Learning and memory: from brain to behavior
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Worth Publ.
2008
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | XXII, 533 S., [ca. 25 Bl.] zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
ISBN: | 9780716786542 0716786540 |
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100 | 1 | |a Gluck, Mark A. |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)137909047 |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Learning and memory |b from brain to behavior |c Mark A. Gluck ; Eduardo Mercado ; Catherine E. Myers |
264 | 1 | |a New York |b Worth Publ. |c 2008 | |
300 | |a XXII, 533 S., [ca. 25 Bl.] |b zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
650 | 4 | |a Learning |x Physiological aspects | |
650 | 4 | |a Learning, Psychology of | |
650 | 4 | |a Memory |x Physiological aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
_version_ | 1811811017057894400 |
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adam_text |
Preface
xvi
1
CHAPTER
1
The Psychology of Learning and Memory
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Top Ten Tips for a Better Memory
3
Philosophy of the Mind
4
Aristotle and Associationism
4
Descartes and Dualism
6
John Locke and Empiricism
7
William James and Models of Association
8
Evolution and Natural Selection
10
Erasmus Darwin and Early Proponents of Evolution
11
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
11
Francis Galton: Variability of Nature
13
Unsolved Mysteries: Can Learning Influence Evolution?
14
The Birth of Experimental Psychology
16
Hermann Ebbinghaus and Human Memory Experiments
16
Ivan Pavlov and Animal Learning
18
Edward Thorndike: Law of Effect
20
The Reign of Behaviorism
22
John Watson and Behaviorism
22
Clark Hull and Mathematical Models of Learning
24
B. F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism
25
Edward
Tolman:
Cognitive Maps
27
The Cognitive Approach
28
W. K.
Estes
and Mathematical Psychology
29
Gordon Bower: Learning by Insight
31
George Miller and Information Theory
32
Herbert Simon and Symbol-Manipulation Models
34
David Rumelhart and Connectionist Models
35
43
CHAPTER
2
The
Neuroscience
of Learning and Memory
A Quick Tour of the Brain
44
The Brain and Nervous System
44
The Human Brain
46
Comparative Brain Anatomy
47
Learning without a Brain
48
Observing Brain Structure and Function
49
The Dark Ages of Brain Science
49
Structural Neuroimaging: Looking Inside the Living Brain
51
From Brain to Behavior
52
Information Pathways in the Central Nervous System
53
Behavior without the Brain: Spinal Reflexes
53
Incoming Stimuli: Sensory Pathways into the Brain
54
Outgoing Responses: Motor Control
55
VII
Observing Brain Systems in Action
56
Clues from Human Neuropsychology
57
Experimental Brain Lesions
57
Functional Neuroimaging: Watching the Brain in Action
59
Unsolved Mysteries: What Do Functional Imaging Methods Really
Measure?
62
Electroencephalography: Charting Brain Waves
63
Learning and Synaptic Plasticity
65
The Neuron
65
The Synapse: Where Neurons Connect
66
Neuromodulators: Adjusting the Message
68
Measuring and Manipulating Neural Activity
68
Recording from Neurons
68
Stimulating Neurons into Activity
70
Manipulating
Neuronal
Function with Drugs
71
Snynaptic Plasticity
72
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can a Pill Improve Your
Memory?
73
Long-Term Potentiation
74
How is LTP Implemented in a Neuron?
76
What is the Relationship of LTP to Learning?
77
Long-Term Depression
77
83
CHAPTER
3
Episodic and Semantic Memory:
Memory for Facts and Events
Behavioral Processes
84
Episodic (Event) Memories and Semantic (Fact) Memories
84
Differences between Episodic and Semantic Memory
85
Which Comes First, Episodic or Semantic Memory?
86
Can Nonhumans Have Episodic Memory?
86
How Humans Acquire and Use Episodic and Semantic Memories
88
Memory Is Better for Information That Relates to Prior Knowledge
89
Deeper Processing at Encoding Improves Recognition Later
90
The Forgetting Curve and Consolidation
91
Transfer-Appropriate Processing
93
More Cues Mean Better Recall
94
When Memory Fails
94
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life:Total Recall! The Truth about
Extraordinary Memorizers
95
Interference
96
Source Amnesia
97
False Memory
98
Models of Semantic Memory
100
Brain Substrates
102
The Cerebral Cortex and Semantic Memory
102
The Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory Storage
104
The Hlppocampal Region and Memory in Nonhuman Animals
105
Hippocampal Function in the Healthy Brain
107
Hippocampal-Cortical Interaction in Memory Consolidation
108
The Role of the Frontal Cortex in Memory Storage and Retrieval
110
Unsolved Mysteries: Are There Different Brain Substrates for Episodic
and Semantic Memory?
111
VIII
Subcortical Structures
Involved in Episodic and Semantic Memory
113
The Diencephalon May Help Guide Consolidation
113
The Basal Forebrain May Help Determine What the Hippocampus Stores
114
Clinical Perspectives
115
Transient Global Amnesia
115
Functional Amnesia
116
Infantile Amnesia
117
125
CHAPTER
4
Skill Memory: Learning by Doing
Behavioral Processes
126
Qualities of Skill Memory
126
Perceptual-Motor Skills
127
Cognitive Skills
127
Expertise and Talent
130
Practice
133
Acquiring Skills
133
Implicit Learning
136
Unsolved Mysteries: Why Can't Experts Verbalize What They Do?
138
Retention and Forgetting
139
Transfer of Training
140
Models of Skill Memory
141
Motor Programs and Rules
141
Stages of Acquisition
142
Brain Substrates
144
The Basal Ganglia and Skill Learning
145
Learning Deficits after Lesions
146
Neural Activity during Perceptual-Motor Skill Learning
148
Brain Activity during Cognitive Skill Learning
150
Cortical Representations of Skills
151
Cortical Expansion
151
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Are Video Games Good for the
Brain?
152
Are Skill Memories Stored in the Cortex?
154
The Cerebellum and Timing
155
Clinical Perspectives
158
Apraxia
159
Huntington's Disease
161
Parkinson's Disease
162
169
CHAPTER
5
Working Memory and Executive Control
Behavioral Processes
170
Transient Memories
170
Sensory Memory
170
Short-Term Memory
171
Transferring Information from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory
172
Working Memory
173
Baddeley's Working-Memory Model
173
The Phonological Loop
174
The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
175
The Central Executive
177
Controlled Updating of Short-Term Memory Buffers
177
IX
Setting Goals and Planning
180
Task Switching
180
Stimulus Selection and Response Inhibition
181
Unsolved Mysteries: Is Working Memory the Key to Intelligence?
182
Brain Substrates
183
Behavioral Consequences of Frontal Lobe Damage
184
Dysexecutive Syndrome and Working-Memory Deficits in Patients with Frontal-
Lobe Damage
185
Functional Neuroanatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex
186
Frontal Brain Activity during Working-Memory Tasks
187
Mapping Baddeley's Model onto PFC Anatomy
189
Maintenance (Rehearsal) versus Manipulation (Executive Control)
190
The Visuo-Spatial and Phonological-Verbal Buffers
191
Prefrontal Control of Long-Term Declarative Memory
193
Clinical Perspectives
197
Schizophrenia
197
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
199
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Improving Your Working
Memory
200
205
CHAPTER
6
Non-Associative Learning:
Learning about Repeated Events
Behavioral Processes
206
Learning about Repeated Stimuli
206
The Process of Habituation
207
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Sex on the Beach
209
The Process of
Sensitizaron
210
Priming
211
Perceptual Learning
212
Mere Exposure Learning
212
Discrimination Training
213
Spatial Learning
214
Models of Non-Associative Learning
217
Dual Process Theory
217
Comparator Models
218
Differentiation Theory
219
Brain Substrates
219
Invertebrate Model Systems
220
Habituation in Sea Slugs
221
Sensitizaron
in Sea Slugs
222
Perceptual Learning and Cortical Plasticity
224
Cortical Changes after Mere Exposure
225
Cortical Changes after Training
227
Plasticity during Development
227
Hebbian Learning
228
Unsolved Mysteries: Why Did Cerebral Cortex Evolve?
229
The Hippocampus and Spatial Learning
230
Identifying Places
231
Place Fields Are Not Maps
232
Clinical Perspectives
234
Landmark Agnosia
234
Rehabilitation
after Stroke
235
Man-Machine Interfaces
236
243
CHAPTER
7
Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict
Important Events
Behavioral Processes
244
Basic Concepts of Classical Conditioning
244
Varieties of Conditioning
245
Learning a New Association
249
Extinguishing an Old Association
249
Conditioned Compensatory Responses
251
What Cues Can Be CSs or USs?
252
Error Correction and the Modulation of US Processing
253
Kamin's Blocking Effect
253
The Rescorla-Wagner Model and Error-Correction Learning
254
Compound Conditioning
257
The Rescorla-Wagner Model Explains Blocking
260
Influence of the Rescorla-Wagner Model
261
From Conditioning to Category Learning
261
Cue-Outcome Contingency and Judgments of Causality
263
A Neural Network Model of Probabilistic Category Learning
264
Modulation of CS Processing
266
An Attentional Approach to Stimulus Selection
267
An Attentional Explanation of Latent Inhibition
267
Further Facets of Conditioning
268
Timing
268
Associative Bias and Ecological Constraints
270
Brain Substrates
271
Mammalian Conditioning of Motor Reflexes
272
Electrophysiological Recording in the Cerebellum
273
Brain Stimulation Substitutes for Behavioral Training
275
Conditioning Is Impaired When the Cerebellum Is Damaged
276
Inhibitory Feedback Computes Error Correction
277
The Hippocampus in CS Modulation
278
Unsolved Mysteries: Riding the Brain's Waves into Memory
279
Invertebrates and the Cellular Basis of Learning
280
Clinical Perspectives
284
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Kicking the Habit
287
293
CHAPTER
8
Instrumental Conditioning:
Learning the Consequences of Behavior
Behavioral Processes
294
The "Discovery" of Instrumental Conditioning
294
Classical versus Instrumental Conditioning
295
Free-Operant Learning
295
Components of the Learned Association
297
Stimuli
298
Responses
299
Consequences
301
Putting It All Together: Building the S-R-C Association
303
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: The Problem with
Punishment
304
XI
Timing Affects Learning
305
Consequences Can Be Added or Subtracted
307
Schedules of Reinforcement
310
Unsolved Mysteries: Instinctive Drift
313
Choice Behavior
314
Variable-Interval Schedules and the Matching Law
314
Behavioral Economics and the Bliss Point
315
The Premack Principle: Responses as Reinforcers
316
Brain Substrates
318
The Basal Ganglia and Instrumental Conditioning
318
Mechanisms of Reinforcement in the Brain
319
Electrical Brain Stimulation
320
Dopamine and Reinforcement
321
Opioids and Hedonic Value
326
Clinical Perspectives
327
Drug Addiction
328
Behavioral Addiction
330
Treatments
331
337
CHAPTERS Generalization, Discrimination,
and the Representation of Similarity
Behavioral Processes
338
When Similar Stimuli Predict Similar Consequences
338
Generalization as a Search for Similar Consequences
340
The Challenge of Incorporating Similarity into Learning Models
341
The Limitations of Discrete-Component Representations of Stimuli
343
Shared Elements and Distributed Representations
343
When Similar Stimuli Predict Different Consequences
347
Discrimination Training and Learned Specificity
348
Unsolved Mysteries: Why Are Some Feature Pairs Easier to
Discriminate between Than Others?
349
Negative Patterning: Differentiating Configurations from Their Individual
Components
350
Configurai
Learning in Categorization
353
When Dissimilar Stimuli Predict the Same Consequences
355
Sensory Preconditioning: Similar Predictions for Co-occurring Stimuli
356
Acquired Equivalence: Novel Similar Predictions Based on Prior Similar
Consequences
357
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Stereotypes and
Discrimination in Generalizing about Other People
358
Brain Substrates
361
Cortical Representations and Generalization
362
Cortical Representations of Sensory Stimuli
362
Shared-Elements Models of Receptive Fields
364
Topographic Organization and Generalization
366
Plasticity of Cortical Representations
367
Generalization and the Hippocampal Region
369
The Hippocampal Region
369
Modeling the Role of the Hippocampus in Adaptive Representations
370
Clinical Perspectives
371
Generalization Transfer and Hippocampal Atrophy in the Elderly
372
Rehabilitation of Language-Learning-Impaired Children
373
xii
381
CHAPTER
10
Emotional Learning and Memory
Behavioral Processes
382
What Is Emotion?
382
Autonomie
Arousal and the Fight-or-Flight Response
383
Which Comes First, the Biological Response or the Conscious Feeling?
384
Do Animals Have Emotions?
387
Emotions Influence How Memories Are Stored and Retrieved
389
Emotion and Encoding of Memories
389
Emotion and Retrieval of Memories
390
Flashbulb Memories
390
Can Flashbulb Memories Be Trusted
391
Unsolved Mysteries: Can People Forget, Then Recover, Traumatic
Memories?
393
Learning Emotional Responses: Focus on Fear
394
Conditioned Emotional Responses: Learning to Predict Danger
394
Conditioned Avoidance: Learning to Avoid Danger Altogether
396
Learned Helplessness
396
Brain Substrates
399
The Amygdala: A Central Processing Station for Emotions
400
The Amygdala and Learning of Emotional Responses
400
Two Pathways for Emotional Learning in the Amygdala
402
Stress Hormones and the Emotional Modulation of Memory
404
Encoding Emotional Contexts with the Hippocampus
407
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: A Little Stress Is a Good
Thing
408
Feelings and the Frontal Lobes
409
Clinical Perspectives
412
Phobias
412
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
414
421
CHAPTER
11
Observational Learning: Watching,
Listening, and Remembering
Behavioral Processes
422
Learning by Copying
422
True Imitation: Copying Actions
425
Emulation: Copying Goals
428
Stimulus Matching: Copying Outcomes of Specific Actions
429
Social Learning Theory
431
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: What Can a Child Learn from a
Teletubby?
433
Alternatives to Imitation
434
Contagion and Observational Conditioning
434
Stimulus Enhancement
435
Social Transmission of Information
437
Learning through Social Conformity
438
Active Instruction and Culture
440
Effects of Violent Entertainment on Behavior
441
Brain Substrates
444
Mirror Neurons in the Cortex
445
Song Learning in Bird Brains: Replicating Observed Events
448
Unsolved Mysteries: Why Can't Most Mammals Imitate Sounds?
450
Hippocampal Encoding of Socially Transmitted Food Preferences
451
XIII
Clinical Perspectives
452
Imitation in Autistic Individuals
453
Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesions on Imitation
455
463
CHAPTER
12
Learning and Memory across the
Lifespan
Behavioral Processes
464
The Developing Memory: Infancy through Adolescence
464
Some Learning Can Occur before Birth!
464
Conditioning and Skill Learning in Young Children
466
Development of Episodic and Semantic Memory
467
Development of Working Memory
468
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Exposure to Classical
Music Make Babies Smarter?
469
Sensitive Periods for Learning
470
Imprinting
470
Social Attachment Learning
471
The Aging Memory: Adulthood through Old Age
472
Working Memory Is Especially Vulnerable
472
Conditioning and Skill Learning Decline
—
But Well-Learned Skills Survive
472
Episodic and Semantic Memory: Old Memories Fare Better than New
Learning
473
Brain Substrates
474
The Genetic Basis of Learning and Memory
474
Genetic Variation among Individual Affects Innate Learning Abilities
475
Selective Breeding and Twin Studies
477
The Influence of Environment
479
Neurons and Synapses in the Developing Brain
480
Neurons Are Overproduced, Then Weeded Out
480
Synapses Are Also Formed, Then Pruned
481
Sensitive Periods for Learning Reflect Sensitive Periods for
Neuronal
Wiring
The Promise of Stem Cells for Brain Repair
483
Gender Differences in Brain and Behavior
484
Effects of Sex Hormones on Brain Organization
484
Effects of Sex Hormones on Adult Behavior
485
The Brain from Adulthood to Old Age
486
Parts of the Aging Brain Lose Neurons and Synapses
486
Synaptic Connections May Be Less Stable in Old Age
487
New Neurons for Old Brains? Adult Neurogenesis
488
Clinical Perspectives
490
Down Syndrome
490
Brain Abnormalities and Memory Impairments
491
Animal Models of Down Syndrome
492
Alzheimer's Disease
492
Progressive Memory Loss and Cognitive Deterioration
493
Plaques and Tangles in the Brain
493
Genetic Basis of Alzheimer's Disease
494
A Connection between Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease? 4E
Unsolved Mysteries: Treating (and Preventing) Alzheimer's
Disease
496
XIV
501
CHAPTER
13
Language Learning: Communication
and Cognition
Behavioral Processes
502
What Is Language?
502
Identifying Words
503
Stages of Language Learning
505
Learning Language Through Observation
508
Second Language Learning
508
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Teaching Babies Signs before
Speech
509
Distinguishing Speech Sounds
510
Animals Learning English
511
Artificial Language Learning
512
Instructing Dolphins with Gestures
512
Learning Syllabic Sequences
513
Communicating with Apes
514
Brain Substrates
516
IsThere a Language Organ?
516
В
roca
's
Area
517
Wernicke's Area
518
Unsolved Mysteries: Can Computers Master Human Language?
519
Cortical Coding of a Second Language
520
Age-Dependent Reorganization
520
Activation Changes Associated with Language Learning
521
Physical Changes Induced by Language Learning
522
A Contemporary Model of Language Processing in the Brain
524
Clinical Perspectives
526
Sign Language
527
Language Learning in Isolation
528
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Name Index
N1-1
Subject Index SI-1
XV
Clinical Perspectives
452
Imitation in Autistic Individuals
453
Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesions on Imitation
455
463
CHAPTER
12
Learning and Memory across the
Lifespan
Behavioral Processes
464
The Developing Memory: Infancy through Adolescence
464
Some Learning Can Occur before Birth!
464
Conditioning and Skill Learning in Young Children
466
Development of Episodic and Semantic Memory
467
Development of Working Memory
468
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Exposure to Classical
Music Make Babies Smarter?
469
Sensitive Periods for Learning
470
Imprinting
470
Social Attachment Learning
471
The Aging Memory: Adulthood through Old Age
472
Working Memory Is Especially Vulnerable
472
Conditioning and Skill Learning Decline
—
But Well-Learned Skills Survive
472
Episodic and Semantic Memory: Old Memories Fare Better than New
Learning
473
Brain Substrates
474
The Genetic Basis of Learning and Memory
474
Genetic Variation among Individual Affects Innate Learning Abilities
475
Selective Breeding and Twin Studies
477
The Influence of Environment
479
Neurons and Synapses in the Developing Brain
480
Neurons Are Overproduced, Then Weeded Out
480
Synapses Are Also Formed, Then Pruned
481
Sensitive Periods for Learning Reflect Sensitive Periods for
Neuronal
Wiring
48І
The Promise of Stem Cells for Brain Repair
483
Gender Differences in Brain and Behavior
484
Effects of Sex Hormones on Brain Organization
484
Effects of Sex Hormones on Adult Behavior
485
The Brain from Adulthood to Old Age
486
Parts of the Aging Brain Lose Neurons and Synapses
486
Synaptic Connections May Be Less Stable in Old Age
487
New Neurons for Old Brains? Adult Neurogenesis
488
Clinical Perspectives
490
Down Syndrome
490
Brain Abnormalities and Memory Impairments
491
Animal Models of Down Syndrome
492
Alzheimer's Disease
492
Progressive Memory Loss and Cognitive Deterioration
493
Plaques and Tangles in the Brain
493
Genetic Basis of Alzheimer's Disease
494
A Connection between Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease?
495
Unsolved Mysteries: Treating (and Preventing) Alzheimer's
Disease
496
XIV |
adam_txt |
Preface
xvi
1
CHAPTER
1
The Psychology of Learning and Memory
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Top Ten Tips for a Better Memory
3
Philosophy of the Mind
4
Aristotle and Associationism
4
Descartes and Dualism
6
John Locke and Empiricism
7
William James and Models of Association
8
Evolution and Natural Selection
10
Erasmus Darwin and Early Proponents of Evolution
11
Charles Darwin and the Theory of Natural Selection
11
Francis Galton: Variability of Nature
13
Unsolved Mysteries: Can Learning Influence Evolution?
14
The Birth of Experimental Psychology
16
Hermann Ebbinghaus and Human Memory Experiments
16
Ivan Pavlov and Animal Learning
18
Edward Thorndike: Law of Effect
20
The Reign of Behaviorism
22
John Watson and Behaviorism
22
Clark Hull and Mathematical Models of Learning
24
B. F. Skinner: Radical Behaviorism
25
Edward
Tolman:
Cognitive Maps
27
The Cognitive Approach
28
W. K.
Estes
and Mathematical Psychology
29
Gordon Bower: Learning by Insight
31
George Miller and Information Theory
32
Herbert Simon and Symbol-Manipulation Models
34
David Rumelhart and Connectionist Models
35
43
CHAPTER
2
The
Neuroscience
of Learning and Memory
A Quick Tour of the Brain
44
The Brain and Nervous System
44
The Human Brain
46
Comparative Brain Anatomy
47
Learning without a Brain
48
Observing Brain Structure and Function
49
The Dark Ages of Brain Science
49
Structural Neuroimaging: Looking Inside the Living Brain
51
From Brain to Behavior
52
Information Pathways in the Central Nervous System
53
Behavior without the Brain: Spinal Reflexes
53
Incoming Stimuli: Sensory Pathways into the Brain
54
Outgoing Responses: Motor Control
55
VII
Observing Brain Systems in Action
56
Clues from Human Neuropsychology
57
Experimental Brain Lesions
57
Functional Neuroimaging: Watching the Brain in Action
59
Unsolved Mysteries: What Do Functional Imaging Methods Really
Measure?
62
Electroencephalography: Charting Brain Waves
63
Learning and Synaptic Plasticity
65
The Neuron
65
The Synapse: Where Neurons Connect
66
Neuromodulators: Adjusting the Message
68
Measuring and Manipulating Neural Activity
68
Recording from Neurons
68
Stimulating Neurons into Activity
70
Manipulating
Neuronal
Function with Drugs
71
Snynaptic Plasticity
72
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can a Pill Improve Your
Memory?
73
Long-Term Potentiation
74
How is LTP Implemented in a Neuron?
76
What is the Relationship of LTP to Learning?
77
Long-Term Depression
77
83
CHAPTER
3
Episodic and Semantic Memory:
Memory for Facts and Events
Behavioral Processes
84
Episodic (Event) Memories and Semantic (Fact) Memories
84
Differences between Episodic and Semantic Memory
85
Which Comes First, Episodic or Semantic Memory?
86
Can Nonhumans Have Episodic Memory?
86
How Humans Acquire and Use Episodic and Semantic Memories
88
Memory Is Better for Information That Relates to Prior Knowledge
89
Deeper Processing at Encoding Improves Recognition Later
90
The Forgetting Curve and Consolidation
91
Transfer-Appropriate Processing
93
More Cues Mean Better Recall
94
When Memory Fails
94
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life:Total Recall! The Truth about
Extraordinary Memorizers
95
Interference
96
Source Amnesia
97
False Memory
98
Models of Semantic Memory
100
Brain Substrates
102
The Cerebral Cortex and Semantic Memory
102
The Medial Temporal Lobes and Memory Storage
104
The Hlppocampal Region and Memory in Nonhuman Animals
105
Hippocampal Function in the Healthy Brain
107
Hippocampal-Cortical Interaction in Memory Consolidation
108
The Role of the Frontal Cortex in Memory Storage and Retrieval
110
Unsolved Mysteries: Are There Different Brain Substrates for Episodic
and Semantic Memory?
111
VIII
Subcortical Structures
Involved in Episodic and Semantic Memory
113
The Diencephalon May Help Guide Consolidation
113
The Basal Forebrain May Help Determine What the Hippocampus Stores
114
Clinical Perspectives
115
Transient Global Amnesia
115
Functional Amnesia
116
Infantile Amnesia
117
125
CHAPTER
4
Skill Memory: Learning by Doing
Behavioral Processes
126
Qualities of Skill Memory
126
Perceptual-Motor Skills
127
Cognitive Skills
127
Expertise and Talent
130
Practice
133
Acquiring Skills
133
Implicit Learning
136
Unsolved Mysteries: Why Can't Experts Verbalize What They Do?
138
Retention and Forgetting
139
Transfer of Training
140
Models of Skill Memory
141
Motor Programs and Rules
141
Stages of Acquisition
142
Brain Substrates
144
The Basal Ganglia and Skill Learning
145
Learning Deficits after Lesions
146
Neural Activity during Perceptual-Motor Skill Learning
148
Brain Activity during Cognitive Skill Learning
150
Cortical Representations of Skills
151
Cortical Expansion
151
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Are Video Games Good for the
Brain?
152
Are Skill Memories Stored in the Cortex?
154
The Cerebellum and Timing
155
Clinical Perspectives
158
Apraxia
159
Huntington's Disease
161
Parkinson's Disease
162
169
CHAPTER
5
Working Memory and Executive Control
Behavioral Processes
170
Transient Memories
170
Sensory Memory
170
Short-Term Memory
171
Transferring Information from Short-Term Memory to Long-Term Memory
172
Working Memory
173
Baddeley's Working-Memory Model
173
The Phonological Loop
174
The Visuo-Spatial Sketchpad
175
The Central Executive
177
Controlled Updating of Short-Term Memory Buffers
177
IX
Setting Goals and Planning
180
Task Switching
180
Stimulus Selection and Response Inhibition
181
Unsolved Mysteries: Is Working Memory the Key to Intelligence?
182
Brain Substrates
183
Behavioral Consequences of Frontal Lobe Damage
184
Dysexecutive Syndrome and Working-Memory Deficits in Patients with Frontal-
Lobe Damage
185
Functional Neuroanatomy of the Prefrontal Cortex
186
Frontal Brain Activity during Working-Memory Tasks
187
Mapping Baddeley's Model onto PFC Anatomy
189
Maintenance (Rehearsal) versus Manipulation (Executive Control)
190
The Visuo-Spatial and Phonological-Verbal Buffers
191
Prefrontal Control of Long-Term Declarative Memory
193
Clinical Perspectives
197
Schizophrenia
197
Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
199
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Improving Your Working
Memory
200
205
CHAPTER
6
Non-Associative Learning:
Learning about Repeated Events
Behavioral Processes
206
Learning about Repeated Stimuli
206
The Process of Habituation
207
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Sex on the Beach
209
The Process of
Sensitizaron
210
Priming
211
Perceptual Learning
212
Mere Exposure Learning
212
Discrimination Training
213
Spatial Learning
214
Models of Non-Associative Learning
217
Dual Process Theory
217
Comparator Models
218
Differentiation Theory
219
Brain Substrates
219
Invertebrate Model Systems
220
Habituation in Sea Slugs
221
Sensitizaron
in Sea Slugs
222
Perceptual Learning and Cortical Plasticity
224
Cortical Changes after Mere Exposure
225
Cortical Changes after Training
227
Plasticity during Development
227
Hebbian Learning
228
Unsolved Mysteries: Why Did Cerebral Cortex Evolve?
229
The Hippocampus and Spatial Learning
230
Identifying Places
231
Place Fields Are Not Maps
232
Clinical Perspectives
234
Landmark Agnosia
234
Rehabilitation
after Stroke
235
Man-Machine Interfaces
236
243
CHAPTER
7
Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict
Important Events
Behavioral Processes
244
Basic Concepts of Classical Conditioning
244
Varieties of Conditioning
245
Learning a New Association
249
Extinguishing an Old Association
249
Conditioned Compensatory Responses
251
What Cues Can Be CSs or USs?
252
Error Correction and the Modulation of US Processing
253
Kamin's Blocking Effect
253
The Rescorla-Wagner Model and Error-Correction Learning
254
Compound Conditioning
257
The Rescorla-Wagner Model Explains Blocking
260
Influence of the Rescorla-Wagner Model
261
From Conditioning to Category Learning
261
Cue-Outcome Contingency and Judgments of Causality
263
A Neural Network Model of Probabilistic Category Learning
264
Modulation of CS Processing
266
An Attentional Approach to Stimulus Selection
267
An Attentional Explanation of Latent Inhibition
267
Further Facets of Conditioning
268
Timing
268
Associative Bias and Ecological Constraints
270
Brain Substrates
271
Mammalian Conditioning of Motor Reflexes
272
Electrophysiological Recording in the Cerebellum
273
Brain Stimulation Substitutes for Behavioral Training
275
Conditioning Is Impaired When the Cerebellum Is Damaged
276
Inhibitory Feedback Computes Error Correction
277
The Hippocampus in CS Modulation
278
Unsolved Mysteries: Riding the Brain's Waves into Memory
279
Invertebrates and the Cellular Basis of Learning
280
Clinical Perspectives
284
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Kicking the Habit
287
293
CHAPTER
8
Instrumental Conditioning:
Learning the Consequences of Behavior
Behavioral Processes
294
The "Discovery" of Instrumental Conditioning
294
Classical versus Instrumental Conditioning
295
Free-Operant Learning
295
Components of the Learned Association
297
Stimuli
298
Responses
299
Consequences
301
Putting It All Together: Building the S-R-C Association
303
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: The Problem with
Punishment
304
XI
Timing Affects Learning
305
Consequences Can Be Added or Subtracted
307
Schedules of Reinforcement
310
Unsolved Mysteries: Instinctive Drift
313
Choice Behavior
314
Variable-Interval Schedules and the Matching Law
314
Behavioral Economics and the Bliss Point
315
The Premack Principle: Responses as Reinforcers
316
Brain Substrates
318
The Basal Ganglia and Instrumental Conditioning
318
Mechanisms of Reinforcement in the Brain
319
Electrical Brain Stimulation
320
Dopamine and Reinforcement
321
Opioids and Hedonic Value
326
Clinical Perspectives
327
Drug Addiction
328
Behavioral Addiction
330
Treatments
331
337
CHAPTERS Generalization, Discrimination,
and the Representation of Similarity
Behavioral Processes
338
When Similar Stimuli Predict Similar Consequences
338
Generalization as a Search for Similar Consequences
340
The Challenge of Incorporating Similarity into Learning Models
341
The Limitations of Discrete-Component Representations of Stimuli
343
Shared Elements and Distributed Representations
343
When Similar Stimuli Predict Different Consequences
347
Discrimination Training and Learned Specificity
348
Unsolved Mysteries: Why Are Some Feature Pairs Easier to
Discriminate between Than Others?
349
Negative Patterning: Differentiating Configurations from Their Individual
Components
350
Configurai
Learning in Categorization
353
When Dissimilar Stimuli Predict the Same Consequences
355
Sensory Preconditioning: Similar Predictions for Co-occurring Stimuli
356
Acquired Equivalence: Novel Similar Predictions Based on Prior Similar
Consequences
357
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Stereotypes and
Discrimination in Generalizing about Other People
358
Brain Substrates
361
Cortical Representations and Generalization
362
Cortical Representations of Sensory Stimuli
362
Shared-Elements Models of Receptive Fields
364
Topographic Organization and Generalization
366
Plasticity of Cortical Representations
367
Generalization and the Hippocampal Region
369
The Hippocampal Region
369
Modeling the Role of the Hippocampus in Adaptive Representations
370
Clinical Perspectives
371
Generalization Transfer and Hippocampal Atrophy in the Elderly
372
Rehabilitation of Language-Learning-Impaired Children
373
xii
381
CHAPTER
10
Emotional Learning and Memory
Behavioral Processes
382
What Is Emotion?
382
Autonomie
Arousal and the Fight-or-Flight Response
383
Which Comes First, the Biological Response or the Conscious Feeling?
384
Do Animals Have Emotions?
387
Emotions Influence How Memories Are Stored and Retrieved
389
Emotion and Encoding of Memories
389
Emotion and Retrieval of Memories
390
Flashbulb Memories
390
Can Flashbulb Memories Be Trusted
391
Unsolved Mysteries: Can People Forget, Then Recover, Traumatic
Memories?
393
Learning Emotional Responses: Focus on Fear
394
Conditioned Emotional Responses: Learning to Predict Danger
394
Conditioned Avoidance: Learning to Avoid Danger Altogether
396
Learned Helplessness
396
Brain Substrates
399
The Amygdala: A Central Processing Station for Emotions
400
The Amygdala and Learning of Emotional Responses
400
Two Pathways for Emotional Learning in the Amygdala
402
Stress Hormones and the Emotional Modulation of Memory
404
Encoding Emotional Contexts with the Hippocampus
407
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: A Little Stress Is a Good
Thing
408
Feelings and the Frontal Lobes
409
Clinical Perspectives
412
Phobias
412
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder
414
421
CHAPTER
11
Observational Learning: Watching,
Listening, and Remembering
Behavioral Processes
422
Learning by Copying
422
True Imitation: Copying Actions
425
Emulation: Copying Goals
428
Stimulus Matching: Copying Outcomes of Specific Actions
429
Social Learning Theory
431
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: What Can a Child Learn from a
Teletubby?
433
Alternatives to Imitation
434
Contagion and Observational Conditioning
434
Stimulus Enhancement
435
Social Transmission of Information
437
Learning through Social Conformity
438
Active Instruction and Culture
440
Effects of Violent Entertainment on Behavior
441
Brain Substrates
444
Mirror Neurons in the Cortex
445
Song Learning in Bird Brains: Replicating Observed Events
448
Unsolved Mysteries: Why Can't Most Mammals Imitate Sounds?
450
Hippocampal Encoding of Socially Transmitted Food Preferences
451
XIII
Clinical Perspectives
452
Imitation in Autistic Individuals
453
Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesions on Imitation
455
463
CHAPTER
12
Learning and Memory across the
Lifespan
Behavioral Processes
464
The Developing Memory: Infancy through Adolescence
464
Some Learning Can Occur before Birth!
464
Conditioning and Skill Learning in Young Children
466
Development of Episodic and Semantic Memory
467
Development of Working Memory
468
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Exposure to Classical
Music Make Babies Smarter?
469
Sensitive Periods for Learning
470
Imprinting
470
Social Attachment Learning
471
The Aging Memory: Adulthood through Old Age
472
Working Memory Is Especially Vulnerable
472
Conditioning and Skill Learning Decline
—
But Well-Learned Skills Survive
472
Episodic and Semantic Memory: Old Memories Fare Better than New
Learning
473
Brain Substrates
474
The Genetic Basis of Learning and Memory
474
Genetic Variation among Individual Affects Innate Learning Abilities
475
Selective Breeding and Twin Studies
477
The Influence of Environment
479
Neurons and Synapses in the Developing Brain
480
Neurons Are Overproduced, Then Weeded Out
480
Synapses Are Also Formed, Then Pruned
481
Sensitive Periods for Learning Reflect Sensitive Periods for
Neuronal
Wiring
The Promise of Stem Cells for Brain Repair
483
Gender Differences in Brain and Behavior
484
Effects of Sex Hormones on Brain Organization
484
Effects of Sex Hormones on Adult Behavior
485
The Brain from Adulthood to Old Age
486
Parts of the Aging Brain Lose Neurons and Synapses
486
Synaptic Connections May Be Less Stable in Old Age
487
New Neurons for Old Brains? Adult Neurogenesis
488
Clinical Perspectives
490
Down Syndrome
490
Brain Abnormalities and Memory Impairments
491
Animal Models of Down Syndrome
492
Alzheimer's Disease
492
Progressive Memory Loss and Cognitive Deterioration
493
Plaques and Tangles in the Brain
493
Genetic Basis of Alzheimer's Disease
494
A Connection between Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease? 4E
Unsolved Mysteries: Treating (and Preventing) Alzheimer's
Disease
496
XIV
501
CHAPTER
13
Language Learning: Communication
and Cognition
Behavioral Processes
502
What Is Language?
502
Identifying Words
503
Stages of Language Learning
505
Learning Language Through Observation
508
Second Language Learning
508
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Teaching Babies Signs before
Speech
509
Distinguishing Speech Sounds
510
Animals Learning English
511
Artificial Language Learning
512
Instructing Dolphins with Gestures
512
Learning Syllabic Sequences
513
Communicating with Apes
514
Brain Substrates
516
IsThere a Language Organ?
516
В
roca
's
Area
517
Wernicke's Area
518
Unsolved Mysteries: Can Computers Master Human Language?
519
Cortical Coding of a Second Language
520
Age-Dependent Reorganization
520
Activation Changes Associated with Language Learning
521
Physical Changes Induced by Language Learning
522
A Contemporary Model of Language Processing in the Brain
524
Clinical Perspectives
526
Sign Language
527
Language Learning in Isolation
528
Glossary G-1
References R-1
Name Index
N1-1
Subject Index SI-1
XV
Clinical Perspectives
452
Imitation in Autistic Individuals
453
Effects of Frontal Lobe Lesions on Imitation
455
463
CHAPTER
12
Learning and Memory across the
Lifespan
Behavioral Processes
464
The Developing Memory: Infancy through Adolescence
464
Some Learning Can Occur before Birth!
464
Conditioning and Skill Learning in Young Children
466
Development of Episodic and Semantic Memory
467
Development of Working Memory
468
Learning and Memory in Everyday Life: Can Exposure to Classical
Music Make Babies Smarter?
469
Sensitive Periods for Learning
470
Imprinting
470
Social Attachment Learning
471
The Aging Memory: Adulthood through Old Age
472
Working Memory Is Especially Vulnerable
472
Conditioning and Skill Learning Decline
—
But Well-Learned Skills Survive
472
Episodic and Semantic Memory: Old Memories Fare Better than New
Learning
473
Brain Substrates
474
The Genetic Basis of Learning and Memory
474
Genetic Variation among Individual Affects Innate Learning Abilities
475
Selective Breeding and Twin Studies
477
The Influence of Environment
479
Neurons and Synapses in the Developing Brain
480
Neurons Are Overproduced, Then Weeded Out
480
Synapses Are Also Formed, Then Pruned
481
Sensitive Periods for Learning Reflect Sensitive Periods for
Neuronal
Wiring
48І
The Promise of Stem Cells for Brain Repair
483
Gender Differences in Brain and Behavior
484
Effects of Sex Hormones on Brain Organization
484
Effects of Sex Hormones on Adult Behavior
485
The Brain from Adulthood to Old Age
486
Parts of the Aging Brain Lose Neurons and Synapses
486
Synaptic Connections May Be Less Stable in Old Age
487
New Neurons for Old Brains? Adult Neurogenesis
488
Clinical Perspectives
490
Down Syndrome
490
Brain Abnormalities and Memory Impairments
491
Animal Models of Down Syndrome
492
Alzheimer's Disease
492
Progressive Memory Loss and Cognitive Deterioration
493
Plaques and Tangles in the Brain
493
Genetic Basis of Alzheimer's Disease
494
A Connection between Down Syndrome and Alzheimer's Disease?
495
Unsolved Mysteries: Treating (and Preventing) Alzheimer's
Disease
496
XIV |
any_adam_object | 1 |
any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
author | Gluck, Mark A. Mercado, Eduardo Myers, Catherine E. |
author_GND | (DE-588)137909047 (DE-588)137908881 (DE-588)137908970 |
author_facet | Gluck, Mark A. Mercado, Eduardo Myers, Catherine E. |
author_role | aut aut aut |
author_sort | Gluck, Mark A. |
author_variant | m a g ma mag e m em c e m ce cem |
building | Verbundindex |
bvnumber | BV022958669 |
callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
callnumber-label | BF318 |
callnumber-raw | BF318 QP408 |
callnumber-search | BF318 QP408 |
callnumber-sort | BF 3318 |
callnumber-subject | BF - Psychology |
classification_rvk | CP 5000 WT 5500 |
classification_tum | PSY 215f |
ctrlnum | (OCoLC)190772862 (DE-599)BVBBV022958669 |
dewey-full | 153.1 |
dewey-hundreds | 100 - Philosophy & psychology |
dewey-ones | 153 - Conscious mental processes & intelligence |
dewey-raw | 153.1 |
dewey-search | 153.1 |
dewey-sort | 3153.1 |
dewey-tens | 150 - Psychology |
discipline | Biologie Psychologie |
discipline_str_mv | Biologie Psychologie |
format | Book |
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genre | 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content |
genre_facet | Lehrbuch |
id | DE-604.BV022958669 |
illustrated | Illustrated |
index_date | 2024-07-02T19:03:48Z |
indexdate | 2024-10-02T14:00:32Z |
institution | BVB |
isbn | 9780716786542 0716786540 |
language | English |
oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016163058 |
oclc_num | 190772862 |
open_access_boolean | |
owner | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
owner_facet | DE-703 DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-29 DE-473 DE-BY-UBG DE-355 DE-BY-UBR DE-11 |
physical | XXII, 533 S., [ca. 25 Bl.] zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. |
publishDate | 2008 |
publishDateSearch | 2008 |
publishDateSort | 2008 |
publisher | Worth Publ. |
record_format | marc |
spelling | Gluck, Mark A. Verfasser (DE-588)137909047 aut Learning and memory from brain to behavior Mark A. Gluck ; Eduardo Mercado ; Catherine E. Myers New York Worth Publ. 2008 XXII, 533 S., [ca. 25 Bl.] zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Learning Physiological aspects Learning, Psychology of Memory Physiological aspects Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd rswk-swf Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd rswk-swf Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd rswk-swf 1\p (DE-588)4123623-3 Lehrbuch gnd-content Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 s Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 s DE-604 Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 s 2\p DE-604 Mercado, Eduardo Verfasser (DE-588)137908881 aut Myers, Catherine E. Verfasser (DE-588)137908970 aut Digitalisierung UB Bamberg application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016163058&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk 2\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
spellingShingle | Gluck, Mark A. Mercado, Eduardo Myers, Catherine E. Learning and memory from brain to behavior Learning Physiological aspects Learning, Psychology of Memory Physiological aspects Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4074166-7 (DE-588)4019614-8 (DE-588)4035408-8 (DE-588)4123623-3 |
title | Learning and memory from brain to behavior |
title_auth | Learning and memory from brain to behavior |
title_exact_search | Learning and memory from brain to behavior |
title_exact_search_txtP | Learning and memory from brain to behavior |
title_full | Learning and memory from brain to behavior Mark A. Gluck ; Eduardo Mercado ; Catherine E. Myers |
title_fullStr | Learning and memory from brain to behavior Mark A. Gluck ; Eduardo Mercado ; Catherine E. Myers |
title_full_unstemmed | Learning and memory from brain to behavior Mark A. Gluck ; Eduardo Mercado ; Catherine E. Myers |
title_short | Learning and memory |
title_sort | learning and memory from brain to behavior |
title_sub | from brain to behavior |
topic | Learning Physiological aspects Learning, Psychology of Memory Physiological aspects Lernpsychologie (DE-588)4074166-7 gnd Gedächtnis (DE-588)4019614-8 gnd Lernen (DE-588)4035408-8 gnd |
topic_facet | Learning Physiological aspects Learning, Psychology of Memory Physiological aspects Lernpsychologie Gedächtnis Lernen Lehrbuch |
url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016163058&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
work_keys_str_mv | AT gluckmarka learningandmemoryfrombraintobehavior AT mercadoeduardo learningandmemoryfrombraintobehavior AT myerscatherinee learningandmemoryfrombraintobehavior |