Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Elektronisch E-Book |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Berlin [u.a.]
Springer
2005
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Ecological studies
180 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | UBR01 Volltext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | 1 Online-Ressource |
| ISBN: | 3540229094 9783540229094 9783540265955 |
| DOI: | 10.1007/b137859 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137230081458176 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | F.E.WIELGOLASKI(ED.)
P.S. KARLSSON S. NEUVONEN D. THANNHEISE
R (ED. BOARD)
PLANT ECOLOGY, HERBIVORY,
AND HUMAN IMPACT
IN NORDIC MOUNTAI
N
BIRCH FORESTS
WITH 69 FIGURES, 21 TABLES, AND CD-ROM
SPRINGER
CONTENTS
SECTIO
N 1 HISTORY, ENVIRONMENT AND PLANT SCIENCE
1 HISTORY AN
D ENVIRONMENT O
F THE NORDIC MOUNTAIN BIRCH . . 3
EE
. WLELGOLASKI
1.1 HISTORY-ZONATION-TAXONOMY-DISTRIBUTIO
N 3
1.2 PRESEN
T TREE LINE 4
1.3 CLIMAT
E 7
1.4 NUTRIEN
T CONDITION
S - BROWSING 12
REFERENCES 15
2 SOILS AND NUTRIENTS I
N NORTHERN BIRCH FORESTS:
A CASE STUDY FROM FINNMARKSVIDDA, NORTHERN NORWAY
..
. 19
K.-D.
MEIER
,
D.
THANNHEISER
,
J.
WEHBER
G
AN
D V.
EISENMAN
N
2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 19
2.2 STUD
Y ARE
A 20
2.3 SOIL CLASSIFICATIO
N 21
2.4 SOIL DISTRIBUTIO
N 23
2.5 SOIL PROPERTIE
S 28
2.6 CONCLUSION
S 31
REFERENCES 32
3
VEGETATION OF THE MOUNTAIN BIRCH FOREST
I
N NORTHER
N FENNOSCANDI
A
35
J.
WEHHERG
,
D.
THANNHEISE
R
AN
D K.-D.
MEIE
R
3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 35
3.2 STUD
Y SITE 36
X CONTENTS
3.3 DENDROCHRONOLOGICA
L CHARACTERISTIC
S OF TH
E NORTHER
N
MOUNTAI
N BIRCH FOREST
S I
N TH
E MAZE-KAUTOKEIN
O ARE
A ...
. 36
3.4 PLAN
T SOCIOLOGICA
L STUDIE
S 40
3.4.1 TH
E COMMUNITIE
S OF TH
E MOUNTAI
N BIRCH FORES
T
O
N TH
E FINNMARKSVIDD
A 41
3.4.1.1 TH
E CROWBERR
Y BIRCH FOREST
:
EMPETRO-BETULETUM PUBESCENTIS
(NORDHAGEN 1943) 44
3.4.1.2 THE LINGONBERRY BIRCH FOREST:
VACCINIO VITIS-IDAEAE-BETULETUM
(PROV.) 45
3.4.1.3 THE BILBERRY BIRCH FOREST:
VACCINIO MYRTILLI-BETULETUM
(PROV.) 46
3.4.1.4 THE DWARF CORNEL BIRCH FOREST:
CORNO-BETULETUM
(AUNE 1973) 46
3.4.1.5 THE MEADOW BIRCH FOREST:
GERANIO-BETULETUM
(NORDHAGEN 1928,1943 EMEND. DIERFIEN AND DIERFIEN 1982) 47
3.4.1.6 THE CLOUDBERRY BIRCH FOREST:
RUBO CHAMAEMOREI-BETULETUM
(PROV.) 48
3.5 MOUNTAIN BIRCH FORESTS IN NORTHERN FENNOSCANDIA 49
3.6 CONCLUSIONS 49
REFERENCES 51
4 BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION ON A LANDSCAPE LEVEL
IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAIN BIRCH FORESTS
53
H
. T0MMERVIK, F.E. WIELGOLASKI, S. NEUVONEN, B
. SOLBERG
AN
D K.A. H0GDA
4.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 53
4.1.1 LIVE ABOVEGROUN
D BIOMAS
S ESTIMATION
S 55
4.1.2 BIOMAS
S AN
D LEAF ARE
A INDE
X AT INDIVIDUA
L TREE
O
R STAN
D LEVELS 56
4.1.3 BIOMAS
S O
N LANDSCAP
E AN
D REGIONA
L LEVEL
USIN
G REMOT
E SENSIN
G 57
4.2 METHOD
S 58
4.3 RESULT
S 61
4.3.1 CHANG
E I
N TH
E BIOMAS
S PRODUCTIO
N O
N A REGIONA
L LEVEL ..
. 61
4.3.2 BIOMAS
S ESTIMATION
S O
N A LANDSCAP
E LEVEL 62
4.4 DISCUSSIO
N 64
4.4.1 BIOMAS
S CHANGE
S 64
4.4.2 REMOT
E SENSIN
G DAT
A - ARE THE
Y ROBUST? 66
REFERENCES 67
CONTENTS XI
5 MOUNTAIN BIRCH GROWTH IN RELATION TO CLIMATE
AND HERBIVORES
71
P.S.
KARLSSON,
M.
WEI
H
AND C.
BORG
5.1 INTRODUCTION 71
5.2 SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH YY. 72
5.2.1 ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT DURING THE GROWING SEASON 72
5.2.2 WINTER CONDITIONS 74
5.2.3 GENETIC ASPECTS 74
5.3 SAPLING GROWTH 75
5.4 MATURE TREES 76
5.4.1 TREE GROWTH AN
D CLIMATE 76
5.4.2 EFFECTS
OF EPIRRITA
DEFOLIATION ON TREE GROWTH 77
5.5. FOREST STRUCTURE, STAND BIOMASS AN
D PRODUCTIVITY 79
5.6. EFFECTS OF CHANGING CLIMATE ON MOUNTAIN BIRCH GROWTH . . 81
5.6.1 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 81
5.6.2 MODEL PREDICTIONS 82
5.7 CONCLUSIONS 82
REFERENCES 83
6 RESPONSES OF TEMPERATURE CHANGES ON SURVIVAL
AND GROWTH IN MOUNTAIN BIRCH POPULATIONS
87
O.
SKRE,
J.
NILSEN
,
M.
NAESS,
B.
IGELAND,
K.
TAULAVUORI,
E.
TAULAVUORI
AND K.
LAINE
6.1 INTRODUCTION 87
6.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 89
6.2.1 FIELD AND GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS
AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES 89
6.2.2 WINTER TEMPERATURE AND CO
2
EXPERIMENTS 93
6.2.3 DORMANCY AND FROST HARDINESS IN MOUNTAIN
BIRCH PROVENANCES AS INFLUENCED BY WINTER TEMPERATURES . 94
6.3 CONCLUSIONS 96
REFERENCES 96
XII CONTENTS
7 PHENOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE OF MOUNTAIN BIRCH PROVENANCES
IN TRANSPLANT GARDENS: LATITUDINAL,
ALTITUDINAL AND OCEANITY-CONTINENTALITY GRADIENTS
99
J. OVASKA, J. NLLSEN
, F.E. WLELGOLASKI, H
. KAUHANEN,
R.
PARTANEN,
S.
NEUVONEN,
L.
KAPARI,
O.
SKRE
AND K.
LAINE
7.1 INTRODUCTION 99
7.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 101
7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 101
7.3.1 TRANSPLANTATION STRESS AND SEEDLING SURVIVAL 101
7.3.2 SPRING PHENOLOGY (BUD BURST) 103
7.3.3 AUTUMN PHENOLOGY 106
7.3.4 GROWTH FORMS AND GROWTH RATES 108
7.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 113
REFERENCES 114
8 SYNTHESIS SECTION 1: A DYNAMIC FOREST IN A CHANGING
ENVIRONMENT
117
P.S.
KARLSSON
AND F.E.
WIELGOLASKI
REFERENCES 121
SECTION 2 HERBIVORY
9 FOREST DEFOLIATION RISKS IN BIRCH FORESTS BY INSECTS
UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATE AND LAND USE SCENARIOS
IN NORTHERN EUROPE
125
S.
NEUVONEN,
H.
BYLUND
AND H.
T0MMERVI
K
9.1 INTRODUCTION 125
9.2 GEOMETRID OUTBREAKS ON BIRCH IN FENNOSCANDIA 126
9.3 MONITORING (DETECTING/QUANTIFYING) INSECT OUTBREAKS
IN MOUNTAIN BIRCH WOODLANDS 127
9.4 MODELLING THE OUTBREAK/DEFOLIATION RISKS 129
9.4.1 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF GEOMETRID MOTHS 129
9.4.2 MODELLING THE REGIONAL AND TOPOGRAPHIC PATTERNS
IN OUTBREAKS RISKS 131
9.5 FOREST DEFOLIATION RISKS UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATIC
SCENARIOS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO LAND USE 134
REFERENCES 136
CONTENTS XIII
10 BIRCH SAPLING RESPONSES TO SEVERITY AND TIMING OF DOMESTIC
HERBIVORE BROWSING - IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT
...
. 139
A.J.
HESTER
,
K.
LEMPA
,
S.
NEUVONEN
,
K.
H0EGH
,
J.
FEILBERG
,
S.
ARNTH6RSDOTTI
R
AND G.
IASO
N
10.1 INTRODUCTIO
N .V... 139
10.2 CASE STUDIES AN
D EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 141
10.3 BIRCH RESPONSES T
O TIMING AN
D SEVERITY
OF BROWSING DAMAGE 141
10.3.1 SEVERITY OF BROWSING 142
10.3.2 TIMING OF BROWSING 145
10.3.3 LOCATIONAL EFFECTS 145
10.3.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR TH
E MANAGEMENT OF HERBIVORE GRAZING
WITHIN BIRCH AREAS OF NORTHER
N EUROPE 146
10.4 THEOR
Y VERSUS REALITY: CASE-STUDY EXAMPLE
OF SHEEP IMPACT
S IN GREENLAND 147
10.4.1 ECONOMICS 150
10.5 CURRENT ACTIVITIES TO IMPROVE GRAZING MANAGEMENT
IN BIRCH FOREST AREAS 151
10.6 CONCLUSIONS 152
REFERENCES 153
11 EFFECTS OF REINDEER GRAZING ON PASTURES
IN A MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM
157
K.
LEMPA
,
S.
NEUVONE
N
AN
D H.
T0MMERVI
K
11.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 157
11.2 CLIMATIC VARIABILITY 158
11.3 TRENDS AN
D PATTERN
S IN REINDEER POPULATION DENSITIES
IN NORTHER
N FENNOSCANDI
A 159
11.4 PROTECTIO
N OF PASTURE
S IN TH
E MOUNTAI
N BIRCH ZONE 160
11.4.1 ANALYSIS AN
D SYNTHESIS OF TH
E EFFECTS OF REINDEER GRAZING
ON DIFFERENT VEGETATION COMPONENT
S 160
11.4.2 NORTHERNMOS
T NORWAY AS A CASE STUDY
OF THE OVERALL EFFECTS OF REINDEER GRAZING ON VEGETATION . . 163
REFERENCES 164
XIV CONTENTS
12 LONG-TERM INFLUENCE OF HERBIVORES
ON NORTHERN BIRCH FORESTS
165
0
.
TENOW,
H.
BYLUND,
A.C.
NILSE
N
AND P.S.
KARLSSON
12.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 165
12.2 LAKE TORNETRASK-ABISKO VALLEY AREA: A CASE STUDY 166
12.2.1 OUTBREAK IN A HEATH BIRCH FOREST 166
12.2.2 OUTBREAK IN A MEADOW BIRCH FOREST 168
12.3 NORTHER
N FENNOSCANDIA 169
12.3.1 FOREST AGE AN
D OUTBREAKS 170
12.3.2 FOREST DAMAGE AN
D RECOVERY 170
12.3.3 INTERACTION WITH REINDEER AND SHEEP 172
12.4 GENERALIZATION 173
12.4.1 A CONCEPTUAL MODEL 174
12.4.2 FORESTS WITHOUT OUTBREAKS 175
12.4.3 MOUNTAIN BIRCH FOREST REGENERATION CYCLES
IN A WARMER FUTURE 176
REFERENCES 178
13 SYNTHESIS SECTION 2: HERBIVORY IN NORTHERN BIRCH FORESTS
. 183
S.
NEUVONE
N
AN
D F.E.
WIELGOLASKI
13.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 183
13.2 INSECT OUTBREAKS 185
13.3 MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES 186
13.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT 187
13.5 REFERENCES 188
SECTION 3 HUMAN IMPACT
14 RATES AND PROCESSES OF NATURAL REGENERATION
IN DISTURBED HABITATS
193
B.C.
FORBES
,
A.
TOLVANEN,
F.E.
WIELGOLASK
I
AND K.
LAIN
E
14.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 193
14.2 PROCESSES OF REGENERATION 195
14.3 RATES OF REGENERATION 197
14.4 CONCLUSION 199
REFERENCES 199
CONTENTS XV
15 RECREATION AT THE TREE LINE AND INTERACTIONS
WITH OTHER LAND USE ACTIVITIES
203
A.
TOLVANEN,
B.C.
FORBES,
S.
WALL
AND Y.
NOROKORPI
15.1 INTRODUCTION 203
15.2 CASE STUDY AREAS .
%
. 205
15.3 MONITORING STUDIES ON THE IMPACT OF RECREATION
ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN LAPLAND 207
15.4 INTERACTION OF RECREATION WITH OTHER LAND-USE ACTIVITIES . . 209
15.4.1 RECREATION VS. NATURE CONSERVATION 210
15.4.2 RECREATION VS. FORESTRY 211
15.4.3 RECREATION VS. TRADITIONAL LIVELIHOODS 211
15.4.4 RECREATION VS. RECREATION 213
15.5 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 213
REFERENCES 214
16 ECONOMIC LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE
UTILIZATION OF NORTHERN BIRCH FORESTS
219
B
. SOLBERG, H
. T0MMERVIK
, D
. THANNHEISER AN
D S. NEUVONEN
16.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 219
16.2 SOM
E THEORETICA
L ASPECT
S 219
16.2.1 GOALS 220
16.2.2 SUSTAINABL
E UTILIZATIO
N 220
16.2.3 IDENTIF
Y UTILIZATIO
N ALTERNATIVE
S 221
16.2.4 SELECT TH
E BEST UTILIZATIO
N (MANAGEMENT
) ALTERNATIV
E ...
. 221
16.2.5 IMPLEMENTATIO
N OF TH
E BEST ALTERNATIVE
S 221
16.3 EMPIRICA
L RESULT
S 222
16.3.1 BIRCH ARE
A AN
D PRODUCTIVIT
Y 222
16.3.1.1 MAZ
E 223
16.3.1.2 MALSELV 225
16.3.1.3 OTHE
R AREA
S 225
16.3.2 REINDEE
R HUSBANDR
Y 226
16.3.3 OTHE
R LIMITIN
G FACTOR
S 228
16.3.4 PROFITABILITY, VALUE ADDE
D AN
D MARKET
S 228
16.4 CONCLUSION
S 231
REFERENCES 232
XVI CONTENTS
17 THE VEGETATION CHANGES AND RECENT IMPACT
O
N THE MOUNTAIN BIRCH FOREST DURIN
G THE LAST 40 YEARS
..
. 235
D.
THANNHEISER
,
H
.
TOMMERVI
K
AN
D J.
WEHBER
G
17.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 235
17.1.1 RESEARC
H AREA
S ! 236
17.1.2 METHODOLOGICA
L CONSIDERATION
S 236
17.2 VEGETATIO
N CHANGE
S I
N TH
E MAZ
E REGIO
N 237
17.2.1 TH
E LICHEN-RIC
H
EMPETRUM
(CROWBERRY
)
BIRCH FOREST
(EMPETW-BETULETUM PUBESCENTIS;
SEE CHAP. 3) . 237
17.2.2 THE MOSS-RICH
EMPETRUM
(CROWBERRY) BIRCH FOREST
(EMPETRO-BETULETUM PUBESCENTIS,
SEE CHAP. 3) 240
17.2.3 THE LICHEN-RICH
MYRTILLUS
(BILBERRY) BIRCH FOREST
{VACCINIO MYRTILLI-BETULETUM;
SEE CHAP. 3) 240
17.2.4 THE MOSS-RICH
MYRTILLUS
(BILBERRY) BIRCH FOREST
(VACCINIO MYRTILLI-BETULETUM; SEE CHAP. 3)
241
17.2.5 THE
CORNUS-MYRTILLUS
(DWARF CORNEL-BILBERRY)
BIRCH FOREST
(CORNO-BETULETUM;
SEE CHAP. 3) 241
17.2.6 MONITORING VEGETATION CHANGE IN THE MAZE REGION 241
17.2.7 MONITORING VEGETATION CHANGE IN MALSELV 244
17.2.8 DISCUSSION 246
17.3 LINEAR AND LOCALIZED DEVELOPMENT ON THE FINNMARKSVIDDA 250
REFERENCES 252
18 SAMI APPROACHES TO MOUNTAIN BIRCH UTILIZATION
IN NORTHERN SAPMI (FINLAND AND NORWAY)
255
M.S.
AIKI
O
AND L.
MULLER-WILL
E
18.1 INTRODUCTION: CONTROL, ACCESS AND SUSTAINABILITY
OF MOUNTAIN BIRCH FORESTS 255
18.2 HUMAN-BIRCH RELATIONS: HOLISTIC APPROACH
TO THE ENVIRONMENT 257
18.3 KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES: THE MEANING
AND USE OF MOUNTAIN BIRCH 259
18.3.1 BIRCH FIREWOOD: SECURING HEAT AND WARMTH 260
18.3.2 THE PROPER MOUNTAIN BIRCH WOOD FOR ART AND HANDICRAFT . 262
18.4 THE HUMAN FACTOR: FUTURE MANAGEMENT
OF MOUNTAIN BIRCH RESOURCES 264
18.5 OUTLOOK: PROSPECTS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 266
REFERENCES 268
CONTENTS XVII
19 SUSTAINABLE REINDEER HERDING
I
N THE MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM
269
K.
LEMPA
,
S.
NEUVONE
N
AN
D H
.
T0MMERVI
K
19.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 269
19.2 HISTOR
Y
V
: 269
19.3 CULTURA
L BACKGROUN
D 270
19.4 SOCIAL AN
D ECONOMICA
L FACTOR
S 271
19.5 SUGGESTION
S 272
REFERENCES 273
20 SYNTHESIS SECTIO
N 3: COMPETITIO
N OVER NATURE, SPACE,
RESOURCES, AN
D MANAGEMENT I
N THE NORTHER
N MOUNTAIN
BIRCH FOREST ECOSYSTEM
275
D.
THANNHEISER
,
L.
MULLER-WILLE
,
F.E.
WIELGOLASK
I
AN
D K.-D.
MEIE
R
SECTION 4 MODELLIN
G DYNAMIC
S O
F MOUNTAI
N BIRCH FORESTS,
MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE
21 LANDSCAPE-SCALE MODEL RELATING THE NORDIC MOUNTAIN
BIRCH FOREST SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMIC
S
T
O VARIOUS ANTHROPOGENI
C INFLUENCES, HERBIVORY
AN
D CLIMATE CHANGE
283
A.O.
GAUTESTAD
,
F.E.
WIELGOLASK
I
AN
D I.
MYSTERU
D
21.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 283
21.2 COMPLEXIT
Y ASPECT
S I
N TH
E NORTHER
N BIRCH FORES
T ECOSYSTE
M 284
21.2.1 ASPECT 1: CHALLENGE
S FROM QUANTIT
Y OF INTERACTION
S -
SYSTEM COMPLEXIT
Y 284
21.2.2 ASPECT 2: PROCESSE
S I
N LINEAR SUPERPOSITIO
N -
SCALE-SPECIFIC SPATIO-TEMPORA
L INTERACTION
S 285
21.2.3 ASPEC
T 3
: BEYON
D SUPERPOSITIO
N -
SPATIO-TEMPORA
L EFFECTS FROM NON-LINEA
R RESPONSE
S ...
. 288
21.3 TH
E HIBECO MODE
L 289
21.3.1 TH
E MODE
L AREN
A 290
21.3.2 IMPLEMENTATIO
N OF LANDSCAP
E HETEROGENEIT
Y 291
21.3.3 MANAGEMEN
T REGIME
S AN
D PERTURBATION
S 292
21.3.4 CLIMAT
E CHANG
E SCENARIO
S 293
21.4 SIMULATIO
N EXAMPLE
S 295
21.5 DISCUSSIO
N AN
D CONCLUSION
S 298
REFERENCES 299
XVIII CONTENTS
22 SCENARIO
S FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMEN
T
OF TH
E MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM
301
A.O.
GAUTESTAD
,
F.E.
WIELGOLASKI
,
B.
SOLBER
G
AN
D I.
MYSTERU
D
22.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 301
22.2 LOGGIN
G PRACTICE
S AN
D TH
E SHIFTING FORES
T MOSAI
C 302
22.3 SCENARIO
S FOR VARIOU
S LONG-TER
M MANAGEMEN
T PRACTICE
S . . 305
22.4 DISCUSSIO
N AN
D CONCLUSIO
N 310
REFERENCES 311
23 MANAGING TH
E MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM:
LOCAL COMMUNITIE
S AN
D TH
E STATE I
N FINLAND S FORESTRY
..
. 313
L.
MULLER-WILLE
,
M.S.
AIKI
O
AN
D V.
LUHT
A
23.1 INTRODUCTION
: RESOURC
E FOR WOO
D AN
D ENERG
Y 313
23.2 FOREST
S AN
D WOOD
: ISSUE
S OF POWER AN
D CONTRO
L 316
23.3 CURREN
T PRACTICE
S AN
D PERCEPTION
S OF MOUNTAI
N
BIRCH UTILIZATIO
N 317
23.3.1 MANAGEMEN
T AN
D PRODUCTIO
N OF PRIVAT
E BIRC
H WOODLOT
S . . 319
23.3.2 MANAGEMEN
T AN
D PRODUCTIO
N OF PUBLI
C BIRCH FOREST
S ...
. 320
23.3.3 PERCEPTIO
N AN
D ASSESSMEN
T OF MOUNTAI
N
BIRCH FORES
T MANAGEMEN
T 322
23.4 TH
E MOUNTAI
N BIRCH - A RESOURC
E I
N TH
E FUTURE? 324
REFERENCES 326
24 POLICIE
S AND DEVELOPIN
G PLANS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY
O
F MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEMS I
N SCANDINAVIA
327
L.
BACK
,
B.
SOLBERG
,
H
.
T0MMERVI
K
AN
D F.E.
WIELGOLASK
I
24.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 327
24.2 SUGGESTION
S FOR SUSTAINABL
E REINDEE
R MANAGEMEN
T 328
24.3 TH
E MOUNTAI
N BIRCH FORES
T FROM A MULTI-USE
R PERSPECTIV
E . 329
24.4 TH
E HUMA
N VIEW O
N MOUNTAI
N NATUR
E 333
24.5 VISITO
R FREQUENC
Y I
N NATUR
E 334
25.6 DIFFERENT PLANNIN
G STRATEGIE
S FOR SUSTAINABL
E DEVELOPMEN
T
I
N TH
E MOUNTAIN
S 334
24.7 TH
E NEE
D FOR SCIENTIFIC PLURALIS
M 336
24.8 SUGGESTION
S FOR SUSTAINABL
E FORES
T MANAGEMEN
T 338
REFERENCES 339
CONTENTS XIX
SECTION 5 INTEGRATION AND CONCLUSION
25 THE NORDIC MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM-CHALLENGES
TO SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
343
F.E.
WIELGOLASKI
,
P.S.
KARLSSON,
S.
NEUVONEN
,
D.
THANNHEISER
,
H.
T0MMERVI
K
AND A.O.
GAUTESTAD
25.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 343
25.2 MAN AND MOUNTAIN BIRCH FOREST INTERACTIONS
IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF A CHANGING CLIMATE 345
25.3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN
BIRCH FOREST MANAGEMENT 347
25.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE REINDEER MANAGEMENT . . 353
25.5 FINAL REMARKS 354
REFERENCES 355
SUBJECT INDEX
357
CD-ROM
CONTAINING ADDITIONAL MATERIAL TO CHAPTERS 2, 3, 7,10, 11,18,
21
, AND 22 ENCLOSED AT THE END OF THE BOOK
|
| adam_txt |
F.E.WIELGOLASKI(ED.)
P.S. KARLSSON S. NEUVONEN D. THANNHEISE
R (ED. BOARD)
PLANT ECOLOGY, HERBIVORY,
AND HUMAN IMPACT
IN NORDIC MOUNTAI
N
BIRCH FORESTS
WITH 69 FIGURES, 21 TABLES, AND CD-ROM
SPRINGER
CONTENTS
SECTIO
N 1 HISTORY, ENVIRONMENT AND PLANT SCIENCE
1 HISTORY AN
D ENVIRONMENT O
F THE NORDIC MOUNTAIN BIRCH . . 3
EE
. WLELGOLASKI
1.1 HISTORY-ZONATION-TAXONOMY-DISTRIBUTIO
N 3
1.2 PRESEN
T TREE LINE 4
1.3 CLIMAT
E 7
1.4 NUTRIEN
T CONDITION
S - BROWSING 12
REFERENCES 15
2 SOILS AND NUTRIENTS I
N NORTHERN BIRCH FORESTS:
A CASE STUDY FROM FINNMARKSVIDDA, NORTHERN NORWAY
.
. 19
K.-D.
MEIER
,
D.
THANNHEISER
,
J.
WEHBER
G
AN
D V.
EISENMAN
N
2.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 19
2.2 STUD
Y ARE
A 20
2.3 SOIL CLASSIFICATIO
N 21
2.4 SOIL DISTRIBUTIO
N 23
2.5 SOIL PROPERTIE
S 28
2.6 CONCLUSION
S 31
REFERENCES 32
3
VEGETATION OF THE MOUNTAIN BIRCH FOREST
I
N NORTHER
N FENNOSCANDI
A
35
J.
WEHHERG
,
D.
THANNHEISE
R
AN
D K.-D.
MEIE
R
3.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 35
3.2 STUD
Y SITE 36
X CONTENTS
3.3 DENDROCHRONOLOGICA
L CHARACTERISTIC
S OF TH
E NORTHER
N
MOUNTAI
N BIRCH FOREST
S I
N TH
E MAZE-KAUTOKEIN
O ARE
A .
. 36
3.4 PLAN
T SOCIOLOGICA
L STUDIE
S 40
3.4.1 TH
E COMMUNITIE
S OF TH
E MOUNTAI
N BIRCH FORES
T
O
N TH
E FINNMARKSVIDD
A 41
3.4.1.1 TH
E CROWBERR
Y BIRCH FOREST
:
EMPETRO-BETULETUM PUBESCENTIS
(NORDHAGEN 1943) 44
3.4.1.2 THE LINGONBERRY BIRCH FOREST:
VACCINIO VITIS-IDAEAE-BETULETUM
(PROV.) 45
3.4.1.3 THE BILBERRY BIRCH FOREST:
VACCINIO MYRTILLI-BETULETUM
(PROV.) 46
3.4.1.4 THE DWARF CORNEL BIRCH FOREST:
CORNO-BETULETUM
(AUNE 1973) 46
3.4.1.5 THE MEADOW BIRCH FOREST:
GERANIO-BETULETUM
(NORDHAGEN 1928,1943 EMEND. DIERFIEN AND DIERFIEN 1982) 47
3.4.1.6 THE CLOUDBERRY BIRCH FOREST:
RUBO CHAMAEMOREI-BETULETUM
(PROV.) 48
3.5 MOUNTAIN BIRCH FORESTS IN NORTHERN FENNOSCANDIA 49
3.6 CONCLUSIONS 49
REFERENCES 51
4 BIOMASS AND PRODUCTION ON A LANDSCAPE LEVEL
IN THE NORTHERN MOUNTAIN BIRCH FORESTS
53
H
. T0MMERVIK, F.E. WIELGOLASKI, S. NEUVONEN, B
. SOLBERG
AN
D K.A. H0GDA
4.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 53
4.1.1 LIVE ABOVEGROUN
D BIOMAS
S ESTIMATION
S 55
4.1.2 BIOMAS
S AN
D LEAF ARE
A INDE
X AT INDIVIDUA
L TREE
O
R STAN
D LEVELS 56
4.1.3 BIOMAS
S O
N LANDSCAP
E AN
D REGIONA
L LEVEL
USIN
G REMOT
E SENSIN
G 57
4.2 METHOD
S 58
4.3 RESULT
S 61
4.3.1 CHANG
E I
N TH
E BIOMAS
S PRODUCTIO
N O
N A REGIONA
L LEVEL .
. 61
4.3.2 BIOMAS
S ESTIMATION
S O
N A LANDSCAP
E LEVEL 62
4.4 DISCUSSIO
N 64
4.4.1 BIOMAS
S CHANGE
S 64
4.4.2 REMOT
E SENSIN
G DAT
A - ARE THE
Y ROBUST? 66
REFERENCES 67
CONTENTS XI
5 MOUNTAIN BIRCH GROWTH IN RELATION TO CLIMATE
AND HERBIVORES
71
P.S.
KARLSSON,
M.
WEI
H
AND C.
BORG
5.1 INTRODUCTION 71
5.2 SEEDLING ESTABLISHMENT AND GROWTH YY. 72
5.2.1 ABIOTIC AND BIOTIC ENVIRONMENT DURING THE GROWING SEASON 72
5.2.2 WINTER CONDITIONS 74
5.2.3 GENETIC ASPECTS 74
5.3 SAPLING GROWTH 75
5.4 MATURE TREES 76
5.4.1 TREE GROWTH AN
D CLIMATE 76
5.4.2 EFFECTS
OF EPIRRITA
DEFOLIATION ON TREE GROWTH 77
5.5. FOREST STRUCTURE, STAND BIOMASS AN
D PRODUCTIVITY 79
5.6. EFFECTS OF CHANGING CLIMATE ON MOUNTAIN BIRCH GROWTH . . 81
5.6.1 EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE 81
5.6.2 MODEL PREDICTIONS 82
5.7 CONCLUSIONS 82
REFERENCES 83
6 RESPONSES OF TEMPERATURE CHANGES ON SURVIVAL
AND GROWTH IN MOUNTAIN BIRCH POPULATIONS
87
O.
SKRE,
J.
NILSEN
,
M.
NAESS,
B.
IGELAND,
K.
TAULAVUORI,
E.
TAULAVUORI
AND K.
LAINE
6.1 INTRODUCTION 87
6.2 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 89
6.2.1 FIELD AND GREENHOUSE EXPERIMENTS
AT DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES 89
6.2.2 WINTER TEMPERATURE AND CO
2
EXPERIMENTS 93
6.2.3 DORMANCY AND FROST HARDINESS IN MOUNTAIN
BIRCH PROVENANCES AS INFLUENCED BY WINTER TEMPERATURES . 94
6.3 CONCLUSIONS 96
REFERENCES 96
XII CONTENTS
7 PHENOLOGY AND PERFORMANCE OF MOUNTAIN BIRCH PROVENANCES
IN TRANSPLANT GARDENS: LATITUDINAL,
ALTITUDINAL AND OCEANITY-CONTINENTALITY GRADIENTS
99
J. OVASKA, J. NLLSEN
, F.E. WLELGOLASKI, H
. KAUHANEN,
R.
PARTANEN,
S.
NEUVONEN,
L.
KAPARI,
O.
SKRE
AND K.
LAINE
7.1 INTRODUCTION 99
7.2 MATERIAL AND METHODS 101
7.3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 101
7.3.1 TRANSPLANTATION STRESS AND SEEDLING SURVIVAL 101
7.3.2 SPRING PHENOLOGY (BUD BURST) 103
7.3.3 AUTUMN PHENOLOGY 106
7.3.4 GROWTH FORMS AND GROWTH RATES 108
7.4 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS 113
REFERENCES 114
8 SYNTHESIS SECTION 1: A DYNAMIC FOREST IN A CHANGING
ENVIRONMENT
117
P.S.
KARLSSON
AND F.E.
WIELGOLASKI
REFERENCES 121
SECTION 2 HERBIVORY
9 FOREST DEFOLIATION RISKS IN BIRCH FORESTS BY INSECTS
UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATE AND LAND USE SCENARIOS
IN NORTHERN EUROPE
125
S.
NEUVONEN,
H.
BYLUND
AND H.
T0MMERVI
K
9.1 INTRODUCTION 125
9.2 GEOMETRID OUTBREAKS ON BIRCH IN FENNOSCANDIA 126
9.3 MONITORING (DETECTING/QUANTIFYING) INSECT OUTBREAKS
IN MOUNTAIN BIRCH WOODLANDS 127
9.4 MODELLING THE OUTBREAK/DEFOLIATION RISKS 129
9.4.1 POPULATION DYNAMICS OF GEOMETRID MOTHS 129
9.4.2 MODELLING THE REGIONAL AND TOPOGRAPHIC PATTERNS
IN OUTBREAKS RISKS 131
9.5 FOREST DEFOLIATION RISKS UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATIC
SCENARIOS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIPS TO LAND USE 134
REFERENCES 136
CONTENTS XIII
10 BIRCH SAPLING RESPONSES TO SEVERITY AND TIMING OF DOMESTIC
HERBIVORE BROWSING - IMPLICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT
.
. 139
A.J.
HESTER
,
K.
LEMPA
,
S.
NEUVONEN
,
K.
H0EGH
,
J.
FEILBERG
,
S.
ARNTH6RSDOTTI
R
AND G.
IASO
N
10.1 INTRODUCTIO
N .V. 139
10.2 CASE STUDIES AN
D EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNS 141
10.3 BIRCH RESPONSES T
O TIMING AN
D SEVERITY
OF BROWSING DAMAGE 141
10.3.1 SEVERITY OF BROWSING 142
10.3.2 TIMING OF BROWSING 145
10.3.3 LOCATIONAL EFFECTS 145
10.3.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR TH
E MANAGEMENT OF HERBIVORE GRAZING
WITHIN BIRCH AREAS OF NORTHER
N EUROPE 146
10.4 THEOR
Y VERSUS REALITY: CASE-STUDY EXAMPLE
OF SHEEP IMPACT
S IN GREENLAND 147
10.4.1 ECONOMICS 150
10.5 CURRENT ACTIVITIES TO IMPROVE GRAZING MANAGEMENT
IN BIRCH FOREST AREAS 151
10.6 CONCLUSIONS 152
REFERENCES 153
11 EFFECTS OF REINDEER GRAZING ON PASTURES
IN A MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM
157
K.
LEMPA
,
S.
NEUVONE
N
AN
D H.
T0MMERVI
K
11.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 157
11.2 CLIMATIC VARIABILITY 158
11.3 TRENDS AN
D PATTERN
S IN REINDEER POPULATION DENSITIES
IN NORTHER
N FENNOSCANDI
A 159
11.4 PROTECTIO
N OF PASTURE
S IN TH
E MOUNTAI
N BIRCH ZONE 160
11.4.1 ANALYSIS AN
D SYNTHESIS OF TH
E EFFECTS OF REINDEER GRAZING
ON DIFFERENT VEGETATION COMPONENT
S 160
11.4.2 NORTHERNMOS
T NORWAY AS A CASE STUDY
OF THE OVERALL EFFECTS OF REINDEER GRAZING ON VEGETATION . . 163
REFERENCES 164
XIV CONTENTS
12 LONG-TERM INFLUENCE OF HERBIVORES
ON NORTHERN BIRCH FORESTS
165
0
.
TENOW,
H.
BYLUND,
A.C.
NILSE
N
AND P.S.
KARLSSON
12.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 165
12.2 LAKE TORNETRASK-ABISKO VALLEY AREA: A CASE STUDY ' 166
12.2.1 OUTBREAK IN A HEATH BIRCH FOREST 166
12.2.2 OUTBREAK IN A MEADOW BIRCH FOREST 168
12.3 NORTHER
N FENNOSCANDIA 169
12.3.1 FOREST AGE AN
D OUTBREAKS 170
12.3.2 FOREST DAMAGE AN
D RECOVERY 170
12.3.3 INTERACTION WITH REINDEER AND SHEEP 172
12.4 GENERALIZATION 173
12.4.1 A CONCEPTUAL MODEL 174
12.4.2 FORESTS WITHOUT OUTBREAKS 175
12.4.3 MOUNTAIN BIRCH FOREST REGENERATION CYCLES
IN A WARMER FUTURE 176
REFERENCES 178
13 SYNTHESIS SECTION 2: HERBIVORY IN NORTHERN BIRCH FORESTS
. 183
S.
NEUVONE
N
AN
D F.E.
WIELGOLASKI
13.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 183
13.2 INSECT OUTBREAKS 185
13.3 MAMMALIAN HERBIVORES 186
13.4 IMPLICATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT 187
13.5 REFERENCES 188
SECTION 3 HUMAN IMPACT
14 RATES AND PROCESSES OF NATURAL REGENERATION
IN DISTURBED HABITATS
193
B.C.
FORBES
,
A.
TOLVANEN,
F.E.
WIELGOLASK
I
AND K.
LAIN
E
14.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 193
14.2 PROCESSES OF REGENERATION 195
14.3 RATES OF REGENERATION 197
14.4 CONCLUSION 199
REFERENCES 199
CONTENTS XV
15 RECREATION AT THE TREE LINE AND INTERACTIONS
WITH OTHER LAND USE ACTIVITIES
203
A.
TOLVANEN,
B.C.
FORBES,
S.
WALL
AND Y.
NOROKORPI
15.1 INTRODUCTION 203
15.2 CASE STUDY AREAS .
%
. 205
15.3 MONITORING STUDIES ON THE IMPACT OF RECREATION
ON THE ENVIRONMENT IN LAPLAND 207
15.4 INTERACTION OF RECREATION WITH OTHER LAND-USE ACTIVITIES . . 209
15.4.1 RECREATION VS. NATURE CONSERVATION 210
15.4.2 RECREATION VS. FORESTRY 211
15.4.3 RECREATION VS. TRADITIONAL LIVELIHOODS 211
15.4.4 RECREATION VS. RECREATION 213
15.5 SUSTAINABLE TOURISM 213
REFERENCES 214
16 ECONOMIC LIMITS AND POSSIBILITIES FOR SUSTAINABLE
UTILIZATION OF NORTHERN BIRCH FORESTS
219
B
. SOLBERG, H
. T0MMERVIK
, D
. THANNHEISER AN
D S. NEUVONEN
16.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 219
16.2 SOM
E THEORETICA
L ASPECT
S 219
16.2.1 GOALS 220
16.2.2 SUSTAINABL
E UTILIZATIO
N 220
16.2.3 IDENTIF
Y UTILIZATIO
N ALTERNATIVE
S 221
16.2.4 SELECT TH
E BEST UTILIZATIO
N (MANAGEMENT
) ALTERNATIV
E .
. 221
16.2.5 IMPLEMENTATIO
N OF TH
E BEST ALTERNATIVE
S 221
16.3 EMPIRICA
L RESULT
S 222
16.3.1 BIRCH ARE
A AN
D PRODUCTIVIT
Y 222
16.3.1.1 MAZ
E 223
16.3.1.2 MALSELV 225
16.3.1.3 OTHE
R AREA
S 225
16.3.2 REINDEE
R HUSBANDR
Y 226
16.3.3 OTHE
R LIMITIN
G FACTOR
S 228
16.3.4 PROFITABILITY, VALUE ADDE
D AN
D MARKET
S 228
16.4 CONCLUSION
S 231
REFERENCES 232
XVI CONTENTS
17 THE VEGETATION CHANGES AND RECENT IMPACT
O
N THE MOUNTAIN BIRCH FOREST DURIN
G THE LAST 40 YEARS
.
. 235
D.
THANNHEISER
,
H
.
TOMMERVI
K
AN
D J.
WEHBER
G
17.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 235
17.1.1 RESEARC
H AREA
S ! 236
17.1.2 METHODOLOGICA
L CONSIDERATION
S 236
17.2 VEGETATIO
N CHANGE
S I
N TH
E MAZ
E REGIO
N 237
17.2.1 TH
E LICHEN-RIC
H
EMPETRUM
(CROWBERRY
)
BIRCH FOREST
(EMPETW-BETULETUM PUBESCENTIS;
SEE CHAP. 3) . 237
17.2.2 THE MOSS-RICH
EMPETRUM
(CROWBERRY) BIRCH FOREST
(EMPETRO-BETULETUM PUBESCENTIS,
SEE CHAP. 3) 240
17.2.3 THE LICHEN-RICH
MYRTILLUS
(BILBERRY) BIRCH FOREST
{VACCINIO MYRTILLI-BETULETUM;
SEE CHAP. 3) 240
17.2.4 THE MOSS-RICH
MYRTILLUS
(BILBERRY) BIRCH FOREST
(VACCINIO MYRTILLI-BETULETUM; SEE CHAP. 3)
241
17.2.5 THE
CORNUS-MYRTILLUS
(DWARF CORNEL-BILBERRY)
BIRCH FOREST
(CORNO-BETULETUM;
SEE CHAP. 3) 241
17.2.6 MONITORING VEGETATION CHANGE IN THE MAZE REGION 241
17.2.7 MONITORING VEGETATION CHANGE IN MALSELV 244
17.2.8 DISCUSSION 246
17.3 LINEAR AND LOCALIZED DEVELOPMENT ON THE FINNMARKSVIDDA 250
REFERENCES 252
18 SAMI APPROACHES TO MOUNTAIN BIRCH UTILIZATION
IN NORTHERN SAPMI (FINLAND AND NORWAY)
255
M.S.
AIKI
O
AND L.
MULLER-WILL
E
18.1 INTRODUCTION: CONTROL, ACCESS AND SUSTAINABILITY
OF MOUNTAIN BIRCH FORESTS 255
18.2 HUMAN-BIRCH RELATIONS: HOLISTIC APPROACH
TO THE ENVIRONMENT 257
18.3 KNOWLEDGE AND VALUES: THE MEANING
AND USE OF MOUNTAIN BIRCH 259
18.3.1 BIRCH FIREWOOD: SECURING HEAT AND WARMTH 260
18.3.2 THE PROPER MOUNTAIN BIRCH WOOD FOR ART AND HANDICRAFT . 262
18.4 THE HUMAN FACTOR: FUTURE MANAGEMENT
OF MOUNTAIN BIRCH RESOURCES 264
18.5 OUTLOOK: PROSPECTS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS 266
REFERENCES 268
CONTENTS XVII
19 SUSTAINABLE REINDEER HERDING
I
N THE MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM
269
K.
LEMPA
,
S.
NEUVONE
N
AN
D H
.
T0MMERVI
K
19.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 269
19.2 HISTOR
Y
V
: 269
19.3 CULTURA
L BACKGROUN
D 270
19.4 SOCIAL AN
D ECONOMICA
L FACTOR
S 271
19.5 SUGGESTION
S 272
REFERENCES 273
20 SYNTHESIS SECTIO
N 3: COMPETITIO
N OVER NATURE, SPACE,
RESOURCES, AN
D MANAGEMENT I
N THE NORTHER
N MOUNTAIN
BIRCH FOREST ECOSYSTEM
275
D.
THANNHEISER
,
L.
MULLER-WILLE
,
F.E.
WIELGOLASK
I
AN
D K.-D.
MEIE
R
SECTION 4 MODELLIN
G DYNAMIC
S O
F MOUNTAI
N BIRCH FORESTS,
MANAGEMENT AND FUTURE
21 LANDSCAPE-SCALE MODEL RELATING THE NORDIC MOUNTAIN
BIRCH FOREST SPATIO-TEMPORAL DYNAMIC
S
T
O VARIOUS ANTHROPOGENI
C INFLUENCES, HERBIVORY
AN
D CLIMATE CHANGE
283
A.O.
GAUTESTAD
,
F.E.
WIELGOLASK
I
AN
D I.
MYSTERU
D
21.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 283
21.2 COMPLEXIT
Y ASPECT
S I
N TH
E NORTHER
N BIRCH FORES
T ECOSYSTE
M 284
21.2.1 ASPECT 1: CHALLENGE
S FROM QUANTIT
Y OF INTERACTION
S -
SYSTEM COMPLEXIT
Y 284
21.2.2 ASPECT 2: PROCESSE
S I
N LINEAR SUPERPOSITIO
N -
SCALE-SPECIFIC SPATIO-TEMPORA
L INTERACTION
S 285
21.2.3 ASPEC
T 3
: BEYON
D SUPERPOSITIO
N -
SPATIO-TEMPORA
L EFFECTS FROM NON-LINEA
R RESPONSE
S .
. 288
21.3 TH
E HIBECO MODE
L 289
21.3.1 TH
E MODE
L AREN
A 290
21.3.2 IMPLEMENTATIO
N OF LANDSCAP
E HETEROGENEIT
Y 291
21.3.3 MANAGEMEN
T REGIME
S AN
D PERTURBATION
S 292
21.3.4 CLIMAT
E CHANG
E SCENARIO
S 293
21.4 SIMULATIO
N EXAMPLE
S 295
21.5 DISCUSSIO
N AN
D CONCLUSION
S 298
REFERENCES 299
XVIII CONTENTS
22 SCENARIO
S FOR FUTURE DEVELOPMEN
T
OF TH
E MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM
301
A.O.
GAUTESTAD
,
F.E.
WIELGOLASKI
,
B.
SOLBER
G
AN
D I.
MYSTERU
D
22.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 301
22.2 LOGGIN
G PRACTICE
S AN
D TH
E SHIFTING FORES
T MOSAI
C 302
22.3 SCENARIO
S FOR VARIOU
S LONG-TER
M MANAGEMEN
T PRACTICE
S . . 305
22.4 DISCUSSIO
N AN
D CONCLUSIO
N 310
REFERENCES 311
23 MANAGING TH
E MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM:
LOCAL COMMUNITIE
S AN
D TH
E STATE I
N FINLAND'S FORESTRY
.
. 313
L.
MULLER-WILLE
,
M.S.
AIKI
O
AN
D V.
LUHT
A
23.1 INTRODUCTION
: RESOURC
E FOR WOO
D AN
D ENERG
Y 313
23.2 FOREST
S AN
D WOOD
: ISSUE
S OF POWER AN
D CONTRO
L 316
23.3 CURREN
T PRACTICE
S AN
D PERCEPTION
S OF MOUNTAI
N
BIRCH UTILIZATIO
N 317
23.3.1 MANAGEMEN
T AN
D PRODUCTIO
N OF PRIVAT
E BIRC
H WOODLOT
S . . 319
23.3.2 MANAGEMEN
T AN
D PRODUCTIO
N OF PUBLI
C BIRCH FOREST
S .
. 320
23.3.3 PERCEPTIO
N AN
D ASSESSMEN
T OF MOUNTAI
N
BIRCH FORES
T MANAGEMEN
T 322
23.4 TH
E MOUNTAI
N BIRCH - A RESOURC
E I
N TH
E FUTURE? 324
REFERENCES 326
24 POLICIE
S AND DEVELOPIN
G PLANS TOWARDS SUSTAINABILITY
O
F MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEMS I
N SCANDINAVIA
327
L.
BACK
,
B.
SOLBERG
,
H
.
T0MMERVI
K
AN
D F.E.
WIELGOLASK
I
24.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 327
24.2 SUGGESTION
S FOR SUSTAINABL
E REINDEE
R MANAGEMEN
T 328
24.3 TH
E MOUNTAI
N BIRCH FORES
T FROM A MULTI-USE
R PERSPECTIV
E . 329
24.4 TH
E HUMA
N VIEW O
N MOUNTAI
N NATUR
E 333
24.5 VISITO
R FREQUENC
Y I
N NATUR
E 334
25.6 DIFFERENT PLANNIN
G STRATEGIE
S FOR SUSTAINABL
E DEVELOPMEN
T
I
N TH
E MOUNTAIN
S 334
24.7 TH
E NEE
D FOR SCIENTIFIC PLURALIS
M 336
24.8 SUGGESTION
S FOR SUSTAINABL
E FORES
T MANAGEMEN
T 338
REFERENCES 339
CONTENTS XIX
SECTION 5 INTEGRATION AND CONCLUSION
25 THE NORDIC MOUNTAIN BIRCH ECOSYSTEM-CHALLENGES
TO SUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT
343
F.E.
WIELGOLASKI
,
P.S.
KARLSSON,
S.
NEUVONEN
,
D.
THANNHEISER
,
H.
T0MMERVI
K
AND A.O.
GAUTESTAD
"
'
25.1 INTRODUCTIO
N 343
25.2 MAN AND MOUNTAIN BIRCH FOREST INTERACTIONS
IN THE PERSPECTIVE OF A CHANGING CLIMATE 345
25.3 CONSIDERATIONS FOR SUSTAINABLE MOUNTAIN
BIRCH FOREST MANAGEMENT 347
25.4 CONSIDERATIONS FOR A SUSTAINABLE REINDEER MANAGEMENT . . 353
25.5 FINAL REMARKS 354
REFERENCES 355
SUBJECT INDEX
357
CD-ROM
CONTAINING ADDITIONAL MATERIAL TO CHAPTERS 2, 3, 7,10, 11,18,
21
, AND 22 ENCLOSED AT THE END OF THE BOOK |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV023014115 |
| classification_tum | FOR 180f |
| collection | ZDB-2-SBL |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)762190804 (DE-599)BVBBV023014115 |
| discipline | Biologie Forstwissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Forstwissenschaft |
| doi_str_mv | 10.1007/b137859 |
| format | Electronic eBook |
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| genre_facet | Aufsatzsammlung |
| geographic | Nordische Staaten (DE-588)4042530-7 gnd Schottland (DE-588)4053233-1 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Nordische Staaten Schottland |
| id | DE-604.BV023014115 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:10:34Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:08:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 3540229094 9783540229094 9783540265955 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016218303 |
| oclc_num | 762190804 |
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| owner | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| owner_facet | DE-355 DE-BY-UBR |
| physical | 1 Online-Ressource |
| psigel | ZDB-2-SBL |
| publishDate | 2005 |
| publishDateSearch | 2005 |
| publishDateSort | 2005 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ecological studies |
| series2 | Ecological studies |
| spelling | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests F. E. Wielgolaski (ed.) ... Berlin [u.a.] Springer 2005 1 Online-Ressource txt rdacontent c rdamedia cr rdacarrier Ecological studies 180 Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 gnd rswk-swf Birkenwald (DE-588)4753198-8 gnd rswk-swf Herbivoren (DE-588)4159584-1 gnd rswk-swf Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd rswk-swf Nordische Staaten (DE-588)4042530-7 gnd rswk-swf Schottland (DE-588)4053233-1 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Nordische Staaten (DE-588)4042530-7 g Birkenwald (DE-588)4753198-8 s Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 s Herbivoren (DE-588)4159584-1 s Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 s DE-604 Schottland (DE-588)4053233-1 g Wielgolaski, Frans E. Sonstige oth Ecological studies 180 (DE-604)BV000004586 180 https://doi.org/10.1007/b137859 Verlag Volltext DNB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016218303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests Ecological studies Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 gnd Birkenwald (DE-588)4753198-8 gnd Herbivoren (DE-588)4159584-1 gnd Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4327906-5 (DE-588)4753198-8 (DE-588)4159584-1 (DE-588)4282537-4 (DE-588)4042530-7 (DE-588)4053233-1 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests |
| title_auth | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests |
| title_exact_search | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests |
| title_full | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests F. E. Wielgolaski (ed.) ... |
| title_fullStr | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests F. E. Wielgolaski (ed.) ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests F. E. Wielgolaski (ed.) ... |
| title_short | Plant ecology, herbivory, and human impact in Nordic mountain birch forests |
| title_sort | plant ecology herbivory and human impact in nordic mountain birch forests |
| topic | Anthropogener Einfluss (DE-588)4327906-5 gnd Birkenwald (DE-588)4753198-8 gnd Herbivoren (DE-588)4159584-1 gnd Waldökosystem (DE-588)4282537-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Anthropogener Einfluss Birkenwald Herbivoren Waldökosystem Nordische Staaten Schottland Aufsatzsammlung |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/b137859 http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016218303&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000004586 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT wielgolaskifranse plantecologyherbivoryandhumanimpactinnordicmountainbirchforests |