Introduction to personality: toward an integrative science of the person
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley
2008
|
| Ausgabe: | 8. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 570 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9780470087657 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Mischel, Walter |d 1930-2018 |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1068280409 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to personality |b toward an integrative science of the person |c Walter Mischel ; Yuichi Shoda ; Ozlem Ayduk |
| 250 | |a 8. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 570 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Ayduk, Ozlem |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137231664807936 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | BRIEF
CONTENTS
PREFACE AND TEXT ORGANIZATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
CHAPTER
1
ORIENTATION TO PERSONALITY I
CHAPTER
2
DATA, METHODS, AND TOOLS
19
PART I
THE TRAIT-DISPOSITIONAL LEVEL
CHAPTER
3
TYPES AND TRAITS
45
CHAPTER
4
THE EXPRESSIONS OF DISPOSITIONS
72
PART II
THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL
CHAPTER
5
HEREDITY AND PERSONALITY
95
CHAPTER
6
BRAIN, EVOLUTION, AND PERSONALITY
124
PART III
THEPSYCHODYNAMIC-
MOTIVATIONAL LEVEL
CHAPTER
7
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES: FREUD S
CONCEPTIONS
155
CHAPTER
8
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS AND
PROCESSES
177
CHAPTER
9
POST-FREUDIAN PSYCHODYNAMICS
209
PART IV
THE BEHAVIORAL-CONDITIONING
LEVEL
CHAPTER
10
BEHAVIORAL CONCEPTIONS
245
CHAPTER
11
ANALYZING AND MODIFYING BEHAVIOR
270
PART V
THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL-
HUMANISTIC LEVEL
CHAPTER
12
PHENOMENOLOGICAL-HUMANISTIC
CONCEPTIONS
297
CHAPTER
13
THE INTERNAL VIEW
323
PART VI
THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEVEL
CHAPTER
14
SOCIAL COGNITIVE CONCEPTIONS
349
CHAPTER
15
SOCIAL COGNITIVE PROCESSES
379
PART
VII
INTEGRATION OF LEVELS: THE PERSON
AS A WHOLE
CHAPTER
16
THE PERSONALITY SYSTEM: INTEGRATING THE
LEVELS
409
CHAPTER
17
SELF-REGULATION: FROM GOAL PURSUIT TO GOAL
ATTAINMENT
437
CHAPTER
18
PERSONALITY IN ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT AND
CULTURE
466
nu
CONTENTS
PREFACE AND TEXT ORGANIZATION v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
CHAPTER
1
ORIENTATION TO PERSONALITY
1
What is Personality Psychology?
1
Stable, Coherent Individual Differences
1
Predicting and Understanding
3
Defining Personality
3
Theory and Levels of Analysis in Personality
Psychology
4
Early Big Picture Theory
4
From Grand Theories to Levels of Analysis
5
Levels of Analysis: Organization of this Book
6
The Trait-Dispositional Level
7
In Focus
1.1
The Personal Side of the Science
8
The Biological Level
9
The Psychodynamic-Motivational Level
9
The Behavioral-Conditioning Level
10
The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level
11
The Social Cognitive Level
12
Levels of Analysis Applied to Understand Unexpected
Aggression: The Texas Tower Killer
12
Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole
16
Practical Applications: Coping and Personal
Adaptation
17
Summary
18
Key Terms
18
CHAPTER
2
DATA, METHODS, AND TOOLS
19
Why a Science of Personality?: Beyond Hindsight
Understanding
19
In Focus
2.1
Gary W., The Text s Case—Gary s
Self-Description
20
The Range of Personality-Relevant Measures
21
Interviews
22
In Focus
2.2
Early Personality Measurement
22
Tests and Self-Reports
23
Projective
Measures
23
Naturalistic Observation and Behavior
Sampling
24
Remote Behavior Sampling: Daily Life
Experiences
26
Physiological Functioning and Brain Imaging
26
Laboratory Methods of Social Cognition
29
Conceptual and Methodological Tools
30
Constructs and Operational Definitions
30
An Example: Defining the Construct of Aggression
31
Establishing Relationships Among Observations
32
Correlation: What Goes with What?
32
Interpreting Correlations
33
Reliability and Validity of Observations and Measures
35
Reliability: Are the Measurements Consistent?
35
Validity: What Is Being Measured?
36
Content Validity
36
Criterion Validity
36
Construct Validity: Validity of the Construct
Itself
36
In Focus
2.3
Sometimes Direct Self-Report Measures
Work Best
37
The Experimental Approach
37
Independent and Dependent Variables
38
Experimental and Control Groups
38
Double-Blind Designs
38
Ethics in Personality Research
39
Summary
41
Key Terms
41
PART I
THE TRAIT-DISPOSITIONAL LEVEL
Prelude to Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level
43
CHAPTER
3
TYPES AND TRAITS
45
46
Types and Traits
46
Types
46
Traits: Individual Differences on Dimensions
Traits Defined
46
In Focus
3.1
An Example: Type a Personality
47
Describing and Explaining
48
Trait Attributions
49
Trait Theorists
49
Gordon
Allport 49
Raymond B. Cattell
51
Hans J. Eysenck
53
Common Features of Trait Theories
56
Generality and Stability of Traits
56
Traits and States Distinguished
56
Contents ■* xv
Search for Basic Traits
56
Quantification
57
Aggregating across Situations to Increase
Reliability
57
Taxonomy of Human Attributes
57
Psycholexical
Approach
58
The Big Five Trait Dimensions
59
Factor Analysis to Find Trait Dimensions:
The NEO-PI-R and Big Five
59
Evidence and Issues
61
Overview of Usefulness of the Big Five
61
Stability of Traits over Time
62
In Focus
3.2
Prototypes: Typical People
63
Big Five Differences Predicting Life Outcomes
65
Limitations, Concerns, Contributions
66
Limitations of Factor Analysis
67
Are Traits Causal Explanations or Descriptive
Summaries?
67
Links between
Perceiver
and Perceived: Valid
Ratings
68
Summary
68
Interaction of Traits and Situations
69
Summary
70
Key Terms
71
Key Terms
88
Taking Stock Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level
89
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
89
Enduring Contributions of the Trait-Dispositional
Level
90
PART II
THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL
Prelude to Part II: The Biological Level
93
î-CHAPTER
5
HEREDITY AND PERSONALITY
95
»-CHAPTER
4
THE EXPRESSIONS OF DISPOSITIONS
72
Traits, Situations, and the Personality Paradox
73
Individual Differences in Behavior Tendencies
73
The Intuitive Assumption of Consistency
73
The
1968
Challenge
74
The Paradox Defined
74
The Person versus Situation Debate
74
Situationism
74
Revival of the Traditional Paradigm
75
The Role of the Situation
75
Incorporating Situations into Traits
75
If
■ ■ ■
Then
...
Situation-Behavior Signatures
76
In Focus
4.1
Looking Under the Hood
77
Evidence for Signatures Indicative of Personality
Types
77
Gary W. s Behavioral Signatures
79
Two Types of Consistency
80
Uses of the Two Types of Consistency
81
Interactionism in Personality Psychology
82
The Meaning of Person-Situation Interaction
82
An Example: Uncertainty Orientation
83
Definition
of Triple Typology
83
Interaction as a Rule in Science
84
In Focus
4.2
A Triple Typology for Hostility
85
Resolution of the Personality Paradox
85
Summary: Expressions of Consistency in
Traits-Dispositions
87
Summary
88
Genetic Bases of Personality
96
The Human Genome: The Genetic Heritage
96
Inside
DNA:
The Basic Information
96
Not Really a Blueprint
97
DNA
-Environment Interactions
97
Individual Differences in
DNA 98
Biological Switches
98
In Focus
5.1
Even the Bees Do It: Gene-Environment
Interactions in Social Behavior
99
Twin Studies
100
The Twin Method
100
Results of Twin Studies
100
The Big Five
100
Temperaments
101
In Focus
5.2
Inhibited Children: Kagan s Shyness
Research
104
Attitudes and Beliefs
104
Aggressive and Altruistic Tendencies
105
Romantic Love and Marriage
105
Twins Reared Apart
106
Beyond Self-Report Measures
107
In Focus
5.3
Understanding Heritability and the
Heritability Index
108
Heredity versus Environment: Another False
Dichotomy
110
Summary
110
Gene
-
Environment Interaction
110
The Unique (Nonshared) Psychological Environment of
Each Family Member 111
Nonshared Environmental Influences within the
Family 111
Nonshared Environmental Influences Outside the
Family
112
Interactions among Nature-Nurture Influences
113
In Focus
5.4
Nature and (Not Versus) Nurture: Both
Matter
114
Genes Also Influence Environments
115
Search for Specific Gene-Behavior Connections
117
Causal Mechanisms: The Role of
Neurotransmitter
Systems
118
Genetic and Environmental Influences on
Person
χ
Situation Interactions
119
xvi
ř
Contents
In Focus
5.5
Interaction
of Biology and Environmental
Stress in the Development of Depression
120
Social Environments Change the Expression
of Genes, the Brain, and Personality
121
Stress Is Bad for Your Brain
121
Summary
122
Key Terms
123
CHAPTER
6
BRAIN, EVOLUTION, AND PERSONALITY
124
Brain-Personality Links
124
Biological Bases of
Extraversion-Introversion
(H. J. Eysenck)
125
In Focus
6.1
An Early Effort: Physique and
Personality?
125
Brain Asymmetry and Personality Differences
128
Brain Asymmetry
128
The Behavioral Inhibition and Activation
Systems
128
Brain Asymmetry and Emotional
Reactivity
128
BIS,
BAS,
and Personality Traits
129
In Focus
6.2
BIS/BAS and Everyday Emotional
Experiences
130
Summary and Implications
131
Probing the Biology of Neuroticism
132
Sensation Seeking: A Trait with a Specific Biological
Basis?
132
In Focus
6.3
Testosterone and the Antisocial
Personality
134
Biological Assessment and Change
135
New Windows on the Brain
135
The Amygdala and Personality
136
Linking Inhibition to Amygdala Activation
137
Biological Therapies
137
Antidepressants
138
Antipsychotics
138
Tranquilizers 139
Other Common Drugs
139
Evolutionary Theory and Personality
139
The Evolutionary Approach
140
In Focus
6.4
There is Grandeur in this View of
Life.
.. 141
Implications of Evolution for Personality
142
Mate Selection
142
Sexual Jealousy
142
Sex Differences in Romantic and Sexual
Regrets
142
Explanations Are Not Justifications
143
Altruism
143
Evolutionary Theory and Inborn Constraints on
Learning
144
Biological Preparedness
145
Specificity of Psychological Mechanisms
145
The Value of Discriminativeness in Coping with
Stress
146
Summary
147
Key Terms
147
Taking Stock Part II: The Biological Level of
Analysis
148
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
148
Enduring Contributions of the Biological Level
148
PART III
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC-MOTIVATIONAL
LEVEL
Prelude to Part III: the Psychodynamic-Motivational
Level
151
CHAPTER
7
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES: FREUD S
CONCEPTIONS
155
Basic Assumptions: Unconscious Mental Determinism
157
The Unconscious
157
The Roads to the Unconscious
157
Dreams
158
Free Association
158
In Focus
7.1
Encouraging Free Association
159
Psychic Structure: Anatomy of the Mind
159
The Id: The Passions at the Core
159
Life Instincts (Eros)
160
Libido
160
Death Instincts (Thanatos)
160
The Pleasure Principle
161
Primary Process Thinking
161
The Ego: In the Service of Reality, Reason,
Order
161
The Reality Principle
161
The Superego: High Court in Pursuit of Perfection,
Ideals, Transcendence
162
Looking Back at Freud s Theory of Mental Structures
and Their Biological Bases
163
Conflict, Anxiety, and Psychodynamics
164
Conflict
164
In Focus
7.2
The Traumatic Freud-
Allport
Meeting
165
Defense: Denial and Repression
166
Neurosis
167
When Defenses Fail: Neurotic Anxiety and
Conflict
167
Development of Neurotic Anxiety
167
The Meaning of Neurotic Acts
167
Origins of Neuroses
168
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life: Mistakes
That Betray
169
Motivational Determinism: Unconscious
Causes
170
Contents xvii
Personality Development 170 Repression versus
Suppression
196
Stages
of
Development 170
Studying
Repression 196
Oral
170
Perceptual Defense
197
In Focus
7.3
How Oral is the Infant?
170
The Long History of Perceptual Defense
197
Anal
171
Limitations of Early Laboratory Studies
198
Phallic
172
Current View of Unconscious Processes: the Adaptive
Latency
172
Unconscious
199
Genital
172
The Repressed Memory Debate: False Memories
Fixation and Regression
172
of Abuse?
200
Freud s Theory of Identification
173
Return of the Repressed
200
Impact of Freud s Theories
174
Did It Really Happen?
201
Image of the Person
174
The Power of Suggestion
201
The Healthy Personality
174
The Value of Self-Disclosure
201
Behaviors as Symptoms
175
Patterns of Defense: Individual Differences in Cognitive
Summary
175
Avoidance
202
Key Terms
176
Repression-Sensitization
202
Selective Attention
202
CHAPTER
8
Blunting versus Monitoring Styles
204
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS AND The RoIe of Control: When Don t You Want
PROCESSES
177
to Know?
205
Matching the Medical Information to the Patient s
Applications to Personality Assessment
178
Style
206
The Core Beneath the Mask
178
Summary
207
Relying on the Clinician
178
Key Terms
207
Projective
Methods
179
TheRorschach
179
CHAPTER
9
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
181
POST-FREUDIAN PSYCHODYNAMICS
209
Applying Psychodynamic Clinical Inferences to
Gary W.: A Freudian View
181
Toward Ego Psychology and the Self
210
In Focus
8.1
Gary s Tat Stories
182
Anna Freud and the Ego Defense
Murray, the Harvard Personologists, and Higher Mechanisms
210
Motives
184
Transformation of Motives
211
Studying Lives in Depth
184
In Focus
9.1
Little Anna and
Sigmund:
a Freudian
Assessment Strategy: Diagnostic Council
185
Slip?
212
Higher-Order Motives
185
Projection
213
In Focus
8.2
Selecting U.S. Spies: the OSS Assessment Reaction Formation
213
Project
187
In Focus
9.2
Testing Reaction Formation in the
Competence Motivation
188
Lab
214
Need for Achievement
188
Rationalization
215
Need for Power
190
Sublimation
215
Need for Intimacy
190
Carl Jung
215
Implicit and Explicit Motives
190
Alfred
Adler 218
Treatment and Change
191
Erich
Fromm 220
The Beginnings: Free Association and Dream Erik Erikson s
Psychosocial
Theory of Personality
Interpretation
191
Development
221
Today s View of Freud s Theory of Stages of
Psychosocial
Development
222
Trauma
192
Trust versus Mistrust
222
The Transference Relationship and Working Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
223
Through
193
Initiative versus Guilt
223
Alternative Psychodynamic Interpretations Industry versus Inferiority
224
of Gary W.
194
Adolescence and the Struggle for Identity versus Role
Psychodynamic Processes: Anxiety and the Confusion
224
Unconscious
195
Intimacy versus Isolation
225
The Psychoanalytic Concept of Unconscious Generativity versus
Repression
195
Self-Absorption/Stagnation
225
XVIII
Contents
Integrity versus Despair
225
Erikson s Contributions
226
Object Relations Theory and the Self
226
Good-Bad Splitting
227
The Development of Self
228
Attachment: The Roots of Object Relations
228
Attachment Theory
229
Early Attachment Relations: Secure/Insecure
Attachment Patterns
229
Attachment in Adult
Relationships
230
In Focus
9.3
Secure-Insecure Attachment and
Perceived Social Support in Close Adult
Relationships
231
Kohut s Theory
233
Relational Therapy and Restoration of the
Self
235
Summary
236
Key Terms
237
Taking Stock Part III: The Psychodynamic
Level
238
Overview. Focus, Concepts, Methods
238
Enduring Contributions of the Psychodynamic
Level
239
PART IV
THE BEHAVIORAL-CONDITIONING LEVEL
Prelude to Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditioning
Level
241
CHAPTER
10
BEHAVIORAL CONCEPTIONS
245
The Behavioral Approach to Psychodynamics: Dollard and
Miller
246
Neurotic Conflict: The Core
246
Recasting Conflict in Learning Terms
247
Primary Needs and Learning
248
Drive
249
Cue
250
Response
250
Reinforcement
250
Conflict
251
Anxiety and Repression
252
Reactions to Psychodynamic Behavior
Theory
252
Classical Conditioning: Learning Emotional
Associations
253
How Classical Conditioning Works
254
Higher-Order Conditioning
254
In Focus
10.1
A Behavioral Challenge to the
Psychodynamic Theory of Neurosis
257
From Trauma to Anxiety
257
Operant
(Instrumental) Conditioning: B.F. Skinner s
Contributions
259
How
Operant
(Instrumental) Conditioning Works:
Learning from Response Consequences
259
Skinner s Basic Approach
259
Importance of the Situation: The Role of Stimuli
260
Rejection of Inferred Motives
261
Conditioned Generalized Reinforcers
263
Discrimination and Generalization in Everyday
Life
263
Shaping Behavior by Successive Approximations
264
The Patterning of Outcomes: Schedules of
Reinforcement
264
Superstitions: Getting Reinforced into
Irrationality
265
Punishment
266
Skinner s Own Behavior
267
Summary of Two Types of Learning
267
In Focus
10.2
Skinner Analyzes Himself
267
Summary
268
Key Terms
269
CHAPTER
11
ANALYZING AND MODIFYING BEHAVIOR
270
Characteristics of Behavioral Assessments
271
Case Example: Conditions Controlling Gary W. s
Anxiety
271
Direct Behavior Measurement
272
Situational Behavior Sampling
272
Finding Effective Rewards
274
Assessing Conditions Controlling Behavior
275
Functional Analyses: Basic Method
276
Functional Analyses: Case Example
278
Changing Emotional Reactions
279
Desensitization: Overcoming Anxiety
279
Conditioned Aversion: Making Stimuli
Unattractive
283
An Example: Treating Cocaine Dependency
283
Changing Behavior
284
Case Example: Hyperactivity
284
In Focus
11.1
Rewards May Backfire
285
Contingency Management: Contracting to Control
Drug Abuse
286
In Focus
11.2
Depression as Insufficient
Reinforcement
287
Symptom Substitution?
288
Evaluating the Consequences of Behavior, Not the
Person
289
Does Changing Behavior Change Personality?
289
Summary
290
Key Terms
291
Taking Stock Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditoning
Level
292
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
292
Enduring Contributions of the Behavioral-Conditioning
Level
292
Contents
XIX
PART V
THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL-
HUMANISTIC LEVEL
Prelude to Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic
Level
295
CHAPTER
12
PHENOMENOLOGICAL-HUMANISTIC
CONCEPTIONS
297
Sources of Phenomenological-Humanistic
Perspectives
298
Defining Humanistic Psychology, Phenomenology,
Existentialism
298
In Focus
12.1
Pioneers at Different Levels of Analysis
at Work and War in the Same Place
299
Airport s Functional Autonomy
300
Lewin s Life Space
300
Phenomenology and Existentialism: The Here and
Now
303
Carl Rogers s Self Theory
304
Unique Experience: The Subjective World
304
Self-Actualization
304
The Self
305
In Focus
12.2
S
elf-Actualization as a Need
(Maslow)
306
Consistency and Positive Regard
307
Self-Determination
308
Client-Centered Therapy
309
Rogers Reflects on His Own Work
311
George Kelly s Psychology of Personal Constructs
312
The Person s Constructs and Personality
312
Characteristics of Personal Constructs
313
Exploring Personal Constructs
314
A Personal Construct Conceptualization of
GaryW.
314
Rationality-Emotionality
314
Power and Control versus Dependence and
Weakness
315
Security-Liberty
315
Behavioral Referents for Personal Constructs
316
Exploring the Meaning Underlying Puzzling Behavior
Patterns
317
People as Scientists
317
Constructive Alternativism: Many Ways to See
318
Roles: Many Ways to Be
319
People Are What They Make of Themselves:
Self-Determination
319
Common Themes and Issues
320
The World as Perceived
320
Potential for Growth, Change, and Freedom
320
In Focus
12.3
Unexpected Similarities: Behavior
Theory and Existentialism
321
Summary
322
Key Terms
322
CHAPTER
13
THE INTERNAL VIEW
323
Exploring Internal Experience
323
Why Self Matters: Consequences of
Self-Discrepancies
324
The View Through the Person s Eyes
326
In Focus
13.1
Effects of Self-Discrepancy:
Anorexia
327
Uses of Self-Assessments
328
The Q-Sort Technique
329
Interviews
330
The Semantic Differential
330
Nonverbal Communication
331
Studying Lives from the Inside: Psychobiography
332
Narrative Identity: Stories that Give Lives
Meaning
332
Enhancing Self-Awareness: Accessing One s
Experiences
333
Group Experiences
334
Meditation
335
The Person s Experience and the Unconscious
336
Accessing Painful Emotions: Hypnotic Probing
337
Peering into Consciousness: Brain Images of Subjective
Experiences
338
The Value of Self-Disclosure about Subjective
Experiences
338
In Focus
13.2
Caution: Rumination Can Increase
Depression
339
Change and Well-Being
339
The Meaningful Life, the Healthy Personality
339
Positive Psychology: Finding Human Strengths
340
Summary
343
Key Terms
343
Taking Stock Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic
Level
344
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
344
Enduring Contributions of the
Phenomenological-Humanistic Level
345
PART VI
THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEVEL
Prelude to Part VI: the Social Cognitive Level
347
CHAPTER
14
SOCIAL COGNITIVE CONCEPTIONS
349
Development of the Social Cognitive Level
349
Historical Roots
349
Linking Cognition and Social Behavior
350
In Focus
14.1
George Kelly: A Bridge to the Social
Cognitive Level
351
The Cognitive Revolution
352
Albert
Bandura:
Social Learning Theory
352
Learning Through Observation (Modeling)
352
xx Contents
Observing Other People s Outcomes: What Happens, to
Them Might Happen to You
354
Importance of Rules and Symbolic Processes
355
The
Agenţie,
Proactive Person
356
Self-Efficacy
356
The Role of Self-Efficacy in Personality and Behavior
Change
357
Social Cognitive Reconceptualization of Personality: Walter
Mischel
357
Understanding Consistency in Personality: People as
Meaning Makers
358
Social Cognitive Person Variables
359
Encodings
(Construais):
How Do You See It?
360
Expectancies and Beliefs: What Will Happen?
361
Affects: Feelings and Hot Reactions
362
Goals and Values: What Do You Want? What Is It
Worth?
362
What Can You Do?: Overcoming Stimulus Control
through Self-Regulation
363
Contributors to Person Variables: A Quick Look at a
Long History
364
In Focus
14.2
Mischel s View of His Mentors, Julian
Rotter and George Kelly
365
Personality Assessment
366
Measuring Self-Efficacy Expectancies
367
Individual Differences in If
...
Then
...
Signatures
367
The Implicit Association Test (IAT)
369
Incorporating the Psychological Situation into
Personality Assessment
370
In Focus
14.3
Identifying Psychological
Situations
371
Personality Change and Therapy
371
Overview of Approach
371
Behavior Therapies Become Cognitive
372
Beck s Cognitive Therapy
374
Common Themes
375
Summary
377
Key Terms
378
CHAPTER
15
SOCIAL COGNITIVE PROCESSES
379
Principles of Social Cognition Applied to Personality
379
Social Cognition and Personality
380
Schemas 380
Effects of
Schemas 381
Directing Attention and Influencing Memory
381
Making Inferences
382
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
382
Activation of
Schemas 382
The Self
383
Self-Schemas
384
The Relational Self and Transference
384
The Relational Self
384
Transference Reconsidered
385
Perceived Stability of Self and Potential for
Change
386
Multiple Self-Concepts: Possible Selves
387
Self-Esteem and Self-Evaluation
389
Costs of Self-Esteem Pursuit
390
Essential Features and Functions of the Self
390
Perceived Efficacy, Helplessness, and Mastery
391
Self-Efficacy Expectancies
391
Learned Helplessness and Apathy
391
Causal Attributions Influence Emotions and
Outcomes
392
Pride and Shame
393
In Focus
15.1
The Perception of Control and
Meaningfulness
394
Perceived Control and Predictability
394
Reinterpreting Helplessness and Depression:
Pessimistic Explanatory Styles
394
Learned Optimism
395
In Focus
15.2
The Illusory Warm Glow of
Optimism
396
Helpless versus Mastery-Oriented Children
397
Tuning in to the Wrong Thoughts: Anxiety
398
Enhancing Self-Efficacy When Expecting
Failure
398
Incremental versus Entity Theories: Your Own
Personality Theory Matters
398
Summary
400
Key Terms
401
Taking Stock Part VI: The Social Cognitive Level
402
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
402
Enduring Contributions of the Social Cognitive
Level
403
PART
VII
INTEGRATION OF LEVELS: THE PERSON
ASAWHOLE
Prelude to Part
VII:
Integration of Levels
405
CHAPTER
16
THE PERSONALITY SYSTEM: INTEGRATING THE
LEVELS
409
What has to be Integrated?: Contributions from Each
Level
410
Trait-Dispositional Level: Two Types of
Consistency
410
Overall Average Differences in Types of Behavior
(Broad Traits)
411
If
...
Then
...
Situation-Behavior Signatures of
Personality
411
Biological Level
412
Psychodynamic-Motivational Level
412
Behavioral-Conditioning Level
413
Phenomenological-Humanistic Level
413
Contents *< xxi
Social Cognitive
Level 414
The Trait-Dispositional Level
444
Toward Integration: Characteristics of the Personality Ego Control and Ego Resilience
445
System
414
The Social Cognitive and
Application of Neural Network Information-Processing Phenomenological-Humanistic Levels
446
Models to Personality
414
Self-Regulation in Approach (Appetitive) Dilemmas
447
An Application: The Cognitive-Affective Personality Delay of Gratification Ability
447
System (CAPS)
415
The Goal-Directed Delay Situation: The
Two Basic Assumptions: Chronic Accessibility and Marshmallow Test
447
Stable Organization
416
Cooling Strategies: It s How You Think That
Expressions of Personality Structure:/^
...
Then
...
Counts
448
Personality Signatures in CAPS
417
Strategic Self-Distraction
448
Personality Dispositions (Processing Dynamics)
418
Hot and Cool Construal
449
The Rejection Sensitivity (RS) Signature: Finding Both Flexible Attention
450
If
...
Then
...
and Trait Components
418
Summary
451
RS and Aggression
418 Life-Span
Implications of Self-Regulatory
RS and Depression
419
Competence
451
The Narcissistic Signature
419
Stable Self-Regulatory Competence
451
Personality Development and Change
420
hong-Term Protective Effects
451
Features and Findings Integrated from Each Multiple Interacting Influences in
Level
421
Self-Regulation
453
The Personality System in Action
423
Self-Regulation in Avoidance (Aversive) Dilemmas
454
External and Internal Sources of Activation
424
Cognitive Appraisal of Stress: Dealing with Negative
Expressions of the System
—
and Their Emotions
454
Consequences
424
Cognitive Appraisal versus Hiding Negative
Shaping One s Own Future Situations: Selecting Dating Feelings
454
Partners
425
In Focus
17.1
Overcoming the Stress of Dissecting a
Applying CAPS to Real-Life Problems: Breast Cadaver in
Medicai
Training
454
Self-Examination
426
Cognitive Transformations to Deal with
In Focus
16.1
When the Situation is Another Person: Stress
455
The Personality of Close Relationships
427
In Focus
17.2
Working Through, and Getting
Getting Under the Hood : What is the Person Over, Emotional Hassles in Close Relationships
Thinking, Feeling, Doing in the Situation?
428 456
Putting It Together: Integrating the Levels
434
Interaction of Hot and Cool Systems in
Self-Regulation for Purposeful Change
434
Self-Regulation
457
Summary
435
The Emotional (Hot) Brain/The Rational (Cool)
Key Terms
436
Brain
457
Bodily Changes: Emotion in Stress
458
s* CHAPTER
17
Fight or Flight Reactions
458
SELF-REGULATION: FROM GOAL PURSUIT TO GOAL Th% Hot ^ygdala
459
ATTAINMENT
437
The Rational Cool Brain
459
Overview of Contributions to Self-Regulation from Each Hot System/Cool System Interaction in
Level
438
Self-Regulation
459
Self-Regulatory Processes in Goal Pursuit
441 *
^ocus
17.3
Neural Mechanisms in Impulsive
Personal Goals and Projects
441
Violence
460
Life Tasks
441
Attention Control
460
Goal Hierarchies
441
Making Willpower Automatic: From Intentions to
Standards and Self-Evaluation
442
If
■ ■ ■
Then
...
Implementation
461
Why Self-Regulate?
442
Social Emotions Enable Self-Regulation: Links to
Automaticity
442
Evolution
461
Beyond Automaticity to Willpower?
443
The Downside of Self-Regulation
462
Self-Regulation Requires Both Motivation and Conclusions
462
Competence
443
Potential for Self-Directed Change?
463
The Biological Level: Effortful Control
444
Summary
464
Brain Mechanisms in Effortful Control
444
Key Terms
465
xxii
ί*·
Contents
і
С
Η Α Ρ Τ Ε
R
18
Interactions of Biology, Sex, and Culture in Response to
PERSONALITY IN ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT AND Threat
478
CU LTU RE
466
Men Fight or Flee: Women Tend and
Culture and Personality
467
Befriend
479
Mapping Cultural Differences with the Big Interactions in the Genesis of Gender Roles
480
p. 4«7 Interacting Influences on Personality Development
481
Crosľcultural
and Intracultural Differences
467
Biology-Trait-Socialization Interactions:
Individualism versus Collectivism
468 ,
Shyness
482
Culture as a Shared Meaning System
469
What Develops?: the Evolving Self
483
In Focus
18.1
Cultural Differences in Emotional Taking CharSe: Human
А&псУ
483
Meanings: Appraising the Situation
470
The Self-Construction Process
483
Cultural Differences in the Organization of The ^If as an Active ASent 484
Personality?: If... then
...
Cultural Self-Direction/Agency
484
Signatures
471
The Relational Self
485
An Integrated System View of Culture and Person What Do People Need to Thrive?: The View from
Dynamics
472
Multiple Levels
485
In Focus
18.2
Using the Game of Chicken to Study the Potential for Change
487
Culture of Honor
473
The Role of Genetics
487
Summary: The Link between the Cultural and the The Role of the Brain
487
Personal Meaning Systems
474
Summary
489
Culturally Specific Personality Dispositions
474
КеУ
Terms
489
Ѕитгшгу:
Interacting Influences in
Takin¿
St°ck
Part VII: Integration of Levels: The Person
Culture-Personality Links
474
as a Whole
490
In Focus
18.3
Studying Race-Based Rejection Prospects for Personality Psychology
490
Sensitivity
475
Personology Revisited
490
Gender and Sex Differences
476
GLOSSARY
492
Overview and Issues
476
Neonatal Sex Differences
476
Gender Concepts
476
REFERENCES
508
Expression of Gender-Relevant Behavior
476
In Focus
18.4
Adult Sex Differences and their NAME INDEX
549
Implications
477
If
...
then
...
Patterns in Sex Differences
478
SUBJECT INDEX
559
|
| adam_txt |
BRIEF
CONTENTS
PREFACE AND TEXT ORGANIZATION
v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
CHAPTER
1
ORIENTATION TO PERSONALITY I
CHAPTER
2
DATA, METHODS, AND TOOLS
19
PART I
THE TRAIT-DISPOSITIONAL LEVEL
CHAPTER
3
TYPES AND TRAITS
45
CHAPTER
4
THE EXPRESSIONS OF DISPOSITIONS
72
PART II
THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL
CHAPTER
5
HEREDITY AND PERSONALITY
95
CHAPTER
6
BRAIN, EVOLUTION, AND PERSONALITY
124
PART III
THEPSYCHODYNAMIC-
MOTIVATIONAL LEVEL
CHAPTER
7
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES: FREUD'S
CONCEPTIONS
155
CHAPTER
8
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS AND
PROCESSES
177
CHAPTER
9
POST-FREUDIAN PSYCHODYNAMICS
209
PART IV
THE BEHAVIORAL-CONDITIONING
LEVEL
CHAPTER
10
BEHAVIORAL CONCEPTIONS
245
CHAPTER
11
ANALYZING AND MODIFYING BEHAVIOR
270
PART V
THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL-
HUMANISTIC LEVEL
CHAPTER
12
PHENOMENOLOGICAL-HUMANISTIC
CONCEPTIONS
297
CHAPTER
13
THE INTERNAL VIEW
323
PART VI
THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEVEL
CHAPTER
14
SOCIAL COGNITIVE CONCEPTIONS
349
CHAPTER
15
SOCIAL COGNITIVE PROCESSES
379
PART
VII
INTEGRATION OF LEVELS: THE PERSON
AS A WHOLE
CHAPTER
16
THE PERSONALITY SYSTEM: INTEGRATING THE
LEVELS
409
CHAPTER
17
SELF-REGULATION: FROM GOAL PURSUIT TO GOAL
ATTAINMENT
437
CHAPTER
18
PERSONALITY IN ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT AND
CULTURE
466
nu
CONTENTS
PREFACE AND TEXT ORGANIZATION v
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
ix
CHAPTER
1
ORIENTATION TO PERSONALITY
1
What is Personality Psychology?
1
Stable, Coherent Individual Differences
1
Predicting and Understanding
3
Defining Personality
3
Theory and Levels of Analysis in Personality
Psychology
4
Early "Big Picture" Theory
4
From Grand Theories to Levels of Analysis
5
Levels of Analysis: Organization of this Book
6
The Trait-Dispositional Level
7
In Focus
1.1
The Personal Side of the Science
8
The Biological Level
9
The Psychodynamic-Motivational Level
9
The Behavioral-Conditioning Level
10
The Phenomenological-Humanistic Level
11
The Social Cognitive Level
12
Levels of Analysis Applied to Understand Unexpected
Aggression: The Texas Tower Killer
12
Integration of Levels: The Person as a Whole
16
Practical Applications: Coping and Personal
Adaptation
17
Summary
18
Key Terms
18
CHAPTER
2
DATA, METHODS, AND TOOLS
19
Why a Science of Personality?: Beyond Hindsight
Understanding
19
In Focus
2.1
Gary W., The Text's Case—Gary's
Self-Description
20
The Range of Personality-Relevant Measures
21
Interviews
22
In Focus
2.2
Early Personality Measurement
22
Tests and Self-Reports
23
Projective
Measures
23
Naturalistic Observation and Behavior
Sampling
24
Remote Behavior Sampling: Daily Life
Experiences
26
Physiological Functioning and Brain Imaging
26
Laboratory Methods of Social Cognition
29
Conceptual and Methodological Tools
30
Constructs and Operational Definitions
30
An Example: Defining the Construct of Aggression
31
Establishing Relationships Among Observations
32
Correlation: What Goes with What?
32
Interpreting Correlations
33
Reliability and Validity of Observations and Measures
35
Reliability: Are the Measurements Consistent?
35
Validity: What Is Being Measured?
36
Content Validity
36
Criterion Validity
36
Construct Validity: Validity of the Construct
Itself
36
In Focus
2.3
Sometimes Direct Self-Report Measures
Work Best
37
The Experimental Approach
37
Independent and Dependent Variables
38
Experimental and Control Groups
38
Double-Blind Designs
38
Ethics in Personality Research
39
Summary
41
Key Terms
41
PART I
THE TRAIT-DISPOSITIONAL LEVEL
Prelude to Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level
43
CHAPTER
3
TYPES AND TRAITS
45
46
Types and Traits
46
Types
46
Traits: Individual Differences on Dimensions
Traits Defined
46
In Focus
3.1
An Example: Type a Personality
47
Describing and Explaining
48
Trait Attributions
49
Trait Theorists
49
Gordon
Allport 49
Raymond B. Cattell
51
Hans J. Eysenck
53
Common Features of Trait Theories
56
Generality and Stability of Traits
56
Traits and States Distinguished
56
Contents ■* xv
Search for Basic Traits
56
Quantification
57
Aggregating across Situations to Increase
Reliability
57
Taxonomy of Human Attributes
57
Psycholexical
Approach
58
The "Big Five" Trait Dimensions
59
Factor Analysis to Find Trait Dimensions:
The NEO-PI-R and Big Five
59
Evidence and Issues
61
Overview of Usefulness of the Big Five
61
Stability of Traits over Time
62
In Focus
3.2
Prototypes: "Typical" People
63
Big Five Differences Predicting Life Outcomes
65
Limitations, Concerns, Contributions
66
Limitations of Factor Analysis
67
Are Traits Causal Explanations or Descriptive
Summaries?
67
Links between
Perceiver
and Perceived: Valid
Ratings
68
Summary
68
Interaction of Traits and Situations
69
Summary
70
Key Terms
71
Key Terms
88
Taking Stock Part I: The Trait-Dispositional Level
89
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
89
Enduring Contributions of the Trait-Dispositional
Level
90
PART II
THE BIOLOGICAL LEVEL
Prelude to Part II: The Biological Level
93
î-CHAPTER
5
HEREDITY AND PERSONALITY
95
»-CHAPTER
4
THE EXPRESSIONS OF DISPOSITIONS
72
Traits, Situations, and the Personality Paradox
73
Individual Differences in Behavior Tendencies
73
The Intuitive Assumption of Consistency
73
The
1968
Challenge
74
The Paradox Defined
74
The Person versus Situation Debate
74
Situationism
74
Revival of the Traditional Paradigm
75
The Role of the Situation
75
Incorporating Situations into Traits
75
If
■ ■ ■
Then
.
Situation-Behavior Signatures
76
In Focus
4.1
Looking Under the Hood
77
Evidence for Signatures Indicative of Personality
Types
77
Gary W.'s Behavioral Signatures
79
Two Types of Consistency
80
Uses of the Two Types of Consistency
81
Interactionism in Personality Psychology
82
The Meaning of Person-Situation Interaction
82
An Example: Uncertainty Orientation
83
Definition
of Triple Typology
83
Interaction as a Rule in Science
84
In Focus
4.2
A Triple Typology for Hostility
85
Resolution of the Personality Paradox
85
Summary: Expressions of Consistency in
Traits-Dispositions
87
Summary
88
Genetic Bases of Personality
96
The Human Genome: The Genetic Heritage
96
Inside
DNA:
The Basic Information
96
Not Really a Blueprint
97
DNA
-Environment Interactions
97
Individual Differences in
DNA 98
Biological Switches
98
In Focus
5.1
Even the Bees Do It: Gene-Environment
Interactions in Social Behavior
99
Twin Studies
100
The Twin Method
100
Results of Twin Studies
100
The Big Five
100
Temperaments
101
In Focus
5.2
Inhibited Children: Kagan's Shyness
Research
104
Attitudes and Beliefs
104
Aggressive and Altruistic Tendencies
105
Romantic Love and Marriage
105
Twins Reared Apart
106
Beyond Self-Report Measures
107
In Focus
5.3
Understanding Heritability and the
Heritability Index
108
Heredity versus Environment: Another False
Dichotomy
110
Summary
110
Gene
-
Environment Interaction
110
The Unique (Nonshared) Psychological Environment of
Each Family Member 111
Nonshared Environmental Influences within the
Family 111
Nonshared Environmental Influences Outside the
Family
112
Interactions among Nature-Nurture Influences
113
In Focus
5.4
Nature and (Not Versus) Nurture: Both
Matter
114
Genes Also Influence Environments
115
Search for Specific Gene-Behavior Connections
117
Causal Mechanisms: The Role of
Neurotransmitter
Systems
118
Genetic and Environmental Influences on
Person
χ
Situation Interactions
119
xvi
ř
Contents
In Focus
5.5
Interaction
of Biology and Environmental
Stress in the Development of Depression
120
Social Environments Change the Expression
of Genes, the Brain, and Personality
121
Stress Is Bad for Your Brain
121
Summary
122
Key Terms
123
CHAPTER
6
BRAIN, EVOLUTION, AND PERSONALITY
124
Brain-Personality Links
124
Biological Bases of
Extraversion-Introversion
(H. J. Eysenck)
125
In Focus
6.1
An Early Effort: Physique and
Personality?
125
Brain Asymmetry and Personality Differences
128
Brain Asymmetry
128
The Behavioral Inhibition and Activation
Systems
128
Brain Asymmetry and Emotional
Reactivity
128
BIS,
BAS,
and Personality Traits
129
In Focus
6.2
BIS/BAS and Everyday Emotional
Experiences
130
Summary and Implications
131
Probing the Biology of Neuroticism
132
Sensation Seeking: A Trait with a Specific Biological
Basis?
132
In Focus
6.3
Testosterone and the Antisocial
Personality
134
Biological Assessment and Change
135
New Windows on the Brain
135
The Amygdala and Personality
136
Linking Inhibition to Amygdala Activation
137
Biological Therapies
137
Antidepressants
138
Antipsychotics
138
Tranquilizers 139
Other Common Drugs
139
Evolutionary Theory and Personality
139
The Evolutionary Approach
140
In Focus
6.4
"There is Grandeur in this View of
Life.
." 141
Implications of Evolution for Personality
142
Mate Selection
142
Sexual Jealousy
142
Sex Differences in Romantic and Sexual
Regrets
142
Explanations Are Not Justifications
143
Altruism
143
Evolutionary Theory and Inborn Constraints on
Learning
144
Biological Preparedness
145
Specificity of Psychological Mechanisms
145
The Value of Discriminativeness in Coping with
Stress
146
Summary
147
Key Terms
147
Taking Stock Part II: The Biological Level of
Analysis
148
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
148
Enduring Contributions of the Biological Level
148
PART III
THE PSYCHODYNAMIC-MOTIVATIONAL
LEVEL
Prelude to Part III: the Psychodynamic-Motivational
Level
151
CHAPTER
7
PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES: FREUD'S
CONCEPTIONS
155
Basic Assumptions: Unconscious Mental Determinism
157
The Unconscious
157
The Roads to the Unconscious
157
Dreams
158
Free Association
158
In Focus
7.1
Encouraging Free Association
159
Psychic Structure: Anatomy of the Mind
159
The Id: The Passions at the Core
159
Life Instincts (Eros)
160
Libido
160
Death Instincts (Thanatos)
160
The Pleasure Principle
161
Primary Process Thinking
161
The Ego: In the Service of Reality, Reason,
Order
161
The Reality Principle
161
The Superego: High Court in Pursuit of Perfection,
Ideals, Transcendence
162
Looking Back at Freud's Theory of Mental Structures
and Their Biological Bases
163
Conflict, Anxiety, and Psychodynamics
164
Conflict
164
In Focus
7.2
The Traumatic Freud-
Allport
Meeting
165
Defense: Denial and Repression
166
Neurosis
167
When Defenses Fail: Neurotic Anxiety and
Conflict
167
Development of Neurotic Anxiety
167
The Meaning of Neurotic Acts
167
Origins of Neuroses
168
The Psychopathology of Everyday Life: "Mistakes"
That Betray
169
Motivational Determinism: Unconscious
Causes
170
Contents xvii
Personality Development 170 Repression versus
Suppression
196
Stages
of
Development 170
Studying
Repression 196
Oral
170
Perceptual Defense
197
In Focus
7.3
How Oral is the Infant?
170
The Long History of Perceptual Defense
197
Anal
171
Limitations of Early Laboratory Studies
198
Phallic
172
Current View of Unconscious Processes: the Adaptive
Latency
172
Unconscious
199
Genital
172
The Repressed Memory Debate: False Memories
Fixation and Regression
172
of Abuse?
200
Freud's Theory of Identification
173
Return of the Repressed
200
Impact of Freud's Theories
174
Did It Really Happen?
201
Image of the Person
174
The Power of Suggestion
201
The Healthy Personality
174
The Value of Self-Disclosure
201
Behaviors as Symptoms
175
Patterns of Defense: Individual Differences in Cognitive
Summary
175
Avoidance
202
Key Terms
176
Repression-Sensitization
202
Selective Attention
202
CHAPTER
8
Blunting versus Monitoring Styles
204
PSYCHODYNAMIC APPLICATIONS AND The RoIe of Control: When Don't You Want
PROCESSES
177
to Know?
205
Matching the Medical Information to the Patient's
Applications to Personality Assessment
178
Style
206
The Core Beneath the Mask
178
Summary
207
Relying on the Clinician
178
Key Terms
207
Projective
Methods
179
TheRorschach
179
CHAPTER
9
The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
181
POST-FREUDIAN PSYCHODYNAMICS
209
Applying Psychodynamic Clinical Inferences to
Gary W.: A Freudian View
181
Toward Ego Psychology and the Self
210
In Focus
8.1
Gary's Tat Stories
182
Anna Freud and the Ego Defense
Murray, the Harvard Personologists, and Higher Mechanisms
210
Motives
184
Transformation of Motives
211
Studying Lives in Depth
184
In Focus
9.1
"Little Anna" and
Sigmund:
a Freudian
Assessment Strategy: Diagnostic Council
185
Slip?
212
Higher-Order Motives
185
Projection
213
In Focus
8.2
Selecting U.S. Spies: the OSS Assessment Reaction Formation
213
Project
187
In Focus
9.2
Testing Reaction Formation in the
Competence Motivation
188
Lab
214
Need for Achievement
188
Rationalization
215
Need for Power
190
Sublimation
215
Need for Intimacy
190
Carl Jung
215
Implicit and Explicit Motives
190
Alfred
Adler 218
Treatment and Change
191
Erich
Fromm 220
The Beginnings: Free Association and Dream Erik Erikson's
Psychosocial
Theory of Personality
Interpretation
191
Development
221
Today's View of Freud's Theory of Stages of
Psychosocial
Development
222
Trauma
192
Trust versus Mistrust
222
The Transference Relationship and Working Autonomy versus Shame and Doubt
223
Through
193
Initiative versus Guilt
223
Alternative Psychodynamic Interpretations Industry versus Inferiority
224
of Gary W.
194
Adolescence and the Struggle for Identity versus Role
Psychodynamic Processes: Anxiety and the Confusion
224
Unconscious
195
Intimacy versus Isolation
225
The Psychoanalytic Concept of Unconscious Generativity versus
Repression
195
Self-Absorption/Stagnation
225
XVIII
Contents
Integrity versus Despair
225
Erikson's Contributions
226
Object Relations Theory and the Self
226
"Good-Bad Splitting"
227
The Development of Self
228
Attachment: The Roots of Object Relations
228
Attachment Theory
229
Early Attachment Relations: Secure/Insecure
Attachment Patterns
229
Attachment in Adult
Relationships
230
In Focus
9.3
Secure-Insecure Attachment and
Perceived Social Support in Close Adult
Relationships
231
Kohut's Theory
233
Relational Therapy and Restoration of the
Self
235
Summary
236
Key Terms
237
Taking Stock Part III: The Psychodynamic
Level
238
Overview. Focus, Concepts, Methods
238
Enduring Contributions of the Psychodynamic
Level
239
PART IV
THE BEHAVIORAL-CONDITIONING LEVEL
Prelude to Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditioning
Level
241
CHAPTER
10
BEHAVIORAL CONCEPTIONS
245
The Behavioral Approach to Psychodynamics: Dollard and
Miller
246
Neurotic Conflict: The Core
246
Recasting Conflict in Learning Terms
247
Primary Needs and Learning
248
Drive
249
Cue
250
Response
250
Reinforcement
250
Conflict
251
Anxiety and Repression
252
Reactions to Psychodynamic Behavior
Theory
252
Classical Conditioning: Learning Emotional
Associations
253
How Classical Conditioning Works
254
Higher-Order Conditioning
254
In Focus
10.1
A Behavioral Challenge to the
Psychodynamic Theory of Neurosis
257
From Trauma to Anxiety
257
Operant
(Instrumental) Conditioning: B.F. Skinner's
Contributions
259
How
Operant
(Instrumental) Conditioning Works:
Learning from Response Consequences
259
Skinner's Basic Approach
259
Importance of the Situation: The Role of Stimuli
260
Rejection of Inferred Motives
261
Conditioned Generalized Reinforcers
263
Discrimination and Generalization in Everyday
Life
263
Shaping Behavior by Successive Approximations
264
The Patterning of Outcomes: Schedules of
Reinforcement
264
Superstitions: Getting Reinforced into
Irrationality
265
Punishment
266
Skinner's Own Behavior
267
Summary of Two Types of Learning
267
In Focus
10.2
Skinner Analyzes Himself
267
Summary
268
Key Terms
269
CHAPTER
11
ANALYZING AND MODIFYING BEHAVIOR
270
Characteristics of Behavioral Assessments
271
Case Example: Conditions "Controlling" Gary W.'s
Anxiety
271
Direct Behavior Measurement
272
Situational Behavior Sampling
272
Finding Effective Rewards
274
Assessing Conditions Controlling Behavior
275
Functional Analyses: Basic Method
276
Functional Analyses: Case Example
278
Changing Emotional Reactions
279
Desensitization: Overcoming Anxiety
279
Conditioned Aversion: Making Stimuli
Unattractive
283
An Example: Treating Cocaine Dependency
283
Changing Behavior
284
Case Example: Hyperactivity
284
In Focus
11.1
Rewards May Backfire
285
Contingency Management: Contracting to Control
Drug Abuse
286
In Focus
11.2
Depression as Insufficient
Reinforcement
287
Symptom Substitution?
288
Evaluating the Consequences of Behavior, Not the
Person
289
Does Changing Behavior Change Personality?
289
Summary
290
Key Terms
291
Taking Stock Part IV: The Behavioral-Conditoning
Level
292
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
292
Enduring Contributions of the Behavioral-Conditioning
Level
292
Contents
XIX
PART V
THE PHENOMENOLOGICAL-
HUMANISTIC LEVEL
Prelude to Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic
Level
295
CHAPTER
12
PHENOMENOLOGICAL-HUMANISTIC
CONCEPTIONS
297
Sources of Phenomenological-Humanistic
Perspectives
298
Defining Humanistic Psychology, Phenomenology,
Existentialism
298
In Focus
12.1
Pioneers at Different Levels of Analysis
at Work and War in the Same Place
299
Airport's Functional Autonomy
300
Lewin's Life Space
300
Phenomenology and Existentialism: The Here and
Now
303
Carl Rogers's Self Theory
304
Unique Experience: The Subjective World
304
Self-Actualization
304
The Self
305
In Focus
12.2
S
elf-Actualization as a Need
(Maslow)
306
Consistency and Positive Regard
307
Self-Determination
308
Client-Centered Therapy
309
Rogers Reflects on His Own Work
311
George Kelly's Psychology of Personal Constructs
312
The Person's Constructs and Personality
312
Characteristics of Personal Constructs
313
Exploring Personal Constructs
314
A Personal Construct Conceptualization of
GaryW.
314
Rationality-Emotionality
314
Power and Control versus Dependence and
Weakness
315
Security-Liberty
315
Behavioral Referents for Personal Constructs
316
Exploring the Meaning Underlying Puzzling Behavior
Patterns
317
People as Scientists
317
Constructive Alternativism: Many Ways to See
318
Roles: Many Ways to Be
319
People Are What They Make of Themselves:
Self-Determination
319
Common Themes and Issues
320
The World as Perceived
320
Potential for Growth, Change, and Freedom
320
In Focus
12.3
Unexpected Similarities: Behavior
Theory and Existentialism
321
Summary
322
Key Terms
322
CHAPTER
13
THE INTERNAL VIEW
323
Exploring Internal Experience
323
Why Self Matters: Consequences of
Self-Discrepancies
324
The View Through the Person's Eyes
326
In Focus
13.1
Effects of Self-Discrepancy:
Anorexia
327
Uses of Self-Assessments
328
The Q-Sort Technique
329
Interviews
330
The Semantic Differential
330
Nonverbal Communication
331
Studying Lives from the Inside: Psychobiography
332
Narrative Identity: Stories that Give Lives
Meaning
332
Enhancing Self-Awareness: Accessing One's
Experiences
333
Group Experiences
334
Meditation
335
The Person's Experience and the Unconscious
336
Accessing Painful Emotions: Hypnotic Probing
337
Peering into Consciousness: Brain Images of Subjective
Experiences
338
The Value of Self-Disclosure about Subjective
Experiences
338
In Focus
13.2
Caution: Rumination Can Increase
Depression
339
Change and Well-Being
339
The Meaningful Life, the Healthy Personality
339
Positive Psychology: Finding Human Strengths
340
Summary
343
Key Terms
343
Taking Stock Part V: The Phenomenological-Humanistic
Level
344
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
344
Enduring Contributions of the
Phenomenological-Humanistic Level
345
PART VI
THE SOCIAL COGNITIVE LEVEL
Prelude to Part VI: the Social Cognitive Level
347
CHAPTER
14
SOCIAL COGNITIVE CONCEPTIONS
349
Development of the Social Cognitive Level
349
Historical Roots
349
Linking Cognition and Social Behavior
350
In Focus
14.1
George Kelly: A Bridge to the Social
Cognitive Level
351
The Cognitive Revolution
352
Albert
Bandura:
Social Learning Theory
352
Learning Through Observation (Modeling)
352
xx Contents
Observing Other People's Outcomes: What Happens, to
Them Might Happen to You
354
Importance of Rules and Symbolic Processes
355
The
Agenţie,
Proactive Person
356
Self-Efficacy
356
The Role of Self-Efficacy in Personality and Behavior
Change
357
Social Cognitive Reconceptualization of Personality: Walter
Mischel
357
Understanding Consistency in Personality: People as
Meaning Makers
358
Social Cognitive Person Variables
359
Encodings
(Construais):
How Do You See It?
360
Expectancies and Beliefs: What Will Happen?
361
Affects: Feelings and "Hot" Reactions
362
Goals and Values: What Do You Want? What Is It
Worth?
362
What Can You Do?: Overcoming Stimulus Control
through Self-Regulation
363
Contributors to Person Variables: A Quick Look at a
Long History
364
In Focus
14.2
Mischel's View of His Mentors, Julian
Rotter and George Kelly
365
Personality Assessment
366
Measuring Self-Efficacy Expectancies
367
Individual Differences in If
.
Then
.
Signatures
367
The Implicit Association Test (IAT)
369
Incorporating the Psychological Situation into
Personality Assessment
370
In Focus
14.3
Identifying Psychological
Situations
371
Personality Change and Therapy
371
Overview of Approach
371
Behavior Therapies Become Cognitive
372
Beck's Cognitive Therapy
374
Common Themes
375
Summary
377
Key Terms
378
CHAPTER
15
SOCIAL COGNITIVE PROCESSES
379
Principles of Social Cognition Applied to Personality
379
Social Cognition and Personality
380
Schemas 380
Effects of
Schemas 381
Directing Attention and Influencing Memory
381
Making Inferences
382
Self-Fulfilling Prophecies
382
Activation of
Schemas 382
The Self
383
Self-Schemas
384
The Relational Self and Transference
384
The Relational Self
384
Transference Reconsidered
385
Perceived Stability of Self and Potential for
Change
386
Multiple Self-Concepts: Possible Selves
387
Self-Esteem and Self-Evaluation
389
Costs of Self-Esteem Pursuit
390
Essential Features and Functions of the Self
390
Perceived Efficacy, Helplessness, and Mastery
391
Self-Efficacy Expectancies
391
Learned Helplessness and Apathy
391
Causal Attributions Influence Emotions and
Outcomes
392
Pride and Shame
393
In Focus
15.1
The Perception of Control and
Meaningfulness
394
Perceived Control and Predictability
394
Reinterpreting Helplessness and Depression:
Pessimistic Explanatory Styles
394
Learned Optimism
395
In Focus
15.2
The Illusory Warm Glow of
Optimism
396
Helpless versus Mastery-Oriented Children
397
Tuning in to the Wrong Thoughts: Anxiety
398
Enhancing Self-Efficacy When Expecting
Failure
398
Incremental versus Entity Theories: Your Own
Personality Theory Matters
398
Summary
400
Key Terms
401
Taking Stock Part VI: The Social Cognitive Level
402
Overview: Focus, Concepts, Methods
402
Enduring Contributions of the Social Cognitive
Level
403
PART
VII
INTEGRATION OF LEVELS: THE PERSON
ASAWHOLE
Prelude to Part
VII:
Integration of Levels
405
CHAPTER
16
THE PERSONALITY SYSTEM: INTEGRATING THE
LEVELS
409
What has to be Integrated?: Contributions from Each
Level
410
Trait-Dispositional Level: Two Types of
Consistency
410
Overall Average Differences in Types of Behavior
(Broad Traits)
411
If
.
Then
.
Situation-Behavior Signatures of
Personality
411
Biological Level
412
Psychodynamic-Motivational Level
412
Behavioral-Conditioning Level
413
Phenomenological-Humanistic Level
413
Contents *< xxi
Social Cognitive
Level 414
The Trait-Dispositional Level
444
Toward Integration: Characteristics of the Personality Ego Control and Ego Resilience
445
System
414
The Social Cognitive and
Application of Neural Network Information-Processing Phenomenological-Humanistic Levels
446
Models to Personality
414
Self-Regulation in Approach (Appetitive) Dilemmas
447
An Application: The Cognitive-Affective Personality Delay of Gratification Ability
447
System (CAPS)
415
The Goal-Directed Delay Situation: The
Two Basic Assumptions: Chronic Accessibility and Marshmallow Test
447
Stable Organization
416
Cooling Strategies: It's How You Think That
Expressions of Personality Structure:/^
.
Then
.
Counts
448
Personality Signatures in CAPS
417
Strategic Self-Distraction
448
Personality Dispositions (Processing Dynamics)
418
Hot and Cool Construal
449
The Rejection Sensitivity (RS) Signature: Finding Both Flexible Attention
450
If
.
Then
.
and Trait Components
418
Summary
451
'RS and Aggression
418 Life-Span
Implications of Self-Regulatory
RS and Depression
419
Competence
451
The Narcissistic Signature
419
Stable Self-Regulatory Competence
451
Personality Development and Change
420
hong-Term Protective Effects
451
Features and Findings Integrated from Each Multiple Interacting Influences in
Level
421
Self-Regulation
453
The Personality System in Action
423
Self-Regulation in Avoidance (Aversive) Dilemmas
454
External and Internal Sources of Activation
424
Cognitive Appraisal of Stress: Dealing with Negative
Expressions of the System
—
and Their Emotions
454
Consequences
424
Cognitive Appraisal versus Hiding Negative
Shaping One's Own Future Situations: Selecting Dating Feelings
454
Partners
425
In Focus
17.1
Overcoming the Stress of Dissecting a
Applying CAPS to Real-Life Problems: Breast Cadaver in
Medicai
Training
454
Self-Examination
426
Cognitive Transformations to Deal with
In Focus
16.1
When the "Situation" is Another Person: Stress
455
The Personality of Close Relationships
427
In Focus
17.2
Working Through, and Getting
Getting "Under the Hood": What is the Person Over, Emotional Hassles in Close Relationships
Thinking, Feeling, Doing in the Situation?
428 456
Putting It Together: Integrating the Levels
434
Interaction of Hot and Cool Systems in
Self-Regulation for Purposeful Change
434
Self-Regulation
457
Summary
435
The Emotional (Hot) Brain/The Rational (Cool)
Key Terms
436
Brain
457
Bodily Changes: Emotion in Stress
458
s* CHAPTER
17
Fight or Flight Reactions
458
SELF-REGULATION: FROM GOAL PURSUIT TO GOAL Th% Hot ^ygdala
459
ATTAINMENT
437
The Rational Cool Brain
459
Overview of Contributions to Self-Regulation from Each Hot System/Cool System Interaction in
Level
438
Self-Regulation
459
Self-Regulatory Processes in Goal Pursuit
441 *"
^ocus
17.3
Neural Mechanisms in Impulsive
Personal Goals and Projects
441
Violence
460
Life Tasks
441
Attention Control
460
Goal Hierarchies
441
Making Willpower Automatic: From Intentions to
Standards and Self-Evaluation
442
If
■ ■ ■
Then
.
Implementation
461
Why Self-Regulate?
442
Social Emotions Enable Self-Regulation: Links to
Automaticity
442
Evolution
461
Beyond Automaticity to Willpower?
443
The Downside of Self-Regulation
462
Self-Regulation Requires Both Motivation and Conclusions
462
Competence
443
Potential for Self-Directed Change?
463
The Biological Level: Effortful Control
444
Summary
464
Brain Mechanisms in Effortful Control
444
Key Terms
465
xxii
ί*·
Contents
і'
С
Η Α Ρ Τ Ε
R
18
Interactions of Biology, Sex, and Culture in Response to
PERSONALITY IN ITS SOCIAL CONTEXT AND Threat
478
CU LTU RE
466
Men Fight or Flee: Women Tend and
Culture and Personality
467
Befriend
479
Mapping Cultural Differences with the Big Interactions in the Genesis of Gender Roles
480
p. 4«7 Interacting Influences on Personality Development
481
Crosľcultural
and Intracultural Differences
467
Biology-Trait-Socialization Interactions:
Individualism versus Collectivism
468 ,
Shyness
482
Culture as a Shared Meaning System
469
What Develops?: the Evolving Self
483
In Focus
18.1
Cultural Differences in Emotional Taking CharSe: Human
А&псУ
483
Meanings: Appraising the Situation
470
The Self-Construction Process
483
Cultural Differences in the Organization of The ^If as an Active ASent 484
Personality?: If. then
.
Cultural Self-Direction/Agency
484
Signatures
471
The Relational Self
485
An Integrated System View of Culture and Person What Do People Need to Thrive?: The View from
Dynamics
472
Multiple Levels
485
In Focus
18.2
Using the Game of Chicken to Study the Potential for Change
487
Culture of Honor
473
The Role of Genetics
487
Summary: The Link between the Cultural and the The Role of the Brain
487
Personal Meaning Systems
474
Summary
489
Culturally Specific Personality Dispositions
474
КеУ
Terms
489
Ѕитгшгу:
Interacting Influences in
Takin¿
St°ck
Part VII: Integration of Levels: The Person
Culture-Personality Links
474
as a Whole
490
In Focus
18.3
Studying Race-Based Rejection Prospects for Personality Psychology
490
Sensitivity
475
Personology Revisited
490
Gender and Sex Differences
476
GLOSSARY
492
Overview and Issues
476
Neonatal Sex Differences
476
Gender Concepts
476
REFERENCES
508
Expression of Gender-Relevant Behavior
476
In Focus
18.4
Adult Sex Differences and their NAME INDEX
549
Implications
477
If
.
then
.
Patterns in Sex Differences
478
SUBJECT INDEX
559 |
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| author | Mischel, Walter 1930-2018 Shoda, Yuichi Ayduk, Ozlem |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:10:58Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:09:01Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780470087657 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016219296 |
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| physical | XXII, 570 S. Ill., graph. Darst. |
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| spelling | Mischel, Walter 1930-2018 Verfasser (DE-588)1068280409 aut Introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person Walter Mischel ; Yuichi Shoda ; Ozlem Ayduk 8. ed. Hoboken, NJ Wiley 2008 XXII, 570 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Personality Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 s DE-604 Shoda, Yuichi Verfasser aut Ayduk, Ozlem Verfasser aut Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016219296&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | Mischel, Walter 1930-2018 Shoda, Yuichi Ayduk, Ozlem Introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person Personality Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4075996-9 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
| title | Introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person |
| title_auth | Introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person |
| title_full | Introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person Walter Mischel ; Yuichi Shoda ; Ozlem Ayduk |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person Walter Mischel ; Yuichi Shoda ; Ozlem Ayduk |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person Walter Mischel ; Yuichi Shoda ; Ozlem Ayduk |
| title_short | Introduction to personality |
| title_sort | introduction to personality toward an integrative science of the person |
| title_sub | toward an integrative science of the person |
| topic | Personality Persönlichkeitspsychologie (DE-588)4075996-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Personality Persönlichkeitspsychologie Lehrbuch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016219296&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mischelwalter introductiontopersonalitytowardanintegrativescienceoftheperson AT shodayuichi introductiontopersonalitytowardanintegrativescienceoftheperson AT aydukozlem introductiontopersonalitytowardanintegrativescienceoftheperson |