Bolesław Bierut
and
Józef
Stalin, expressed their own deeply held beliefs and outlooks on reality and voiced
the opinion of Polish people. The vast majority of them realised that there was no room
for political manoeuvre; open criticism or independent comments could have meant
the loss of position, privileges, job and often health. As a result, those exaggerated,
pompous and artificial speeches had nothing to do with the truth and reality.
Constant presence of the measures of coercion and indoctrination reinforced
the adaptive attitude in a great part of the society. Simple and uneducated people, whose
priority was to escape from their poverty and horrors of war, adapted to life in the new
system, hoping for improvement of their daily existence promised by the communist
leaders. After all, Poland was being built for the prosperity of the "working people of
town and country". The Security Service and the Army recruited peasant and working
youth and offered them unlimited opportunities for promotion. The growing number
of members in the Association of the Polish Youth and the Polish United Workers'
Party, also soldiers, reflected the level of public acceptance of the general situation
rather than the ideology. Canvassing for the party became a priority goal of the military
authorities. The totalitarian system was to be implemented due to imperial power of
the USSR.
The Main Political Directorate of the Polish Army, later the division of the Central
Committee of the Polish United Workers' Party
(КС
PZPR),
following the guidelines of
the party, played a fundamental role in shaping ideological and moral values of the
soldiers. Political-educational officers effectively followed the party's policy by agitating
for signing the Peace Plebiscite and supporting the draft of the future Constitution.
Military activation during the debate on the Constitution draft of
1952
was thoroughly
conducted. What draws attention is the exceptional diligence of the military political-
educational staff in following propaganda activities, which included preparing reports
for the superiors on the atmosphere in military units and on methods of disciplining
those who did not comply. The Main Political Directorate of the Polish Army co-oper¬
ated with the Main Political Directorate in exerting control over all organisational
levels of the Army by military special forces. In cases of alleged disloyalty, they prepared
political trials based on fabricated evidence, following the guidelines of the chief military
authorities. Those methods had a destructive force. The Main Political Directorate of
the Polish Army was authorised to liquidate the "right wing and nationalist deviation"
among soldiers. First such charges were pressed against higher officers in November
1949.
From
31
July to
13
August
1951
the Supreme Military Court held four trials of
four generals, including brigadier general
Stanisław
Tatar, brigadier general
Franciszek
Herman, brigadier general
Jerzy
Kirchmayer,
major general Stefan
Mossor
and five
other officers. In similar trials, more than a dozen of death sentences were passed.
Concurrently to the open trials, highly publicised for propaganda purposes, there were
confidential trials resulting in extremely harsh verdicts. Total subjection of the Polish
Army to the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Armed Forces,
Józef
Stalin, led to po¬
litical purges. The activities of the Polish government were designed to authorise the
system transformations in line with the party's programme and guidelines. In
1951
the
socio-political system was strong enough for the leaders to initiate steps towards a new
Constitution that would ratify transformational changes in Poland and define the final
299
structure
of the country. On
26
May
1951
an act on preparation and adoption of the
Constitution was passed. The
"Sejm Ustawodawczy"
(1947-1952)
confirmed its name
-
on
22
July
1952
it adopted the Constitution and closed its legislative activities. It
convened for the last time on
4
August
1952.
The Constitution introduced the country's
new name, Polish People's Republic, which remained in effect until
29
December
1989.
Tłumaczyła: Urszula Bołcun
300 |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)123408693 (DE-599)BVBBV023017634 |
| edition | Wyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1947-1952 gnd |
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| geographic | Poland / Politics and government / 1945-1980 Polen Poland Politics and government 1945-1980 |
| geographic_facet | Poland / Politics and government / 1945-1980 Polen Poland Politics and government 1945-1980 |
| id | DE-604.BV023017634 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:11:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8389729733 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016221766 |
| oclc_num | 123408693 |
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| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 309 p. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
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| publisher | Neriton |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Bołcun, Grażyna Verfasser aut Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 Grażyna Bołcun Wyd. 1. Warszawa Neriton 2006 309 p. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Includes bibliographical references (p. 272-281) and index Poland / Sejm Ustawodawczy Poland. Sejm Ustawodawczy Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte 1947-1952 gnd rswk-swf Politik Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd rswk-swf Landesverteidigung (DE-588)4166581-8 gnd rswk-swf Poland / Politics and government / 1945-1980 Polen Poland Politics and government 1945-1980 Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 b Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 s Geschichte 1947-1952 z DE-604 Landesverteidigung (DE-588)4166581-8 s Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016221766&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016221766&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Bołcun, Grażyna Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 Poland / Sejm Ustawodawczy Poland. Sejm Ustawodawczy Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 gnd Politik Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Landesverteidigung (DE-588)4166581-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)1222742-0 (DE-588)4039305-7 (DE-588)4166581-8 |
| title | Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 |
| title_auth | Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 |
| title_exact_search | Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 |
| title_full | Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 Grażyna Bołcun |
| title_fullStr | Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 Grażyna Bołcun |
| title_full_unstemmed | Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 Grażyna Bołcun |
| title_short | Wojsko i obronność w pracach Sejmu Ustawodawczego Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej w latach 1947 - 1952 |
| title_sort | wojsko i obronnosc w pracach sejmu ustawodawczego rzeczypospolitej polskiej w latach 1947 1952 |
| topic | Poland / Sejm Ustawodawczy Poland. Sejm Ustawodawczy Polen Sejm (DE-588)1222742-0 gnd Politik Militär (DE-588)4039305-7 gnd Landesverteidigung (DE-588)4166581-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Poland / Sejm Ustawodawczy Poland. Sejm Ustawodawczy Polen Sejm Politik Militär Landesverteidigung Poland / Politics and government / 1945-1980 Polen Poland Politics and government 1945-1980 |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016221766&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016221766&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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