Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas: šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Lithuanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Vilnius
VĮ Mokslotyros Inst.
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Lietuvos mokslas
62 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: National rebirth of Lithuania |
| Beschreibung: | 992 S. Ill., Kt. 26 cm |
Internformat
MARC
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| 003 | DE-604 | ||
| 005 | 20150602 | ||
| 007 | t| | ||
| 008 | 071108s2007 xx ab|| |||| 00||| lit d | ||
| 020 | |z 99867954217 |9 9986-795-42-17 | ||
| 035 | |a (OCoLC)180689578 | ||
| 035 | |a (DE-599)BVBBV022951909 | ||
| 040 | |a DE-604 |b ger |e rakwb | ||
| 041 | 0 | |a lit | |
| 049 | |a DE-12 | ||
| 100 | 1 | |a Liekis, Algimantas |d 1943- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)1055766278 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas |b šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija |c Algimantas Liekis |
| 264 | 1 | |a Vilnius |b VĮ Mokslotyros Inst. |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 992 S. |b Ill., Kt. |c 26 cm | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Lietuvos mokslas |v 62 | |
| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: National rebirth of Lithuania | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1795-1918 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Intellectuals / Lithuania | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Intellectuals |z Lithuania | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Lithuania / History / 1795-1918 | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Lithuania |x History |y 1795-1918 | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Litauen |0 (DE-588)4074266-0 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Litauen |0 (DE-588)4074266-0 |D g |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Geschichte 1795-1918 |A z |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 830 | 0 | |a Lietuvos mokslas |v 62 |w (DE-604)BV013767113 |9 62 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016156355&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016156355&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
| 940 | 1 | |n oe | |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 0903 |g 4793 |
| 942 | 1 | 1 | |c 909 |e 22/bsb |f 09041 |g 4793 |
| 943 | 1 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016156355 | |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1820595761917722624 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
TURINYS
PRAT
ARME
- 7
РАТШОТЏ
IŠDAVYSTĚ
-
Π
leškant garbinguju_
protéviu.
-11,
Kataliku.
bažnyčia
-
valstybinè
-12,
„Višt-
gaidžíai"
-
nei
lietuviai,
nei
lenkai
- 14,
Bajorija
-
svetima
savó tautai
-15,
Lenku,
kaiba
-
ропц
-15,
Pataikavimas
-
luomo
požymis
- 17,
Jstatymai
-
lietuviski, tvarka
-
rusiška
- 19,
Caro
pašlovinimas
- 20,
Savi
interesai
-
svarbiausi
- 21,
M.
Daukšos
kreipimasis
- 22,
Bebalsé tauta
- 23,
Lenkiš-
koji katalikybé
- 24,
Nereikalingas
valstybingumas
- 25,
T.
Kosciuškos pa-
žadas
carui
- 27,
Amatai, manufaktûros, finansai
-
žydit
rankose - 28,
Caras
-
tik
шѕц
reikalas - 29,
Вајогц
sukilimas
(1831
m.)
- 29,
Вајогц
sei-
meliuose
-
tik
ükio klausimai
- 31,
Bajorai
-
caro valdininku, pagalbinin-
kai
- 32,
Lietuvos aukstujq
токукіц
uždarymas
- 33,
Bajorams svarbiausia
-
tik
Lenkija
- 33,
Lenkai „išvadavo" lietuvius
nuo lietuviii valdovu
- 34,
1863
m. sukilimas
- 37,
Sukilime
-
ne tik kilmingieji
- 37,
Valujevo
rastas
carui
- 39,
Sulenkéjusiq.
bajoru
valdoma
Lietuvos
provincija
- 43,
„Dieve,
gelbék
Lenkiją!"
- 45,
Koriko
Muravjovo iškilmingas
sutikimas
- 46,
Rep-
resijos
prieš
kunigus
- 48,
Вајогц
maršálka
A. Domeika
- 50,
Sukilime
visa
tauta
- 56,
Kun.
A.
Mackevičius
-
ѕикИеНц
vadas
- 59,
T.
Leonavičius
аріє
sukilimą
- 66,
Be paramos
iš
kitur
- 66,
A. Mackevicius
sukiléliia
büryje
-
67,
A. Mackevičiaus priešmirtinis paaiškinimas
- 73,
Nužudyti, nuteisti
kataliki4 kunigai
- 74,
Vyskupas M. Valančius
- 77,
Susidorojimas
su vals-
tiečiais
- 78,
Nuteistieji sukiléliai
- 80,
Koriko Muravjovo raštas carui
- 81,
Lietuviq tauta
-
be savo
šviesuomenés
- 91.
„AUŠRA" LIETUVOJE
- 93
Lietuviu genijus
-
svetimiesiems
- 93,1791
m. gegužés
3
d.
konstitucija
-
be
Lietuvos
ir lietuviiţ
tautos - 93,
S. Kairys
аріє
lietuviu,
bajoriją
- 99,
Susirüpinimas
dél
svetimos
kalbos
ir
kultüros
isigaléjimo
- 98,
Vietoje po-
lonizacijos
-
smurtinis rusinimas
- 99,
Vyskupas
M. Valančius
-
lietuvy-
bés gynéjas
- 100,
Rusa
jžymybés
-
už
rusifikaciją
- 101,
Lietuviškos
spaudos uždraudimas
- 101,
„Graždankos"
ţvedimas
- 102,
Lietuviška
spauda užsienyje
- 103,
Pirmoji Hetuvii} tautos prikélimo
programa
-104,
J.
Basanavičius
аріє
lietuviškos spaudos
gimimą
-104,
Pirmasis
„Aušros"
numeris
- 105,
J. Šliupas apie „Aušros" ísteigima
- 105,
„Tévynés myléto-
ju" draugija
- '106,
K. Grinius apie J. Basanavičiaus
ir
P. Kriaučiuno tautos
prikélimo
programa
- 107,
P. Kriaučiuno mokiniai
- 110,
V. Pietario prie-
kaištai J. Basanavičiui
- 111,
J. Šliupas apíe „Aušros" idealus
- 112,
„Auš-
984
ra"
-
lietuviq
kalbos puoselétoja
» 113,
Prieš
lietuviq kalbos niekintojus
-
114,
„Aušra"; kaíp íšsaugoíí
lietuviu.
kalbą
-116,
Bajorija
-
príešiška
„Auš-
raí"
- 117,
A.
Dambrauskas-Jakštas
-
„Vienybé ar separacija"
-117.
GALINGAS „VARPO" SKAMBESYS
- 119
V. Kudirka apie
„Aušra"
-119,
Slapta „Lietuvos" draugija
-120,
„Varpo"
isieidimas
- 120,
„Varpas"
-
V. Kudirkos
džiaugsmas
ir
skausmas
- 120,
G,
Petkevičaité-Bité
apie V.
Kudirką
-121,
V. Kudirka apie „Varpa"
-123,
J. Staugaitis apie V. Kudirkos santykj
su
Kataliku bažnyčia -
124,
Pinna
kartą sugiedota
„Tautiška giesmé"
- 125,
Vaclovas Biržiška apie „Varpo"
reíkšme
- 125,
K. Grinius
apie „Varpa"
- 127,
Skirtumas tarp varpínínku.
ir
aušríninku. gadyniu
- 128,
„Aušros"
ir
„Varpo" socialinés nuostatos"-
130,
„Varpas"
už aktyvia
ukinę ekonominę
Hetuviu. veikla
- 131,
V. Ku-
dírka apie sulenkéjusius lietuvius
-135,
„Varpas"
prieš Kražiit skerdyniu.
vykdytojus
- 135,
V.
Kudirka
dél
Popiežiaus abejingumo
- 136,
„Varpas"
prieš davatkíškuma
-137, Kai
kurie Iíetuviu. tautinio prisikélimo veíkéjai
-
138,
„Varpas"
prieš išdavikiškuma"
- 140.
ПЕТШГЏ
ORGANÍZACIJOS
IR
PARTIJOS- 143
„Kairiujq"
ir
„dešinitijtt"
išsiskyrimas iš iietuviu valstietijos
- 143,
Lietu-
viai „Proletariato"
veikloje
- 144,
Ameríkos Iietuviu socialisty
partija
-
144,
Pirmasis
Hetuviiţ
socialdemokratq
partijos
ikuréjas
- 145,
K. Grinius
apie Lietuvos socialdemokratit
partijos steigiamajl
suvažiavima
-145,
Lie-
tuvos socialdemokrati^ partijos
programa
- 147,
LSDP
dél
Lietuvos
atsi-
skyrimo nuo Rusijos
-152,
LSDP suvažiavímas
1902
m.
-153,
A. Moravskis
apie lenku socialistu,
tikslus
-153,
S. Kaírys apie Lietuvos socialdemokra-
tus
- 154,
J. PUsudskis prieš lietuviu
tautą
- 154,
LSDP rezoliucija prieš
lenkq užmačias
-154,
Lenku.
„Socialdemokratiska
darbininku.
partija
Lie-
tuvoje"
-155.
KRIKŠČIONYS DEMOKRATA!
-157
„Žemaičiu
ir
Lietuvos apžvalga"
- 158,
Kun.
Kazimieras Pakalniškis
(Dé-
dé
Atanazas)
- 158,
J. Tumas-Vaižgantas ír „Tévynés
sargas"
- 159,
Kun.
J, Radzevičiaus skundas
гиѕц
komisarui
-160,
K. Grinius apie kunigus
-
162,
Lietuvos krikšcíoniu.
demokratu
partijos
tkurimas"
- 163.
VARPININKAÏ
IR
LIETUVOS DEMOKRAT^
PARTIJA
- 165
Varpininkai:
vienintelís Iietuviu
tautos kelias -
savarankiškumas
- 165,
Varpminkq išugdyta Lietuvos
demokratu partija -
166,
Lietuvos demok¬
ratu
partijos
programa
-167,
Antrasis
LDP
suvažiavimas
- 177.
985
DIDYSIS LÍETUViy
SEIMAS VILNIUJE - 179
Lietuviškos
spaudos draudimo panaikinimas - 179, „Kruvinasis sekma-
dienis" - 180, Streikai Lietuvoje - 181, Lietuvos
socialdemokrati^ partijos
manifestas
- 182,
„Kokią
mes turime jtaisyti tvarka"
- 188,
Pijus
X
ragina
buti
ištikimais
Rusijos carui
- 190,
Prelato
J. Antanavičiaus laiškas tikin-
tiesiems
- 190,
Lietuviq tautos
noras
buti istorijos küréja
- 191,
J.
Basana-
vičius
аріє
Didiji Vilniaus
Seimą
- 192,
Lietuvos socialdemokratai
аріє
caro manifesta
- 197,
Pìrmasis Seimo posédis
- 200,
Antrasis Seimo
posé-
dis
- 201,
Trečiasis
Seimo posèdis
- 203,
Ketvirtasis Seimo posédis
- 204,
Seimo
nuta
rimai
- 207,
Nutarimas dèi lietuviu.
autonomijos
- 207,
Dél
vals-
сіц, гпокукіц
ir
Ьаапусіц
- 208,
К.
Griniaus raginimas
- 211,
Skapiškio
valstiečiii nutarimas
- 211,
Pagrindiniai
lietuviiţ
valstiečia reikalavimai
-
213,
Dvarininkq,
bajora
pagalbos šauksmas
- 214,
Rusu. nuolaidos lietu-
viams
- 214,
Prelato
К.
Šaulio atsiminimai
- 214.
CARINES DOMOS-
215
Lietuviai Pirmoje dumoje
- 215,
J. Kubiliaus kalba
шѕц
teisme
- 216,
Nau-
ji rinkimai \
Dumą
- 218,
Antros
dűmos paleidimas
- 219,
Kai
kurie Iietu-
νίμ
tautinio
prisikèlimo veikéjai
- 219,
Rinkimai \ Treciąją dumą
- 221,
Visa,
kas
nerusiška,
persekiojimai
- 222,
P. Stolypino
nužudymas
- 222,
Ketvirtojí duma
- 223.
„NEBEUŽTVENKSI
UPES BÉGIMO."
- 225
„Sietyno" draugija
- 225,
„Artojo" draugija
- 225,
„Lietuvíij
kalbos
mylé-
tojq"
draugija
- 225,
„Žiburélio"
draugija
- 226,
„Šviesos"
draugija
- 227,
„Saules"
draugija
- 227,
„Žiburio"
draugija
- 227,
„Ryto" draugija
- 227,
Lietuvin
katalikiiţ
тоѓегц
draugija
- 228,
Líetuvos
motervţ
laisvés
sąjunga
-
228,
„Žvaigždes"
draugija
- 229,
„Vilniaus
капкііц"
draugija
- 229,
„Šv. Juo-
zapo darbininkq draugija"
- 229,
Pirmoji
lietuviiţ
dailés paroda
- 230,
Lie-
tuviu_ dailés draugija
- 231.
LIETUViy MOKSLO DRAUGIJA
IR
LIETUVIIJ TAUTA
- 233
LMD valdyba (komitetas)
- 233,
J. Basanavičiaus kalba LMD steígíamaja-
me susirinkime
- 233,
LMD
-
Lietuvos
токѕ1ц
akademijos pradininké
-
237,
Pirmasis lietuviškas mokslo žurnalas „Lietuviu tauta"
- 238,
„Lietuviu
tautos" redakcijos taryba
- 238,
„Lietuviiţ
tautos" autoríaí ~
239,
LMD
-
lietuvaţ
mokslo
ir kultüros
sajudžio
centras
- 244,
Kalbos
prie J. Basanavi¬
čiaus
каро:
D. Alseikos
- 245,
Kun.
K. Čibiro
- 245,
J. Tumo-Vaižganto
-
246,
Kun.
M. Krupavičiaus paskelbtas J. Basanavičiaus nekroiogas
- 248.
986
TURINYS
LIETUVIV TAUTA PIRMOJO PASAULINIO
KARO
METAIS -
251
Karo
pretekstas
- 252, Karo
pradžia
- 254,
Kaizerio Vilhelmo H aiškinimas
- 255,
A. Gintneris apie
karo
pradžia
- 257,
P. Ruseckas apie
karo
pradžia
Žemaitijoje
- 260,
G. Petkevičaité-Bité apie
karci
- 263,
Kun.
P.
Žadeikio
užrašai apie
karą
- 267.
RUSIJOS PRALAIMÉJIMAS
- 283
Rusijos kariuomené Rytu
Prüsijoje - 283,
Rusijos kariuomené apsuptyje
-
284,
Lietuviai žuvo didvyriškai
- 286,
Žydai
-
j
Rusiją
- 287,
Pirmojo pa-
saulinio
karo
kai
кигіц
ivykiq
kronika
- 289.
GROBIS
-
VISA LIETUVA
- 303
J. Basanavičius
apie
1915-1917
m. Lietuva
- 303,
P.
Žadeikis apie
vokie-
čius Žemaitijoje
- 306,
P. Ruseckas apie
vokiečius
Salantuose
- 308,
Is G. Pet-
kevičaités-Bités
dienoraščio
- 311,
J.
Plieninis apie
vokiškajj
siaubą
- 312.
VOKIEČ1V
OKUPACINÉ VALDŽIA
- 319
Ober
Osto valdymas
- 320,
Lietuvos ukis
vokiečii^ okupacijos
metais
-
321,
Lietuva-
vokiečiams-322,
Bulviiţ
sodinimas
-323,
јѕакутц
irpalie-
рітц
faksimilés
- 324,
Varnos
lietuvut
maistui
- 333,
Visa, kas geriausia,
-
vokiečiams
- 333,
Rekvizicijos
- 334,
Priverstiniai darbai
- 335,
M. UrbŠie-
né apie priverstinius darbus
- 336,
P.
Žadeikis apie
Skuodo
bažnyčios varpu
išgelbéjima
-338,
Viršaičin valdžia
- 339,
Jskundimai,
šnipai
- 340,
Vokie-
сіц
slaptoji policija
- 341,
Žydai
-
okupanta
talkininkai
- 342,
Reikalavi-
mai kunigams
-345,
Kataliku
bažnyčios hierarchii
laišku
faksimilés -
346,
Dirbti
vokiečiq labui
ir sekmadieniais
- 355,
Kunigq ir
okupantu
santy-
kiai
- 356, Gen.
fon
Liüdendorfas
apie
save
ir
okupuotą
Lietuva,
- 358.
ŠVIETIMAS VOKIEČiy OKUPACIJOS
METAIS -
365
VokiečÍ4 kolonizacijos tikslai
- 365,
Lietuviiţ
teisé
-
bernauti vokiečiams
-
366,
Мокукгц
steigimas-
366,
Švietimo
germanizacija
- 367,
Draudimas
steigti mokyklas ~
369,
Lietuviq mokytojq stygius
- 370,
Skundas dèi
mo¬
ky toju. rengimo
- 371,
J. Basanavičius apie vokietinima
- 372,
Vokiečiai
užima gimnazijas
- 374,
Vadovéliams rengti
komisija
- 377.
OKUPACIJOS
МЕТУ
SP
AUD A, RYŠ1AI,
TEISINGUMAS
- 379
„Dabartis"
-
vokietinimo laikraštis
- 379,
Dienraštis „Kownoer
Zeitung" -
383, „Das neue Litauen" - 384, „Ateities" leidimas - 385, „Darbo
balsas"
-
385,
„Tévynés
sargas"
- 385,
Atsišaukimas
- 386,
„Lietuvos
aidas" -
387,
„Миѕц
raudiţ
giesmé"
(faksimile)
-388,
Skelbimas apie „Lietuvos
aida/'
-
388,
„Lietuvos aido" vedamasis
- 390,
„Lietuvos
aidas"
-
lietuviškumo
ufRiNvs
987
rodìklis
- 393,
Susisiekimo apribojimai
- 394,
Lietuviška
spauda okupaci-
jos
metais (faksimilés)
- 394,
Ryšiai
okupacijos
metais
- 395,
Okupantu
teismai
- 396.
LIETUViy TAUTA
-
LIETUVOS
SUVEREN
AS
- 401
Laikinasis lietuviu. komitetas
ir
Draugija nuo
karo
nukentéjusiems šelpti
-
401,
Caro manifestas
аріє
laisve
tautoms
- 402,
Lietuviai
už
Lietuva etni-
nèse
žemése
- 403,
„Gintariné"
deklaracija
- 403,
Lenką
ріііесіц
komitetas
nukentéjusiems
nuo karo
šelpti
- 404,
Lietuviu.
draugija
nukentéjusiems
nuo karo
šelpti
- 405,
Nukentéjusiems
nuo karo
gyventojams
agronomi-
jos ir
teisiu. pagalbai teikti draugija
- 406.
TARPKRYŽKELIV-407
Lenkai
prieš lietuviu.
tautos
savarankiškuma ~
407,
JAV
lietuviiţ
kataliku,
seimas
- 411,
Politikos informacijos biuras
JAV
- 412,
JAV
lietuviu, Tautos
taryba
- 412,
Lietuviiţ
peticija
- 413,
Antrasis visuotinis Amerikos lietuviu,
seimas
- 415,
Lietuvos
šelpimo
fondas
- 415,
Autonomijos
fondas
- 416,
Kreipimasis,
kad butu.
leista
atkurti
Lietuvos
Didźiąją Kunigaikśtystę
-
416,
Rusijos
lietuviu, šalpos organizaciju, suvažiavimas
- 416,
Lietuviu tau¬
tos
taryba
Rusijoje
- 417,
Lietuviiţ
seimas
Petrapiìyje -
417,
Laikinasis Lie¬
tuvos
valdymo
komitetas Rusijoje
- 417,
Tautos pažangos
partijos
Rusijoje
rezoliucija
dél
nepriklausomos Lietuvos atkurimo
- 418,
Rusijos tautu. kon-
gresas Kijeve
- 419,
Lietuviu,
кагіпіпкц
ir
кагіц
sąjungos ¡sikurimas
- 420,
Lietuviu.
риікц
Rusijoje steigimo
komisija
- 420,
Antrasis lietuviu.
кагіц
suvažiavimas
- 421,
Lietuviu. vyriausioji taryba Rusijoje
- 421,
Lietuviu,
konferencija
Štokholme
- 422,
Lietuviu.
konferencija
Berne
- 427,
Lietuviiţ
konferencija Lozanoje
- 428,
Pavergtuju,
tautu. konferencija Lozanoje
- 431,
Lietuviu memorandumas Lozanoje
- 432,
Antroji lietuviu. konferencija Lo¬
zanoje
- 435,
Didžiosios Lietuvos
Kunigaikštystés
konferencija
- 437,
Di-
džiosios Lietuvos
Kunigaikštystés
nuostatos
- 437,
Žydai už
Lietuvos
prisijungima
prie
Vokietijos
- 439,
Lietuviu.
šviesuoliu.
kreipimasis „Lie-
tuvai"
- 439,
Memorandumas
vokieciiţ
Rytu. karo
vadui
- 442,
Lenku,
impe-
rialistinés
užmačios
- 444,
Lietuviu. memorandumas Vokietijos kanderiui
-
445,
Sulenkéje katalika dvasininkai
prieš Lietuva
- 446.
VILNIAUS KONFERENCIJOS
KOMITETAS
IR JO NUTARIMAI
- 447
Vokiečiai
аріє
Lietuvos
nepriklausomybę
- 447,
Lietuviu.
konferencijai su-
šaukti
komitetas
- 448,
P.
Klimo
kaiba
- 449,
J. Šaulio
kaiba
- 450,
A.
Sme¬
tonos
kaiba
- 451, Ar
su rusais,
ar
su
vokiečiais?
- 453,
J. Smilgevičiaus
kaiba
- 454,
S. Kairio
kaiba
- 455,
Komiteto rezoliucija
- 457.
988
KONFERENCIJA
VILNIUJE
IR
JOS
NUTARIMAI-
459
Atstoviţ
rinkimai
- 459,
Rinktis mažesne
blogybę
- 461,
Lietuvos
politine
ateitis
- 462,
Tik už
nepriklausomą
Lietuva-
468,
Lietuvos
Taryba
ír
jos
пагілі
- 469,
Okupacinés valdžios
palinkéjimai LietuvosTarybai
- 469.
PRIPAŽINIMAS
ВН
VALDŽIOS
- 471
„Sava,
lietuviška
valdžia"
- 471,
Lietuviq
koníerencijos Vilniuje
nutari-
mams
prítaré
visí
lietuvíai
- 473,
Antroji Hetuviu.
konferencija
Berne -
474,
A.
Smetonos paskaita Berlyne
„Lietuviiţ
klausimas"
-477,
Уокіесіц
„Lie¬
tuvos nepriklausomybés skelbimo projektas"
- 477,
Lietuva:
buti
padaly-
tai
tarp dvieju
окирапгч,
ar.
- 478,
Gruodžio
10
d. LT posèdis
- 478,
Gruodžio
11
d.
aktas
- 479,
Okupanta
„teisè
apsispręsti"
- 481,
Lietuvos
Tarybos
komisarai apskrityse
- 481,
LT
raštas reichskancleriui
- 482,
Nau-
ja Nepriklausomybés akto formuluoté
- 483,
Уокіесіц
reikalavimas Lietu¬
vos Tarybai
- 484,
Nauji Nepriklausomybés akto svarstymaí
- 485,
Nesutarimai Lietuvos Taryboje
-486,
Vokietijos ir Rusijos derybq nutrau-
kimas
Breste-
491, 1918
m.
vasario
16
d. Lietuvos Tarybos
posédžiopro-
tokolas ~
493,
J. šaulys
аріє
Nepriklausomybés akto
paskelbimą
- 496,
M. Bíržiška
аріє
Akto pasiraśymą
- 498,
P.
Klimas apie
Akta
- 498.
VASARIO
16-OSlOS AKTO SIGNATARAI (KAI KURIE BIOGRAFINIAI
DUOMENYS)-500
Saliamonas Banaitis, Jonas
Basanavičius
- 500, Mykolas
Biržiška,
Kazi-
mieras Bizauskas - 501, Pranas Dovydaitis - 502, Steponas Kairys - 503,
Petras Klimas,
Donatas
Malinauskas - 504,
Viadas Mironas
- 505, Stanis-
lovas
Narutaviéius,
Alfonsas Petrulis - 506, Antanas Smetona - 508r Jonas
Smilgeviäus, Justinas Staugaitis - 509, Aleksandras Stulginskis - 510,
Jur¬
gis
Šaulys, Kazimieras Šaulys
- 511,
Jokübas sernas
- 512, Jonas Vaüokai-
tis,
Jonas
Vileišis
- 513.
LIETUVOS
NEPRIKLAUSOMYBÉS
PRIPAŽINIMAS
- 515
Bresto taikos sutartis
pagai
ч'окіесїц
norą
- 515,
Kaizeris
Vilhelmas
II
1917
m.
kovo
23
d, pripažjsta Lietuvos
nepriklausomybę
pagai
Gruodžio
11
d.
akta
-
517,
Vatìkanas
atsisako pripažinti Lietuvos
nepriklausomybę
- 519,
Okupaci-
né valdžia
ignoravo
Lietuvos Taryba,
-521,
Lietuvos Taryba skelbia Lietuva.
karalyste
- 521,
Laiškas busimam Lietuvos karaliui
- 521,
Lietuvos karaliaus
konstitucija
- 522,
Lietuvos Tarybos persitvarkymas i Lietuvos Valstybés Ta¬
ryba
- 529,
LVT
-
už
demokratinę nepriklausomą
Lietuva
- 539,
Karaliaus
išrinkimas
sukélé samyšj Bcrlyne
- 540,1918
m.
spalio
20
d. Vokietijos Reí-
chas leidžia Lietuvai skelbti savo
Nopriklausomybę
pagai
1918
m.
Vasario
16
d.
akta
- 540,1918
m.
spalio
28
d.
LVT
nusprendžia sudaryti Laikinqja
Tt'RiNvs
989
Lietuvos vyriausybe
- 542,1918
m.
lapkričio
2
d. L
VT
atšaukia
savó
nu
tarima
skelbti Lietuva karalyste
- 543,
„Lietuvos Valstybés Laikinosios konstitucijos
pamatiniai désniai"
- 543,
Lietuvos
Vyriausybès
vadovas A. Voldemaras
-
545,
Lietuvos Valstybés
Tarybos Prezidiumo atsišaukimas
- 546,1918
m.
lap¬
kričio
14
d. pirmasis viesas Laikinosios Lietuvos vyriausybés posédis
- 548,
A.
Smetonos
kaiba
- 548,
A. Voldemaro
kaiba
- 549,
Laikinosios vyriausybés
programa
- 552,
Gudu atstovq
deklaracija
dél
prisijungimo
prie
Lietuvos
-
555,
Lenkijos
invazija
\
Gudiją
- 557,
Lenku,
antilietuviška
veikla
- 557,
Žy-
dai
-
už
didelę
Lietuvos valstybe ~
558,
LVT ir Lietuvos Vyriausybés pastan-
gos sukurti Vilniuje lietuviu. universiteta
- 558,
Vürúaus universiteto
statutas
-
559,
Kai
kurie inteligenta!
-
nepriklausomos
tautínés Lietuvos
kCirèjai
- 560.
NAUJV
IŠBANDYMV
META! -
563
Pastangos organizuoti Lietuvos
kariuomenę
- 563,
Krasto
apsaugos mi-
nisterijos jsteigimas - 565, LVT apie Lietuvos
kariuomenés organizavima
-
568,
Sovietu valdžia
Vilniuje - 572,
Maskvos pripažintoji
sovietq
valdžia
Lietuvoje - 578, Raudonosios armijos
invazija
- 578, LVT
ir vyriausybés
atstovai
išvyksta j užsienj ieškoti
paramos -
578,
Laikinosios Vyriausybés
vadovas
M. Sleževičius
-579,
Naujos Laikinosios vyriausybés
deklaracija
-
581,
Lietuvos Vyriausybés nota Rusijos vyriausybei
dél
jos
agresijos \ Lie-
tuva
- 584,
Atsišaukimas
\ Lietuvos
žmones
- 585,
Gedimino
bokšte
-
Lie¬
tuvos Trispalvé
- 587,
Laikinoji vyriausybé Kaune
- 587.
ATNAUJINTAS TAUTOS MANDATAS
- 589
Laikinosios vyriausybés
rastas
Vokietijos vyriausybei
-589,
Bolševiku, oku-
paciné
valdžia
- 590,
Lietuvos gynimo
mušia
su
bolševiku,
kariuomenę sche-
mos
- 593,
Antrosios Lietuvos konferendjos
sušaukimas
- 597,
¡statymas
konferencijai sušaukti
- 599,
Antroji
konferencija
Kaune
- 600,
J. Staugaitis
apie LVT nuveiktus darbus
- 600,
Apie LVT P. Grajauskas
- 605,
P.
Klimo
rezoliucija
dél
LVT
- 606,
Kitos rezoliucijos
- 606,
Rezoliucija
dél
„Šalieš orga-
nizavimo"
- 613,
Kai
kurie Lietuvos Respublikos vyriausybiu. nariai
- 620.
VALDŽIOS KAITOS
IR
KOVy
ΜΕΤΑΙ
- 621
M. Sleževičiaus vyriausybés atsistatydinimas
- 621,
P. Dovydaičio vyriau¬
sybé
- 621,
A.
Smetonos
išrinkimas pirmuoju nepriklausomos Lietuvos
Prezidentu
- 622,
Ketvirtoji, M. Sleževičiaus vyriausybé
- 622,
Lenkai oku-
puoja Vilniu
ir
Rytu
Lietuva
- 623,
Vyriausybès
atsišaukimas „Lietuvos
piliečiať'
- 623,
Vyriausybés nota
Prancüzijos karínéi
misijai
- 626,
Nauja
nota
Prancüzii
misijai
dél
Lenkijos
agresijos
- 627,
Lenkijos tolesné
inva¬
zija
\ Lietuva
- 628,
Kreipimasis „Lietuvos piliečiai"
- 628,
Bermontininku.
invazija
j Lietuva
- 631,
Pergalé prieš bermontininkus
- 634.
990
TURINYS
LENKI/
„PENKTOJJ
KOLONA"
-635
Lenkiţ
„pasipriešinimo"
organizacijos
Lietuvoje
- 635,
Lenku
antilietuviš-
kas atsišaukimas
- 635,
Lenkijos Steigiamojo
scimo nutarimas
prisijungti
Lietuva
- 638,
M. Šalčius
аріє Іепкц
sąmokslą,
Lietuvoje
- 638,
J.
Piisud-
skio „ša uli
ц
büreliai", „Kovos
sąjungos"
ir kt.
- 643,
„Polska organizacja
wojskowa" (POW)
-643,
POWsąmokslas
Lietuvoje
1919
m.
rugpjučio
pa-
baigoje
- 644,
M.
Kubiliűtés atsiminimai
- 645,
Lenkij
ѕатокѕНшпкц
su-
émimai
- 648,
M.
Šalčius
dar
аріє Іепкц
sąmokslą
- 649,
P.
Klimas
аріє
Іепкц
sąmokslą
- 651, Kai
кигіц
POW ir
Lietuvos karíuomenés
teismo
do¬
kumenta
faksinïilès
- 655,
Valstybés kaltintojo
J. Papečkio
kaiba POW tcis-
me
- 660,
„POW
bendroji instrukcija"
- 680,
POW „Ypatingoji
instrukcija
skyriams
ir
sekcijoms"
- 682,
POW
Кайло
apygardos
organizacija
- 684,
Lenkai: gelbétí Lietuva nuo lietuviia
- 689,
J. Pilsudskis
-
nusikaltelis
- 690,
V.
Putvinskis-Pütvis apie POW
- 690,
Lenkija
ir
atgimstanti Lietuva
- 694.
KA UNO KAREIViy SUKILIMAS
- 697
LAIMÉTOJLJ SUOKALBIS
- 707
Deklaracijos dél deklaracij4
- 707.
Rusijos imperijos, bet ne
ta u
tu, teisiq
gynimas
- 708,
Lenk4
геікаіц
komisija
Paryžiuje
- 709,
Prancuzíja
-
Len¬
kijos gynéja
- 709,
Lietuviq delegacijos
Paryžiuje
- 710,
Pagalbinis delega-
cijos personalas
- 713,
P.
Klimas
apie Lietuvos
delegacija
Paryžiuje -
713,
„Trumpa
Lietuvos
Taikos delegacijos apyskaita"
(faksimile)
- 724,
Kai
ku¬
rie
Lietuvos atstovaí Taikos konferencijoje
ir
užsienio
valstybése (nuotrau-
kos)-733.
KARINÈS IR
DIPLOMATINES MISIJOS
LIETUVOJE
- 753
JAV prezidento atsÍ4Sta
misija
- 753,
Lietuvos valstybés nepriklausomy-
bés iikimas
-
nuo Rusijos
bolševiku
pergales
- 753,
Prancüzijos karíné
mi¬
sija
-
Lenkijos
ţrankis
- 754,
Amerikos
іієплуіц
savanoriu,
sąjunga
- 756,
Laisvés
sargia
sąjunga
- 756,
Lietuvos
karíné
misija
- 756,
Lietuvai
ginţi
brigada
-
756/ Vokietijos, Anglijos
кагіпіпкц
paslauga
- 758,
Lietuvos ne-
priklausomybés Iikimas
-
расіц
lietuvitj rankose - 759,
Biznis
su paramos
aureole
- 759.
STEIGIAMASIS SEIMAS
- 761
Steigiamojo Seimo komisijos
posédžio
protokolas
(faksimile)
- 762,
„Lie¬
tuvos Steigiamojo Seimo
гіпкітц
jstatymas"
- 765,
Rinkimq apygardij
sa¬
rasas
- 774.
VUR1NYS
991
MAŽOSIOS LIETUVOS PRISIJUNGIMAS
PRIE
DIDŽ1OSIOS
- 777
JAV lietuviai
dél Mažosios
ir
Didžiosios Lietuvos susijungimo
- 777,
Pru¬
su Lietuvos
taryba
- 778,
Susijungimo su Didžiaja Lietuva deklaracija
-
778/
Klaipeda
prancuzu. valdžioje
- 779,
Lietuvos
Valstybes Tarybos
posé-
dis
- 779,
Prezidento
A.
Smetonos
kaiba
- 780,
LVT Pirmininko S.
Šilingo
kaiba
- 782,
Martyno
Jankaus kaiba
- 787,
J. Strekio kaiba
- 788,
K.
Lekšo
kaiba
- 789,
Ministro
Pirmininko E. Galvanausko kaiba
- 791/
Latvijos at-
stovo P. Lazdinio kaiba
- 792,
Gudu. atstovo
D.
Siemaškos
kaiba
- 793,
Gudu.
геікаіц
ministro
J. Voronkos
kaiba
- 794,
Žydu. atstovo N. Rachmi-
levidaus kalba
- 794,
K. Lekšo kalba
- 795,
Lenkijos užmačios
dél
Klaipé-
dos
- 797,
P.
Klimas
аріє
Klaipeda
ir jos
krasto išvadavima
- 797,
Mažosios
Lietuvos
Vyriausiasis gelbèjìmo
komitetas
- 799,
Sukilimas
- 800,
Ambasa-
doriij konferencija
- 802,
Klaipeda
ir jos
kraštas
-
nuo amžiu,
lietuviu,
žemé
-802.
STEIGIAM
ASIS
SEIMAS
IR JO NARIAI
- 803
Rinkimu. rezultatai
- 803/
Lietuvos
кгікесіопіц
demokratu partija
-
lai-
métoja
- 803,
\
Steigiamąji Seimą
-jauni
žmonés
- 805,
J valdžia
-
valstiečiai
-
805,
Krikšcioniu.
demokratu,
bloko atstovai Steigiamajame
Seime
- 806,
Vals-
Їіесіц
liaudininku.
bloko atstovai
- 839/
Socialdemokrati}
atstovai Steigia¬
majame
Seime
- 864/
Nepartiniai
Steigiamajame
Seime -
874,
Žydu atstovai
Steigiamajame
Seime
- 875,
Lenk4 atstovai Steigiamajame
Seime
- 877,
Vokiečiit atstovai Steigiamajame
Seime
- 878.
STEIGIAMOJO SEIMO VEIKLOS PRADŽIA
- 879
J.
Turnas-
Vaižgantas apie
Steigiamąji Seimą
- 879,
K. Žuko
atsiminimai
-
881,
Prezidento A.
Smetonos kalba
- 882,
G.
Petkevičaités
kalba
- 887/
Sei-
mo Pirmininko A. Stulgmskio kalba
- 889,
V. Daugirdaité-Sruogiené apie
Steigiamąji Seimą
- 893/
M.
Vaitkaus prisiminimai
- 893,
Sveikinimai
-
893/
Steigiamojo Seimo
Statutas
- 894,
Lietuvos valstybes Konstitucijos
rengimas
- 905,
„Laikinoji Lietuvos Valstybes Konstitucija"
-906,
K. Gri-
niaus
vyriausybé
- 908,
Vyriausybés
deklaracija
Steigiamajam
Seimui
-
908/
S. Kairio kalba
- 917/
M.
Krupavičiaus
kalba
- 920,
Tautinés
mažu-
mos
prieš
lietuviiţ
valstybès
stiprinimą
- 921,
„Tauta ir kalba"
- 922,
P.
Kli¬
mas:
„Lietuvos
valstybé
ir
žydai"
- 923.
BAIGIAMIEJI
PAMĄSYMAI
- 925
THE NATIONAL
REBIRTH OF LITHUANIA
- 953
PAVARDŽIIJ
RODYKLÈ
- 967
APIE AUTORIV
- 983
992
THE NATIONAL REBIRTH
OF LITHUANIA
Final reflections
The Lithuanian nation, which already in the middle of the 13th century
created one of the most powerful states in East Europe, the State of
Lithuania, defended Western Europe from the Hordes
oí
Mongols and
Tartars for several centuries, and the Eastern Slavs from the Orders of the
Crusaders and of the Knights of the Sword, started losing its statehood in
the 16th century. The Lithuanian nation in its own country became a
voiceless nation of serfs, whereas the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
broke up completely at the end of the 18th century and was partitioned by
the imperialist states, and Lithuania fell under the power of the Russian
Empire and almost for one hundred and twenty years it was the so-called
North-eastern territory of the Russian Empire. However, according to the
poet Maironis, despite of "the five-century long night without a dawn",
the Lithuanian nation at the end of World War I not only recreated its
statehood, but also started creating a totally new, democratic, national
and independent State of Lithuania. This monograph attempts to give
answers to the questions concerning the reasons for the rise and decline
and again the revival of the Lithuanian nation, the influence of the so-
called ethnic minorities, separate layers of the population, the estates, and
first of all the bright people of the nation
-
the intelligentsia in this respect
and similar questions.
The data of archival and literature sources provided in the book prove
that the fall
oí
the State
oí
Lithuania was predetermined by the persistent
defence of its own religion, as a result of which the Lithuanian nation was
the last in Europe that consented to be baptized. This made it possible for
the predatory German orders, with the blessing of the Pope and with the
help of almost whole of Lithuania, under the cover of the flag of
Christianity, to intrude into the lands of Lithuania, to devastate and to kill
(the fact that Lithuanians resisted so persistently to the Christianization
also predetermined their rather high culture that was quite often higher
than the baptizers themselves). On the other hand, the rulers of Lithuania,
still more concentrating their forces on the defence
oí
their state, devoted
still less attention to the founder of that state
-
the Lithuanian nation, to
strengthening its language and culture. After the assassination of King
Mindaugas, new rulers, on the contrary, were more concerned not so much
of rallying into one state the Baltic tribes, close to Lithuanians, if to use the
modern terminology, creating the national Lithuanian state, but rather
Ai-GIMANTASUf-KIS
953
the multinational empire, as a result very soon in that multinational empire
of Lithuania, the Lithuanians themselves started constituting the "ethnic
minority". Even in the times of Vytautas Magnus, though the State of
Lithuania reached the shores of the Black Sea, and not only the Eastern
but also the Western states had to take into consideration the State of
Lithuania, the Lithuanian nation declined further, the number of the
Lithuanian language speakers decreased, and the limits of the use of the
Lithuanian language became narrowed
-
the Lithuanians who remained
to rule the Russian and Belarusian land, wishing to worm themselves into
favour of the indigenous people, took over quickly their language, religion,
and very soon themselves got Russified and Belarusified. It is not
accidentally that the Belarusian and Russian chronicles comment so nicely
the times when those lands belonged to the State of Lithuania and they
were under the rule of Lithuanians. No data exist in history that in any
Slavonic lands, ruled by Gediminas, Vytautas and other dukes, the local
people had ever started speaking Lithuanian.
Even though the feeling as being citizens of Lithuania was inherent
for the grand dukes of Lithuania, they still did not have the national one;
probably, it was a kind of national feeling. Thus they most often started
speaking Belarusian or Russian, since almost all of them were married to
the Slavonic women. Here Duke
Kęstutis
was an exception. His spouse
was a Lithuanian, he ruled only the Lithuanian land (the Slavonic lands in
those times were ruled by his brother
Algardas,
who became Russified
completely, and his
17
children thus were lost for Lithuania in the sea of
Slavs). However,
Kęstutis,
the true Lithuanian ruler and gifted war leader,
was assassinated in the Kreva Castle by
Jogaila,
the Grand Duke of
Lithuania, who was afraid of
Kęstutis
and his son Vytautas as rivals.
Jogaila in
order to obtain the crown of the King of Poland and the hand
of Princess Jadvyga signed an agreement of unequal partnership, under
which Lithuania, though several times larger, was annexed to the Kingdom
of Poland under the title of duchy, granting the right to Poles to baptize
Lithuania. Certainly, thus it was attempted to stop the onset of the Crusaders
who declared throughout Europe that they just wanted to baptize Lithuania.
On the other hand, such behaviour of
Jogaila also
meant a new turn for
Lithuania, from the Russians-Belarusians, from Eastern culture, to the Poles
-
Western European. As a matter of fact, it also meant a new trend in the
tragedy of the Lithuanian nation: from
Russification
to Polonization, from
Orthodox Christianity to Catholicism. The rulers of Poland imagined that
they had not only to baptize Lithuania, but also to Polonize it.
The Lithuanian nobility still managed for more than two centuries to
preserve the independence of Lithuania, but with Russia strengthening
and attempting to annex the Slavonic lands of Lithuania, and with the
954
uKTuvig
тлитоѕ
pkisikêi.imas
wars between Lithuania and Livonia, as well as the Crimean Tartars started,
wishing to receive the help from Poland, it had to sign the Union of Lublin
in
1569.
According to it, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania was united into one state, thus creating all conditions for further
Polonization of Lithuania, especially when the Poles took over the Catholic
Church and the entire education in Lithuania, and the Lithuanian nobility
gradually took over the Polish language and culture, believing that it better
suited their estate, whereas the Lithuanian language was believed to be
good for serfs and pagans.
The act of the Union of Lublin was not changed essentially until the
fall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 18th century,
when on May
3,1791
the
Sejm
of Poland adopted the Constitution where
the name of the State of Lithuania or the Lithuanian nation was not
mentioned. Only "Poland", the "Polish nation". This was the document
evidencing the victory of Polonization of the State of Lithuania and of the
Lithuanian nation.
On the other hand, in its essence, the Constitution in question was a
step back if compared to the Statute of Lithuania and with the progress of
the thought of law in Western Europe and the world: this Polish
Constitution enforced the system of classes, the domination of the nobles,
even though throughout the world the human rights and the rights of
self-determination of the nations were still more louder declared (for
example, in France the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"
was declared in
1789,
even though in England already a century ago the
ideas of Parliamentarism were being implemented). The more so that
attempts were made to return the State to the early Middle Ages
-
the
right of inheritance of the throne of the ruler (until then he was commonly
elected in Lithuania as the Grand Duke, and in Poland as the King). This was
also one of the most intolerant state documents in respect of religions and
views. E.g., its first article "the Dominant Religion" says "The dominant
religion of the nation is and will be the Roman Catholic holy faith with all its
rights. The conversion from the dominant religion (to be understood Catholic
-
A. L.) into some other is prohibited and punished as apostasy.", etc.
The Constitution for Lithuania was a kind of the resolution for the
implementation of the Act of the Union of Lublin: from the foresight about
the incorporation of the State of Lithuania into Poland contained in those
acts to the already accomplished fact stated in the Constitution of May
3.
In general, it is a unique case in the history that the powerful Lithuania
became a province of Poland, and the Lithuanian nobility was Polonized.
Until then the grand dukes of Lithuania were mostly elected as kings of
Poland: the territory of Lithuania at first was considerably larger than
Poland. The Poles succeeded in turning Lithuania into a province and
ΊΙΕ
NATIONAL REBIRTH OP LITHUANIA
955
exercising its further Polonization in the course of several centuries. It
was also predetermined by the fact that Poles were the patriots not only of
their State but also of their nation, that their State was formed only in their
own lands, that Catholicism became the religion of the State almost
simultaneously with the formation of the State, and that the Polish nobility
all the time spoke Polish and cherished their native language. Thus
"Poland", "Polish" and "Catholic" had become a synonym for the people
of all classes here. With the democracy of the nobles and the right of veto
being enforced in the
Sejm,
it was partly the reason that Polish kings, often
of Lithuanian origin, started showing a greater concern for Poland than
their native Lithuania. On the other hand, as it is proved by the facts given
in the book, the feeling of national self-consciousness was not strong for
the rulers of Lithuania.
Throughout the centuries, the State and its size were of special
importance for the Lithuanian rulers, and Poland was partly looked upon
as a kind of the enlargement of their own territory, thus ascension to the
throne of Poland and union with it were treated as more important than
the strengthening of the kernel of the State of Lithuania
-
the Lithuanian
nation. Meanwhile, the Polish rulers in all agreements sought for benefit
to Poland and the Polish nation. For that purpose, they used the
Christianization: sent their priests, monks, and missionaries to Lithuania,
who differently from those arriving from other countries, preached the
teaching of Christ in the Polish language, and thus forced Lithuanians to
learn Polish and explained that the Lithuanian language and culture as if
equaled the defence of Paganism. It was a gross mistake of the rulers of
Lithuania that they delegated the Christianization and enlightenment of
Lithuania to the Poles and did not control their activities, thus making the
Catholic churches the foci of Polonization and frustration of Lithuania's
independence. The more so that Lithuanians and Poles in all cases
communicated in Polish. While the agreements of the Lithuanian rulers
signed with Poland mainly served the purpose of receiving the military
support and defending the state from the enemies, Poland, with each such
agreement, aimed to subjugate Lithuania still more, and sometimes even to
weaken it, therefore the Lithuanians many a time did not receive any help
from the Poles, who sometimes even supported the enemies of Lithuania,
and had to agree with any conditions offered by their Polish "brothers".
On the other hand, in Poland, the Polish nobility gaining strength
became still more concerned with their own manors, defence of their own
rights, rather than the State. Thus at the end of the 18th century it was
ruined not because of being conquered but due to internal strife and
treason, and Lithuania was occupied by the Russian Empire. Even then,
however, the Lithuanian rulers, the nobility, did not perceive Lithuania
956
LIETUVIV TAUTOS
PRISIKĚLIMAS
as an independent state, but rather like a province of Poland, a part of the
Polish nation, Since the Russian occupational authorities did not interfere
with the education and church matters, church service was held in Polish
almost everywhere, and the parish schools were only Polish. The
Lithuanian nobles, the part of which fought and died for Poland and
"Polish faith'' in the
1831
Uprising against Russia, even did not take
advantage of the proposal of Napoleon
(1812)
to recreate the independent
State of Lithuania, since they could not imagine Lithuania without Poland.
Another part of the Lithuanian nobility, however, maintained those from
whom they expected to derive more benefit for their own selves, even not
feeling the representatives of their own nation and having lost the
perception of importance of preserving the independence of Lithuania.
They competed for the right to greet the Russian tsars or to participate in
their meeting in Lithuania. They expressed their dissatisfaction only when
the Russians curtailed their rights or refused from communication in ruling
the occupied land.
The so-called ethnic minorities in Lithuania spared no efforts in their
attempts to please the occupants. Especially the Jewish people, who even
had become the rivals of the gentry, noblemen, and deans, founding taverns
and breweries, were the usurers and helpmates of the Russian authorities.
Simultaneously, the louder voices of Lithuanians began to be heard about
the fate of their nation. Special concern in this respect was shown by the
Samogitians (Demaiciai) who were most resistant to the Polonizers and
who during the fights against the Crusaders and the Knights of the Sword
lasting for several centuries tempered their firm character. The Samogitian
noblemen did not differ much from the so-called free (royal) peasants,
from whom the bright personalities had originated, and started
propagating the honourable past of the State created by the Lithuanian
nation and the Lithuanian language.
Only after the Russians began the
Russification
of the country by
violence, forced to convert to Orthodoxy and persecuted the Catholic
Church (even though its activity was restricted in many ways also in the
previous years of the Russian rule), which was on their way, many more
progressive Catholic clergymen began to perceive that the Catholic Church
would stand as long as the Lithuanians would remain Lithuanians, would
not become Russified, since those Russified did not resist any more to
Orthodoxy as well. Therefore when the press in the Lithuanian language
was banned and persecuted, many priests contributed primarily to the
printing of prayer-books and other religious literature in Prussia and their
secret smuggling and circulation in Lithuania. Thus the Lithuanian nation
for the first time received the support of Catholic clergymen. It is interesting
to note that in the years of the ban of the Lithuanian press, no support was
Τ
HI- NATIONAL REBIRTH
ОГ-
LITHUANIA
957
received from Poland, its Church and enlightened people. Not a single
prayer-book was issued in Lithuanian, even though the Poles had their
press all the time, they published newspapers and books. The Polish
nationalists were not interested in strengthening the national feelings of
Lithuanians that could give rise to rebirth of the striving for re-
establishment of the independent State of Lithuania. Certainly, it was not
love for Lithuanians that made the Prussian authorities tolerate the printing
of Lithuanian books, but rather the fact that it contributed to the weakening
of Russia and its authority; in addition, the printing-houses gained profit.
Even though Lithuania was under the oppression of the Russian
power,
was Polonized and Russified, it still more actively started turning
from the passive support of Lithuanianism, to its active propagation and
protection, manifesting itself already as a nation. This was predetermined
by the abolition of serfdom/ opportunities opened for higher education
not only for the children of noblemen. The countries that started their fight
for the creation of independent states in the Balkans and elsewhere also
made think over many things.
An important event on the road to the revival of the Lithuanian nation
was the publishing in
1883
of the newspaper
"Aušra"
(The Dawn) in
Prussia on the initiative of Dr. Jonas
Basanavičius, J. Šliupas
and others
and its secret distribution throughout Lithuania. The newspaper used to
awaken the self-consciousness of the Lithuanian nation, its self-confidence,
inspired a hope to be independent of others, stimulated to speak only
Lithuanian, prepared the first national programme, and rallied almost all
the then intellectuals for national work. Simultaneously
"Auçra"
disclosed
the reasons for
Opposition
to the national work by the nobility and part of
the clergy: the nobility could not imagine that the Lithuanian nation could
act independently and be the creator of history, whereas part of the clergy
stimulated just to achieve that the Russian authorities would not hinder
the Catholic Church.
As a new guideline on the road of self-formation and self-liberation of
the Lithuanian nation may be considered to be the magazine
"Varpas"
(The
Beil)
started to be published in
1889
by Dr. Jonas Kudirka. This
magazine, in difference from
"Aušra",
which incited and strengthened
national self-consciousness, stimulated to dream of the bright and free
Lithuanian nation, already encouraged to solve the concrete issues relating
to the national liberation and creation of the State of Lithuania, as well as
the creation of various Lithuanian unions and parties.
"Varpas"
was the
originator of the Lithuanian Democratic Party and became the publication
of that party from
1902.
The last decade of the 19th century, with the organization of the
Lithuanians into political parties and the fight for its press and Lithuanian
958
LIETUVIUTAUTOSPRISIKELIMAS
schools, which lasted for four centuries (on May
7, 1904,
the Russian
authorities were forced to lift a ban on the Lithuanian press), witnessed
that the Lithuanian nation had matured for statehood. It was especially
evident in the
Seimas
oí
Lithuania Major in Vilnius (at the beginning of
1905)
where the issues of Lithuania's autonomy, establishment of
Lithuanian schools and municipalities, etc. were deliberated.
After the Russian authorities damped down the fire of revolution and
suppressed with repressions all that was achieved due to strikes and revolts
in
1905,
the Lithuanian nation continued its struggle for cultural and
political rights. Quite a lot was expected from their own representatives
to the Russian State Duma, hoping that with their efforts the laws, granting
not only cultural but also political autonomy to Lithuania, would be
adopted. The Lithuanians in Lithuania also further continued their
organizational, cultural and secret political activities, set up various
educational, cultural, art, economic and other societies, schools, organized
preparation and publishing of Lithuanian textbooks, staged exhibitions,
receiving a considerable support from Lithuania
émigrés,
primarily from
those living in the USA.
The Lithuanian Learned Society (LLS), established on the initiative of
J. Basanavičius
on April
7
(March
25), 1907,
rallying over
700
most
prominent Lithuanian intellectuals, scattered throughout Russia, and
aiming to develop into the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, left a very
deep imprint on the road to the spiritual, cultural and political maturity.
The Society started publishing the first Lithuanian scholarly journal
"Lietuviiţ tauta"
(The Lithuanian Nation), organized and published the
Lithuanian textbooks, discussed not only cultural, historical, political (at
LLS meetings, it was spoken on the issue of the creation of the Lithuanian
national, democratic state), economic, etc. issues, prepared plans for the
establishment of university in Vilnius and later in Kaunas, but also those
that were really Lithuanian and secular. LLS had become the most
important centre of Lithuanian science, culture and education, maintained
by its members.
World War I stopped the Lithuanian national and political activity to
a great extent. The country was ravaged by the attacking and retreating
armies, and the violence of the German occupational authorities. A great
part of the Lithuanian activists were forced to retreat to Russia. However,
despite of restrictions and persecution on the part of the especially harsh
occupational regime, the Lithuanian nation demonstrated its maturity,
attempted to defend its own dignity, and to prove the right to be
independent. Under those conditions, the Polish organizations and parties
impeded the Lithuanian activities in many ways, trying to prove that
Lithuanians are the same Poles, just speaking differently, that Lithuania
THE NATIONAL REBIRTH
Oľ
LITHUANIA
959
had been a part of the Polish state for centuries, and Vilnius is the Polish
city. Thus for the Lithuanian activists it was necessary to fight not only
against the occupational German regime, but also with their "brothers
Poles", who could not understand that Lithuanians also wanted to be free
in their own land and to have the national state.
The most reliable supporter of Lithuanians were Belarusians, who still
not having aspirations to create their own state and remembering the times
when they were in one state with Lithuanians, supported the efforts of
Lithuanians to restore the democratic, national state and to prove that
Polish claims in respect of the Lithuanian nation and its country were
ungrounded. The most important organizer and leader of the Lithuanian
national movement were the Lithuanian intellectuals who before the
German occupation founded the Relief Committee in Vilnius for helping
victims of the war.
A very important event in creating the independent state was the
election of the Lithuanian National Council in May
1916
in St. Petersburg,
which had to lead Lithuania in the re-establishment of an independent
Lithuanian state. Later the Provisional Executive Committee of Lithuania
was formed for taking over the whole property evacuated from Lithuania
into Russia; it was concerned with Lithuanian exiles and their return to
Lithuania, organization of the elections to the Constituent
Seimas
of
Lithuania, etc.
After the February Revolution
(1917)
when the power in Russia was
taken over by the government of democratic tendency, the Lithuanians
were allowed to form their national regiments in the Russian army; a special
commission for organization of Lithuanian regiments was set up. The
Lithuanians hoped after the end of the war to come back to Lithuania and
to form the kernel of the independent Lithuanian army. Thus Lithuanians
demonstrated their high national and civil understanding and responsi¬
bility. The publication of the newspaper "Lietuvos
aidas"
(The Echo of
Lithuania), started to be published in September
1917,
solved issues relating
to the re-establishment of Lithuanian national statehood.
Germany, realizing that it will not win the war, that after the revolution
in Russia, the Russian new authorities speak of democracy and freedom
for the nations, started preparing the plans for restructuring of the rule of
the occupied Eastern nations, in
1917,
Germany offered to establish the
"councils of trustees" in
Kurças (Curonia)
and then in Lithuania as if
representing people of those lands. The Lithuanians agreed since Poland
could serve as an example, as it formed such council and signed an
agreement with Germany. On November
5,1916,
the emperors of Germany
and Austria declared Poland independent, hoping that Poland would join
in the war against Russia. Thus the Lithuanians also agreed to set up such
960
LIETUViyTAUTOSPRISIKĚUMAS
a council, but demanded that Germans would allow the organization of
elections to that council. With the consent of the occupational German
authorities, a committee of
22
persons was formed for organization of the
Conference (A. Smetona, Dr.
J Šaulys, S.
Banaitis and others), which on
August
1,1917
in its adopted resolution inscribed that the immediate goal
was "to declare an independent Lithuanian state within the Lithuanian
ethnographic limits.
."
and to achieve that goal to organize the Lithuanian
conference in the second half of September that would elect the Council of
Lithuania. The conference started on September
18
in the hall of the Vilnius
theatre, under chairmanship of A, Smetona. Almost all the reporters spoke
of the national, democratic Lithuanian state, created in the Lithuanian
ethnic lands, elected
20
representatives to the Council of Lithuania, chaired
by A. Smetona, which was obligated to be concerned with convening the
Constituent
Seimas.
The Conference also foresaw the guidelines for the
development of economy, science, education, and law in the re-established
State of Lithuania, ensuring national security and defence. Even though the
representatives to the Conference were not elected by secret ballot, they
expressed the will of the majority of the Lithuanian nation. Therefore it is
possible to state that it was the first
Seimas
of the representatives of the
Lithuanian nation, which already tackled the issues pertaining to the creation
of the state, granting its powers to the elected Council of Lithuania. However,
when the Council of Lithuania started showing concern to the questions of
the re-establishment of Lithuanian independence, the occupational German
authorities began hindering its activities in all ways, and later demanded
the re-established Lithuania to sign the "eternal agreement" with Germany,
and
m
the opposite case it would divide the Lithuanian territory with Russia.
Thus the Council of Lithuania on December
11, 1917,
at the demand of the
Germans, inscribed that the Council of Lithuania ostensibly was for the
"eternal, firm union of the State of Lithuania with the State of Germany,
that union should be implemented together with the military and
communications conventions, customs and monetary systems".
However, since the Germans effected the atrocious occupation of the
country, and the negotiations between Germany and Russia were ceased,
the Council of Lithuania decided to proclaim the independence of
Lithuania and on February
16
it proclaimed the Act of the re-establishment
of an independent, democratic Lithuania with the capital
oí
Vilnius, the
relations of which with other states would be determined by the
democratically elected Constituent
Seimas.
That Act was unexpected for
the Germans and they confiscated the issue of the newspaper "Lietuvos
aidas"
(The Echo of Lithuania) where the Act was printed. The copies of
the Act, however, were secretly circulated throughout Lithuania and were
presented to the representatives of the German authorities in Berlin.
ΊΉΙ·;
NATIONAL REBIRTH
O ť
LITHUANIA
961
Nevertheless, Germany agreed to recognize the independence of Lithuania
only according to the Act of December 11th, and the Kaiser of Germany
declared about it on March
23,1918.
Germany, as a matter of fact, did not
think of recognizing the independence of Lithuania even according to that
Act. Both the Kaiser and the Government of Germany delayed even the
meeting with the representatives of the Council of Lithuania and did not
permit any self-government. On the contrary, they strengthened the
Germanization of the country and persecution of Lithuanians, and
increased the obligations. The German authorities did their best to belittle
the role of the Council of Lithuania in the country by showing it as "a club
of helpless intellectuals'' and planned to create a new and obedient council.
Then by the resolution of the majority of the members of the Council
of Lithuania it was decided to make a "knight's move": to declare Lithuania
the kingdom by inviting a Catholic from Germany,
Herzog Wilhelm von
Urach, who originated himself from the Gediminas family of the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania. With his consent, the Council approved the Lithuanian
Royal Constitution, according to which he and his children had to live
and study only in Lithuania, to speak Lithuanian, to implement the
resolutions of the elected parliament, etc. Practically, he was invited to
"reign" rather than to rule. Germany, however, dragged out the recognition
of the king. And it was due to losses of Germany in the western fronts, a
revolution inside it and change of the power into more democratic that
predetermined the recognition of the independence of Lithuania by a new
government of Germany according to the Act of February
16,
which
understood that in case of not recognition the winning countries would
recognize it at the future Peace Conference. And the Lithuanian State Council
on November
2, 1918
cancelled its former resolution on proclaiming
Lithuania as kingdom, approved the provisional constitution of the State of
Lithuania, formed the first provisional government and thus started a new
stage in the creation of Lithuania's statehood. This was achieved owing to
the high national self-consciousness of the Lithuanian Council members,
their keen intellect and search of the ways for Independence.
The first provisional government of Lithuania, in spite of the German
occupants raging in the country and Polish nationalists inciting the anti-
Lithuanian moods, encouraged the people to fight only for the reunion
with Poland.
With the bolshevist Russian army intruding into the independent
Lithuania and approaching the capital Vilnius, the Chairman of the State
Council A. Smetona, the head of the Government A. Voldemaras, the
Minister of Finance M. Yeas decided to go to Germany, France and other
countries for financial and military assistance.
S. Šilingas
was assigned to
head the Council of the State. As a result, Lithuania received the first loans
962
UETUVIUTAUTOSPRISIKÈLIMAS
from Germany and Sweden, and promises that Germany would help until
Lithuania formed its own army, etc. At the end of March
A. Smeterna
was
met by thousands residents of Kaunas at the railway station and soon he
was elected the first President of the Republic of Lithuania.
Mykolas
Sleževičius,
having demonstrated his organizational abilities,
was elected the Prime Minister, organized the defence of the State and the
activity of the Government that moved to Kaunas.
After proclaiming Lithuania an independent state, forming the
government and performing some other works related to the restructuring
of the state and its economy, the State Council and the Government had to
be given the powers for activities from the national representatives, since
those granted by the Council of Lithuania at the
17
September conference
had been fulfilled. Moreover, new members were accepted; the name of
the Council got changed. With the war going on and part of Lithuania
being occupied by the Russian Bolshevist army, representatives to that
conference were elected by district, rural district and parish committees.
The conference with
184
representatives was held on February
16-23,1919.
After long discussions, the conference participants approved the work
carried out by the Council of Lithuania (State), considered other important
issues. The Conference showed that despite of the enemy attacks,
occupation and starvation, the critical situation of the state, the
representatives that gathered from the unoccupied part of the country
discussed the most important issues in the really democratic way, searched
for solutions and adopted resolutions to help Lithuania defend its
independence not only from the Bolshevist Russia but also from equally
ferocious enemy
-
Poland and the Bermontians. Poland, however, after
the occupation of Vilnius and the major part of East Lithuania, seeing that
the resistance of "Kaunas Lithuania" would be hardly overcome, attempted
to organize the armed revolt in Kaunas and throughout Lithuania at the
end of the summer of
1919
so that after overthrowing of the Government
and forming its own government of the Poles and Polonized Lithuanian
noblemen, the said government would "ask" the Polish Government to
"save' Lithuania and to annex it. The Lithuanians, however, succeeded in
elucidating the plotters and sentencing the major part of them. This was
the last defeat suffered by the defenders of the Polish-Lithuanian union,
the defeat of the union ideology against the national Lithuanian ideology.
After failure of the organized revolt against independent Lithuania,
attempts were made by other anti-state forces, mostly pro-Bolshevist, if
not to overthrow the Government of independent Lithuania but at least to
bring confusion in the country. On February
22-23,1920,
the armed riots
were organized in some Lithuanian army units in Kaunas,
Panemuné, but
they were comparatively quickly suppressed.
THE NATIONAL RKBIRTH OF UTHUANIA
963
No less efforts, like inside the country, were required from the young
diplomats of Lithuania that foreign states, primarily from the West, winners
of World War I, would recognize the independent State of Lithuania. All
great states were concerned with their own interests; many approved the
White Guards, who fled to Paris, that Russia would be recreated within
the limits as before World War I. Only for Poland and Finland it was
supposed to recognize the limited autonomies, whereas Estonia and
Ukraine to be left within the composition of Russia, and Lithuania united
with Poland to one state, by granting partial independence under the aegis
of Russia. In the event Lithuania refused to join Poland, to leave it to Russia.
It means that the fate of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Ukraine was
practically left in the hands of Russia, only it was for Lithuania to choose
to be the province either of Poland or Russia.
Thus the statehood of the Baltic countries became directly dependent
on the fact whether the Bolshevist power in Russia would resist the White
Guards supported by the Western countries, which at least temporary were
interested that weak and independent countries would be formed on the
edge of Russia. Meanwhile, the Western countries had opposite plans: if
Bolshevists withstood, the strong Poland could serve as a barrier for them.
The Polish representatives, being aware of it, tried to prove that Lithuania
had been and was just the
provìnce
of Poland for ages, and Lithuanians
are the same Poles, only speaking somewhat differently and it was not
necessary to negotiate with the representatives of Lithuania. Thus
Lithuanians had to overcome not only the opposition of the Entente
Alliance to the creation of small states, but also the extremely well-
organized Polish and its best friend French propaganda.
The Peace Conference ended on June
28, 1919,
but here the
independence of Lithuania was not recognized. The principle "defend it
and exist", maintained by the representatives of the great states, was also
reflected by the fact that Western ''defenders of national freedoms" did
not react to the declarations of Lithuania Minor to join Lithuania Major.
And only attributed to Lithuania its small part
-
Klaipeda territory, but
until "the situation of Lithuania" became clear, it was transferred to the
control of France.
The Peace Conference in Paris showed that freedom, the self-
determination rights of nations for the USA, England, France, Poland, for
both old tsarist and new Soviet Russian Empire were nothing but
resounding slogans for implementation of their own imperialist plans,
strengthening their influence in the world; Lithuanians became convinced
that they would be free to the extent they would be able to win themselves
and to defend their achievements. (Many Western states recognized
Lithuanian as an independent state only after the White Guards were finally
964
UETUVIU TAUTOS
PRISIKÉLIMAS
overcome and the Bolshevist power was established). The American, English,
and especially French military missions to Lithuania proved once again that
instead of helping to suppress the Bermontians and to stop the onslaught of
the Polish imperialists into Lithuania they practically assisted the latter, not
allowing the Lithuanians to liberate their old capital Vilnius and its territory
from the Poles, forcing the Lithuanians to agree with new demarcation
borders laid by the Poles. Practically, during the Lithuanian wars of
independence, the French military mission turned out to be an instrument
of Polish imperialists (France adhered to the idea for a long time that only
big and powerful Poland might be a cordon from Soviet Russia and did not
believe that Lithuania could be independent for the longer period.
Even though Lithuania was almost not supported by other states, was
impoverished and robbed, the Lithuanian nation, having overcome the
Soviet Russian army, the Bermontians, fought against Poland that made
efforts to occupy the "Kaunas Lithuania" under the cover of hiding their
imperialist plans and of recreating the "union" type Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, thus denying the right of the Lithuanian nation to create
its own history, to have its own statehood. At the end of
1919,
the
Lithuanian State Council approved the Law on Universal, Democratic and
Secret Elections to the Constituent
Seimas.
The electoral campaign that
started after several months showed that the Lithuanian society was
already mature for democratic elections like many other Western countries:
discussions were held between the parties and their blocks as regards the
solution of the specific problems of the State of Lithuania, goals and
methods for their achievement.
The whole of Lithuania, fighting against the Polish imperialists and
creating, with joy greeted the Declaration of the Council of Lithuania Minor
on the annexation to Lithuania Major and co-opting its representatives to
the Lithuanian State Council. That joining of two branches of the Lithuanian
nation was confirmed at the solemn meeting of the Lithuanian State Council
in Kaunas on March
20, 1920,
thus expressing the will of the Lithuanian
nation; to be the citizens of one State of Lithuania. Thus the Germans,
having occupied the lands of Lithuanian forefathers
-
Lithuania Minor,
remained just the occupants, colonizers, like Frenchmen, and later Russians,
and in the same way like the unlawful claims of Poles to that land. This
Act of the representatives of Lithuania Minor will retain its importance in
spite of the flowing years as expressing the will of all Lithuanians to create
one State of Lithuania.
The Constituent
Seimas was
elected mostly of the representatives of
Lithuanian peasantry origin, their average age being
37.5
years. For many,
however, such results of elections were unexpected: the Party of National
Progress did not win any places to the Constituent
Seimas,
even though
THE NATIONAL REBIRTH OF LITHUANIA
965
this Party and its members were among initiators in organizing Lithuanian
conferences in Vilnius and St. Petersburg. The members of that Party also
dominated in the Lithuanian State Council, at last its Chairman, first
President of the State of Lithuania A. Smerona, one of the most active
members of that Party, was not elected as a member of the Constituent
Seimas
either. Meanwhile, a good number of people who did not contribute
much to the Party activities or the fight for Lithuanianship were elected.
Those who worked sparing no efforts for laying the foundation for the re-
establishment of independent Lithuania were not duly evaluated after the
foundation was laid out, since not taking into account the complicated
conditions of that period, it seemed that many things could have been
done better and quicker, and the competitors used the said arguments in
the electoral fight in order to depreciate the merits of A. Smetona and
others. Thus the left accused him and others of wishing to give over
Lithuania to the Germans by declaring their Duke as the King of Lithuania,
of not carrying out the land reform, and of fawning the Polish landlords,
etc. Thus in the first elections one of its shortcomings became evident; not
the best and cleverest, but those most cunning and impudent were elected.
The Constituent
Seimas
that started its work on May
15,1920
as one
its first documents passed Declaration of the Independent State of Lithuania
which said that "The Constituent
Seimas
of Lithuania, expressing the will
of the People of Lithuania, hereby proclaims, that the independent State
of Lithuania is re-established as democratic republic within its ethnologic
borders, and free from any official obligations that had ever been
undertaken in respect with other states/' Thus the Act of Independence of
the Council of Lithuania of
16
February
1918
was finally approved. Later
the provisional Constitution of the State of Lithuania was adopted.
President A. Smetona passed over his duties to the elected Chairman of
the Constituent
Seimas
and acting President of the State Aleksandras
Stulginskis. A new stage started in the history of the State of Lithuania; a
democratic, national state was created and governed by the nation. The
Lithuanian nation, which was turned into one without the legal rights,
was restored to life by its children and grandchildren, even though this
process was impeded by aliens and no assistance came from outside.
It is worth to remember the history of decline and revival of the
Lithuanian nation not only for the sake of enrichment of one's knowledge,
but also for the future, that mistakes of the past would not be repeated,
when the Lithuanian nation in its own land was pushed away by its own
enlightened people to the threshold of death. Dear reader, if you after
reading this book started thinking about such values like the Lithuanian
nation, its language, the independence of Lithuania, the author would
feel of having fulfilled his duty.
966
LIETUVIVTAUTOSPRISIKÉLIMAS |
| adam_txt |
TURINYS
PRAT
ARME
- 7
РАТШОТЏ
IŠDAVYSTĚ
-
Π
leškant garbinguju_
protéviu.
-11,
Kataliku.
bažnyčia
-
valstybinè
-12,
„Višt-
gaidžíai"
-
nei
lietuviai,
nei
lenkai
- 14,
Bajorija
-
svetima
savó tautai
-15,
Lenku,
kaiba
-
ропц
-15,
Pataikavimas
-
luomo
požymis
- 17,
Jstatymai
-
lietuviski, tvarka
-
rusiška
- 19,
Caro
pašlovinimas
- 20,
Savi
interesai
-
svarbiausi
- 21,
M.
Daukšos
kreipimasis
- 22,
Bebalsé tauta
- 23,
Lenkiš-
koji katalikybé
- 24,
Nereikalingas
valstybingumas
- 25,
T.
Kosciuškos pa-
žadas
carui
- 27,
Amatai, manufaktûros, finansai
-
žydit
rankose - 28,
Caras
-
tik
шѕц
reikalas - 29,
Вајогц
sukilimas
(1831
m.)
- 29,
Вајогц
sei-
meliuose
-
tik
ükio klausimai
- 31,
Bajorai
-
caro valdininku, pagalbinin-
kai
- 32,
Lietuvos aukstujq
токукіц
uždarymas
- 33,
Bajorams svarbiausia
-
tik
Lenkija
- 33,
Lenkai „išvadavo" lietuvius
nuo lietuviii valdovu
- 34,
1863
m. sukilimas
- 37,
Sukilime
-
ne tik kilmingieji
- 37,
Valujevo
rastas
carui
- 39,
Sulenkéjusiq.
bajoru
valdoma
Lietuvos
provincija
- 43,
„Dieve,
gelbék
Lenkiją!"
- 45,
Koriko
Muravjovo iškilmingas
sutikimas
- 46,
Rep-
resijos
prieš
kunigus
- 48,
Вајогц
maršálka
A. Domeika
- 50,
Sukilime
visa
tauta
- 56,
Kun.
A.
Mackevičius
-
ѕикИеНц
vadas
- 59,
T.
Leonavičius
аріє
sukilimą
- 66,
Be paramos
iš
kitur
- 66,
A. Mackevicius
sukiléliia
büryje
-
67,
A. Mackevičiaus priešmirtinis paaiškinimas
- 73,
Nužudyti, nuteisti
kataliki4 kunigai
- 74,
Vyskupas M. Valančius
- 77,
Susidorojimas
su vals-
tiečiais
- 78,
Nuteistieji sukiléliai
- 80,
Koriko Muravjovo raštas carui
- 81,
Lietuviq tauta
-
be savo
šviesuomenés
- 91.
„AUŠRA" LIETUVOJE
- 93
Lietuviu genijus
-
svetimiesiems
- 93,1791
m. gegužés
3
d.
konstitucija
-
be
Lietuvos
ir lietuviiţ
tautos - 93,
S. Kairys
аріє
lietuviu,
bajoriją
- 99,
Susirüpinimas
dél
svetimos
kalbos
ir
kultüros
isigaléjimo
- 98,
Vietoje po-
lonizacijos
-
smurtinis rusinimas
- 99,
Vyskupas
M. Valančius
-
lietuvy-
bés gynéjas
- 100,
Rusa
jžymybés
-
už
rusifikaciją
- 101,
Lietuviškos
spaudos uždraudimas
- 101,
„Graždankos"
ţvedimas
- 102,
Lietuviška
spauda užsienyje
- 103,
Pirmoji Hetuvii} tautos prikélimo
programa
-104,
J.
Basanavičius
аріє
lietuviškos spaudos
gimimą
-104,
Pirmasis
„Aušros"
numeris
- 105,
J. Šliupas apie „Aušros" ísteigima
- 105,
„Tévynés myléto-
ju" draugija
- '106,
K. Grinius apie J. Basanavičiaus
ir
P. Kriaučiuno tautos
prikélimo
programa
- 107,
P. Kriaučiuno mokiniai
- 110,
V. Pietario prie-
kaištai J. Basanavičiui
- 111,
J. Šliupas apíe „Aušros" idealus
- 112,
„Auš-
984
ra"
-
lietuviq
kalbos puoselétoja
» 113,
Prieš
lietuviq kalbos niekintojus
-
114,
„Aušra"; kaíp íšsaugoíí
lietuviu.
kalbą
-116,
Bajorija
-
príešiška
„Auš-
raí"
- 117,
A.
Dambrauskas-Jakštas
-
„Vienybé ar separacija"
-117.
GALINGAS „VARPO" SKAMBESYS
- 119
V. Kudirka apie
„Aušra"
-119,
Slapta „Lietuvos" draugija
-120,
„Varpo"
isieidimas
- 120,
„Varpas"
-
V. Kudirkos
džiaugsmas
ir
skausmas
- 120,
G,
Petkevičaité-Bité
apie V.
Kudirką
-121,
V. Kudirka apie „Varpa"
-123,
J. Staugaitis apie V. Kudirkos santykj
su
Kataliku bažnyčia -
124,
Pinna
kartą sugiedota
„Tautiška giesmé"
- 125,
Vaclovas Biržiška apie „Varpo"
reíkšme
- 125,
K. Grinius
apie „Varpa"
- 127,
Skirtumas tarp varpínínku.
ir
aušríninku. gadyniu
- 128,
„Aušros"
ir
„Varpo" socialinés nuostatos"-
130,
„Varpas"
už aktyvia
ukinę ekonominę
Hetuviu. veikla
- 131,
V. Ku-
dírka apie sulenkéjusius lietuvius
-135,
„Varpas"
prieš Kražiit skerdyniu.
vykdytojus
- 135,
V.
Kudirka
dél
Popiežiaus abejingumo
- 136,
„Varpas"
prieš davatkíškuma
-137, Kai
kurie Iíetuviu. tautinio prisikélimo veíkéjai
-
138,
„Varpas"
prieš išdavikiškuma"
- 140.
ПЕТШГЏ
ORGANÍZACIJOS
IR
PARTIJOS- 143
„Kairiujq"
ir
„dešinitijtt"
išsiskyrimas iš iietuviu valstietijos
- 143,
Lietu-
viai „Proletariato"
veikloje
- 144,
Ameríkos Iietuviu socialisty
partija
-
144,
Pirmasis
Hetuviiţ
socialdemokratq
partijos
ikuréjas
- 145,
K. Grinius
apie Lietuvos socialdemokratit
partijos steigiamajl
suvažiavima
-145,
Lie-
tuvos socialdemokrati^ partijos
programa
- 147,
LSDP
dél
Lietuvos
atsi-
skyrimo nuo Rusijos
-152,
LSDP suvažiavímas
1902
m.
-153,
A. Moravskis
apie lenku socialistu,
tikslus
-153,
S. Kaírys apie Lietuvos socialdemokra-
tus
- 154,
J. PUsudskis prieš lietuviu
tautą
- 154,
LSDP rezoliucija prieš
lenkq užmačias
-154,
Lenku.
„Socialdemokratiska
darbininku.
partija
Lie-
tuvoje"
-155.
KRIKŠČIONYS DEMOKRATA!
-157
„Žemaičiu
ir
Lietuvos apžvalga"
- 158,
Kun.
Kazimieras Pakalniškis
(Dé-
dé
Atanazas)
- 158,
J. Tumas-Vaižgantas ír „Tévynés
sargas"
- 159,
Kun.
J, Radzevičiaus skundas
гиѕц
komisarui
-160,
K. Grinius apie kunigus
-
162,
Lietuvos krikšcíoniu.
demokratu
partijos
tkurimas"
- 163.
VARPININKAÏ
IR
LIETUVOS DEMOKRAT^
PARTIJA
- 165
Varpininkai:
vienintelís Iietuviu
tautos kelias -
savarankiškumas
- 165,
Varpminkq išugdyta Lietuvos
demokratu partija -
166,
Lietuvos demok¬
ratu
partijos
programa
-167,
Antrasis
LDP
suvažiavimas
- 177.
985
DIDYSIS LÍETUViy
SEIMAS VILNIUJE - 179
Lietuviškos
spaudos draudimo panaikinimas - 179, „Kruvinasis sekma-
dienis" - 180, Streikai Lietuvoje - 181, Lietuvos
socialdemokrati^ partijos
manifestas
- 182,
„Kokią
mes turime jtaisyti tvarka"
- 188,
Pijus
X
ragina
buti
ištikimais
Rusijos carui
- 190,
Prelato
J. Antanavičiaus laiškas tikin-
tiesiems
- 190,
Lietuviq tautos
noras
buti istorijos küréja
- 191,
J.
Basana-
vičius
аріє
Didiji Vilniaus
Seimą
- 192,
Lietuvos socialdemokratai
аріє
caro manifesta
- 197,
Pìrmasis Seimo posédis
- 200,
Antrasis Seimo
posé-
dis
- 201,
Trečiasis
Seimo posèdis
- 203,
Ketvirtasis Seimo posédis
- 204,
Seimo
nuta
rimai
- 207,
Nutarimas dèi lietuviu.
autonomijos
- 207,
Dél
vals-
сіц, гпокукіц
ir
Ьаапусіц
- 208,
К.
Griniaus raginimas
- 211,
Skapiškio
valstiečiii nutarimas
- 211,
Pagrindiniai
lietuviiţ
valstiečia reikalavimai
-
213,
Dvarininkq,
bajora
pagalbos šauksmas
- 214,
Rusu. nuolaidos lietu-
viams
- 214,
Prelato
К.
Šaulio atsiminimai
- 214.
CARINES DOMOS-
215
Lietuviai Pirmoje dumoje
- 215,
J. Kubiliaus kalba
шѕц
teisme
- 216,
Nau-
ji rinkimai \
Dumą
- 218,
Antros
dűmos paleidimas
- 219,
Kai
kurie Iietu-
νίμ
tautinio
prisikèlimo veikéjai
- 219,
Rinkimai \ Treciąją dumą
- 221,
Visa,
kas
nerusiška,
persekiojimai
- 222,
P. Stolypino
nužudymas
- 222,
Ketvirtojí duma
- 223.
„NEBEUŽTVENKSI
UPES BÉGIMO."
- 225
„Sietyno" draugija
- 225,
„Artojo" draugija
- 225,
„Lietuvíij
kalbos
mylé-
tojq"
draugija
- 225,
„Žiburélio"
draugija
- 226,
„Šviesos"
draugija
- 227,
„Saules"
draugija
- 227,
„Žiburio"
draugija
- 227,
„Ryto" draugija
- 227,
Lietuvin
katalikiiţ
тоѓегц
draugija
- 228,
Líetuvos
motervţ
laisvés
sąjunga
-
228,
„Žvaigždes"
draugija
- 229,
„Vilniaus
капкііц"
draugija
- 229,
„Šv. Juo-
zapo darbininkq draugija"
- 229,
Pirmoji
lietuviiţ
dailés paroda
- 230,
Lie-
tuviu_ dailés draugija
- 231.
LIETUViy MOKSLO DRAUGIJA
IR
LIETUVIIJ TAUTA
- 233
LMD valdyba (komitetas)
- 233,
J. Basanavičiaus kalba LMD steígíamaja-
me susirinkime
- 233,
LMD
-
Lietuvos
токѕ1ц
akademijos pradininké
-
237,
Pirmasis lietuviškas mokslo žurnalas „Lietuviu tauta"
- 238,
„Lietuviu
tautos" redakcijos taryba
- 238,
„Lietuviiţ
tautos" autoríaí ~
239,
LMD
-
lietuvaţ
mokslo
ir kultüros
sajudžio
centras
- 244,
Kalbos
prie J. Basanavi¬
čiaus
каро:
D. Alseikos
- 245,
Kun.
K. Čibiro
- 245,
J. Tumo-Vaižganto
-
246,
Kun.
M. Krupavičiaus paskelbtas J. Basanavičiaus nekroiogas
- 248.
986
TURINYS
LIETUVIV TAUTA PIRMOJO PASAULINIO
KARO
METAIS -
251
Karo
pretekstas
- 252, Karo
pradžia
- 254,
Kaizerio Vilhelmo H aiškinimas
- 255,
A. Gintneris apie
karo
pradžia
- 257,
P. Ruseckas apie
karo
pradžia
Žemaitijoje
- 260,
G. Petkevičaité-Bité apie
karci
- 263,
Kun.
P.
Žadeikio
užrašai apie
karą
- 267.
RUSIJOS PRALAIMÉJIMAS
- 283
Rusijos kariuomené Rytu
Prüsijoje - 283,
Rusijos kariuomené apsuptyje
-
284,
Lietuviai žuvo didvyriškai
- 286,
Žydai
-
j
Rusiją
- 287,
Pirmojo pa-
saulinio
karo
kai
кигіц
ivykiq
kronika
- 289.
GROBIS
-
VISA LIETUVA
- 303
J. Basanavičius
apie
1915-1917
m. Lietuva
- 303,
P.
Žadeikis apie
vokie-
čius Žemaitijoje
- 306,
P. Ruseckas apie
vokiečius
Salantuose
- 308,
Is G. Pet-
kevičaités-Bités
dienoraščio
- 311,
J.
Plieninis apie
vokiškajj
siaubą
- 312.
VOKIEČ1V
OKUPACINÉ VALDŽIA
- 319
Ober
Osto valdymas
- 320,
Lietuvos ukis
vokiečii^ okupacijos
metais
-
321,
Lietuva-
vokiečiams-322,
Bulviiţ
sodinimas
-323,
јѕакутц
irpalie-
рітц
faksimilés
- 324,
Varnos
lietuvut
maistui
- 333,
Visa, kas geriausia,
-
vokiečiams
- 333,
Rekvizicijos
- 334,
Priverstiniai darbai
- 335,
M. UrbŠie-
né apie priverstinius darbus
- 336,
P.
Žadeikis apie
Skuodo
bažnyčios varpu
išgelbéjima
-338,
Viršaičin valdžia
- 339,
Jskundimai,
šnipai
- 340,
Vokie-
сіц
slaptoji policija
- 341,
Žydai
-
okupanta
talkininkai
- 342,
Reikalavi-
mai kunigams
-345,
Kataliku
bažnyčios hierarchii
laišku
faksimilés -
346,
Dirbti
vokiečiq labui
ir sekmadieniais
- 355,
Kunigq ir
okupantu
santy-
kiai
- 356, Gen.
fon
Liüdendorfas
apie
save
ir
okupuotą
Lietuva,
- 358.
ŠVIETIMAS VOKIEČiy OKUPACIJOS
METAIS -
365
VokiečÍ4 kolonizacijos tikslai
- 365,
Lietuviiţ
teisé
-
bernauti vokiečiams
-
366,
Мокукгц
steigimas-
366,
Švietimo
germanizacija
- 367,
Draudimas
steigti mokyklas ~
369,
Lietuviq mokytojq stygius
- 370,
Skundas dèi
mo¬
ky toju. rengimo
- 371,
J. Basanavičius apie vokietinima
- 372,
Vokiečiai
užima gimnazijas
- 374,
Vadovéliams rengti
komisija
- 377.
OKUPACIJOS
МЕТУ
SP
AUD A, RYŠ1AI,
TEISINGUMAS
- 379
„Dabartis"
-
vokietinimo laikraštis
- 379,
Dienraštis „Kownoer
Zeitung" -
383, „Das neue Litauen" - 384, „Ateities" leidimas - 385, „Darbo
balsas"
-
385,
„Tévynés
sargas"
- 385,
Atsišaukimas
- 386,
„Lietuvos
aidas" -
387,
„Миѕц
raudiţ
giesmé"
(faksimile)
-388,
Skelbimas apie „Lietuvos
aida/'
-
388,
„Lietuvos aido" vedamasis
- 390,
„Lietuvos
aidas"
-
lietuviškumo
ufRiNvs
987
rodìklis
- 393,
Susisiekimo apribojimai
- 394,
Lietuviška
spauda okupaci-
jos
metais (faksimilés)
- 394,
Ryšiai
okupacijos
metais
- 395,
Okupantu
teismai
- 396.
LIETUViy TAUTA
-
LIETUVOS
SUVEREN
AS
- 401
Laikinasis lietuviu. komitetas
ir
Draugija nuo
karo
nukentéjusiems šelpti
-
401,
Caro manifestas
аріє
laisve
tautoms
- 402,
Lietuviai
už
Lietuva etni-
nèse
žemése
- 403,
„Gintariné"
deklaracija
- 403,
Lenką
ріііесіц
komitetas
nukentéjusiems
nuo karo
šelpti
- 404,
Lietuviu.
draugija
nukentéjusiems
nuo karo
šelpti
- 405,
Nukentéjusiems
nuo karo
gyventojams
agronomi-
jos ir
teisiu. pagalbai teikti draugija
- 406.
TARPKRYŽKELIV-407
Lenkai
prieš lietuviu.
tautos
savarankiškuma ~
407,
JAV
lietuviiţ
kataliku,
seimas
- 411,
Politikos informacijos biuras
JAV
- 412,
JAV
lietuviu, Tautos
taryba
- 412,
Lietuviiţ
peticija
- 413,
Antrasis visuotinis Amerikos lietuviu,
seimas
- 415,
Lietuvos
šelpimo
fondas
- 415,
Autonomijos
fondas
- 416,
Kreipimasis,
kad butu.
leista
atkurti
Lietuvos
Didźiąją Kunigaikśtystę
-
416,
Rusijos
lietuviu, šalpos organizaciju, suvažiavimas
- 416,
Lietuviu tau¬
tos
taryba
Rusijoje
- 417,
Lietuviiţ
seimas
Petrapiìyje -
417,
Laikinasis Lie¬
tuvos
valdymo
komitetas Rusijoje
- 417,
Tautos pažangos
partijos
Rusijoje
rezoliucija
dél
nepriklausomos Lietuvos atkurimo
- 418,
Rusijos tautu. kon-
gresas Kijeve
- 419,
Lietuviu,
кагіпіпкц
ir
кагіц
sąjungos ¡sikurimas
- 420,
Lietuviu.
риікц
Rusijoje steigimo
komisija
- 420,
Antrasis lietuviu.
кагіц
suvažiavimas
- 421,
Lietuviu. vyriausioji taryba Rusijoje
- 421,
Lietuviu,
konferencija
Štokholme
- 422,
Lietuviu.
konferencija
Berne
- 427,
Lietuviiţ
konferencija Lozanoje
- 428,
Pavergtuju,
tautu. konferencija Lozanoje
- 431,
Lietuviu memorandumas Lozanoje
- 432,
Antroji lietuviu. konferencija Lo¬
zanoje
- 435,
Didžiosios Lietuvos
Kunigaikštystés
konferencija
- 437,
Di-
džiosios Lietuvos
Kunigaikštystés
nuostatos
- 437,
Žydai už
Lietuvos
prisijungima
prie
Vokietijos
- 439,
Lietuviu.
šviesuoliu.
kreipimasis „Lie-
tuvai"
- 439,
Memorandumas
vokieciiţ
Rytu. karo
vadui
- 442,
Lenku,
impe-
rialistinés
užmačios
- 444,
Lietuviu. memorandumas Vokietijos kanderiui
-
445,
Sulenkéje katalika dvasininkai
prieš Lietuva
- 446.
VILNIAUS KONFERENCIJOS
KOMITETAS
IR JO NUTARIMAI
- 447
Vokiečiai
аріє
Lietuvos
nepriklausomybę
- 447,
Lietuviu.
konferencijai su-
šaukti
komitetas
- 448,
P.
Klimo
kaiba
- 449,
J. Šaulio
kaiba
- 450,
A.
Sme¬
tonos
kaiba
- 451, Ar
su rusais,
ar
su
vokiečiais?
- 453,
J. Smilgevičiaus
kaiba
- 454,
S. Kairio
kaiba
- 455,
Komiteto rezoliucija
- 457.
988
KONFERENCIJA
VILNIUJE
IR
JOS
NUTARIMAI-
459
Atstoviţ
rinkimai
- 459,
Rinktis mažesne
blogybę
- 461,
Lietuvos
politine
ateitis
- 462,
Tik už
nepriklausomą
Lietuva-
468,
Lietuvos
Taryba
ír
jos
пагілі
- 469,
Okupacinés valdžios
palinkéjimai LietuvosTarybai
- 469.
PRIPAŽINIMAS
ВН
VALDŽIOS
- 471
„Sava,
lietuviška
valdžia"
- 471,
Lietuviq
koníerencijos Vilniuje
nutari-
mams
prítaré
visí
lietuvíai
- 473,
Antroji Hetuviu.
konferencija
Berne -
474,
A.
Smetonos paskaita Berlyne
„Lietuviiţ
klausimas"
-477,
Уокіесіц
„Lie¬
tuvos nepriklausomybés skelbimo projektas"
- 477,
Lietuva:
buti
padaly-
tai
tarp dvieju
окирапгч,
ar.
- 478,
Gruodžio
10
d. LT posèdis
- 478,
Gruodžio
11
d.
aktas
- 479,
Okupanta
„teisè
apsispręsti"
- 481,
Lietuvos
Tarybos
komisarai apskrityse
- 481,
LT
raštas reichskancleriui
- 482,
Nau-
ja Nepriklausomybés akto formuluoté
- 483,
Уокіесіц
reikalavimas Lietu¬
vos Tarybai
- 484,
Nauji Nepriklausomybés akto svarstymaí
- 485,
Nesutarimai Lietuvos Taryboje
-486,
Vokietijos ir Rusijos derybq nutrau-
kimas
Breste-
491, 1918
m.
vasario
16
d. Lietuvos Tarybos
posédžiopro-
tokolas ~
493,
J. šaulys
аріє
Nepriklausomybés akto
paskelbimą
- 496,
M. Bíržiška
аріє
Akto pasiraśymą
- 498,
P.
Klimas apie
Akta
- 498.
VASARIO
16-OSlOS AKTO SIGNATARAI (KAI KURIE BIOGRAFINIAI
DUOMENYS)-500
Saliamonas Banaitis, Jonas
Basanavičius
- 500, Mykolas
Biržiška,
Kazi-
mieras Bizauskas - 501, Pranas Dovydaitis - 502, Steponas Kairys - 503,
Petras Klimas,
Donatas
Malinauskas - 504,
Viadas Mironas
- 505, Stanis-
lovas
Narutaviéius,
Alfonsas Petrulis - 506, Antanas Smetona - 508r Jonas
Smilgeviäus, Justinas Staugaitis - 509, Aleksandras Stulginskis - 510,
Jur¬
gis
Šaulys, Kazimieras Šaulys
- 511,
Jokübas sernas
- 512, Jonas Vaüokai-
tis,
Jonas
Vileišis
- 513.
LIETUVOS
NEPRIKLAUSOMYBÉS
PRIPAŽINIMAS
- 515
Bresto taikos sutartis
pagai
ч'окіесїц
norą
- 515,
Kaizeris
Vilhelmas
II
1917
m.
kovo
23
d, pripažjsta Lietuvos
nepriklausomybę
pagai
Gruodžio
11
d.
akta
-
517,
Vatìkanas
atsisako pripažinti Lietuvos
nepriklausomybę
- 519,
Okupaci-
né valdžia
ignoravo
Lietuvos Taryba,
-521,
Lietuvos Taryba skelbia Lietuva.
karalyste
- 521,
Laiškas busimam Lietuvos karaliui
- 521,
Lietuvos karaliaus
konstitucija
- 522,
Lietuvos Tarybos persitvarkymas i Lietuvos Valstybés Ta¬
ryba
- 529,
LVT
-
už
demokratinę nepriklausomą
Lietuva
- 539,
Karaliaus
išrinkimas
sukélé samyšj Bcrlyne
- 540,1918
m.
spalio
20
d. Vokietijos Reí-
chas leidžia Lietuvai skelbti savo
Nopriklausomybę
pagai
1918
m.
Vasario
16
d.
akta
- 540,1918
m.
spalio
28
d.
LVT
nusprendžia sudaryti Laikinqja
Tt'RiNvs
989
Lietuvos vyriausybe
- 542,1918
m.
lapkričio
2
d. L
VT
atšaukia
savó
nu
tarima
skelbti Lietuva karalyste
- 543,
„Lietuvos Valstybés Laikinosios konstitucijos
pamatiniai désniai"
- 543,
Lietuvos
Vyriausybès
vadovas A. Voldemaras
-
545,
Lietuvos Valstybés
Tarybos Prezidiumo atsišaukimas
- 546,1918
m.
lap¬
kričio
14
d. pirmasis viesas Laikinosios Lietuvos vyriausybés posédis
- 548,
A.
Smetonos
kaiba
- 548,
A. Voldemaro
kaiba
- 549,
Laikinosios vyriausybés
programa
- 552,
Gudu atstovq
deklaracija
dél
prisijungimo
prie
Lietuvos
-
555,
Lenkijos
invazija
\
Gudiją
- 557,
Lenku,
antilietuviška
veikla
- 557,
Žy-
dai
-
už
didelę
Lietuvos valstybe ~
558,
LVT ir Lietuvos Vyriausybés pastan-
gos sukurti Vilniuje lietuviu. universiteta
- 558,
Vürúaus universiteto
statutas
-
559,
Kai
kurie inteligenta!
-
nepriklausomos
tautínés Lietuvos
kCirèjai
- 560.
NAUJV
IŠBANDYMV
META! -
563
Pastangos organizuoti Lietuvos
kariuomenę
- 563,
Krasto
apsaugos mi-
nisterijos jsteigimas - 565, LVT apie Lietuvos
kariuomenés organizavima
-
568,
Sovietu valdžia
Vilniuje - 572,
Maskvos pripažintoji
sovietq
valdžia
Lietuvoje - 578, Raudonosios armijos
invazija
- 578, LVT
ir vyriausybés
atstovai
išvyksta j užsienj ieškoti
paramos -
578,
Laikinosios Vyriausybés
vadovas
M. Sleževičius
-579,
Naujos Laikinosios vyriausybés
deklaracija
-
581,
Lietuvos Vyriausybés nota Rusijos vyriausybei
dél
jos
agresijos \ Lie-
tuva
- 584,
Atsišaukimas
\ Lietuvos
žmones
- 585,
Gedimino
bokšte
-
Lie¬
tuvos Trispalvé
- 587,
Laikinoji vyriausybé Kaune
- 587.
ATNAUJINTAS TAUTOS MANDATAS
- 589
Laikinosios vyriausybés
rastas
Vokietijos vyriausybei
-589,
Bolševiku, oku-
paciné
valdžia
- 590,
Lietuvos gynimo
mušia
su
bolševiku,
kariuomenę sche-
mos
- 593,
Antrosios Lietuvos konferendjos
sušaukimas
- 597,
¡statymas
konferencijai sušaukti
- 599,
Antroji
konferencija
Kaune
- 600,
J. Staugaitis
apie LVT nuveiktus darbus
- 600,
Apie LVT P. Grajauskas
- 605,
P.
Klimo
rezoliucija
dél
LVT
- 606,
Kitos rezoliucijos
- 606,
Rezoliucija
dél
„Šalieš orga-
nizavimo"
- 613,
Kai
kurie Lietuvos Respublikos vyriausybiu. nariai
- 620.
VALDŽIOS KAITOS
IR
KOVy
ΜΕΤΑΙ
- 621
M. Sleževičiaus vyriausybés atsistatydinimas
- 621,
P. Dovydaičio vyriau¬
sybé
- 621,
A.
Smetonos
išrinkimas pirmuoju nepriklausomos Lietuvos
Prezidentu
- 622,
Ketvirtoji, M. Sleževičiaus vyriausybé
- 622,
Lenkai oku-
puoja Vilniu
ir
Rytu
Lietuva
- 623,
Vyriausybès
atsišaukimas „Lietuvos
piliečiať'
- 623,
Vyriausybés nota
Prancüzijos karínéi
misijai
- 626,
Nauja
nota
Prancüzii
misijai
dél
Lenkijos
agresijos
- 627,
Lenkijos tolesné
inva¬
zija
\ Lietuva
- 628,
Kreipimasis „Lietuvos piliečiai"
- 628,
Bermontininku.
invazija
j Lietuva
- 631,
Pergalé prieš bermontininkus
- 634.
990
TURINYS
LENKI/
„PENKTOJJ
KOLONA"
-635
Lenkiţ
„pasipriešinimo"
organizacijos
Lietuvoje
- 635,
Lenku
antilietuviš-
kas atsišaukimas
- 635,
Lenkijos Steigiamojo
scimo nutarimas
prisijungti
Lietuva
- 638,
M. Šalčius
аріє Іепкц
sąmokslą,
Lietuvoje
- 638,
J.
Piisud-
skio „ša uli
ц
büreliai", „Kovos
sąjungos"
ir kt.
- 643,
„Polska organizacja
wojskowa" (POW)
-643,
POWsąmokslas
Lietuvoje
1919
m.
rugpjučio
pa-
baigoje
- 644,
M.
Kubiliűtés atsiminimai
- 645,
Lenkij
ѕатокѕНшпкц
su-
émimai
- 648,
M.
Šalčius
dar
аріє Іепкц
sąmokslą
- 649,
P.
Klimas
аріє
Іепкц
sąmokslą
- 651, Kai
кигіц
POW ir
Lietuvos karíuomenés
teismo
do¬
kumenta
faksinïilès
- 655,
Valstybés kaltintojo
J. Papečkio
kaiba POW tcis-
me
- 660,
„POW
bendroji instrukcija"
- 680,
POW „Ypatingoji
instrukcija
skyriams
ir
sekcijoms"
- 682,
POW
Кайло
apygardos
organizacija
- 684,
Lenkai: gelbétí Lietuva nuo lietuviia
- 689,
J. Pilsudskis
-
nusikaltelis
- 690,
V.
Putvinskis-Pütvis apie POW
- 690,
Lenkija
ir
atgimstanti Lietuva
- 694.
KA UNO KAREIViy SUKILIMAS
- 697
LAIMÉTOJLJ SUOKALBIS
- 707
Deklaracijos dél deklaracij4
- 707.
Rusijos imperijos, bet ne
ta u
tu, teisiq
gynimas
- 708,
Lenk4
геікаіц
komisija
Paryžiuje
- 709,
Prancuzíja
-
Len¬
kijos gynéja
- 709,
Lietuviq delegacijos
Paryžiuje
- 710,
Pagalbinis delega-
cijos personalas
- 713,
P.
Klimas
apie Lietuvos
delegacija
Paryžiuje -
713,
„Trumpa
Lietuvos
Taikos delegacijos apyskaita"
(faksimile)
- 724,
Kai
ku¬
rie
Lietuvos atstovaí Taikos konferencijoje
ir
užsienio
valstybése (nuotrau-
kos)-733.
KARINÈS IR
DIPLOMATINES MISIJOS
LIETUVOJE
- 753
JAV prezidento atsÍ4Sta
misija
- 753,
Lietuvos valstybés nepriklausomy-
bés iikimas
-
nuo Rusijos
bolševiku
pergales
- 753,
Prancüzijos karíné
mi¬
sija
-
Lenkijos
ţrankis
- 754,
Amerikos
іієплуіц
savanoriu,
sąjunga
- 756,
Laisvés
sargia
sąjunga
- 756,
Lietuvos
karíné
misija
- 756,
Lietuvai
ginţi
brigada
-
756/ Vokietijos, Anglijos
кагіпіпкц
paslauga
- 758,
Lietuvos ne-
priklausomybés Iikimas
-
расіц
lietuvitj rankose - 759,
Biznis
su paramos
aureole
- 759.
STEIGIAMASIS SEIMAS
- 761
Steigiamojo Seimo komisijos
posédžio
protokolas
(faksimile)
- 762,
„Lie¬
tuvos Steigiamojo Seimo
гіпкітц
jstatymas"
- 765,
Rinkimq apygardij
sa¬
rasas
- 774.
VUR1NYS
991
MAŽOSIOS LIETUVOS PRISIJUNGIMAS
PRIE
DIDŽ1OSIOS
- 777
JAV lietuviai
dél Mažosios
ir
Didžiosios Lietuvos susijungimo
- 777,
Pru¬
su Lietuvos
taryba
- 778,
Susijungimo su Didžiaja Lietuva deklaracija
-
778/
Klaipeda
prancuzu. valdžioje
- 779,
Lietuvos
Valstybes Tarybos
posé-
dis
- 779,
Prezidento
A.
Smetonos
kaiba
- 780,
LVT Pirmininko S.
Šilingo
kaiba
- 782,
Martyno
Jankaus kaiba
- 787,
J. Strekio kaiba
- 788,
K.
Lekšo
kaiba
- 789,
Ministro
Pirmininko E. Galvanausko kaiba
- 791/
Latvijos at-
stovo P. Lazdinio kaiba
- 792,
Gudu. atstovo
D.
Siemaškos
kaiba
- 793,
Gudu.
геікаіц
ministro
J. Voronkos
kaiba
- 794,
Žydu. atstovo N. Rachmi-
levidaus kalba
- 794,
K. Lekšo kalba
- 795,
Lenkijos užmačios
dél
Klaipé-
dos
- 797,
P.
Klimas
аріє
Klaipeda
ir jos
krasto išvadavima
- 797,
Mažosios
Lietuvos
Vyriausiasis gelbèjìmo
komitetas
- 799,
Sukilimas
- 800,
Ambasa-
doriij konferencija
- 802,
Klaipeda
ir jos
kraštas
-
nuo amžiu,
lietuviu,
žemé
-802.
STEIGIAM
ASIS
SEIMAS
IR JO NARIAI
- 803
Rinkimu. rezultatai
- 803/
Lietuvos
кгікесіопіц
demokratu partija
-
lai-
métoja
- 803,
\
Steigiamąji Seimą
-jauni
žmonés
- 805,
J valdžia
-
valstiečiai
-
805,
Krikšcioniu.
demokratu,
bloko atstovai Steigiamajame
Seime
- 806,
Vals-
Їіесіц
liaudininku.
bloko atstovai
- 839/
Socialdemokrati}
atstovai Steigia¬
majame
Seime
- 864/
Nepartiniai
Steigiamajame
Seime -
874,
Žydu atstovai
Steigiamajame
Seime
- 875,
Lenk4 atstovai Steigiamajame
Seime
- 877,
Vokiečiit atstovai Steigiamajame
Seime
- 878.
STEIGIAMOJO SEIMO VEIKLOS PRADŽIA
- 879
J.
Turnas-
Vaižgantas apie
Steigiamąji Seimą
- 879,
K. Žuko
atsiminimai
-
881,
Prezidento A.
Smetonos kalba
- 882,
G.
Petkevičaités
kalba
- 887/
Sei-
mo Pirmininko A. Stulgmskio kalba
- 889,
V. Daugirdaité-Sruogiené apie
Steigiamąji Seimą
- 893/
M.
Vaitkaus prisiminimai
- 893,
Sveikinimai
-
893/
Steigiamojo Seimo
Statutas
- 894,
Lietuvos valstybes Konstitucijos
rengimas
- 905,
„Laikinoji Lietuvos Valstybes Konstitucija"
-906,
K. Gri-
niaus
vyriausybé
- 908,
Vyriausybés
deklaracija
Steigiamajam
Seimui
-
908/
S. Kairio kalba
- 917/
M.
Krupavičiaus
kalba
- 920,
Tautinés
mažu-
mos
prieš
lietuviiţ
valstybès
stiprinimą
- 921,
„Tauta ir kalba"
- 922,
P.
Kli¬
mas:
„Lietuvos
valstybé
ir
žydai"
- 923.
BAIGIAMIEJI
PAMĄSYMAI
- 925
THE NATIONAL
REBIRTH OF LITHUANIA
- 953
PAVARDŽIIJ
RODYKLÈ
- 967
APIE AUTORIV
- 983
992
THE NATIONAL REBIRTH
OF LITHUANIA
Final reflections
The Lithuanian nation, which already in the middle of the 13th century
created one of the most powerful states in East Europe, the State of
Lithuania, defended Western Europe from the Hordes
oí
Mongols and
Tartars for several centuries, and the Eastern Slavs from the Orders of the
Crusaders and of the Knights of the Sword, started losing its statehood in
the 16th century. The Lithuanian nation in its own country became a
voiceless nation of serfs, whereas the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
broke up completely at the end of the 18th century and was partitioned by
the imperialist states, and Lithuania fell under the power of the Russian
Empire and almost for one hundred and twenty years it was the so-called
North-eastern territory of the Russian Empire. However, according to the
poet Maironis, despite of "the five-century long night without a dawn",
the Lithuanian nation at the end of World War I not only recreated its
statehood, but also started creating a totally new, democratic, national
and independent State of Lithuania. This monograph attempts to give
answers to the questions concerning the reasons for the rise and decline
and again the revival of the Lithuanian nation, the influence of the so-
called ethnic minorities, separate layers of the population, the estates, and
first of all the bright people of the nation
-
the intelligentsia in this respect
and similar questions.
The data of archival and literature sources provided in the book prove
that the fall
oí
the State
oí
Lithuania was predetermined by the persistent
defence of its own religion, as a result of which the Lithuanian nation was
the last in Europe that consented to be baptized. This made it possible for
the predatory German orders, with the blessing of the Pope and with the
help of almost whole of Lithuania, under the cover of the flag of
Christianity, to intrude into the lands of Lithuania, to devastate and to kill
(the fact that Lithuanians resisted so persistently to the Christianization
also predetermined their rather high culture that was quite often higher
than the baptizers themselves). On the other hand, the rulers of Lithuania,
still more concentrating their forces on the defence
oí
their state, devoted
still less attention to the founder of that state
-
the Lithuanian nation, to
strengthening its language and culture. After the assassination of King
Mindaugas, new rulers, on the contrary, were more concerned not so much
of rallying into one state the Baltic tribes, close to Lithuanians, if to use the
modern terminology, creating the national Lithuanian state, but rather
Ai-GIMANTASUf-KIS
953
the multinational empire, as a result very soon in that multinational empire
of Lithuania, the Lithuanians themselves started constituting the "ethnic
minority". Even in the times of Vytautas Magnus, though the State of
Lithuania reached the shores of the Black Sea, and not only the Eastern
but also the Western states had to take into consideration the State of
Lithuania, the Lithuanian nation declined further, the number of the
Lithuanian language speakers decreased, and the limits of the use of the
Lithuanian language became narrowed
-
the Lithuanians who remained
to rule the Russian and Belarusian land, wishing to worm themselves into
favour of the indigenous people, took over quickly their language, religion,
and very soon themselves got Russified and Belarusified. It is not
accidentally that the Belarusian and Russian chronicles comment so nicely
the times when those lands belonged to the State of Lithuania and they
were under the rule of Lithuanians. No data exist in history that in any
Slavonic lands, ruled by Gediminas, Vytautas and other dukes, the local
people had ever started speaking Lithuanian.
Even though the feeling as being citizens of Lithuania was inherent
for the grand dukes of Lithuania, they still did not have the national one;
probably, it was a kind of national feeling. Thus they most often started
speaking Belarusian or Russian, since almost all of them were married to
the Slavonic women. Here Duke
Kęstutis
was an exception. His spouse
was a Lithuanian, he ruled only the Lithuanian land (the Slavonic lands in
those times were ruled by his brother
Algardas,
who became Russified
completely, and his
17
children thus were lost for Lithuania in the sea of
Slavs). However,
Kęstutis,
the true Lithuanian ruler and gifted war leader,
was assassinated in the Kreva Castle by
Jogaila,
the Grand Duke of
Lithuania, who was afraid of
Kęstutis
and his son Vytautas as rivals.
Jogaila in
order to obtain the crown of the King of Poland and the hand
of Princess Jadvyga signed an agreement of unequal partnership, under
which Lithuania, though several times larger, was annexed to the Kingdom
of Poland under the title of duchy, granting the right to Poles to baptize
Lithuania. Certainly, thus it was attempted to stop the onset of the Crusaders
who declared throughout Europe that they just wanted to baptize Lithuania.
On the other hand, such behaviour of
Jogaila also
meant a new turn for
Lithuania, from the Russians-Belarusians, from Eastern culture, to the Poles
-
Western European. As a matter of fact, it also meant a new trend in the
tragedy of the Lithuanian nation: from
Russification
to Polonization, from
Orthodox Christianity to Catholicism. The rulers of Poland imagined that
they had not only to baptize Lithuania, but also to Polonize it.
The Lithuanian nobility still managed for more than two centuries to
preserve the independence of Lithuania, but with Russia strengthening
and attempting to annex the Slavonic lands of Lithuania, and with the
954
uKTuvig
тлитоѕ
pkisikêi.imas
wars between Lithuania and Livonia, as well as the Crimean Tartars started,
wishing to receive the help from Poland, it had to sign the Union of Lublin
in
1569.
According to it, the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of
Lithuania was united into one state, thus creating all conditions for further
Polonization of Lithuania, especially when the Poles took over the Catholic
Church and the entire education in Lithuania, and the Lithuanian nobility
gradually took over the Polish language and culture, believing that it better
suited their estate, whereas the Lithuanian language was believed to be
good for serfs and pagans.
The act of the Union of Lublin was not changed essentially until the
fall of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth at the end of the 18th century,
when on May
3,1791
the
Sejm
of Poland adopted the Constitution where
the name of the State of Lithuania or the Lithuanian nation was not
mentioned. Only "Poland", the "Polish nation". This was the document
evidencing the victory of Polonization of the State of Lithuania and of the
Lithuanian nation.
On the other hand, in its essence, the Constitution in question was a
step back if compared to the Statute of Lithuania and with the progress of
the thought of law in Western Europe and the world: this Polish
Constitution enforced the system of classes, the domination of the nobles,
even though throughout the world the human rights and the rights of
self-determination of the nations were still more louder declared (for
example, in France the "Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen"
was declared in
1789,
even though in England already a century ago the
ideas of Parliamentarism were being implemented). The more so that
attempts were made to return the State to the early Middle Ages
-
the
right of inheritance of the throne of the ruler (until then he was commonly
elected in Lithuania as the Grand Duke, and in Poland as the King). This was
also one of the most intolerant state documents in respect of religions and
views. E.g., its first article "the Dominant Religion" says "The dominant
religion of the nation is and will be the Roman Catholic holy faith with all its
rights. The conversion from the dominant religion (to be understood Catholic
-
A. L.) into some other is prohibited and punished as apostasy.", etc.
The Constitution for Lithuania was a kind of the resolution for the
implementation of the Act of the Union of Lublin: from the foresight about
the incorporation of the State of Lithuania into Poland contained in those
acts to the already accomplished fact stated in the Constitution of May
3.
In general, it is a unique case in the history that the powerful Lithuania
became a province of Poland, and the Lithuanian nobility was Polonized.
Until then the grand dukes of Lithuania were mostly elected as kings of
Poland: the territory of Lithuania at first was considerably larger than
Poland. The Poles succeeded in turning Lithuania into a province and
ΊΙΕ
NATIONAL REBIRTH OP LITHUANIA
955
exercising its further Polonization in the course of several centuries. It
was also predetermined by the fact that Poles were the patriots not only of
their State but also of their nation, that their State was formed only in their
own lands, that Catholicism became the religion of the State almost
simultaneously with the formation of the State, and that the Polish nobility
all the time spoke Polish and cherished their native language. Thus
"Poland", "Polish" and "Catholic" had become a synonym for the people
of all classes here. With the democracy of the nobles and the right of veto
being enforced in the
Sejm,
it was partly the reason that Polish kings, often
of Lithuanian origin, started showing a greater concern for Poland than
their native Lithuania. On the other hand, as it is proved by the facts given
in the book, the feeling of national self-consciousness was not strong for
the rulers of Lithuania.
Throughout the centuries, the State and its size were of special
importance for the Lithuanian rulers, and Poland was partly looked upon
as a kind of the enlargement of their own territory, thus ascension to the
throne of Poland and union with it were treated as more important than
the strengthening of the kernel of the State of Lithuania
-
the Lithuanian
nation. Meanwhile, the Polish rulers in all agreements sought for benefit
to Poland and the Polish nation. For that purpose, they used the
Christianization: sent their priests, monks, and missionaries to Lithuania,
who differently from those arriving from other countries, preached the
teaching of Christ in the Polish language, and thus forced Lithuanians to
learn Polish and explained that the Lithuanian language and culture as if
equaled the defence of Paganism. It was a gross mistake of the rulers of
Lithuania that they delegated the Christianization and enlightenment of
Lithuania to the Poles and did not control their activities, thus making the
Catholic churches the foci of Polonization and frustration of Lithuania's
independence. The more so that Lithuanians and Poles in all cases
communicated in Polish. While the agreements of the Lithuanian rulers
signed with Poland mainly served the purpose of receiving the military
support and defending the state from the enemies, Poland, with each such
agreement, aimed to subjugate Lithuania still more, and sometimes even to
weaken it, therefore the Lithuanians many a time did not receive any help
from the Poles, who sometimes even supported the enemies of Lithuania,
and had to agree with any conditions offered by their Polish "brothers".
On the other hand, in Poland, the Polish nobility gaining strength
became still more concerned with their own manors, defence of their own
rights, rather than the State. Thus at the end of the 18th century it was
ruined not because of being conquered but due to internal strife and
treason, and Lithuania was occupied by the Russian Empire. Even then,
however, the Lithuanian rulers, the nobility, did not perceive Lithuania
956
LIETUVIV TAUTOS
PRISIKĚLIMAS
as an independent state, but rather like a province of Poland, a part of the
Polish nation, Since the Russian occupational authorities did not interfere
with the education and church matters, church service was held in Polish
almost everywhere, and the parish schools were only Polish. The
Lithuanian nobles, the part of which fought and died for Poland and
"Polish faith'' in the
1831
Uprising against Russia, even did not take
advantage of the proposal of Napoleon
(1812)
to recreate the independent
State of Lithuania, since they could not imagine Lithuania without Poland.
Another part of the Lithuanian nobility, however, maintained those from
whom they expected to derive more benefit for their own selves, even not
feeling the representatives of their own nation and having lost the
perception of importance of preserving the independence of Lithuania.
They competed for the right to greet the Russian tsars or to participate in
their meeting in Lithuania. They expressed their dissatisfaction only when
the Russians curtailed their rights or refused from communication in ruling
the occupied land.
The so-called ethnic minorities in Lithuania spared no efforts in their
attempts to please the occupants. Especially the Jewish people, who even
had become the rivals of the gentry, noblemen, and deans, founding taverns
and breweries, were the usurers and helpmates of the Russian authorities.
Simultaneously, the louder voices of Lithuanians began to be heard about
the fate of their nation. Special concern in this respect was shown by the
Samogitians (Demaiciai) who were most resistant to the Polonizers and
who during the fights against the Crusaders and the Knights of the Sword
lasting for several centuries tempered their firm character. The Samogitian
noblemen did not differ much from the so-called free (royal) peasants,
from whom the bright personalities had originated, and started
propagating the honourable past of the State created by the Lithuanian
nation and the Lithuanian language.
Only after the Russians began the
Russification
of the country by
violence, forced to convert to Orthodoxy and persecuted the Catholic
Church (even though its activity was restricted in many ways also in the
previous years of the Russian rule), which was on their way, many more
progressive Catholic clergymen began to perceive that the Catholic Church
would stand as long as the Lithuanians would remain Lithuanians, would
not become Russified, since those Russified did not resist any more to
Orthodoxy as well. Therefore when the press in the Lithuanian language
was banned and persecuted, many priests contributed primarily to the
printing of prayer-books and other religious literature in Prussia and their
secret smuggling and circulation in Lithuania. Thus the Lithuanian nation
for the first time received the support of Catholic clergymen. It is interesting
to note that in the years of the ban of the Lithuanian press, no support was
Τ
HI- NATIONAL REBIRTH
ОГ-
LITHUANIA
957
received from Poland, its Church and enlightened people. Not a single
prayer-book was issued in Lithuanian, even though the Poles had their
press all the time, they published newspapers and books. The Polish
nationalists were not interested in strengthening the national feelings of
Lithuanians that could give rise to rebirth of the striving for re-
establishment of the independent State of Lithuania. Certainly, it was not
love for Lithuanians that made the Prussian authorities tolerate the printing
of Lithuanian books, but rather the fact that it contributed to the weakening
of Russia and its authority; in addition, the printing-houses gained profit.
Even though Lithuania was under the oppression of the Russian
power,
was Polonized and Russified, it still more actively started turning
from the passive support of Lithuanianism, to its active propagation and
protection, manifesting itself already as a nation. This was predetermined
by the abolition of serfdom/ opportunities opened for higher education
not only for the children of noblemen. The countries that started their fight
for the creation of independent states in the Balkans and elsewhere also
made think over many things.
An important event on the road to the revival of the Lithuanian nation
was the publishing in
1883
of the newspaper
"Aušra"
(The Dawn) in
Prussia on the initiative of Dr. Jonas
Basanavičius, J. Šliupas
and others
and its secret distribution throughout Lithuania. The newspaper used to
awaken the self-consciousness of the Lithuanian nation, its self-confidence,
inspired a hope to be independent of others, stimulated to speak only
Lithuanian, prepared the first national programme, and rallied almost all
the then intellectuals for national work. Simultaneously
"Auçra"
disclosed
the reasons for
Opposition
to the national work by the nobility and part of
the clergy: the nobility could not imagine that the Lithuanian nation could
act independently and be the creator of history, whereas part of the clergy
stimulated just to achieve that the Russian authorities would not hinder
the Catholic Church.
As a new guideline on the road of self-formation and self-liberation of
the Lithuanian nation may be considered to be the magazine
"Varpas"
(The
Beil)
started to be published in
1889
by Dr. Jonas Kudirka. This
magazine, in difference from
"Aušra",
which incited and strengthened
national self-consciousness, stimulated to dream of the bright and free
Lithuanian nation, already encouraged to solve the concrete issues relating
to the national liberation and creation of the State of Lithuania, as well as
the creation of various Lithuanian unions and parties.
"Varpas"
was the
originator of the Lithuanian Democratic Party and became the publication
of that party from
1902.
The last decade of the 19th century, with the organization of the
Lithuanians into political parties and the fight for its press and Lithuanian
958
LIETUVIUTAUTOSPRISIKELIMAS
schools, which lasted for four centuries (on May
7, 1904,
the Russian
authorities were forced to lift a ban on the Lithuanian press), witnessed
that the Lithuanian nation had matured for statehood. It was especially
evident in the
Seimas
oí
Lithuania Major in Vilnius (at the beginning of
1905)
where the issues of Lithuania's autonomy, establishment of
Lithuanian schools and municipalities, etc. were deliberated.
After the Russian authorities damped down the fire of revolution and
suppressed with repressions all that was achieved due to strikes and revolts
in
1905,
the Lithuanian nation continued its struggle for cultural and
political rights. Quite a lot was expected from their own representatives
to the Russian State Duma, hoping that with their efforts the laws, granting
not only cultural but also political autonomy to Lithuania, would be
adopted. The Lithuanians in Lithuania also further continued their
organizational, cultural and secret political activities, set up various
educational, cultural, art, economic and other societies, schools, organized
preparation and publishing of Lithuanian textbooks, staged exhibitions,
receiving a considerable support from Lithuania
émigrés,
primarily from
those living in the USA.
The Lithuanian Learned Society (LLS), established on the initiative of
J. Basanavičius
on April
7
(March
25), 1907,
rallying over
700
most
prominent Lithuanian intellectuals, scattered throughout Russia, and
aiming to develop into the Lithuanian Academy of Sciences, left a very
deep imprint on the road to the spiritual, cultural and political maturity.
The Society started publishing the first Lithuanian scholarly journal
"Lietuviiţ tauta"
(The Lithuanian Nation), organized and published the
Lithuanian textbooks, discussed not only cultural, historical, political (at
LLS meetings, it was spoken on the issue of the creation of the Lithuanian
national, democratic state), economic, etc. issues, prepared plans for the
establishment of university in Vilnius and later in Kaunas, but also those
that were really Lithuanian and secular. LLS had become the most
important centre of Lithuanian science, culture and education, maintained
by its members.
World War I stopped the Lithuanian national and political activity to
a great extent. The country was ravaged by the attacking and retreating
armies, and the violence of the German occupational authorities. A great
part of the Lithuanian activists were forced to retreat to Russia. However,
despite of restrictions and persecution on the part of the especially harsh
occupational regime, the Lithuanian nation demonstrated its maturity,
attempted to defend its own dignity, and to prove the right to be
independent. Under those conditions, the Polish organizations and parties
impeded the Lithuanian activities in many ways, trying to prove that
Lithuanians are the same Poles, just speaking differently, that Lithuania
THE NATIONAL REBIRTH
Oľ
LITHUANIA
959
had been a part of the Polish state for centuries, and Vilnius is the Polish
city. Thus for the Lithuanian activists it was necessary to fight not only
against the occupational German regime, but also with their "brothers
Poles", who could not understand that Lithuanians also wanted to be free
in their own land and to have the national state.
The most reliable supporter of Lithuanians were Belarusians, who still
not having aspirations to create their own state and remembering the times
when they were in one state with Lithuanians, supported the efforts of
Lithuanians to restore the democratic, national state and to prove that
Polish claims in respect of the Lithuanian nation and its country were
ungrounded. The most important organizer and leader of the Lithuanian
national movement were the Lithuanian intellectuals who before the
German occupation founded the Relief Committee in Vilnius for helping
victims of the war.
A very important event in creating the independent state was the
election of the Lithuanian National Council in May
1916
in St. Petersburg,
which had to lead Lithuania in the re-establishment of an independent
Lithuanian state. Later the Provisional Executive Committee of Lithuania
was formed for taking over the whole property evacuated from Lithuania
into Russia; it was concerned with Lithuanian exiles and their return to
Lithuania, organization of the elections to the Constituent
Seimas
of
Lithuania, etc.
After the February Revolution
(1917)
when the power in Russia was
taken over by the government of democratic tendency, the Lithuanians
were allowed to form their national regiments in the Russian army; a special
commission for organization of Lithuanian regiments was set up. The
Lithuanians hoped after the end of the war to come back to Lithuania and
to form the kernel of the independent Lithuanian army. Thus Lithuanians
demonstrated their high national and civil understanding and responsi¬
bility. The publication of the newspaper "Lietuvos
aidas"
(The Echo of
Lithuania), started to be published in September
1917,
solved issues relating
to the re-establishment of Lithuanian national statehood.
Germany, realizing that it will not win the war, that after the revolution
in Russia, the Russian new authorities speak of democracy and freedom
for the nations, started preparing the plans for restructuring of the rule of
the occupied Eastern nations, in
1917,
Germany offered to establish the
"councils of trustees" in
Kurças (Curonia)
and then in Lithuania as if
representing people of those lands. The Lithuanians agreed since Poland
could serve as an example, as it formed such council and signed an
agreement with Germany. On November
5,1916,
the emperors of Germany
and Austria declared Poland independent, hoping that Poland would join
in the war against Russia. Thus the Lithuanians also agreed to set up such
960
LIETUViyTAUTOSPRISIKĚUMAS
a council, but demanded that Germans would allow the organization of
elections to that council. With the consent of the occupational German
authorities, a committee of
22
persons was formed for organization of the
Conference (A. Smetona, Dr.
J Šaulys, S.
Banaitis and others), which on
August
1,1917
in its adopted resolution inscribed that the immediate goal
was "to declare an independent Lithuanian state within the Lithuanian
ethnographic limits.
."
and to achieve that goal to organize the Lithuanian
conference in the second half of September that would elect the Council of
Lithuania. The conference started on September
18
in the hall of the Vilnius
theatre, under chairmanship of A, Smetona. Almost all the reporters spoke
of the national, democratic Lithuanian state, created in the Lithuanian
ethnic lands, elected
20
representatives to the Council of Lithuania, chaired
by A. Smetona, which was obligated to be concerned with convening the
Constituent
Seimas.
The Conference also foresaw the guidelines for the
development of economy, science, education, and law in the re-established
State of Lithuania, ensuring national security and defence. Even though the
representatives to the Conference were not elected by secret ballot, they
expressed the will of the majority of the Lithuanian nation. Therefore it is
possible to state that it was the first
Seimas
of the representatives of the
Lithuanian nation, which already tackled the issues pertaining to the creation
of the state, granting its powers to the elected Council of Lithuania. However,
when the Council of Lithuania started showing concern to the questions of
the re-establishment of Lithuanian independence, the occupational German
authorities began hindering its activities in all ways, and later demanded
the re-established Lithuania to sign the "eternal agreement" with Germany,
and
m
the opposite case it would divide the Lithuanian territory with Russia.
Thus the Council of Lithuania on December
11, 1917,
at the demand of the
Germans, inscribed that the Council of Lithuania ostensibly was for the
"eternal, firm union of the State of Lithuania with the State of Germany,
that union should be implemented together with the military and
communications conventions, customs and monetary systems".
However, since the Germans effected the atrocious occupation of the
country, and the negotiations between Germany and Russia were ceased,
the Council of Lithuania decided to proclaim the independence of
Lithuania and on February
16
it proclaimed the Act of the re-establishment
of an independent, democratic Lithuania with the capital
oí
Vilnius, the
relations of which with other states would be determined by the
democratically elected Constituent
Seimas.
That Act was unexpected for
the Germans and they confiscated the issue of the newspaper "Lietuvos
aidas"
(The Echo of Lithuania) where the Act was printed. The copies of
the Act, however, were secretly circulated throughout Lithuania and were
presented to the representatives of the German authorities in Berlin.
ΊΉΙ·;
NATIONAL REBIRTH
O ť
LITHUANIA
961
Nevertheless, Germany agreed to recognize the independence of Lithuania
only according to the Act of December 11th, and the Kaiser of Germany
declared about it on March
23,1918.
Germany, as a matter of fact, did not
think of recognizing the independence of Lithuania even according to that
Act. Both the Kaiser and the Government of Germany delayed even the
meeting with the representatives of the Council of Lithuania and did not
permit any self-government. On the contrary, they strengthened the
Germanization of the country and persecution of Lithuanians, and
increased the obligations. The German authorities did their best to belittle
the role of the Council of Lithuania in the country by showing it as "a club
of helpless intellectuals'' and planned to create a new and obedient council.
Then by the resolution of the majority of the members of the Council
of Lithuania it was decided to make a "knight's move": to declare Lithuania
the kingdom by inviting a Catholic from Germany,
Herzog Wilhelm von
Urach, who originated himself from the Gediminas family of the Grand
Duchy of Lithuania. With his consent, the Council approved the Lithuanian
Royal Constitution, according to which he and his children had to live
and study only in Lithuania, to speak Lithuanian, to implement the
resolutions of the elected parliament, etc. Practically, he was invited to
"reign" rather than to rule. Germany, however, dragged out the recognition
of the king. And it was due to losses of Germany in the western fronts, a
revolution inside it and change of the power into more democratic that
predetermined the recognition of the independence of Lithuania by a new
government of Germany according to the Act of February
16,
which
understood that in case of not recognition the winning countries would
recognize it at the future Peace Conference. And the Lithuanian State Council
on November
2, 1918
cancelled its former resolution on proclaiming
Lithuania as kingdom, approved the provisional constitution of the State of
Lithuania, formed the first provisional government and thus started a new
stage in the creation of Lithuania's statehood. This was achieved owing to
the high national self-consciousness of the Lithuanian Council members,
their keen intellect and search of the ways for Independence.
The first provisional government of Lithuania, in spite of the German
occupants raging in the country and Polish nationalists inciting the anti-
Lithuanian moods, encouraged the people to fight only for the reunion
with Poland.
With the bolshevist Russian army intruding into the independent
Lithuania and approaching the capital Vilnius, the Chairman of the State
Council A. Smetona, the head of the Government A. Voldemaras, the
Minister of Finance M. Yeas decided to go to Germany, France and other
countries for financial and military assistance.
S. Šilingas
was assigned to
head the Council of the State. As a result, Lithuania received the first loans
962
UETUVIUTAUTOSPRISIKÈLIMAS
from Germany and Sweden, and promises that Germany would help until
Lithuania formed its own army, etc. At the end of March
A. Smeterna
was
met by thousands residents of Kaunas at the railway station and soon he
was elected the first President of the Republic of Lithuania.
Mykolas
Sleževičius,
having demonstrated his organizational abilities,
was elected the Prime Minister, organized the defence of the State and the
activity of the Government that moved to Kaunas.
After proclaiming Lithuania an independent state, forming the
government and performing some other works related to the restructuring
of the state and its economy, the State Council and the Government had to
be given the powers for activities from the national representatives, since
those granted by the Council of Lithuania at the
17
September conference
had been fulfilled. Moreover, new members were accepted; the name of
the Council got changed. With the war going on and part of Lithuania
being occupied by the Russian Bolshevist army, representatives to that
conference were elected by district, rural district and parish committees.
The conference with
184
representatives was held on February
16-23,1919.
After long discussions, the conference participants approved the work
carried out by the Council of Lithuania (State), considered other important
issues. The Conference showed that despite of the enemy attacks,
occupation and starvation, the critical situation of the state, the
representatives that gathered from the unoccupied part of the country
discussed the most important issues in the really democratic way, searched
for solutions and adopted resolutions to help Lithuania defend its
independence not only from the Bolshevist Russia but also from equally
ferocious enemy
-
Poland and the Bermontians. Poland, however, after
the occupation of Vilnius and the major part of East Lithuania, seeing that
the resistance of "Kaunas Lithuania" would be hardly overcome, attempted
to organize the armed revolt in Kaunas and throughout Lithuania at the
end of the summer of
1919
so that after overthrowing of the Government
and forming its own government of the Poles and Polonized Lithuanian
noblemen, the said government would "ask" the Polish Government to
"save' Lithuania and to annex it. The Lithuanians, however, succeeded in
elucidating the plotters and sentencing the major part of them. This was
the last defeat suffered by the defenders of the Polish-Lithuanian union,
the defeat of the union ideology against the national Lithuanian ideology.
After failure of the organized revolt against independent Lithuania,
attempts were made by other anti-state forces, mostly pro-Bolshevist, if
not to overthrow the Government of independent Lithuania but at least to
bring confusion in the country. On February
22-23,1920,
the armed riots
were organized in some Lithuanian army units in Kaunas,
Panemuné, but
they were comparatively quickly suppressed.
THE NATIONAL RKBIRTH OF UTHUANIA
963
No less efforts, like inside the country, were required from the young
diplomats of Lithuania that foreign states, primarily from the West, winners
of World War I, would recognize the independent State of Lithuania. All
great states were concerned with their own interests; many approved the
White Guards, who fled to Paris, that Russia would be recreated within
the limits as before World War I. Only for Poland and Finland it was
supposed to recognize the limited autonomies, whereas Estonia and
Ukraine to be left within the composition of Russia, and Lithuania united
with Poland to one state, by granting partial independence under the aegis
of Russia. In the event Lithuania refused to join Poland, to leave it to Russia.
It means that the fate of Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Ukraine was
practically left in the hands of Russia, only it was for Lithuania to choose
to be the province either of Poland or Russia.
Thus the statehood of the Baltic countries became directly dependent
on the fact whether the Bolshevist power in Russia would resist the White
Guards supported by the Western countries, which at least temporary were
interested that weak and independent countries would be formed on the
edge of Russia. Meanwhile, the Western countries had opposite plans: if
Bolshevists withstood, the strong Poland could serve as a barrier for them.
The Polish representatives, being aware of it, tried to prove that Lithuania
had been and was just the
provìnce
of Poland for ages, and Lithuanians
are the same Poles, only speaking somewhat differently and it was not
necessary to negotiate with the representatives of Lithuania. Thus
Lithuanians had to overcome not only the opposition of the Entente
Alliance to the creation of small states, but also the extremely well-
organized Polish and its best friend French propaganda.
The Peace Conference ended on June
28, 1919,
but here the
independence of Lithuania was not recognized. The principle "defend it
and exist", maintained by the representatives of the great states, was also
reflected by the fact that Western ''defenders of national freedoms" did
not react to the declarations of Lithuania Minor to join Lithuania Major.
And only attributed to Lithuania its small part
-
Klaipeda territory, but
until "the situation of Lithuania" became clear, it was transferred to the
control of France.
The Peace Conference in Paris showed that freedom, the self-
determination rights of nations for the USA, England, France, Poland, for
both old tsarist and new Soviet Russian Empire were nothing but
resounding slogans for implementation of their own imperialist plans,
strengthening their influence in the world; Lithuanians became convinced
that they would be free to the extent they would be able to win themselves
and to defend their achievements. (Many Western states recognized
Lithuanian as an independent state only after the White Guards were finally
964
UETUVIU TAUTOS
PRISIKÉLIMAS
overcome and the Bolshevist power was established). The American, English,
and especially French military missions to Lithuania proved once again that
instead of helping to suppress the Bermontians and to stop the onslaught of
the Polish imperialists into Lithuania they practically assisted the latter, not
allowing the Lithuanians to liberate their old capital Vilnius and its territory
from the Poles, forcing the Lithuanians to agree with new demarcation
borders laid by the Poles. Practically, during the Lithuanian wars of
independence, the French military mission turned out to be an instrument
of Polish imperialists (France adhered to the idea for a long time that only
big and powerful Poland might be a cordon from Soviet Russia and did not
believe that Lithuania could be independent for the longer period.
Even though Lithuania was almost not supported by other states, was
impoverished and robbed, the Lithuanian nation, having overcome the
Soviet Russian army, the Bermontians, fought against Poland that made
efforts to occupy the "Kaunas Lithuania" under the cover of hiding their
imperialist plans and of recreating the "union" type Polish-Lithuanian
Commonwealth, thus denying the right of the Lithuanian nation to create
its own history, to have its own statehood. At the end of
1919,
the
Lithuanian State Council approved the Law on Universal, Democratic and
Secret Elections to the Constituent
Seimas.
The electoral campaign that
started after several months showed that the Lithuanian society was
already mature for democratic elections like many other Western countries:
discussions were held between the parties and their blocks as regards the
solution of the specific problems of the State of Lithuania, goals and
methods for their achievement.
The whole of Lithuania, fighting against the Polish imperialists and
creating, with joy greeted the Declaration of the Council of Lithuania Minor
on the annexation to Lithuania Major and co-opting its representatives to
the Lithuanian State Council. That joining of two branches of the Lithuanian
nation was confirmed at the solemn meeting of the Lithuanian State Council
in Kaunas on March
20, 1920,
thus expressing the will of the Lithuanian
nation; to be the citizens of one State of Lithuania. Thus the Germans,
having occupied the lands of Lithuanian forefathers
-
Lithuania Minor,
remained just the occupants, colonizers, like Frenchmen, and later Russians,
and in the same way like the unlawful claims of Poles to that land. This
Act of the representatives of Lithuania Minor will retain its importance in
spite of the flowing years as expressing the will of all Lithuanians to create
one State of Lithuania.
The Constituent
Seimas was
elected mostly of the representatives of
Lithuanian peasantry origin, their average age being
37.5
years. For many,
however, such results of elections were unexpected: the Party of National
Progress did not win any places to the Constituent
Seimas,
even though
THE NATIONAL REBIRTH OF LITHUANIA
965
this Party and its members were among initiators in organizing Lithuanian
conferences in Vilnius and St. Petersburg. The members of that Party also
dominated in the Lithuanian State Council, at last its Chairman, first
President of the State of Lithuania A. Smerona, one of the most active
members of that Party, was not elected as a member of the Constituent
Seimas
either. Meanwhile, a good number of people who did not contribute
much to the Party activities or the fight for Lithuanianship were elected.
Those who worked sparing no efforts for laying the foundation for the re-
establishment of independent Lithuania were not duly evaluated after the
foundation was laid out, since not taking into account the complicated
conditions of that period, it seemed that many things could have been
done better and quicker, and the competitors used the said arguments in
the electoral fight in order to depreciate the merits of A. Smetona and
others. Thus the left accused him and others of wishing to give over
Lithuania to the Germans by declaring their Duke as the King of Lithuania,
of not carrying out the land reform, and of fawning the Polish landlords,
etc. Thus in the first elections one of its shortcomings became evident; not
the best and cleverest, but those most cunning and impudent were elected.
The Constituent
Seimas
that started its work on May
15,1920
as one
its first documents passed Declaration of the Independent State of Lithuania
which said that "The Constituent
Seimas
of Lithuania, expressing the will
of the People of Lithuania, hereby proclaims, that the independent State
of Lithuania is re-established as democratic republic within its ethnologic
borders, and free from any official obligations that had ever been
undertaken in respect with other states/' Thus the Act of Independence of
the Council of Lithuania of
16
February
1918
was finally approved. Later
the provisional Constitution of the State of Lithuania was adopted.
President A. Smetona passed over his duties to the elected Chairman of
the Constituent
Seimas
and acting President of the State Aleksandras
Stulginskis. A new stage started in the history of the State of Lithuania; a
democratic, national state was created and governed by the nation. The
Lithuanian nation, which was turned into one without the legal rights,
was restored to life by its children and grandchildren, even though this
process was impeded by aliens and no assistance came from outside.
It is worth to remember the history of decline and revival of the
Lithuanian nation not only for the sake of enrichment of one's knowledge,
but also for the future, that mistakes of the past would not be repeated,
when the Lithuanian nation in its own land was pushed away by its own
enlightened people to the threshold of death. Dear reader, if you after
reading this book started thinking about such values like the Lithuanian
nation, its language, the independence of Lithuania, the author would
feel of having fulfilled his duty.
966
LIETUVIVTAUTOSPRISIKÉLIMAS |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)180689578 (DE-599)BVBBV022951909 |
| era | Geschichte 1795-1918 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1795-1918 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Lithuania / History / 1795-1918 Lithuania History 1795-1918 Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Lithuania / History / 1795-1918 Lithuania History 1795-1918 Litauen |
| id | DE-604.BV022951909 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T19:02:39Z |
| indexdate | 2025-01-07T13:10:17Z |
| institution | BVB |
| language | Lithuanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016156355 |
| oclc_num | 180689578 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 992 S. Ill., Kt. 26 cm |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | VĮ Mokslotyros Inst. |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Lietuvos mokslas |
| series2 | Lietuvos mokslas |
| spelling | Liekis, Algimantas 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)1055766278 aut Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija Algimantas Liekis Vilnius VĮ Mokslotyros Inst. 2007 992 S. Ill., Kt. 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Lietuvos mokslas 62 Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T: National rebirth of Lithuania Geschichte 1795-1918 gnd rswk-swf Intellectuals / Lithuania Geschichte Intellectuals Lithuania Lithuania / History / 1795-1918 Lithuania History 1795-1918 Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 gnd rswk-swf Litauen (DE-588)4074266-0 g Geschichte 1795-1918 z DE-604 Lietuvos mokslas 62 (DE-604)BV013767113 62 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016156355&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016156355&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Liekis, Algimantas 1943- Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija Lietuvos mokslas Intellectuals / Lithuania Geschichte Intellectuals Lithuania |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4074266-0 |
| title | Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija |
| title_auth | Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija |
| title_exact_search | Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija |
| title_full | Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija Algimantas Liekis |
| title_fullStr | Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija Algimantas Liekis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija Algimantas Liekis |
| title_short | Lietuvių tautos prisikėlimas |
| title_sort | lietuviu tautos prisikelimas sviesuoliai inteligentai lietuviu tautos istorijoje iki 1920 m monografija |
| title_sub | šviesuoliai inteligentai lietuvių tautos istorijoje (iki 1920 m.) ; monografija |
| topic | Intellectuals / Lithuania Geschichte Intellectuals Lithuania |
| topic_facet | Intellectuals / Lithuania Geschichte Intellectuals Lithuania Lithuania / History / 1795-1918 Lithuania History 1795-1918 Litauen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016156355&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016156355&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV013767113 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT liekisalgimantas lietuviutautosprisikelimassviesuoliaiinteligentailietuviutautosistorijojeiki1920mmonografija |