Buying social justice: equality, government procurement, and legal change
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Oxford Univ. Press
2007
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | LI, 680 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780199232420 9780199232437 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a McCrudden, Christopher |d 1952- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)130609919 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Buying social justice |b equality, government procurement, and legal change |c Christopher McCrudden |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Oxford [u.a.] |b Oxford Univ. Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a LI, 680 S. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Recht | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Government purchasing |x Law and legislation |x Political aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Public contracts |x Political aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social justice | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Social policy | |
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| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Soziale Gerechtigkeit |0 (DE-588)4236433-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137170643976192 |
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| adam_text | Contents
Table of Cases xxix
Table of National Legislation xxxiii
Table of International and Regional Treaties and Conventions xxxix
List of Abbreviations xlvii
1. What is This Book About?
I. Introducing Procurement Linkages 4
Disabled workers 4
Civil rights movement in the United States and
contract compliance 5
Procurement and anti discrimination law: the United Kingdom,
Canada, Australia, and the EU 6
Set asides in the United States, Malaysia, South Africa, Canada,
and Australia 8
Selective purchasing and local activism in the United States 9
Changing role of procurement and linkages 10
II. Themes 12
Equal status law and social policy 12
Economic versus social approaches to public procurement
law and policy 14
Debates about adaptation to globalization 16
Role of law 16
III. Outline of the Book 17
Parti: Preliminaries 17
Part II: Role of the World Trade Organization and
procurement linkages 18
Part III: European equality developments and the
European Community 19
Part IV: Interpretation 22
PartV: Conclusions 22
PART I. PRELIMINARIES
2. Roots
I. National Industry Policy Procurement Linkages 25
Protecting national industry against foreign competition 26
Goods made by prison labour 28
Improving the competitiveness of certain industrial sectors 28
xviii Contents
Remedying regional disparities 29
Serving as an instrument of general economic policy 31
II. Public Works and Unemployment 31
Some distinctions 31
III. Fair Wages and Procurement 37
The origins 37
Protection from competition and the Davis Bacon
Act of 1931 39
The New Deal and the social uses of procurement 41
Origins of the linkage: fair wages in Britain 42
Why the emphasis on government contracts? 48
Subsequent history 49
Fair Wages Resolution and free trade 51
Procurement and labour clauses in France 53
International Labour Organization and procurement 55
IV. Disability and Procurement 56
Disabled ex servicemen and procurement in Britain 56
Second World War 59
Disabled workers and federal procurement in the
United States 60
Procurement and sheltered workshops for disabled
workers in Germany 62
3. Status Equality Law and Policy
I. Ethical Dimensions of Equal Status Law and Policy 63
II. Market and Non Market Enforcement 65
III. Individual Justice Model 65
Anti discrimination law at the domestic level 66
International Labour Organization and status equality 67
Enforcement issues 68
IV. Group Justice Model 69
Limits of litigation 70
United States and affirmative action 71
Canada 71
Northern Ireland 72
Malaysia 73
South Africa 75
Enforcement issues 76
V. Mainstreaming 77
Aboriginal self government in Canada 81
Mainstreaming equality in Northern Ireland 83
Mainstreaming equality in Britain 87
VT. Extraterritorial Regulation of Equality 90
VII. Procurement Linkages, Equal Status Law, and Policy 92
Contents xix
4. International and European Procurement Regulation
I. The Origins of International and European Procurement
Regulation 95
Post Second World War international economic
architecture 96
Development of international and regional norms
regulating procurement 97
Early beginnings 98
Why procurement reform? 99
EFTA and procurement 99
OECD discussions 100
II. Government Procurement Agreement 101
International procurement reform after 1979 101
III. Early Activities Relating to Procurement by the
European Community 104
Slow beginnings 104
IV. The Growth of Neo Liberalism and Further European
Procurement Reform 106
Procurement and internal market reforms 107
V. European Procurement Reforms of 2003 109
VI. Procurement Linkages, International and European
Procurement Regulation 111
5. Buying Social Justice?
I. Objections to Linkage 114
Irrelevance to the appropriate functions
of purchasing 115
Costs of linkage 115
Fairness and discrimination arguments 118
Direct regulation preferable to procurement linkages 118
Regulatory capture 119
Good governance objections 120
Abuse of power 121
II. Arguments in Favour of Linkage 122
Inadequacy of other methods of compliance with
equality legislation 122
Mainstreaming requires linkage 123
Limits of a commercial model of
government contracting 123
Assisting die internalization of externalities 124
Sustaining and increasing competition 126
Supplying the public good of equality 127
III. Theoretical Issues and Legal Form 128
xx Contents
PART II. THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND
PROCUREMENT LINKAGES
6. Contract Compliance in the United States and Canada
I. Procurement Linkages and Equality for Black Americans 131
Second World War and employment discrimination
against black Americans 132
Following the Second World War 135
Approaches to enforcement 136
Civil rights legislation and contract compliance 137
Affirmative action under the Executive Order 139
Legal challenges unsuccessful 146
Revised Order No 4 147
Nixon Administration support 149
Supreme Court and private affirmative action 151
President Reagan s challenge 152
Expanding the groups covered 155
Disability 155
Vietnam veterans 156
II. Contract Compliance in Canada 157
Federal government equality legislation and
contract compliance 157
Requirements of the Federal Contractors Program 159
Provincial programmes 161
III. Procurement Linkages, the ILO, and Equality 164
7. Set asides in the United States and Canada
I. Origin and Development: United States 167
Constitutionality of affirmative action set asides 169
Reviewing procurement linkages after Adarand 172
II. Aboriginal Set asides in Canada 175
Role of procurement linkage in the
Aboriginal agreements 175
Procurement Strategy for Aboriginal Business 178
8. Evolution of the Government Procurement Agreement Model and
Procurement Linkages
I. Procurement Linkages in the Context of OECD Procurement
Reform Discussions 183
Initial approach to linkages in the OEEC 183
OECD negotiations on procurement begin 185
Belgian complaint against the Buy American Act 186
The OECD s general work on government
procurement 189
Contents xxi
II. Tokyo Round Negotiations and the GPA s Approach to Linkage 209
Set asides and die United States reaction to
the 1979 Agreement 211
III. GPA 1979 Model as the Basis of Further Regional,
International, and Bilateral Procurement Regulation 214
North American Free Trade Agreement
and procurement linkages 214
Linkages and the 1994 GPA 216
Procurement agreements and Aboriginal
set asides 219
Procurement agreements and the Federal
Contractors Program 221
Bilateral procurement agreements 222
IV. Assessment of the GPA Model 225
Epistemic communities 225
Embedded liberalism 226
What is procurement reform for, again? 227
9. Procurement Linkages and Developing Countries
I. Bumiputera and National Stability in Malaysia 232
History and economic context of preferences 233
Riots and the introduction of procurement set asides 234
Subsequent development of set asides 237
Operation of preferences in Malaysia 238
Internal controversy about preferences in Malaysia 240
The administrative law of government
procurement in Malaysia 243
II. Procurement Reform in South Africa 245
Socio economic functions of public
procurement in South Africa 247
Constutionalizing linkage in South Africa 250
Equality legislation 251
Preferential procurement legislation 252
Recent government initiatives 255
Broad based black economic empowerment 256
Public Private Partnerships and black
economic empowerment 261
Redrafting preferential procurement regulations 265
III. Selective Purchasing in the United States Relating to Myanmar 267
Sullivan and MacBride Principles and
selective purchasing 268
Selective purchasing and Myanmar 270
IV. The GPA Model and Procurement Linkages: Reacting to
Malaysia, South Africa, and Myanmar 273
Is opting out feasible? South Africa as a test case 273
xxii Contents
World Bank procurement policy, development,
and linkage 276
Malaysia and international procurement disciplines 280
European Commission, the United States, and Myanmar 291
United States Constitutional arguments 295
PART III. EQUALITY LINKAGES AND THE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
10. Procurement Linkages and the 1980s Reform of EC
Procurement Regulation
I. United Kingdom Initiatives in the 1960s and 1970s 301
Developing linkages in Britain in the 1960s 301
Attempts to reform die British scheme 1968—85 302
Procurement and Northern Ireland
anti discrimination policy 305
Procurement linkage in Northern
Ireland 1973 80 305
Reformed fair employment legislation and
procurement linkage 307
II. Developing Procurement Linkages in Germany 310
Overview of German procurement law
up to the mid 1990s 310
Use of procurement linkages other than for
equal status goals 313
Use of procurement linkages for equal status goals 315
III. Legislative Reform of the Procurement Directives 1986 92 317
Some context 317
Status equality and the Supplies Directive 319
Status equality and the Works Directive 321
The Beentjes case 322
Legislative activity following Beentjes 323
Status equality and the Services Directive 324
Status equality and the Utilities Directive 327
Status equality and the consolidated Supplies Directive 330
11. Domestic Procurement Linkages During the 1990s and the
Chilling Effect of European Procurement Regulation
I. Growing European Commission Scepticism Regarding
Procurement Linkages 331
II. British Public Sector Management Reform: Contracting Out,
Privatization, and Procurement Linkages 334
Compulsory competitive tendering 335
Contents xxiii
Contract compliance and local authorities 337
Judicial intervention against linkage 340
Political intervention: the Local Government Act 1988 340
Other varieties of equality linkage 343
European Commission and disability 344
III. Revisiting the Development of Procurement
Linkages in Germany 346
Controversial nature of procurement linkages
under German law 346
Commission infringement action 348
New domestic legislation and
procurement linkages 350
IV. Deciding Against Procurement Linkages in the Netherlands 353
Policy at national level 355
Policy at the provincial and local levels 356
V. Difficulties for Procurement Linkages in France 357
12. Changing Approaches to Procurement Linkages in the
Community and Beyond
I. Integrating the Social, Environmental, and Economic:
Some Relevant International Developments 363
International public policy 363
Davos deal 365
Corporate social responsibility and the rise of
corporate codes of conduct 367
Compliance gap 368
II. Realigning the Economic, Social, and Environmental
Goals of die European Community 371
Corporate social responsibility 371
Growth of European environmental regulation 372
III. Growth of Procurement Linkages 373
Reacting to developments in the labour market 374
Public procurement and CSR 375
Public procurement as equivalent to
private procurement 376
Responsible public procurement as leading by example 378
UN procurement policy and linkage 379
CSR and procurement in Europe 382
CSR and procurement in the United Kingdom 385
Opposition to CSR in European public procurement 388
Environmental protection, sustainable development, and
procurement linkages 389
International developments 389
Green procurement in Europe 392
xxiv Contents
IV Addressing Legal Uncertainties 394
Judicial adaptation: the ECJ adapts EC law to
social j ustice linkages 394
The Nord Pas de Calais case 395
The Oy Liikenne case 397
The Concordia Bus case 398
The Wienstrom case 401
Clarification from the European Commission 402
13. Expansion of Equality Linkages in the Member States
I. Community Equal Status Law and Procurement Linkages 405
Growth of Community equal status law 406
Procurement linkages and European equal
status law and policy 409
Growing sympathy for procurement
linkages at the Community level 409
Equality mainstreaming and
procurement linkages 410
II. Developments in Equality Linkages in the Member States 411
Stages of Development 411
Italy 413
Spain 414
Austria 415
Belgium 415
Sweden 417
Denmark 418
France 418
III. Equality Mainstreaming and Procurement in
England and Wales 420
Equal opportunities and restrictions on
local authorities 420
Prime Minister s Strategy Unit Report 422
CRE guidance on procurement 424
Jobcentre Plus 425
Supplier diversity 427
Approach of the Welsh Assembly 428
Reform of equality legislation 428
IV. Procurement and Equality Mainstreaming in Northern Ireland 430
Initial discussions of implications of
mainstreaming for procurement 430
Public procurement review
and mainstreaming 432
Unemployment pilot project 439
Executive approval and implementing
the pilot schemes 440
Contents xxv
14. Procurement Linkages and the 2003 Legislative Reforms:
a Modus Vivendi in Sight?
I. Political Context of Legislative Reforms 445
Role of unions and NGOs 445
Changing role of the European Parliament 446
II. Commission Procurement Reform Proposals and
Linkage, 1996 99 448
Commission Green Paper 448
Reactions to the Green Paper 448
Commission response 451
III. Equality Directives and Procurement in the Parliament,
1999 2002 453
Race Directive 453
Employment Discrimination Directive 454
Equal Treatment Directive 455
IV. Emergence of Reformed Procurement Legislation, 2000—03 456
Commission proposal on procurement
legislation 456
Procurement and linkage in the
Parliamentary process 458
Commission s Interpretative Communication 460
Emergence of Parliament s approach 461
Commission s amended proposal 462
Position of the Council 464
Emerging compromise and the final deal 465
PART IV: INTERPRETATION
15. Interpreting the Government Procurement Agreement
I. Interpreting the GPA: Some Basic Points 470
Human rights treaties and the GPA 472
Basic structure of GATT 473
II. Prima Facie GPA Obligations 474
Meaning of discrimination 474
Process product distinction 476
Debate under GATT 476
Process product distinction and the GPA 481
Technical specifications 483
Qualifications of suppliers 484
Award criteria 486
Socio economic considerations as
contract conditions 488
III. Exceptions 491
Some general considerations 491
xxvi Contents
Types of exceptions available 493
Interpretation of public morals
prior to US Gambling A9A
Public order prior to US Gambling 495
Public order and public morals in the
light of US Gambling 497
Nexus 498
Unjustified or arbitrary discrimination 504
16. EC Public Procurement Law and Equality Linkages:
Foundations for Interpretation
I. Some Preliminary Points 508
II. Equal Treatment as the Basis of EU Status Equality Law and
Procurement Law 510
Conceptions of equality and non discrimination 512
Equality as rationality 513
Equality as protective of other prized public goods 513
Equality as preventing status harms arising from
discrimination on particular grounds 514
Equality as proactive promotion of equality of
opportunity between particular groups 515
Equal treatment in Community law 515
Status equality and procurement law: the same
principle of equal treatment? 519
Obligations to promote status equality in
the procurement directives 520
Equal treatment as an interpretative principle 521
III. Freedom of Contract and the Subject Matter of the Contract 522
IV. Overall Limits of the Procurement Directives:
the Limits of the Treaty 531
17. European Public Procurement Law and Equality Linkages:
Government as Consumer, Government as Regulator
I. Procurement Linkages: Government as Consumer 538
Provisions regarding technical specifications 538
Professional and technical knowledge or ability 543
Variants 545
Award criteria 546
Rejection of abnormally low tenders 552
II. True Secondary Considerations: Government as Regulator 554
Disability and technical specifications 554
Set asides for sheltered workshops 555
Compliance with domestic employment laws 556
Contents xxvii
Disqualifying bidders 559
Provisions permitting special contract conditions 563
Procurement linkages and non member states 566
PARTV: CONCLUSIONS
18. Reconciling Social and Economic Approaches to Public Procurement
I. Where Have We Got To? 569
Preliminaries 569
The World Trade Organization and procurement linkages 571
Equality linkages and the European Community 572
Interpretation 573
II. Role of Law 574
III. Economic Versus Social Approaches to Public Procurement
Law and Policy 576
Common principles 577
Adaptability of the procurement
linkage instrument 578
Procurement regulation as beneficial for
status equality 579
IV. Debates About Adaptation to Globalization 580
Waves of globalization analysis 580
Models of international and regional legal regulation
of procurement linkages 582
European Community and procurement linkages 583
Role of adj udication 584
Regulatory competition 585
World Trade Organization and procurement linkages 586
Deeper integration via the WTO? 587
Realistic alternatives: negotiation, opting out,
and interpretation 589
Renegotiation 590
Opting out 592
Adjudication 592
V. Equal Status Law and Social Policy 594
United States empirical studies 595
Changes in proportion of employees in
studies of contract compliance 595
United States set aside programmes:
are they successful and at what cost? 600
Assessments of Canadian procurement linkages 601
Aboriginal business set asides 601
Effectiveness of the Canadian contract
compliance programmes 603
xxviii Contents
United Kingdom procurement linkages 605
Contract compliance in the ILEA and
the GLC during the 1980s 605
Adoption of race related contract compliance policies
under the British Local Government Act 1988 606
West Midlands common standard 606
Supplier diversity in Britain 608
Mainstreaming: Northern Ireland pilot project 608
Procurement linkages in the Netherlands 609
Critiques of the operation of preferential
procurement in South Africa 611
VI. In Conclusion... 615
Are procurement linkages worth it? 615
Empirical issues for the future 616
Engagement 616
Bibliography 619
Index 661
Table of Cases
CANADA
Canadian International Trade Tribunal
Complaint filed by Conair Aviation, a division of Conair Aviation Ltd, Re, 8 August 1996 220
Rosemary Trehearne and Associates and Bud Long and Associates Inc, Re, 25 April 2005 220
EUROPE
European Court of Human Rights
Loizidou v Turkey (1995) 20 EHRR99 496
Court of First Instance
Renco vCouncil (CaseT 4/01) [2003] ECR11 171 549
European Court of Justice
Abrahamsson (CaseC 407/98) [2002] ECRI 5539 521
Andre Mazzoleni (CaseC l65/98) [2001] ECRI 2189 534
Arblade (Cases C 369/96 and C 376/96) [1999] ECR 1 8453 532, 534
Badeck(CaseC l58/97) [2000] ECRI 1875 521
Beentjes (Case 31/87) [1988] ECR 4635 322,323,329,331,349,395,396,402,
456,489, 526, 527, 528, 584
Briheche (CaseC 319/03) [2004] ECRI 8807 521
CaballerovFondodeGarantiaSalarial (Fogasa) (CaseC 442/00) [2002] ECRI 11915 519
Chac6n Navas (Case C 13/05) [2006] All ER(D) 132 556
Commission vBelgium (CaseC 87/94) [1996] ECRI 2043 524
CommissionvDenmark( Storebaelt ) (CaseC 242/89) [1993] ECRI 3353 512
Commission v France, Nord Pas de Calais (Case C 225/98) [2000] ECR 1 7445 333, 395,
423,460, 549, 584
Commission vFrance (Case C 340/02) [2004] ECRI 9845 530
Commission v Germany (Case C 493/99) [2001] ECR 1 8163 534
Commission v Italy (Case 360/89) [1989] ECR 4035 527
Commission vSpain (CaseC 71 /92) [1993] ECRI 5923 563
Concordia Bus Finland Oy Ab (Case C 513/99) [2002] ECR 1 7213 398,400, 401, 463,
549,551,585
Contse SA, Vivisol Sri, Oxigen Salud SA v Instituto Nacional de Gesti6n Sanitaria (Ingesa),
formerly Instituto Nacional de la Salud (Insalud) (Case C 234/03) [2005] ECR
1 9315 507,550
DeftennevSabena (Case C 149/77) [1978] ECR 1365 517, 519
DefrennevSabena (Case43/75) [1976] ECR455 516, 517
Du Pont de Nemours Italiana SpA v Unita Sanitaria Locale No 2 di Carrara (Case 21/88)
[1990] ECRI 889 325,326
EARL (Case 15/95) [1997] ECRI 1961 511
EVN AG and Weinstrom GmbH v Republik Osterreich (Case C 448/01) [2003] ECR
1 14527 401,402, 542, 549, 550, 585
Fabricom (CaseC 21/03) [2005] ECRI 1559 561
xxx Table of Cases
Felix Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA (Case C 411/05), 15 February 2007 518
Fenin (Case 205/03) [2006] ECRI 6295 507
Knalarte Sociedade de Construcao Civil Ltd (Cases C 49/98, C 50/98 to C 54/98, and
C 68/98 toC 71/98) [2001] ECRI 7831 534, 535
Fratelli Costanzo SpA (Case C 103/88) [1989] ECR 1839 553
Frilli vBelgium (Case 1/72) [1972] ECR457 511
Grant v South West Trains Ltd (Case C 249/96) [1998] ECRI 621 518
Jippes v Minister van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij (Case C 189/01) [2001 ]
ECRI 5689 511,512
Karlsson (Case 292/97) [2000] ECR 1 2737 511
Koinopraxia Enoseon Georgikon Synetairismon Diacheir iseos Enchorion Proionton Syn PE
(KYDEP) vCommission (CaseC 146/91) [1994] ECRI 4199 511,512
Kraus v Land Baden Wiirttemberg (Case C 19/92) [1993] ECR 1 163 532
Lommers (Case C 476/99) [2002] ECRI 2891 521
Mangold vRudiger Helm (Case C 144/04) [2005] ECRI 9981 518
Marshall (Case490/95) [1997] ECRI 6363 521
Michel Guiot and Climatic SA (Case C 272/94) [1996] ECR 1 1905 532
Michel Weiser v Caisse Nationale des Barreaux Francais (Case C 37/89) [1990] ECR
1 2395 518
Omega Spielhallen und Automatenaufstellungs GmbH v Oberbiirgermeisterin der
Bundesstadt Bonn (Case C 36/02) [2004] ECR 1 9609 535,536
Oy Liikenne Ab v Pekka Liskojarvi and Pentti Juntunen (Case C 172/99) [2001] ECR
1 745 397
P vS and Cornwall CC (CaseC 13/94) [1996] ECRI 2143 518
Payroll Data Services (Italy) Sri (Case C 79/01) [2002] ECR1 8923 534
Portugaia Construcoes Ltd (Case C 164/99) [2002] ECR 1 787 534
Portugal vCouncil (CaseC 149/96) [1999] ECRI 8395 511, 512
Prais vCouncil (Case 130/75) [1976] ECR 1589 519
Racke (Case 283/83) [1984] ECR 3791 511
Razzouk and Beydoun v Commission (Cases 75 117/82) [1984] ECR 1509 518
ReginavBouchereau (Case 30/77) [1977] ECR 1999 496
Reinhard Gebhard v Consiglio dell Ordine degli Awocati e Procuratori di Milano
(CaseC 55/94) [1995] ECRI 4165 531, 533
Reiseburo BroedevGerdSandker (CaseC 3/95) [1996] ECRI 6511 533
Royal Scholten Honig (Holdings) Ltd v Intervention Board for Agriculture Produce
(Case 145/77) [1978] ECR 2037 511
Rush Portuguesa Lda v Office national d immigration (Case C l 13/89) [1990] ECR
1 1417 327,328
Seco SA (Cases 62 and 63/81) [1982] ECR 223 328
SermideSpAvCassaConguaglioZucchero (Case 106/83) [1984] ECR 4209 511, 512
Socie^ Civile Immobilize Parodi v Banque H Albert de Bary (Case C 222/95) [1997] ECR
1 3899 532
Telaustria (Case C 324/98) [2000] ECRI 10745 507, 524
FRANCE
Conseil Constitutionnel
Decision of 29 July 1998, Decision No 98 43 DC 359
Conseil d Etat
Decision of 10 May 1996, Federation nationale de travaux publics, Rec 164 358,400
Table of Cases xxxi
GERMANY
Bundesverfassungsgericht
BverfGE 93, 1 (1996) (Classroom Crucifix Case) 522
MALAYSIA
Au Kong Weng v Bar Committee Pahang [1980] 2 MJL 89 244
DatukHajiDzulkifli v Public Prosecutor [1981] 1 MJL 112 286
DK Gudgeon v Professional Engineers Board [1980] 2 MJL 181 244
Keith Sellar v Lee Kwang [1980] 2 MJL 191 244
KetuaPengarahKastam vHoKwan Seng [1977] 2 MJL 152 244
Lim Kit Sang v United Engineers of Malaysia [1988] 1 SCR 22, [1988] 2 MJL 25 244
Lim Kit Siang v Public Prosecutor [1979] 2 MJL 37 286
Lim Kov Board of Architects [1966] 2 MJL 80 244
Metal Industry Employees v Registrar of Trade Unions [ 1992] 1 MLJ 46 244
Tan Choo Chye v Singapore Society of Accountants [1980] 1 MJL 258 244
Tann Boo Chee, David v Medical Council of Singapore [1980] 2 MJL 116 244
UNITED KINGDOM
Oppenheimer vCattermole [1976] AC 249 495
RvLewishamLBCexpShellUKLtd [1988] 1 All ER 938 340
Rv London Borough of Islington, ex p Building Employers Confederation [1989] IRLR382 ... .344
Wheeler v Leicester City Council [1985] AC 1054 340
UNITED STATES
Adams vBrennan, 177111194 (1898) 39
Adarand Constructors Inc v Pena, Secretary of Transportation, 515 US 200 (1995)... 171, 172, 223
Atkin v Kansas, 191 US 207 (1903) 42
City of Richmond vJACroson Co, 109S Ct706 (1989) 170
CJ Kuback, Ex p, 85 Cal 274 (1890) 41
Cleveland v Clements Bros Construction Co, 67 Ohio St 197 (1902) 41
Coalition for Economic Equity v Wilson, 122 F 3d 692, cert denied 522 US 963 (1997) 173
Contractors Association of Eastern Pennsylvania vSchultz, 311 FSupp 1002 (DC Pa 1969),
442 F 2d 159 (CA 3 1971), 404 US 854 (1971) 147
Crosby v National Foreign Trade Council, 530 US 363 (2000) 296
Doe v Nestle Dist Ct Cent Dist of Calif 2005 370
Doe v Wal Mart Stores Inc, Superior Ct of Calif for the County of Los Angeles 2005 370
Drew v Smith, 38 Cal 325 (1869) 41
Ellis v United States, 206 US 246 (1907) 42
Ethridge v Rhodes, 268 F Supp 83 (SD Ohio 1967) 142, 145
Fiskev People, ex p Raymond, 188 111 206 (1900) 39, 41
Fullilove vKlutznik, 448 US 448 (1980) 170
Grove City College v Bell, 465 US 555 (1984) 2
Heim vMcCall, 239 US 175 (1915) 42
Johnson v Santa Clara County Transportation Agency, 480 US 616 (1987) 152
Kasky v Nike Inc, (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 939,45 P3d 243, California Supreme Court 370
Lewis v Board of Education, 139 Mich 306 (1905) 39
xxxii Table of Cases
Metro Broadcasting Inc v FCC, 497 US 547 (1990) 171
NFTC v Baker, 26 F Supp 2d 287 (D Mass 1998) 296
Nollan v California Coastal Commission, 483 US 825 (1987) 120
Olmsteadv United States, 277 US 438 (1928) 124
People v Orange County Road Construction Co, 175 NY 84 (1903) 41
Perkins vLukens Steel Co, 310 US 113 (1940) 42
Rumsfeld v Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights Inc, 126 S Ct 1297 (2006) 2
State vMcNally, 48 LaAnn 1450 (1896) 41
State vToole, 26 Mont 22 (1901) 39
United States v DriscoU, 96 US Rep 421 (1877) 39
United Steelworkers of America, AFL CIO CLC v Weber, 443 US 193 (1979) 151,152
Wright v Hoctor, 95 Neb 342 (1914) 39
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Border Tax Adjustments, Report of the Working Party, BISD (18th Supp) 97 (1970) 478,480
Canada Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act, GATT BISD (30th Supp)
140 (1984) 498
Canada Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/R, 19June2000 475
European Communities Asbestos, WT/DS135/AB/R, 5 April 2001 475,476,499, 501,
502, 503, 504
European Communities Bananas, WT/DS27/AB/R, 25 September 1997 475
European Communities GSP, WT/DS246/AB/R, 20 April 2004 471, 504, 505, 506
Japan Alcoholic Beverages II, WT/DS8/AB/R, 1 November 1996 475
Korea Beef, WT/DS 161/AB/R, 10 January 2001 475,476,499, 500, 501, 502, 503
Thailand Restrictions on Cigarettes, GATT BISD (37th Supp) 200(1990) 499
United States Alcoholic and Malt Beverages, GATT BISD (39th Supp) 206 (1992) 498
United States Gambling, WT/DS2/AB/R, 20 April 2005 494,497, 502, 503, 504
United States Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, 20 May 1996 471,491,492,496,501, 505
United States Procurement of a Sonar Mapping System, GPR.DS1/R 1992, 23 April 1992
(unadopted) 216
United States Section 337 Tariff Act, GATT BISD (36th Supp) 345 (1989) 498, 500
United States Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R, 6 November 1998 479,480, 491,
492,494, 504, 505
United States Shrimp II, WT/DS58/AB/RW, 21 November 2001 504, 505, 506
United States Tuna (Tuna Dolphin I), GATT BISD (39th Supp) 155 (1991)
(unadopted) 477,478,494,498,499
United States Tuna (Tuna Dolphin II), DS29/R (1994), 16 June 1994 (unadopted) 478, 494
Table of Nation
AUSTRALIA
Affirmative Action (Equal Employment
Opportunity for Women) Act 1986 .. .7
AUSTRIA
Federal Procurement Act 415
CANADA
Agreement on Internal Trade 215, 219
Art 18.0.2 215
Inuvialuit Final Agreement 1984 .. .81, 82, 175
sl6(8)(b) 175
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
1973 81,175
s8 175
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
1993 81,175,601
Art24 175,176,177
Art26 175
Federal
Canadian International Trade Tribunal
Procurement Inquiry Regulations
1993 220
s7(l) 220
Constitution Act 1982 82, 221
s 35 82,83
Employment Equity Act 1986 72, 157,
158,163,603
Employment Equity Act 1995 158
s42(2) 72,158
Financial Administration Act 1985 178
Human Rights Act 1977 71,72,157
s23 157
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act
1993 82
Ontario
Employment Equity Act 1992 162
Part III 162
Job Quotas Repeal Act 1995 162
s 1(1) 162
nal Legislation
Human Rights Code 1990 67, 161,163
s5 161
s26 161
s26(3) 161
Ontarians with Disabilities Act 2001 4
s 5 4
Quebec
Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
1975 163
CHINESE TAIPEI
Government Procurement Law 1998 9
Art 22(12) 9
FRANCE
Decree of 26 July 1934 35
Decree No 2006 975 of 1 August 2006 .. .419
General Taxation Code 357
LabourCode 327, 562
ArtL323 l 562
LawNo91 1383of31 December
1991 357
Art9 357
Law No 92 683 of 22 July 1992 358
Arts 131 134 358
Law No 93 313 of 20 December
1993 357
Art33 357
Law No 98 657 of 29 July 1998 359
Art 17 359
Law No 2005 32 of 18 January 2005 419
Art 58 419
Law No 2005 102 of 11 February 2005 ...418
Art29 418
Art38 418
Procurement Code (old)
Art 14 565, 566
Arts 61 65 357
Arts69 74 357
Arts 117 121 358
Art 121 358
xxxiv Table ofNatio,
Procurement Code (new) 419, 556
Artl 419
Art 5 530
Art 14 566
Art 43 562
Art 44 562
Art 48 551
Art 53 551
Art 53(4) 551
Art 82 530
GERMANY
Act against Restraints of Competition
s97(4) 351,352
Administrative Procedures Act 311
Anti Trust Act 311,350
Basic Law 311
Art 1(1) 536
Art 3 347
Art 110, si 311
Civil Code 311
Decree of 1 June 1933 35
Federal Budget Code 311
s 1, para 7 311
s2,para55 311
Federal Budget Regulations 311
sl,para3 311
Federal Law on Disabled Persons 314
General Terms and Conditions Act 311
Principles of Federal and States Budgetary
Law Act 311
si 311
para 16 311
para29 311
para30 311
para 55 311
States Budgetary Law Act 350
Unfair Competition Act 311
VOB/A 312
para2,sl 312,313
para 8, s 4, sub s 1, lit d 312
para8,sl,dl 312
para25 313
para 25, s 1, sub s 1, lit c 312
para 25, s 2, sub s 2, els 2 312
para 25, s 2, sub s 2, els 3 312
VOB/B 312
para 4, s 2, sub s 2 312
VOL/A 312
para2,sl 312,313
nal Legislation
VOL/B312
para 5, s 1, els 3 and 4 312
Works Constitution Act 1972 ... .62, 311,315
GREECE
Act 1797/1988 30
Art 8 30
Act 2176/1952 29
Art3 29
Act3213/1955 30
Act2286/1995 30
Art 10 30
ITALY
Act No 125 of 10 April 1991 409,413
Art4 413
s4(9) 409
Law No 52 of 6 February 1996 345
Art20 345
Law No 236 of 19 July 1993 414
Law No 381 of 8 November 1991 345
Legislative Decree No 68 of 12 March
1999 414
Art 17 414
Legislative Decree No 81 of 28 February
2000 414
Art6 414
Legislative Decree No 148 of 20 May
1993 414
Art 1(2) 414
Art 6(5) 414
Legislative Decree No 196 of 23 March
2000 414
Legislative Decree No 468 of 1 December
1997 414
Art 10, para 1 3 414
Art 10(3) 414
MALAYSIA
Constitution 74,235
Art 153 74
Art 153(1) 74
Art 153(2) 74
Courts of Judicature Act 1964 285
Financial Procedures Act 1957 243
s4 243,244
Government Contracts Act 1949 239
Table ofNatioi
Industrial Co ordination Act 1975 236
Interpretation Act 1948 244
s 20 244
s25 244
Official Secrets Act 1972 286
s2(l) 286
Sedition Act 1948 235
s3(l)(a) 244
s3(l)(f) 244
NETHERLANDS
Equal Opportunities Act 1980 353
SOUTH AFRICA
Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment
Act 2003 75,262,265
s 2 257
s 9 257
s 10 257
Companies Act 1973 260
s21 260
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
1996 250
Employment Equity Act 1998 75,251,264
s 2 75
s 26 252
s53 252
s53(l) 251
s53(l)(a) 251
s 53(l)(b) 252
s 53(4) 252
Interim Constitution 1993 8,250
s9 250
sl87 250
s217 8,250
s217(l) 250
s217(l)(a) 251
s217(l)(b) 251
s217(2) 251
s 217(3) 251
Minerals and Petroleum Resources
Development Act 2002 257
Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act
2000 8,165,251,252,262,265
Preferential Procurement Regulations
2001 253,261,265
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair
Discrimination Act 2000 252
ia.1 Legislation xxxv
Public Finance Management Act 1999 261
s76 261
s76(4)(g) 261
Reconstruction and Development Programme
FundActl998 280
s4 280
Skills Development Levies Act 1999 264
State Tender Board Act 1968 246
Treasury Regulation 16 261, 263
reg I6.5.3(b) 262
UNITED KINGDOM
Primary
Broadcasting Act 1990 88
s34 88
s38 88
s68 88
Colonial Development and Welfare
Act 1940 56
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 426
s49A 426
Disability Discrimination Act 2005 426
Disabled Persons (Employment) Act
1944 59,60
Disabled Persons (Employment) Act
1958 60
Equality Act 2006 426
s 84 427
Fair Employment (Northern Ireland)
Act 1976 306
Partll 307
Part III 307
s6 306
s 7 306,307
s 8 307
s 9 306,307
s 9(4) 307
Sched. 3 306
Fair Employment (Northern Ireland) Act
1989 308,431
ss 38 43 309
Foreign Prison Made Goods Act 1897 28
Government of Wales Act 1988 428
Greater London Authority Act 1999 88
s33 88
s404 88
Learning and Skills Act 2000 88
s 14 88
Local Government Act 1933 50
xxxvi Table ofNatio
Local Government Act 1988 335,336,
340,342
s 17 341
s 17(5)(a) 341
s 17(5)(c) 344
sl8(2) 341
sl8(2)(a) 341
sl8(3) 343
s 18(4) 341
s 18(5) 341
Local Government Act 1992 336
Local Government Act 2000 385
Local Government, Planning and Land Act
1980 335,336
Northern Ireland Act 1998 67, 84,433
s 14(5)(b) 433
s26(4)(b) 433
s 75 84, 87,430,431,432,436,440
s75(l) 85
Sched. 9 84
para2(l) 84
para 3(2) 86
para 4(1) 84
para 4(2) 84
para4(2)(a) 84
para4(2)(b) 85
para4(2)(c) 85
para4(2)(d) 85,86
para4(2)(e) 85
para4(2)(0 85
para4(3)(a) 85
para4(3)(b) 84
para 4(4) 84,85
para 5(a) 85
para 5(b) 85
para6(l)(a) 85
para6(l)(b) 85
para 6(2) 85,86
para 7(1) 85,86
para 7(2) 85
para 7(3) 85
para 9(1) 86
para9(l)(a) 86
para9(l)(b) 86
para 9(2) 86
para 10(l)(a) 86
paralO(l)(b) 86
para 10(2) 86
para 10(2) (4) 86
para 10(3) 86
para 10(4)(a) 86
para 10(4)(b) 86
nal Legislation
para 11 87
parall(l)(b) 87
parall(2)(a) 87
parall(2)(b) 87
parall(2)(c) 87
parall(3)(a) 87
parall(3)(b) 87
parall(4)(a) 87
parall(4)(b) 87
para 11(5) 87
para 12(2) 85
para 12(4) 86
para 12(5) 87
Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 67
Race Relations Act 1968 302, 304
Race Relations Act 1976 87,426
s 71 89,340,341,344,421
Race Relations (Amendment) Act
2000 88,421,423,424,426
Road Traffic Act 1930 50
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 ... .303,344,426
Sugar Industry (Reorganisation) Act
1936 50
Sugar (Subsidy) Act 1925 50
Secondary
Conduct of Members (Model Code of
Conduct) (Wales) Order 2001, SI
2001/2289 88
Sched., PtII,para4 88
Conduct of Members (Principles) (Wales)
Order 2001, SI 2001/2276 88
Sched. para 7 88
Disability Discrimination (Public Authorities)
(Statutory Duties) Regulations 2005, SI
2005/2966 426
Education and Library Boards (NI) Order
1993, SI 1993/2810 (NI 12) 440
Art20 440
Fair Employment and Treatment Order 1998,
SI 1998/3162 (NI 21) 440
Local Authorities (Model Code of Conduct)
(England) Order 2001, SI
2001/3575 88
Sched. 1, para 2 88
Sched. 2, para 2 88
Local Government Act 2000 (Model Code of
Conduct) (Amendment) Order 2002,
SI 2002/1719 88
Local Government (Direct Service Organisation)
(Competition) (Amendment)
Regulations 1995,SI 1995/1336 ...336
Table of Nation
Local Government (Direct Service
Organisations) (Competition)
Regulations 1993, SI 1993/848 ... .336
Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions)
(Northern Ireland) Order 1991 ... .340
Art 19 440
National Parks and Broads Authorities (Model
Code of Conduct) (England) Order
2001, SI 2001/3577 88
Parish Councils (Model Code of Conduct)
Order 2001, SI 2001/3576 88
Police Authorities (Model Code of Conduct)
Order 2001, SI 2001/3578 88
Race Relations Act 1976 (Statutory Duties)
Order 2001, SI 2001/3458 89
Relevant Authorities (General Principles) Order
2001, SI 2001/1401 88
Sched., para 7 88
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (Public
Authorities) (Statutory Duties) Order
2006, SI 2006/2930 427
Tax Credit (New Category of Child Care Provider)
Regulations 2002, SI 2002/1417 88
Sched. 2, Pt I, para 1 88
UNITED STATES
Federal
Alien Tort Claims Act 1789, 1 Stat 73,77
(codified at 28 USC §1350 370
Americans with Disabilities Act 1990, Pub L
101 336 156
Buy American Act 1933,47 Stat 1520 26,
27,186,187, 188,189,193,204,213
Civil Rights Act 1964, Pub L 88 352 .. .66, 67,
136,145
Title VII (codified at 42 USC §2000e et
seq) 66,71,138,139,141,
144,147,149,151,152,155
s706(g) 71
Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity
(Libertad) Act 1996, Pub L
104 114 268,291,292,471
Commodity Futures Modernization Act 2000,
Pub L 106 554 174
Davis Bacon Act 1931, 46 Stat
1494 39,40,41,42
Fair Labor Standards Act 1938, 52 Stat
1060 366
Helms Burton Act, see Cuban Liberty and
Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act
tal Legislation xxxvii
1996)
Immigration Act 1924,43 Stat 153 39
Intermodel Surface Transportation Efficiency
Act 1991, Pub L 102 240 169
Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 1996, Pub L
104 172 268
s6(6) 268
Javits Wagner O Day Act, Pub L
94 273 4,61
McKinley Tariff Act 1890, 26 Stat 567 28
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 1996, Pub L 104 106, 10 USC
§983 (Supp 2005) 2
National Industrial Recovery Act 1933,48
Stat 375 34
s201(a) 34
s202 34
s 203 34
s204 35
s 206 35
s 206(1) 35
s 206(2) 35
s 206(3) 35
s206(4) 35
s206(5) 35
National Labor Relations Act 1935,49 Stat
449 140
sl0(c) 140
Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act
1997, Pub L 104 208 268
s 570(c) 268
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 1988,
Pub L 100 418 26
Title VII 26
Public Works Employment Act 1977, Pub L
95 28 8,168, 170
Rehabilitation Act 1973, Pub L
93 U2 4, 155
s503 155
s5O8 4,156
Small Business Act 1953, 67 Stat 232 (codified
atl5USC§631etseq) 29
15USC§632(a) 29
15 USC §637 168
15USC§637(a)(l) 168
15USC§637(a)(4) 168
15USC§637(d) 168
15USC§644(g) 168
15USC§644(j) 29
Smoot Hawley Tariff Art 1930,46 Stat
590 28
xxxviii Table of Nation
s 307 28
Solomon Amendment, see National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996
Surface Transportation Assistance Act 1982,
PubL97 424 169
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation
Assistance Act 1987, Pub L 95 87 .169
Trade Act 1974, Pub L93 618 208
Treasury, Transportation and Independent
Agencies Appropriations Act 2004, Pub
L 108 199 374
Vietnam Era Veterans Readjustment Assistance
Act 1974, Pub L 93 508 155,156
Wagner O Day Act, Pub L 9228 4, 61
si 61
s2 61
s3 61
Walsh Healey Public Contracts Act 1936,49
Stat 2036 42
Workforce Investment Act 1998, Pub L
105 220 156
Presidential Executive Orders
Executive Order No 325A (1905) 28
Executive Order No 8802 (1941) 134
Executive Order No 9346 (1943) 135
tal Legislation
Executive Order No 9980 (1948) 135
Executive Order No 9981 (1948) 135
Executive Order No 10210 (1951) 135
Executive Order No 10308 (1951) 135
Executive Order No 10479 (1953) 135
Executive Order No 10582 (1954) 27
Executive Order No 10590 (1955) 135
Executive Order No 10925 (1961) 135
Executive Order No 10988 (1962) 135
Executive Order No 11246 (1965) ... .5, 71,
138,139,140 155,353,488
Executive Order No 11375 (1967) 155
Executive Order No 11755 (1973) 28
Executive Order No 12067 (1978) 152
Executive Order No 12291 (1981) 153
Executive Order No 13047 (1997) 268
Executive Order No 13126 (1999) .295, 374
Massachusetts
Act Regulating Contracts with Companies
Doing Business with or in Burma
(Myanmar),ch 130, 1996 Session Laws,
Mass. Gen Laws Ann., ch 7,223 ...10,
271 273,476,482,484,486,
488,489,490, 503
Table of International
and Con
COUNCIL OF EUROPE
European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms 1950 496, 537
European Convention on Establishment
1965 495
Protocol, s III(a) 495
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Treaties
Amsterdam Treaty, see Treaty of Amsterdam
EC Treaty 1957 (as amended) 20, 79, 200,
205,308,331,400,
401,405,420,461,495,555
Art2 372
Art3 20,373
Art3(2) 80
Art6 372
Art7 105
Art 12 511,516
Art 13 408,410,446,454, 516, 518
An 18 511
Art28 516
Arts 28 30 522,535
Art 30 30,105,325,326
Art 34(2) 511
Art35 326
Art36 203
Art39 511
An 39(2) 516
An 43 511,516
Arts43 55 522
An 46 536
Art48 105
An 49 511,516,532
Arts49 55 535
An 50 532
Arts 52 66 105
Art 53 466
Art59 533
Art60 533
Art90 511
and Regional Treaties
ventions
Art 130(2) 372
An 141 516,517,518
European Atomic Energy Community Treaty
1957 97,104
European Coal and Steel Community Treaty
1951 97,104
Maastricht Treaty, see Treaty on European
Union 1992
Single European Act 1986 80, 372
Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of
the European Union, the Treaties
establishing the European Communities
and certain related acts 1997 79, 80,
372,446
Treaty on European Union 1992 79, 80,
372,446, 558
Regulations
Council Regulation 1612/68/EEC on the free
movement of workers within the
Community [1968] OJ L257/2 511
Council Regulation 880/92/EEC of 23 March
1992 on a Community eco label award
scheme [1992] OJ L99/1 393
Council Regulation 1836/93/EEC allowing
voluntary participation by companies in
the industrial sector in a Community
eco management and audit scheme [ 1993]
OJL168 393
Council Regulation 1980/2000 on a revised
Community Eco label Award Scheme
[2000] OJ L237/1 393
Council Regulation 1605/2002/EC, Euratom
on the Financial Regulation applicable to
the general budget of the European
Communities [2002] OJ L248/1 384
Commission Regulation 2342/2002/EC,
Euratorn laying down detailed rules for the
implementation of Council Regulation
1605/2002 on die Financial Regulation
applicable to the general budget of the
European Communities [2002] OJ
L357/1 384
xl Table of International and Reg
Directives
Council Directive 71/304/EEC concerning the
abolition of restrictions on freedom to
provide services in respect of public works
contracts [1971] OJ L185/1 105
Council Directive 71/305/EEC concerning the
coordination of procedures for the award
of public works contracts (Works
Directive) [1971] OJ L185/5 .. .105,108,
204,321,322,324,331
Council Directive 75/117/EEC on the
approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to the application of the
principle of equal pay for men and women
(Equal Pay Directive) [1975] OJ
L45/198 406
Council Directive 75/129/EEC on the
approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to collective redundancies
[1975] OJ L48/29 516
Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the
implementation of the principle of equal
treatment for men and women as regards
access to employment, vocational training
and promotion, and working conditions
(Equal Treatment Directive) [1976] OJ
L39/40 348,406,455, 516, 562
Council Directive 77/62/EEC coordinating
procedures for the award of public supplies
contracts [1976] OJ L13/1 105,108,
320,321
Council Directive 77/187/EEC on the
approximation of the laws of the
Member States relating to the safeguarding
of employees rights in the event of
transfers of undertakings, businesses or
parts of businesses (Transfer of
Undertakings Directive) [1977] OJ
L61/26 397,398, 516
Council Directive 79/7/EEC on the progressive
implementation of the principle of equal
treatment for men and women in matters
of social security [1979] OJ L6/24 ... .406
Council Directive 80/767/EEC adopting and
supplementing in respect of certain
contracting authorities [1980] OJ
L215 108,320,321
Council Directive 85/337/EEC on the
assessment of the effects of certain public
and private projects on the environment
[1985]OJL175/40 393
nonal Treaties and Conventions
Council Directive 86/378/EEC on the
implementation of the principle of equal
treatment for men and women in
occupational and social security schemes
(Occupational Social Security Directive)
[1986] OJ L225/40 406
Council Directive 86/613/EEC on the
application of the principle of equal
treatment between men and women
engaged in an activity in a self employed
capacity, and on the protection of self
employed women during pregnancy and
motherhood [1986] OJ L359/56 406
Council Directive 88/295/EEC amending
Directive 77/62/EEC relating to the
coordination of procedures on the award
of public supply contracts [1988] OJ
L127/1 108
Council Directive 89/440/EEC amending
Directive 71/305/EEC concerning
coordination of procedures for the award
of public works contracts [1989] OJ
L210/1 as amended [1989] OJ
268/55 108
Council Directive 92/13/EEC coordinating the
laws, regulations and administrative
provisions relating to the application of
Community rules on the procurement
procedures of entities operating in the
water, energy, transport, and
telecommunications sectors (Utilities
Directive) [1992] OJ L76/14 109
Council Directive 92/50/EEC relating to the
coordination of procedures for the award
of public service contracts (Services
Directive) [1992] OJ L209/1 .. .397,398
Art36(l)(a) 400,401
Art 36(2) 400
Council Directive 92/85/EEC on the
introduction of measures to encourage
improvements in the health and safety at
work of pregnant workers (Pregnant
Workers Directive) [1992] OJ
L348/1 406
Council Directive 93/36/EEC coordinating
procedures for the award of public supply
contracts (Supplies Directive) [1993] OJ
L199/1 ... .108,109,204,322,324,345
Art 15(1) 561
An 25(4) 330
Art26 330,563
Table of International and Regi
Council Directive 93/37/EEC concerning the
coordination of procedures for the award
of public works contracts (Works
Directive) [1993] OJ L199/54 Ill
Council Directive 93/38/EEC coordinating the
procurement procedures of entities
operating in the water, energy, transport,
and telecommunications sector [1993] OJ
L 199/84 Ill
Council Directive 93/104/EC concerning
certain aspects of the organization of
working time (Working Time Directive)
[1993] OJ L307/18 407
Council Directive 96/34/EC on the framework
agreement on parental leave concluded by
UNICE, CEEP, and the ETUC [1996] OJ
L145/4 407
Directive 96/71 /EC concerning the posting of
workers in the framework of the provision
of services (Posted Workers Directive)
[1996] OJ L18/1 557,562
Council Directive 96/97/EC on the
implementation of the principle of equal
treatment for men and women in
occupational social security schemes
[1997] OJ L46/20 407
Council Directive 97/11 /EC on the assessment
of the effects of certain public and private
projects on the environment [1997] OJ
L73/5 393
Council Directive 97/75/EC amending and
extending to the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, Directive
96/34/EC on the framework agreement on
parental leave concluded by UNICE,
CEEP, and the ETUC [1997] OJ
L10/24 407
Council Directive 97/80/EC on the burden of
proof in cases of discrimination based on
sex [1998] OJ L14/6 407
Council Directive 97/81/EC concerning the
Framework Agreement on part time work
[1998] OJ L14/9 407
Council Directive 98/50/EC on the
approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to the safeguarding of
employees rights in the event of transfers
of undertakings, businesses, or parts of
businesses [1998] OJ L201/88 516
Council Directive 98/52/EC on the extension
of Directive 97/80 on the burden of proof
ional Treaties and Conventions xli
in cases of discrimination based on sex to
the United Kingdom and Northern
Ireland [1998] OJ L205/66 407
Council Directive 98/59/EC on the
approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to collective redundancies
[1998]OJL225/16 516
Council Directive 2000/43/EC implementing
the principle of equal treatment between
persons irrespective of racial or ethnic
origin [2000] OJ LI 80/22 408,453,
454,455,565
Council Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a
general framework for equal treatment in
employment and occupation [2000] OJ
L303/16 408,454, 517, 556, 562
Artl 518
Directive 2002/73/EC on the implementation
of equal treatment for men and women
as regards access to employment,
vocational training and promotion and
working conditions [2002] OJ
L269/15 407
Directive 2004/17/EC coordinating the
procurement procedures of entities
operating in the water, energy, transport,
and postal services sectors (Utilities
Directive) [2004] OJ LI34/1 Ill
Annex XVIIB 510
AnnexXXXIII 566
Art 10 520
Art28 555
Art 34(1) 554
Art36 545
Art38 563
Art39 554,557
Art 39(1) 557
Art 44 564
Art 54(4) 560
Art 55 550
Art 57 552
Art57(l)(d) 554
Art 59(4) 566
Art 59(4)(a) 566
Art 59(4)(b) 566
Art 59(4)(c) 566
Recital 9 519,522
Recital 13 531
Recital 39 554,555
Recital 44 564
Recital45 557,562
xlii Table of International and Reg
Recital 54 562
Recital 55 549
Directive 2004/18/EC on the coordination of
procedures for the award of public works
contracts, public supply contracts, and
public service contracts (Public Sector
Directive) [2004] OJ LI 34/114 Ill,
328,461,527,548
AnnexIIB 510
Annex VI 539, 540
Annex VII 556
Art2 520
Art 3 519,520
Art 19 555
Art 23 540, 543
An23(1) 540,554
An 23(2) 540
An 23(3) 540
An 23(6) 543
Art24 547
Art24(l) 545
Art26 563
Art 27 554,557
An 27(1) 557
Art 29(3) 520
An 29(6) 520
Art 29(7) 520
An 30(3) 520
Art 33 564
Art 38 564
Art 42(4) 520
An 44(2) 544
Art45(2)(b) 560
An45(2)(c) 560
Art 45(3) 560,561
Art45(3)(a) 560
Art 45(4) 561
An 48 544
An 48(1) 544
An 49 544
Art 50 544
An 53 547, 548,549, 550
An 53(2) 550
An 55 547, 552
An55(l)(d) 554
An 72 520
Recital 2 519, 522
Recital 6 531
Recital28 554
Recital 33 564
Recital 34 557,562
Recital 43 562
ional Treaties and Conventions
Recital 46 549
Council Directive 2004/113/EC implementing
the principle of equal treatment between
men and women in the access to and
supply of goods and services [2004] OJ
L373/37 408
Council Directive 2005/29/EC concerning
unfair business to consumer commercial
practices in die internal market [2005] OJ
L149/22 370
Decisions
Council Decision 95/593/EC on a medium
term Community action programme on
equal opportunities for men and women
(1996 to2000) [1995], OJ L335/1 ... .79
Charters
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European
Union 2000 408
Community Charter of Fundamental Social
Rights for Workers 1989 382
EUROPEAN FREE TRADE
ASSOCIATION
Stockholm Convention, see Convention
establishing the European Free Trade
Association
Convention establishing the European Free
Trade Association 1960 100,200
Art 12 203
Art 14(1) 100
Art 18 203
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS TREATIES AND
CONVENTIONS
Convention on die Elimination of Racial
Discrimination 375
Convention on the Rights of the Child
1989 90
Art32 379
Convention relating to die Status of Refugees
1951 90
European Convention on Human Rights, see
Council of Europe in diis section
International Convention on die Elimination
of all Forms of Racial Discrimination
1965 90,375
Table of International and Regi
International Convention on the Protection of
the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Members of their Families 1990 90
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights 1966 90,496
International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights 1966 90
Refugee Convention, see Convention relating
to the Status of Refugees
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANIZATION:
CONSTITUTION, CONVENTIONS,
DECLARATIONS
Constitution 1919 67,497
Preamble 67
Art26 497
Convention No 19 on Equality of Treatment
(Accident Compensation) 1925 68
Convention No 29 on Forced Labour
1930 450,452,566
Convention No 51 on Reduction of Hours of
Work (Public Works) 1936 55
Convention No 87 on Freedom of Association
and the Protection of the Right to
Organise 1948 450,452, 566
Convention No 94 on Labour Clauses (Public
Contracts) 1949 56,325, 326,
337,450,452,459
Artl 558
Art2(l) 56
Art 2(2) 56
Art22 358
Convention No 98 on the Right to Organise
and Collective Bargaining 1949 450,
452, 566
Convention No 100 on Equal Remuneration
1951 68,164,450,452, 566
Convention No 105 on the Abolition of Forced
Labour 1957 450,452, 566
Convention No 111 on Discrimination
(Employment and Occupation)
1958 68,164,450,452, 566
Art2 164,165
Art3 164
Art7 164
Convention No 118 on Equality of Treatment
(Social Security) 1962 68
Convention No 122 on Employment Policy
1964 68
onal Treaties and Conventions xliii
Art 1 68
Convention No 138 on Minimum Age
1973 450,452,566
Convention No 156 on Workers with Family
Responsibilities 1981 68
Convention No 159 on Vocational
Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled
Persons) 1983 68
Convention No 182 on Worst Forms of Child
Labour 1999 566, 587
Convention No 183 on Maternity Protection
2000 68
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and
Rights at Work 1998 68, 165, 496
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
LAW TREATIES, AGREEMENTS,
AND INSTRUMENTS
Havana Charter for an International Trade
Organization 1948 96, 98,493
UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of
Goods, Construction, and Services
1994 276
Bilateral Trade Agreements
Chile Central America 1999 223
Protocol Chile Costa Rica 223
US Australia 2004 224
Annex 15 A, Section 7: General Notes
Schedule of the United States
para 1 223
para2 223
Schedule of Australia 224
US Bahrain 2004 223
Annex 9 E, General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
US Canada 1988 215
Chapter 10 215
Annex 1304.3
Schedule of the United States 215
US Chile 2003 223
Annex 9.1, Section H: General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
para 1 223
para 2,6 223
US Columbia 2006 223, 224
Annex 9.1
Section G: Construction Services
Schedule of Columbia 224
xliv Table of International and Reg,
Section H: General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
para 1 223
Schedule of Columbia 224
para4 224
US Oman 2006 223
Annex 9, Section F: General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
para 1 223
US Peru 2006 223
Annex 9.1, Section G: General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
para. 1 223
Regional Trade Agreements
Central America Dominican Republic United
States Free Trade Agreement
2004 223,224
Annex 9.1.2(b)(i) 48, Section G: General
Notes
Schedule of die Dominican Republic .224
para 3 224
Schedule of Guatemala 224
para 3 224
Schedule of the United States 223
para 1 224
European Community (see separate heading in
this section)
European Free Trade Association (see separate
heading in this section)
North American Agreement on Labour
Co operation 1993 215,216
North American Free Trade Agreement
1992 183,214 216, 218,219,
220, 221
Chapter 10 215
Art 1001.1 (b) (2)
Annex 1001.2b, General Notes
Schedule of Canada 215
paral(d) 215
Schedule of the United States 215
paral 215
World Bank
IBRD Articles of Agreement 227
Article III 227
s4 227
s 5 227
IDA Articles of Agreement 227
Article V 227
si 227
ional Treaties and Conventions
World Trade Organization
Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
1994 286
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) 1947 (as amended) 96,205,207,
208 An I
473,475,477
Art II 473
Art III 473,474,476,478,479
Art 111(2) 474,475,477
Art 111(4) . .98,475,475,476,477,479,481
8 471
8(a) 99
8(b) 99
ArtXI 473,474,476,477
ArtXVII 99
Art XX .. .99,101,203,479,491,492,494,
495,497,498,504, 593
(a) 473,493,494
(b) 473,498,499, 501, 504
(d) 498,499, 500
(e) 473
(g) 494
Art XXI 99,203
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) 1994 96
Artl(a) 96
General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS) 1994 281,491,496,497
Art XIV 491,496,497
ArtXIII 281
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)
1979 101,102,106,
206,210,213,214,216
ArtI 101
ArtH 101
ArtVIII(l) 214
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)
1994 101,106,183,216,222,
225,229,230,231,273,
281,301,469 506,590,592,
An III 103,293,474,475,476,
482,483, 593
An 111(2) 293
ArtIII(2)(a) 103
AnIII(2)(b) 103
ArtV(3) 231
ArtV(4) 231
ArtVI(l) 483
Art VI(2) 483
Table of International and Regie
ArtVII(3) 483
ArtVII(b) 103
Art VIII 484,485,506
Art VHI(b) 292,293,484
ArtVIH(h) 485
Art IX 490
ArtK(9)(b) 103
ArtX 292,293
ArtXII(2)(g) 487
ArtXII(2)(h) 103
ArtXII(2)(j) 489
ArtXIII 489,490,491
ArtXIH(2)(h) 103
ArtXIII(2)(j) 103
ArtXIII(4) 103, 293
ArtXIII(4)(a) 103
ArtXIII(4)(b) 103,293,486
ArtXIII(4)(d) 103
Art XVI 231
ArtXVI(l) 104,232
mal Treaties and Conventions xlv
ArtXVI(2) 232
ArtXVII 506
ArtXX 104,219
ArtXX(6) 104
ArtXXII(l) 104
Art XXIII 492,493,495,497,505
ArtXXIII(2) 104,492,493,503
Annex of Canada to Appendix 1, General
Notes, l(d) 218
Annex of the United States to Appendix 1,
General Notes, Note 1 218, 219
Annex of the United States 2, Sub Central
Government Entities, Notes to Annex 2,
para2 219
Understanding on rules and procedures
governing the settlement of disputes
(DSU) 1994 96,104,284,285,288
Art 4(4) 291
Art 4(11) 291
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Table of Cases xxix
Table of National Legislation xxxiii
Table of International and Regional Treaties and Conventions xxxix
List of Abbreviations xlvii
1. What is This Book About?
I. Introducing Procurement Linkages 4
Disabled workers 4
Civil rights movement in the United States and
contract compliance 5
Procurement and anti discrimination law: the United Kingdom,
Canada, Australia, and the EU 6
'Set asides' in the United States, Malaysia, South Africa, Canada,
and Australia 8
Selective purchasing and local activism in the United States 9
Changing role of procurement and linkages 10
II. Themes 12
Equal status law and social policy 12
'Economic' versus 'social' approaches to public procurement
law and policy 14
Debates about adaptation to globalization 16
Role of law 16
III. Outline of the Book 17
Parti: Preliminaries 17
Part II: Role of the World Trade Organization and
procurement linkages 18
Part III: European equality developments and the
European Community 19
Part IV: Interpretation 22
PartV: Conclusions 22
PART I. PRELIMINARIES
2. Roots
I. National Industry Policy Procurement Linkages 25
Protecting national industry against foreign competition 26
Goods made by prison labour 28
Improving the competitiveness of certain industrial sectors 28
xviii Contents
Remedying regional disparities 29
Serving as an instrument of general economic policy 31
II. Public Works and Unemployment 31
Some distinctions 31
III. Fair Wages and Procurement 37
The origins 37
Protection from competition and the Davis Bacon
Act of 1931 39
The New Deal and the social uses of procurement 41
Origins of the linkage: fair wages in Britain 42
Why the emphasis on government contracts? 48
Subsequent history 49
Fair Wages Resolution and free trade 51
Procurement and labour clauses in France 53
International Labour Organization and procurement 55
IV. Disability and Procurement 56
Disabled ex servicemen and procurement in Britain 56
Second World War 59
Disabled workers and federal procurement in the
United States 60
Procurement and sheltered workshops for disabled
workers in Germany 62
3. Status Equality Law and Policy
I. Ethical Dimensions of Equal Status Law and Policy 63
II. Market and Non Market Enforcement 65
III. Individual Justice Model 65
Anti discrimination law at the domestic level 66
International Labour Organization and status equality 67
Enforcement issues 68
IV. Group Justice Model 69
Limits of litigation 70
United States and 'affirmative action' 71
Canada 71
Northern Ireland 72
Malaysia 73
South Africa 75
Enforcement issues 76
V. Mainstreaming 77
Aboriginal self government in Canada 81
Mainstreaming equality in Northern Ireland 83
Mainstreaming equality in Britain 87
VT. Extraterritorial Regulation of Equality 90
VII. Procurement Linkages, Equal Status Law, and Policy 92
Contents xix
4. International and European Procurement Regulation
I. The Origins of International and European Procurement
Regulation 95
Post Second World War international economic
architecture 96
Development of international and regional norms
regulating procurement 97
Early beginnings 98
Why procurement reform? 99
EFTA and procurement 99
OECD discussions 100
II. Government Procurement Agreement 101
International procurement reform after 1979 101
III. Early Activities Relating to Procurement by the
European Community 104
Slow beginnings 104
IV. The Growth of Neo Liberalism and Further European
Procurement Reform 106
Procurement and internal market reforms 107
V. European Procurement Reforms of 2003 109
VI. Procurement Linkages, International and European
Procurement Regulation 111
5. Buying Social Justice?
I. Objections to Linkage 114
Irrelevance to the appropriate functions
of purchasing 115
Costs of linkage 115
Fairness and discrimination arguments 118
Direct regulation preferable to procurement linkages 118
Regulatory capture 119
Good governance objections 120
Abuse of power 121
II. Arguments in Favour of Linkage 122
Inadequacy of other methods of compliance with
equality legislation 122
Mainstreaming requires linkage 123
Limits of a 'commercial' model of
government contracting 123
Assisting die internalization of externalities 124
Sustaining and increasing competition 126
Supplying the 'public good' of equality 127
III. Theoretical Issues and Legal Form 128
xx Contents
PART II. THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION AND
PROCUREMENT LINKAGES
6. Contract Compliance in the United States and Canada
I. Procurement Linkages and Equality for Black Americans 131
Second World War and employment discrimination
against black Americans 132
Following the Second World War 135
Approaches to enforcement 136
Civil rights legislation and contract compliance 137
Affirmative action under the Executive Order 139
Legal challenges unsuccessful 146
Revised Order No 4 147
Nixon Administration support 149
Supreme Court and 'private' affirmative action 151
President Reagan's challenge 152
Expanding the groups covered 155
Disability 155
Vietnam veterans 156
II. Contract Compliance in Canada 157
Federal government equality legislation and
contract compliance 157
Requirements of the Federal Contractors Program 159
Provincial programmes 161
III. Procurement Linkages, the ILO, and Equality 164
7. Set asides in the United States and Canada
I. Origin and Development: United States 167
Constitutionality of affirmative action set asides 169
Reviewing procurement linkages after Adarand 172
II. Aboriginal Set asides in Canada 175
Role of procurement linkage in the
Aboriginal agreements 175
Procurement Strategy for Aboriginal Business 178
8. Evolution of the Government Procurement Agreement Model and
Procurement Linkages
I. Procurement Linkages in the Context of OECD Procurement
Reform Discussions 183
Initial approach to linkages in the OEEC 183
OECD negotiations on procurement begin 185
Belgian complaint against the Buy American Act 186
The OECD's general work on government
procurement 189
Contents xxi
II. Tokyo Round Negotiations and the GPA's Approach to Linkage 209
Set asides and die United States reaction to
the 1979 Agreement 211
III. GPA 1979 Model as the Basis of Further Regional,
International, and Bilateral Procurement Regulation 214
North American Free Trade Agreement
and procurement linkages 214
Linkages and the 1994 GPA 216
Procurement agreements and Aboriginal
set asides 219
Procurement agreements and the Federal
Contractors Program 221
Bilateral procurement agreements 222
IV. Assessment of the 'GPA Model' 225
Epistemic communities 225
Embedded liberalism 226
What is procurement reform for, again? 227
9. Procurement Linkages and Developing Countries
I. Bumiputera and National Stability in Malaysia 232
History and economic context of preferences 233
Riots and the introduction of procurement set asides 234
Subsequent development of set asides 237
Operation of preferences in Malaysia 238
Internal controversy about preferences in Malaysia 240
The 'administrative law' of government
procurement in Malaysia 243
II. Procurement Reform in South Africa 245
Socio economic functions of public
procurement in South Africa 247
Constutionalizing linkage in South Africa 250
Equality legislation 251
Preferential procurement legislation 252
Recent government initiatives 255
Broad based black economic empowerment 256
Public Private Partnerships and black
economic empowerment 261
Redrafting preferential procurement regulations 265
III. Selective Purchasing in the United States Relating to Myanmar 267
Sullivan and MacBride Principles and
selective purchasing 268
Selective purchasing and Myanmar 270
IV. The GPA Model and Procurement Linkages: Reacting to
Malaysia, South Africa, and Myanmar 273
Is opting out feasible? South Africa as a test case 273
xxii Contents
"World Bank procurement policy, development,
and linkage 276
Malaysia and international procurement disciplines 280
European Commission, the United States, and Myanmar 291
United States Constitutional arguments 295
PART III. EQUALITY LINKAGES AND THE
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
10. Procurement Linkages and the 1980s Reform of EC
Procurement Regulation
I. United Kingdom Initiatives in the 1960s and 1970s 301
Developing linkages in Britain in the 1960s 301
Attempts to reform die British scheme 1968—85 302
Procurement and Northern Ireland
anti discrimination policy 305
Procurement linkage in Northern
Ireland 1973 80 305
Reformed fair employment legislation and
procurement linkage 307
II. Developing Procurement Linkages in Germany 310
Overview of German procurement law
up to the mid 1990s 310
Use of procurement linkages other than for
equal status goals 313
Use of procurement linkages for equal status goals 315
III. Legislative Reform of the Procurement Directives 1986 92 317
Some context 317
Status equality and the Supplies Directive 319
Status equality and the Works Directive 321
The Beentjes case 322
Legislative activity following Beentjes 323
Status equality and the Services Directive 324
Status equality and the Utilities Directive 327
Status equality and the consolidated Supplies Directive 330
11. Domestic Procurement Linkages During the 1990s and the
Chilling Effect of European Procurement Regulation
I. Growing European Commission Scepticism Regarding
Procurement Linkages 331
II. British Public Sector Management Reform: Contracting Out,
Privatization, and Procurement Linkages 334
Compulsory competitive tendering 335
Contents xxiii
Contract compliance and local authorities 337
Judicial intervention against linkage 340
Political intervention: the Local Government Act 1988 340
Other varieties of equality linkage 343
European Commission and disability 344
III. Revisiting the Development of Procurement
Linkages in Germany 346
Controversial nature of procurement linkages
under German law 346
Commission infringement action 348
New domestic legislation and
procurement linkages 350
IV. Deciding Against Procurement Linkages in the Netherlands 353
Policy at national level 355
Policy at the provincial and local levels 356
V. Difficulties for Procurement Linkages in France 357
12. Changing Approaches to Procurement Linkages in the
Community and Beyond
I. Integrating the Social, Environmental, and Economic:
Some Relevant International Developments 363
International public policy 363
Davos deal 365
Corporate social responsibility and the rise of
corporate codes of conduct 367
Compliance gap 368
II. Realigning the Economic, Social, and Environmental
Goals of die European Community 371
Corporate social responsibility 371
Growth of European environmental regulation 372
III. Growth of Procurement Linkages 373
Reacting to developments in the labour market 374
Public procurement and CSR 375
Public procurement as equivalent to
private procurement 376
Responsible public procurement as 'leading by example' 378
UN procurement policy and linkage 379
CSR and procurement in Europe 382
CSR and procurement in the United Kingdom 385
Opposition to CSR in European public procurement 388
Environmental protection, sustainable development, and
procurement linkages 389
International developments 389
Green procurement in Europe 392
xxiv Contents
IV Addressing Legal Uncertainties 394
Judicial adaptation: the ECJ adapts EC law to
social j ustice linkages 394
The Nord Pas de Calais case 395
The Oy Liikenne case 397
The Concordia Bus case 398
The Wienstrom case 401
Clarification from the European Commission 402
13. Expansion of Equality Linkages in the Member States
I. Community Equal Status Law and Procurement Linkages 405
Growth of Community equal status law 406
Procurement linkages and European equal
status law and policy 409
Growing sympathy for procurement
linkages at the Community level 409
Equality mainstreaming and
procurement linkages 410
II. Developments in Equality Linkages in the Member States 411
Stages of Development 411
Italy 413
Spain 414
Austria 415
Belgium 415
Sweden 417
Denmark 418
France 418
III. Equality Mainstreaming and Procurement in
England and Wales 420
Equal opportunities and restrictions on
local authorities 420
Prime Minister's Strategy Unit Report 422
CRE guidance on procurement 424
Jobcentre Plus 425
Supplier diversity 427
Approach of the Welsh Assembly 428
Reform of equality legislation 428
IV. Procurement and Equality Mainstreaming in Northern Ireland 430
Initial discussions of implications of
mainstreaming for procurement 430
Public procurement review
and mainstreaming 432
Unemployment pilot project 439
Executive approval and implementing
the pilot schemes 440
Contents xxv
14. Procurement Linkages and the 2003 Legislative Reforms:
a Modus Vivendi in Sight?
I. Political Context of Legislative Reforms 445
Role of unions and NGOs 445
Changing role of the European Parliament 446
II. Commission Procurement Reform Proposals and
Linkage, 1996 99 448
Commission Green Paper 448
Reactions to the Green Paper 448
Commission response 451
III. Equality Directives and Procurement in the Parliament,
1999 2002 453
Race Directive 453
Employment Discrimination Directive 454
Equal Treatment Directive 455
IV. Emergence of Reformed Procurement Legislation, 2000—03 456
Commission proposal on procurement
legislation 456
Procurement and linkage in the
Parliamentary process 458
Commission's Interpretative Communication 460
Emergence of Parliament's approach 461
Commission's amended proposal 462
Position of the Council 464
Emerging compromise and the final deal 465
PART IV: INTERPRETATION
15. Interpreting the Government Procurement Agreement
I. Interpreting the GPA: Some Basic Points 470
Human rights treaties and the GPA 472
Basic structure of GATT 473
II. Prima Facie GPA Obligations 474
Meaning of discrimination 474
Process product distinction 476
Debate under GATT 476
Process product distinction and the GPA 481
Technical specifications 483
Qualifications of suppliers 484
Award criteria 486
Socio economic considerations as
contract conditions 488
III. Exceptions 491
Some general considerations 491
xxvi Contents
Types of exceptions available 493
Interpretation of'public morals'
prior to US Gambling A9A
'Public order' prior to US Gambling 495
'Public order' and 'public morals' in the
light of US Gambling 497
Nexus 498
Unjustified or arbitrary discrimination 504
16. EC Public Procurement Law and Equality Linkages:
Foundations for Interpretation
I. Some Preliminary Points 508
II. Equal Treatment as the Basis of EU Status Equality Law and
Procurement Law 510
Conceptions of equality and non discrimination 512
Equality as 'rationality' 513
Equality as protective of other 'prized public goods' 513
Equality as preventing 'status harms' arising from
discrimination on particular grounds 514
Equality as proactive promotion of equality of
opportunity between particular groups 515
Equal treatment in Community law 515
Status equality and procurement law: the same
principle of equal treatment? 519
Obligations to promote status equality in
the procurement directives 520
Equal treatment as an interpretative principle 521
III. Freedom of Contract and the Subject Matter of the Contract 522
IV. Overall Limits of the Procurement Directives:
the Limits of the Treaty 531
17. European Public Procurement Law and Equality Linkages:
Government as Consumer, Government as Regulator
I. Procurement Linkages: Government as Consumer 538
Provisions regarding technical specifications 538
Professional and technical knowledge or ability 543
Variants 545
Award criteria 546
Rejection of'abnormally low tenders' 552
II. True 'Secondary' Considerations: Government as Regulator 554
Disability and technical specifications 554
Set asides for sheltered workshops 555
Compliance with domestic employment laws 556
Contents xxvii
Disqualifying bidders 559
Provisions permitting 'special' contract conditions 563
Procurement linkages and non member states 566
PARTV: CONCLUSIONS
18. Reconciling Social and Economic Approaches to Public Procurement
I. Where Have We Got To? 569
Preliminaries 569
The World Trade Organization and procurement linkages 571
Equality linkages and the European Community 572
Interpretation 573
II. Role of Law 574
III. 'Economic' Versus 'Social' Approaches to Public Procurement
Law and Policy 576
Common principles 577
Adaptability of the procurement
linkage instrument 578
Procurement regulation as beneficial for
status equality 579
IV. Debates About Adaptation to Globalization 580
Waves of globalization analysis 580
Models of international and regional legal regulation
of procurement linkages 582
European Community and procurement linkages 583
Role of adj udication 584
Regulatory competition 585
World Trade Organization and procurement linkages 586
Deeper integration via the WTO? 587
Realistic alternatives: negotiation, opting out,
and interpretation 589
Renegotiation 590
Opting out 592
Adjudication 592
V. Equal Status Law and Social Policy 594
United States empirical studies 595
Changes in proportion of employees in
studies of contract compliance 595
United States set aside programmes:
are they successful and at what cost? 600
Assessments of Canadian procurement linkages 601
Aboriginal business set asides 601
Effectiveness of the Canadian contract
compliance programmes 603
xxviii Contents
United Kingdom procurement linkages 605
Contract compliance in the ILEA and
the GLC during the 1980s 605
Adoption of race related contract compliance policies
under the British Local Government Act 1988 606
West Midlands common standard 606
Supplier diversity in Britain 608
Mainstreaming: Northern Ireland pilot project 608
Procurement linkages in the Netherlands 609
Critiques of the operation of preferential
procurement in South Africa 611
VI. In Conclusion. 615
Are procurement linkages worth it? 615
Empirical issues for the future 616
Engagement 616
Bibliography 619
Index 661
Table of Cases
CANADA
Canadian International Trade Tribunal
Complaint filed by Conair Aviation, a division of Conair Aviation Ltd, Re, 8 August 1996 220
Rosemary Trehearne and Associates and Bud Long and Associates Inc, Re, 25 April 2005 220
EUROPE
European Court of Human Rights
Loizidou v Turkey (1995) 20 EHRR99 496
Court of First Instance
Renco vCouncil (CaseT 4/01) [2003] ECR11 171 549
European Court of Justice
Abrahamsson (CaseC 407/98) [2002] ECRI 5539 521
Andre Mazzoleni (CaseC l65/98) [2001] ECRI 2189 534
Arblade (Cases C 369/96 and C 376/96) [1999] ECR 1 8453 532, 534
Badeck(CaseC l58/97) [2000] ECRI 1875 521
Beentjes (Case 31/87) [1988] ECR 4635 322,323,329,331,349,395,396,402,
456,489, 526, 527, 528, 584
Briheche (CaseC 319/03) [2004] ECRI 8807 521
CaballerovFondodeGarantiaSalarial (Fogasa) (CaseC 442/00) [2002] ECRI 11915 519
Chac6n Navas (Case C 13/05) [2006] All ER(D) 132 556
Commission vBelgium (CaseC 87/94) [1996] ECRI 2043 524
CommissionvDenmark('Storebaelt') (CaseC 242/89) [1993] ECRI 3353 512
Commission v France, Nord Pas de Calais (Case C 225/98) [2000] ECR 1 7445 333, 395,
423,460, 549, 584
Commission vFrance (Case C 340/02) [2004] ECRI 9845 530
Commission v Germany (Case C 493/99) [2001] ECR 1 8163 534
Commission v Italy (Case 360/89) [1989] ECR 4035 527
Commission vSpain (CaseC 71 /92) [1993] ECRI 5923 563
Concordia Bus Finland Oy Ab (Case C 513/99) [2002] ECR 1 7213 398,400, 401, 463,
549,551,585
Contse SA, Vivisol Sri, Oxigen Salud SA v Instituto Nacional de Gesti6n Sanitaria (Ingesa),
formerly Instituto Nacional de la Salud (Insalud) (Case C 234/03) [2005] ECR
1 9315 507,550
DeftennevSabena (Case C 149/77) [1978] ECR 1365 517, 519
DefrennevSabena (Case43/75) [1976] ECR455 516, 517
Du Pont de Nemours Italiana SpA v Unita Sanitaria Locale No 2 di Carrara (Case 21/88)
[1990] ECRI 889 325,326
EARL (Case 15/95) [1997] ECRI 1961 511
EVN AG and Weinstrom GmbH v Republik Osterreich (Case C 448/01) [2003] ECR
1 14527 401,402, 542, 549, 550, 585
Fabricom (CaseC 21/03) [2005] ECRI 1559 561
xxx Table of Cases
Felix Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios SA (Case C 411/05), 15 February 2007 518
Fenin (Case 205/03) [2006] ECRI 6295 507
Knalarte Sociedade de Construcao Civil Ltd (Cases C 49/98, C 50/98 to C 54/98, and
C 68/98 toC 71/98) [2001] ECRI 7831 534, 535
Fratelli Costanzo SpA (Case C 103/88) [1989] ECR 1839 553
Frilli vBelgium (Case 1/72) [1972] ECR457 511
Grant v South West Trains Ltd (Case C 249/96) [1998] ECRI 621 518
Jippes v Minister van Landbouw, Natuurbeheer en Visserij (Case C 189/01) [2001 ]
ECRI 5689 511,512
Karlsson (Case 292/97) [2000] ECR 1 2737 511
Koinopraxia Enoseon Georgikon Synetairismon Diacheir iseos Enchorion Proionton Syn PE
(KYDEP) vCommission (CaseC 146/91) [1994] ECRI 4199 511,512
Kraus v Land Baden Wiirttemberg (Case C 19/92) [1993] ECR 1 163 532
Lommers (Case C 476/99) [2002] ECRI 2891 521
Mangold vRudiger Helm (Case C 144/04) [2005] ECRI 9981 518
Marshall (Case490/95) [1997] ECRI 6363 521
Michel Guiot and Climatic SA (Case C 272/94) [1996] ECR 1 1905 532
Michel Weiser v Caisse Nationale des Barreaux Francais (Case C 37/89) [1990] ECR
1 2395 518
Omega Spielhallen und Automatenaufstellungs GmbH v Oberbiirgermeisterin der
Bundesstadt Bonn (Case C 36/02) [2004] ECR 1 9609 535,536
Oy Liikenne Ab v Pekka Liskojarvi and Pentti Juntunen (Case C 172/99) [2001] ECR
1 745 397
P vS and Cornwall CC (CaseC 13/94) [1996] ECRI 2143 518
Payroll Data Services (Italy) Sri (Case C 79/01) [2002] ECR1 8923 534
Portugaia Construcoes Ltd (Case C 164/99) [2002] ECR 1 787 534
Portugal vCouncil (CaseC 149/96) [1999] ECRI 8395 511, 512
Prais vCouncil (Case 130/75) [1976] ECR 1589 519
Racke (Case 283/83) [1984] ECR 3791 511
Razzouk and Beydoun v Commission (Cases 75 117/82) [1984] ECR 1509 518
ReginavBouchereau (Case 30/77) [1977] ECR 1999 496
Reinhard Gebhard v Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Awocati e Procuratori di Milano
(CaseC 55/94) [1995] ECRI 4165 531, 533
Reiseburo BroedevGerdSandker (CaseC 3/95) [1996] ECRI 6511 533
Royal Scholten Honig (Holdings) Ltd v Intervention Board for Agriculture Produce
(Case 145/77) [1978] ECR 2037 511
Rush Portuguesa Lda v Office national d'immigration (Case C l 13/89) [1990] ECR
1 1417 327,328
Seco SA (Cases 62 and 63/81) [1982] ECR 223 328
SermideSpAvCassaConguaglioZucchero (Case 106/83) [1984] ECR 4209 511, 512
Socie^ Civile Immobilize Parodi v Banque H Albert de Bary (Case C 222/95) [1997] ECR
1 3899 532
Telaustria (Case C 324/98) [2000] ECRI 10745 507, 524
FRANCE
Conseil Constitutionnel
Decision of 29 July 1998, Decision No 98 43 DC 359
Conseil d'Etat
Decision of 10 May 1996, Federation nationale de travaux publics, Rec 164 358,400
Table of Cases xxxi
GERMANY
Bundesverfassungsgericht
BverfGE 93, 1 (1996) (Classroom Crucifix Case) 522
MALAYSIA
Au Kong Weng v Bar Committee Pahang [1980] 2 MJL 89 244
DatukHajiDzulkifli v Public Prosecutor [1981] 1 MJL 112 286
DK Gudgeon v Professional Engineers Board [1980] 2 MJL 181 244
Keith Sellar v Lee Kwang [1980] 2 MJL 191 244
KetuaPengarahKastam vHoKwan Seng [1977] 2 MJL 152 244
Lim Kit Sang v United Engineers of Malaysia [1988] 1 SCR 22, [1988] 2 MJL 25 244
Lim Kit Siang v Public Prosecutor [1979] 2 MJL 37 286
Lim Kov Board of Architects [1966] 2 MJL 80 244
Metal Industry Employees v Registrar of Trade Unions [ 1992] 1 MLJ 46 244
Tan Choo Chye v Singapore Society of Accountants [1980] 1 MJL 258 244
Tann Boo Chee, David v Medical Council of Singapore [1980] 2 MJL 116 244
UNITED KINGDOM
Oppenheimer vCattermole [1976] AC 249 495
RvLewishamLBCexpShellUKLtd [1988] 1 All ER 938 340
Rv London Borough of Islington, ex p Building Employers' Confederation [1989] IRLR382 . .344
Wheeler v Leicester City Council [1985] AC 1054 340
UNITED STATES
Adams vBrennan, 177111194 (1898) 39
Adarand Constructors Inc v Pena, Secretary of Transportation, 515 US 200 (1995). 171, 172, 223
Atkin v Kansas, 191 US 207 (1903) 42
City of Richmond vJACroson Co, 109S Ct706 (1989) 170
CJ Kuback, Ex p, 85 Cal 274 (1890) 41
Cleveland v Clements Bros Construction Co, 67 Ohio St 197 (1902) 41
Coalition for Economic Equity v Wilson, 122 F 3d 692, cert denied 522 US 963 (1997) 173
Contractors Association of Eastern Pennsylvania vSchultz, 311 FSupp 1002 (DC Pa 1969),
442 F 2d 159 (CA 3 1971), 404 US 854 (1971) 147
Crosby v National Foreign Trade Council, 530 US 363 (2000) 296
Doe v Nestle\ Dist Ct Cent Dist of Calif 2005 370
Doe v Wal Mart Stores Inc, Superior Ct of Calif for the County of Los Angeles 2005 370
Drew v Smith, 38 Cal 325 (1869) 41
Ellis v United States, 206 US 246 (1907) 42
Ethridge v Rhodes, 268 F Supp 83 (SD Ohio 1967) 142, 145
Fiskev People, ex p Raymond, 188 111 206 (1900) 39, 41
Fullilove vKlutznik, 448 US 448 (1980) 170
Grove City College v Bell, 465 US 555 (1984) 2
Heim vMcCall, 239 US 175 (1915) 42
Johnson v Santa Clara County Transportation Agency, 480 US 616 (1987) 152
Kasky v Nike Inc, (2002) 27 Cal. 4th 939,45 P3d 243, California Supreme Court 370
Lewis v Board of Education, 139 Mich 306 (1905) 39
xxxii Table of Cases
Metro Broadcasting Inc v FCC, 497 US 547 (1990) 171
NFTC v Baker, 26 F Supp 2d 287 (D Mass 1998) 296
Nollan v California Coastal Commission, 483 US 825 (1987) 120
Olmsteadv United States, 277 US 438 (1928) 124
People v Orange County Road Construction Co, 175 NY 84 (1903) 41
Perkins vLukens Steel Co, 310 US 113 (1940) 42
Rumsfeld v Forum for Academic and Institutional Rights Inc, 126 S Ct 1297 (2006) 2
State vMcNally, 48 LaAnn 1450 (1896) 41
State vToole, 26 Mont 22 (1901) 39
United States v DriscoU, 96 US Rep 421 (1877) 39
United Steelworkers of America, AFL CIO CLC v Weber, 443 US 193 (1979) 151,152
Wright v Hoctor, 95 Neb 342 (1914) 39
WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Border Tax Adjustments, Report of the Working Party, BISD (18th Supp) 97 (1970) 478,480
Canada Administration of the Foreign Investment Review Act, GATT BISD (30th Supp)
140 (1984) 498
Canada Automotive Industry, WT/DS139/R, 19June2000 475
European Communities Asbestos, WT/DS135/AB/R, 5 April 2001 475,476,499, 501,
502, 503, 504
European Communities Bananas, WT/DS27/AB/R, 25 September 1997 475
European Communities GSP, WT/DS246/AB/R, 20 April 2004 471, 504, 505, 506
Japan Alcoholic Beverages II, WT/DS8/AB/R, 1 November 1996 475
Korea Beef, WT/DS 161/AB/R, 10 January 2001 475,476,499, 500, 501, 502, 503
Thailand Restrictions on Cigarettes, GATT BISD (37th Supp) 200(1990) 499
United States Alcoholic and Malt Beverages, GATT BISD (39th Supp) 206 (1992) 498
United States Gambling, WT/DS2/AB/R, 20 April 2005 494,497, 502, 503, 504
United States Gasoline, WT/DS2/AB/R, 20 May 1996 471,491,492,496,501, 505
United States Procurement of a Sonar Mapping System, GPR.DS1/R 1992, 23 April 1992
(unadopted) 216
United States Section 337 Tariff Act, GATT BISD (36th Supp) 345 (1989) 498, 500
United States Shrimp Products, WT/DS58/AB/R, 6 November 1998 479,480, 491,
492,494, 504, 505
United States Shrimp II, WT/DS58/AB/RW, 21 November 2001 504, 505, 506
United States Tuna (Tuna Dolphin I), GATT BISD (39th Supp) 155 (1991)
(unadopted) 477,478,494,498,499
United States Tuna (Tuna Dolphin II), DS29/R (1994), 16 June 1994 (unadopted) 478, 494
Table of Nation
AUSTRALIA
Affirmative Action (Equal Employment
Opportunity for Women) Act 1986 . .7
AUSTRIA
Federal Procurement Act 415
CANADA
Agreement on Internal Trade 215, 219
Art 18.0.2 215
Inuvialuit Final Agreement 1984 . .81, 82, 175
sl6(8)(b) 175
James Bay and Northern Quebec Agreement
1973 81,175
s8 175
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement
1993 81,175,601
Art24 175,176,177
Art26 175
Federal
Canadian International Trade Tribunal
Procurement Inquiry Regulations
1993 220
s7(l) 220
Constitution Act 1982 82, 221
s 35 82,83
Employment Equity Act 1986 72, 157,
158,163,603
Employment Equity Act 1995 158
s42(2) 72,158
Financial Administration Act 1985 178
Human Rights Act 1977 71,72,157
s23 157
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement Act
1993 82
Ontario
Employment Equity Act 1992 162
Part III 162
Job Quotas Repeal Act 1995 162
s 1(1) 162
nal Legislation
Human Rights Code 1990 67, 161,163
s5 161
s26 161
s26(3) 161
Ontarians with Disabilities Act 2001 4
s 5 4
Quebec
Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms
1975 163
CHINESE TAIPEI
Government Procurement Law 1998 9
Art 22(12) 9
FRANCE
Decree of 26 July 1934 35
Decree No 2006 975 of 1 August 2006 . .419
General Taxation Code 357
LabourCode 327, 562
ArtL323 l 562
LawNo91 1383of31 December
1991 357
Art9 357
Law No 92 683 of 22 July 1992 358
Arts 131 134 358
Law No 93 313 of 20 December
1993 357
Art33 357
Law No 98 657 of 29 July 1998 359
Art 17 359
Law No 2005 32 of 18 January 2005 419
Art 58 419
Law No 2005 102 of 11 February 2005 .418
Art29 418
Art38 418
Procurement Code (old)
Art 14 565, 566
Arts 61 65 357
Arts69 74 357
Arts 117 121 358
Art 121 358
xxxiv Table ofNatio,
Procurement Code (new) 419, 556
Artl 419
Art 5 530
Art 14 566
Art 43 562
Art 44 562
Art 48 551
Art 53 551
Art 53(4) 551
Art 82 530
GERMANY
Act against Restraints of Competition
s97(4) 351,352
Administrative Procedures Act 311
Anti Trust Act 311,350
Basic Law 311
Art 1(1) 536
Art 3 347
Art 110, si 311
Civil Code 311
Decree of 1 June 1933 35
Federal Budget Code 311
s 1, para 7 311
s2,para55 311
Federal Budget Regulations 311
sl,para3 311
Federal Law on Disabled Persons 314
General Terms and Conditions Act 311
Principles of Federal and States Budgetary
Law Act 311
si 311
para 16 311
para29 311
para30 311
para 55 311
States Budgetary Law Act 350
Unfair Competition Act 311
VOB/A 312
para2,sl 312,313
para 8, s 4, sub s 1, lit d 312
para8,sl,dl 312
para25 313
para 25, s 1, sub s 1, lit c 312
para 25, s 2, sub s 2, els 2 312
para 25, s 2, sub s 2, els 3 312
VOB/B 312
para 4, s 2, sub s 2 312
VOL/A 312
para2,sl 312,313
nal Legislation
VOL/B312
para 5, s 1, els 3 and 4 312
Works Constitution Act 1972 . .62, 311,315
GREECE
Act 1797/1988 30
Art 8 30
Act 2176/1952 29
Art3 29
Act3213/1955 30
Act2286/1995 30
Art 10 30
ITALY
Act No 125 of 10 April 1991 409,413
Art4 413
s4(9) 409
Law No 52 of 6 February 1996 345
Art20 345
Law No 236 of 19 July 1993 414
Law No 381 of 8 November 1991 345
Legislative Decree No 68 of 12 March
1999 414
Art 17 414
Legislative Decree No 81 of 28 February
2000 414
Art6 414
Legislative Decree No 148 of 20 May
1993 414
Art 1(2) 414
Art 6(5) 414
Legislative Decree No 196 of 23 March
2000 414
Legislative Decree No 468 of 1 December
1997 414
Art 10, para 1 3 414
Art 10(3) 414
MALAYSIA
Constitution 74,235
Art 153 74
Art 153(1) 74
Art 153(2) 74
Courts of Judicature Act 1964 285
Financial Procedures Act 1957 243
s4 243,244
Government Contracts Act 1949 239
Table ofNatioi
Industrial Co ordination Act 1975 236
Interpretation Act 1948 244
s 20 244
s25 244
Official Secrets Act 1972 286
s2(l) 286
Sedition Act 1948 235
s3(l)(a) 244
s3(l)(f) 244
NETHERLANDS
Equal Opportunities Act 1980 353
SOUTH AFRICA
Broad Based Black Economic Empowerment
Act 2003 75,262,265
s 2 257
s 9 257
s 10 257
Companies Act 1973 260
s21 260
Constitution of the Republic of South Africa
1996 250
Employment Equity Act 1998 75,251,264
s 2 75
s 26 252
s53 252
s53(l) 251
s53(l)(a) 251
s 53(l)(b) 252
s 53(4) 252
Interim Constitution 1993 8,250
s9 250
sl87 250
s217 8,250
s217(l) 250
s217(l)(a) 251
s217(l)(b) 251
s217(2) 251
s 217(3) 251
Minerals and Petroleum Resources
Development Act 2002 257
Preferential Procurement Policy Framework Act
2000 8,165,251,252,262,265
Preferential Procurement Regulations
2001 253,261,265
Promotion of Equality and Prevention of Unfair
Discrimination Act 2000 252
ia.1 Legislation xxxv
Public Finance Management Act 1999 261
s76 261
s76(4)(g) 261
Reconstruction and Development Programme
FundActl998 280
s4 280
Skills Development Levies Act 1999 264
State Tender Board Act 1968 246
Treasury Regulation 16 261, 263
reg I6.5.3(b) 262
UNITED KINGDOM
Primary
Broadcasting Act 1990 88
s34 88
s38 88
s68 88
Colonial Development and Welfare
Act 1940 56
Disability Discrimination Act 1995 426
s49A 426
Disability Discrimination Act 2005 426
Disabled Persons (Employment) Act
1944 59,60
Disabled Persons (Employment) Act
1958 60
Equality Act 2006 426
s 84 427
Fair Employment (Northern Ireland)
Act 1976 306
Partll 307
Part III 307
s6 306
s 7 306,307
s 8 307
s 9 306,307
s 9(4) 307
Sched. 3 306
Fair Employment (Northern Ireland) Act
1989 308,431
ss 38 43 309
Foreign Prison Made Goods Act 1897 28
Government of Wales Act 1988 428
Greater London Authority Act 1999 88
s33 88
s404 88
Learning and Skills Act 2000 88
s 14 88
Local Government Act 1933 50
xxxvi Table ofNatio
Local Government Act 1988 335,336,
340,342
s 17 341
s 17(5)(a) 341
s 17(5)(c) 344
sl8(2) 341
sl8(2)(a) 341
sl8(3) 343
s 18(4) 341
s 18(5) 341
Local Government Act 1992 336
Local Government Act 2000 385
Local Government, Planning and Land Act
1980 335,336
Northern Ireland Act 1998 67, 84,433
s 14(5)(b) 433
s26(4)(b) 433
s 75 84, 87,430,431,432,436,440
s75(l) 85
Sched. 9 84
para2(l) 84
para 3(2) 86
para 4(1) 84
para 4(2) 84
para4(2)(a) 84
para4(2)(b) 85
para4(2)(c) 85
para4(2)(d) 85,86
para4(2)(e) 85
para4(2)(0 85
para4(3)(a) 85
para4(3)(b) 84
para 4(4) 84,85
para 5(a) 85
para 5(b) 85
para6(l)(a) 85
para6(l)(b) 85
para 6(2) 85,86
para 7(1) 85,86
para 7(2) 85
para 7(3) 85
para 9(1) 86
para9(l)(a) 86
para9(l)(b) 86
para 9(2) 86
para 10(l)(a) 86
paralO(l)(b) 86
para 10(2) 86
para 10(2) (4) 86
para 10(3) 86
para 10(4)(a) 86
para 10(4)(b) 86
nal Legislation
para 11 87
parall(l)(b) 87
parall(2)(a) 87
parall(2)(b) 87
parall(2)(c) 87
parall(3)(a) 87
parall(3)(b) 87
parall(4)(a) 87
parall(4)(b) 87
para 11(5) 87
para 12(2) 85
para 12(4) 86
para 12(5) 87
Northern Ireland Constitution Act 1973 67
Race Relations Act 1968 302, 304
Race Relations Act 1976 87,426
s 71 89,340,341,344,421
Race Relations (Amendment) Act
2000 88,421,423,424,426
Road Traffic Act 1930 50
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 . .303,344,426
Sugar Industry (Reorganisation) Act
1936 50
Sugar (Subsidy) Act 1925 50
Secondary
Conduct of Members (Model Code of
Conduct) (Wales) Order 2001, SI
2001/2289 88
Sched., PtII,para4 88
Conduct of Members (Principles) (Wales)
Order 2001, SI 2001/2276 88
Sched. para 7 88
Disability Discrimination (Public Authorities)
(Statutory Duties) Regulations 2005, SI
2005/2966 426
Education and Library Boards (NI) Order
1993, SI 1993/2810 (NI 12) 440
Art20 440
Fair Employment and Treatment Order 1998,
SI 1998/3162 (NI 21) 440
Local Authorities (Model Code of Conduct)
(England) Order 2001, SI
2001/3575 88
Sched. 1, para 2 88
Sched. 2, para 2 88
Local Government Act 2000 (Model Code of
Conduct) (Amendment) Order 2002,
SI 2002/1719 88
Local Government (Direct Service Organisation)
(Competition) (Amendment)
Regulations 1995,SI 1995/1336 .336
Table of Nation
Local Government (Direct Service
Organisations) (Competition)
Regulations 1993, SI 1993/848 . .336
Local Government (Miscellaneous Provisions)
(Northern Ireland) Order 1991 . .340
Art 19 440
National Parks and Broads Authorities (Model
Code of Conduct) (England) Order
2001, SI 2001/3577 88
Parish Councils (Model Code of Conduct)
Order 2001, SI 2001/3576 88
Police Authorities (Model Code of Conduct)
Order 2001, SI 2001/3578 88
Race Relations Act 1976 (Statutory Duties)
Order 2001, SI 2001/3458 89
Relevant Authorities (General Principles) Order
2001, SI 2001/1401 88
Sched., para 7 88
Sex Discrimination Act 1975 (Public
Authorities) (Statutory Duties) Order
2006, SI 2006/2930 427
Tax Credit (New Category of Child Care Provider)
Regulations 2002, SI 2002/1417 88
Sched. 2, Pt I, para 1 88
UNITED STATES
Federal
Alien Tort Claims Act 1789, 1 Stat 73,77
(codified at 28 USC §1350 370
Americans with Disabilities Act 1990, Pub L
101 336 156
Buy American Act 1933,47 Stat 1520 26,
27,186,187, 188,189,193,204,213
Civil Rights Act 1964, Pub L 88 352 . .66, 67,
136,145
Title VII (codified at 42 USC §2000e et
seq) 66,71,138,139,141,
144,147,149,151,152,155
s706(g) 71
Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity
(Libertad) Act 1996, Pub L
104 114 268,291,292,471
Commodity Futures Modernization Act 2000,
Pub L 106 554 174
Davis Bacon Act 1931, 46 Stat
1494 39,40,41,42
Fair Labor Standards Act 1938, 52 Stat
1060 366
Helms Burton Act, see Cuban Liberty and
Democratic Solidarity (Libertad) Act
tal Legislation xxxvii
1996)
Immigration Act 1924,43 Stat 153 39
Intermodel Surface Transportation Efficiency
Act 1991, Pub L 102 240 169
Iran and Libya Sanctions Act 1996, Pub L
104 172 268
s6(6) 268
Javits Wagner O'Day Act, Pub L
94 273 4,61
McKinley Tariff Act 1890, 26 Stat 567 28
National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal
Year 1996, Pub L 104 106, 10 USC
§983 (Supp 2005) 2
National Industrial Recovery Act 1933,48
Stat 375 34
s201(a) 34
s202 34
s 203 34
s204 35
s 206 35
s 206(1) 35
s 206(2) 35
s 206(3) 35
s206(4) 35
s206(5) 35
National Labor Relations Act 1935,49 Stat
449 140
sl0(c) 140
Omnibus Consolidated Appropriations Act
1997, Pub L 104 208 268
s 570(c) 268
Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 1988,
Pub L 100 418 26
Title VII 26
Public Works Employment Act 1977, Pub L
95 28 8,168, 170
Rehabilitation Act 1973, Pub L
93 U2 4, 155
s503 155
s5O8 4,156
Small Business Act 1953, 67 Stat 232 (codified
atl5USC§631etseq) 29
15USC§632(a) 29
15 USC §637 168
15USC§637(a)(l) 168
15USC§637(a)(4) 168
15USC§637(d) 168
15USC§644(g) 168
15USC§644(j) 29
Smoot Hawley Tariff Art 1930,46 Stat
590 28
xxxviii Table of Nation
s 307 28
Solomon Amendment, see National Defense
Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996
Surface Transportation Assistance Act 1982,
PubL97 424 169
Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation
Assistance Act 1987, Pub L 95 87 .169
Trade Act 1974, Pub L93 618 208
Treasury, Transportation and Independent
Agencies Appropriations Act 2004, Pub
L 108 199 374
Vietnam Era Veterans' Readjustment Assistance
Act 1974, Pub L 93 508 155,156
Wagner O'Day Act, Pub L 9228 4, 61
si 61
s2 61
s3 61
Walsh Healey Public Contracts Act 1936,49
Stat 2036 42
Workforce Investment Act 1998, Pub L
105 220 156
Presidential Executive Orders
Executive Order No 325A (1905) 28
Executive Order No 8802 (1941) 134
Executive Order No 9346 (1943) 135
tal Legislation
Executive Order No 9980 (1948) 135
Executive Order No 9981 (1948) 135
Executive Order No 10210 (1951) 135
Executive Order No 10308 (1951) 135
Executive Order No 10479 (1953) 135
Executive Order No 10582 (1954) 27
Executive Order No 10590 (1955) 135
Executive Order No 10925 (1961) 135
Executive Order No 10988 (1962) 135
Executive Order No 11246 (1965) . .5, 71,
138,139,140 155,353,488
Executive Order No 11375 (1967) 155
Executive Order No 11755 (1973) 28
Executive Order No 12067 (1978) 152
Executive Order No 12291 (1981) 153
Executive Order No 13047 (1997) 268
Executive Order No 13126 (1999) .295, 374
Massachusetts
Act Regulating Contracts with Companies
Doing Business with or in Burma
(Myanmar),ch 130, 1996 Session Laws,
Mass. Gen Laws Ann., ch 7,223 .10,
271 273,476,482,484,486,
488,489,490, 503
Table of International
and Con
COUNCIL OF EUROPE
European Convention for the Protection of
Human Rights and Fundamental
Freedoms 1950 496, 537
European Convention on Establishment
1965 495
Protocol, s III(a) 495
EUROPEAN COMMUNITY
Treaties
Amsterdam Treaty, see Treaty of Amsterdam
EC Treaty 1957 (as amended) 20, 79, 200,
205,308,331,400,
401,405,420,461,495,555
Art2 372
Art3 20,373
Art3(2) 80
Art6 372
Art7 105
Art 12 511,516
Art 13 408,410,446,454, 516, 518
An 18 511
Art28 516
Arts 28 30 522,535
Art 30 30,105,325,326
Art 34(2) 511
Art35 326
Art36 203
Art39 511
An 39(2) 516
An 43 511,516
Arts43 55 522
An 46 536
Art48 105
An 49 511,516,532
Arts49 55 535
An 50 532
Arts 52 66 105
Art 53 466
Art59 533
Art60 533
Art90 511
and Regional Treaties
ventions
Art 130(2) 372
An 141 516,517,518
European Atomic Energy Community Treaty
1957 97,104
European Coal and Steel Community Treaty
1951 97,104
Maastricht Treaty, see Treaty on European
Union 1992
Single European Act 1986 80, 372
Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of
the European Union, the Treaties
establishing the European Communities
and certain related acts 1997 79, 80,
372,446
Treaty on European Union 1992 79, 80,
372,446, 558
Regulations
Council Regulation 1612/68/EEC on the free
movement of workers within the
Community [1968] OJ L257/2 511
Council Regulation 880/92/EEC of 23 March
1992 on a Community eco label award
scheme [1992] OJ L99/1 393
Council Regulation 1836/93/EEC allowing
voluntary participation by companies in
the industrial sector in a Community
eco management and audit scheme [ 1993]
OJL168 393
Council Regulation 1980/2000 on a revised
Community Eco label Award Scheme
[2000] OJ L237/1 393
Council Regulation 1605/2002/EC, Euratom
on the Financial Regulation applicable to
the general budget of the European
Communities [2002] OJ L248/1 384
Commission Regulation 2342/2002/EC,
Euratorn laying down detailed rules for the
implementation of Council Regulation
1605/2002 on die Financial Regulation
applicable to the general budget of the
European Communities [2002] OJ
L357/1 384
xl Table of International and Reg
Directives
Council Directive 71/304/EEC concerning the
abolition of restrictions on freedom to
provide services in respect of public works
contracts [1971] OJ L185/1 105
Council Directive 71/305/EEC concerning the
coordination of procedures for the award
of public works contracts (Works
Directive) [1971] OJ L185/5 . .105,108,
204,321,322,324,331
Council Directive 75/117/EEC on the
approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to the application of the
principle of equal pay for men and women
(Equal Pay Directive) [1975] OJ
L45/198 406
Council Directive 75/129/EEC on the
approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to collective redundancies
[1975] OJ L48/29 516
Council Directive 76/207/EEC on the
implementation of the principle of equal
treatment for men and women as regards
access to employment, vocational training
and promotion, and working conditions
(Equal Treatment Directive) [1976] OJ
L39/40 348,406,455, 516, 562
Council Directive 77/62/EEC coordinating
procedures for the award of public supplies
contracts [1976] OJ L13/1 105,108,
320,321
Council Directive 77/187/EEC on the
approximation of the laws of the
Member States relating to the safeguarding
of employees' rights in the event of
transfers of undertakings, businesses or
parts of businesses (Transfer of
Undertakings Directive) [1977] OJ
L61/26 397,398, 516
Council Directive 79/7/EEC on the progressive
implementation of the principle of equal
treatment for men and women in matters
of social security [1979] OJ L6/24 . .406
Council Directive 80/767/EEC adopting and
supplementing in respect of certain
contracting authorities [1980] OJ
L215 108,320,321
Council Directive 85/337/EEC on the
assessment of the effects of certain public
and private projects on the environment
[1985]OJL175/40 393
nonal Treaties and Conventions
Council Directive 86/378/EEC on the
implementation of the principle of equal
treatment for men and women in
occupational and social security schemes
(Occupational Social Security Directive)
[1986] OJ L225/40 406
Council Directive 86/613/EEC on the
application of the principle of equal
treatment between men and women
engaged in an activity in a self employed
capacity, and on the protection of self
employed women during pregnancy and
motherhood [1986] OJ L359/56 406
Council Directive 88/295/EEC amending
Directive 77/62/EEC relating to the
coordination of procedures on the award
of public supply contracts [1988] OJ
L127/1 108
Council Directive 89/440/EEC amending
Directive 71/305/EEC concerning
coordination of procedures for the award
of public works contracts [1989] OJ
L210/1 as amended [1989] OJ
268/55 108
Council Directive 92/13/EEC coordinating the
laws, regulations and administrative
provisions relating to the application of
Community rules on the procurement
procedures of entities operating in the
water, energy, transport, and
telecommunications sectors (Utilities
Directive) [1992] OJ L76/14 109
Council Directive 92/50/EEC relating to the
coordination of procedures for the award
of public service contracts (Services
Directive) [1992] OJ L209/1 . .397,398
Art36(l)(a) 400,401
Art 36(2) 400
Council Directive 92/85/EEC on the
introduction of measures to encourage
improvements in the health and safety at
work of pregnant workers (Pregnant
Workers Directive) [1992] OJ
L348/1 406
Council Directive 93/36/EEC coordinating
procedures for the award of public supply
contracts (Supplies Directive) [1993] OJ
L199/1 . .108,109,204,322,324,345
Art 15(1) 561
An 25(4) 330
Art26 330,563
Table of International and Regi
Council Directive 93/37/EEC concerning the
coordination of procedures for the award
of public works contracts (Works
Directive) [1993] OJ L199/54 Ill
Council Directive 93/38/EEC coordinating the
procurement procedures of entities
operating in the water, energy, transport,
and telecommunications sector [1993] OJ
L 199/84 Ill
Council Directive 93/104/EC concerning
certain aspects of the organization of
working time (Working Time Directive)
[1993] OJ L307/18 407
Council Directive 96/34/EC on the framework
agreement on parental leave concluded by
UNICE, CEEP, and the ETUC [1996] OJ
L145/4 407
Directive 96/71 /EC concerning the posting of
workers in the framework of the provision
of services (Posted Workers Directive)
[1996] OJ L18/1 557,562
Council Directive 96/97/EC on the
implementation of the principle of equal
treatment for men and women in
occupational social security schemes
[1997] OJ L46/20 407
Council Directive 97/11 /EC on the assessment
of the effects of certain public and private
projects on the environment [1997] OJ
L73/5 393
Council Directive 97/75/EC amending and
extending to the United Kingdom of Great
Britain and Northern Ireland, Directive
96/34/EC on the framework agreement on
parental leave concluded by UNICE,
CEEP, and the ETUC [1997] OJ
L10/24 407
Council Directive 97/80/EC on the burden of
proof in cases of discrimination based on
sex [1998] OJ L14/6 407
Council Directive 97/81/EC concerning the
Framework Agreement on part time work
[1998] OJ L14/9 407
Council Directive 98/50/EC on the
approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to the safeguarding of
employees' rights in the event of transfers
of undertakings, businesses, or parts of
businesses [1998] OJ L201/88 516
Council Directive 98/52/EC on the extension
of Directive 97/80 on the burden of proof
ional Treaties and Conventions xli
in cases of discrimination based on sex to
the United Kingdom and Northern
Ireland [1998] OJ L205/66 407
Council Directive 98/59/EC on the
approximation of the laws of the Member
States relating to collective redundancies
[1998]OJL225/16 516
Council Directive 2000/43/EC implementing
the principle of equal treatment between
persons irrespective of racial or ethnic
origin [2000] OJ LI 80/22 408,453,
454,455,565
Council Directive 2000/78/EC establishing a
general framework for equal treatment in
employment and occupation [2000] OJ
L303/16 408,454, 517, 556, 562
Artl 518
Directive 2002/73/EC on the implementation
of equal treatment for men and women
as regards access to employment,
vocational training and promotion and
working conditions [2002] OJ
L269/15 407
Directive 2004/17/EC coordinating the
procurement procedures of entities
operating in the water, energy, transport,
and postal services sectors (Utilities
Directive) [2004] OJ LI34/1 Ill
Annex XVIIB 510
AnnexXXXIII 566
Art 10 520
Art28 555
Art 34(1) 554
Art36 545
Art38 563
Art39 554,557
Art 39(1) 557
Art 44 564
Art 54(4) 560
Art 55 550
Art 57 552
Art57(l)(d) 554
Art 59(4) 566
Art 59(4)(a) 566
Art 59(4)(b) 566
Art 59(4)(c) 566
Recital 9 519,522
Recital 13 531
Recital 39 554,555
Recital 44 564
Recital45 557,562
xlii Table of International and Reg
Recital 54 562
Recital 55 549
Directive 2004/18/EC on the coordination of
procedures for the award of public works
contracts, public supply contracts, and
public service contracts (Public Sector
Directive) [2004] OJ LI 34/114 Ill,
328,461,527,548
AnnexIIB 510
Annex VI 539, 540
Annex VII 556
Art2 520
Art 3 519,520
Art 19 555
Art 23 540, 543
An23(1) 540,554
An 23(2) 540
An 23(3) 540
An 23(6) 543
Art24 547
Art24(l) 545
Art26 563
Art 27 554,557
An 27(1) 557
Art 29(3) 520
An 29(6) 520
Art 29(7) 520
An 30(3) 520
Art 33 564
Art 38 564
Art 42(4) 520
An 44(2) 544
Art45(2)(b) 560
An45(2)(c) 560
Art 45(3) 560,561
Art45(3)(a) 560
Art 45(4) 561
An 48 544
An 48(1) 544
An 49 544
Art 50 544
An 53 547, 548,549, 550
An 53(2) 550
An 55 547, 552
An55(l)(d) 554
An 72 520
Recital 2 519, 522
Recital 6 531
Recital28 554
Recital 33 564
Recital 34 557,562
Recital 43 562
ional Treaties and Conventions
Recital 46 549
Council Directive 2004/113/EC implementing
the principle of equal treatment between
men and women in the access to and
supply of goods and services [2004] OJ
L373/37 408
Council Directive 2005/29/EC concerning
unfair business to consumer commercial
practices in die internal market [2005] OJ
L149/22 370
Decisions
Council Decision 95/593/EC on a medium
term Community action programme on
equal opportunities for men and women
(1996 to2000) [1995], OJ L335/1 . .79
Charters
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European
Union 2000 408
Community Charter of Fundamental Social
Rights for Workers 1989 382
EUROPEAN FREE TRADE
ASSOCIATION
Stockholm Convention, see Convention
establishing the European Free Trade
Association
Convention establishing the European Free
Trade Association 1960 100,200
Art 12 203
Art 14(1) 100
Art 18 203
INTERNATIONAL HUMAN
RIGHTS TREATIES AND
CONVENTIONS
Convention on die Elimination of Racial
Discrimination 375
Convention on the Rights of the Child
1989 90
Art32 379
Convention relating to die Status of Refugees
1951 90
European Convention on Human Rights, see
Council of Europe in diis section
International Convention on die Elimination
of all Forms of Racial Discrimination
1965 90,375
Table of International and Regi
International Convention on the Protection of
the Rights of All Migrant Workers and
Members of their Families 1990 90
International Covenant on Civil and Political
Rights 1966 90,496
International Covenant on Economic, Social
and Cultural Rights 1966 90
Refugee Convention, see Convention relating
to the Status of Refugees
INTERNATIONAL LABOUR
ORGANIZATION:
CONSTITUTION, CONVENTIONS,
DECLARATIONS
Constitution 1919 67,497
Preamble 67
Art26 497
Convention No 19 on Equality of Treatment
(Accident Compensation) 1925 68
Convention No 29 on Forced Labour
1930 450,452,566
Convention No 51 on Reduction of Hours of
Work (Public Works) 1936 55
Convention No 87 on Freedom of Association
and the Protection of the Right to
Organise 1948 450,452, 566
Convention No 94 on Labour Clauses (Public
Contracts) 1949 56,325, 326,
337,450,452,459
Artl 558
Art2(l) 56
Art 2(2) 56
Art22 358
Convention No 98 on the Right to Organise
and Collective Bargaining 1949 450,
452, 566
Convention No 100 on Equal Remuneration
1951 68,164,450,452, 566
Convention No 105 on the Abolition of Forced
Labour 1957 450,452, 566
Convention No 111 on Discrimination
(Employment and Occupation)
1958 68,164,450,452, 566
Art2 164,165
Art3 164
Art7 164
Convention No 118 on Equality of Treatment
(Social Security) 1962 68
Convention No 122 on Employment Policy
1964 68
'onal Treaties and Conventions xliii
Art 1 68
Convention No 138 on Minimum Age
1973 450,452,566
Convention No 156 on Workers with Family
Responsibilities 1981 68
Convention No 159 on Vocational
Rehabilitation and Employment (Disabled
Persons) 1983 68
Convention No 182 on Worst Forms of Child
Labour 1999 566, 587
Convention No 183 on Maternity Protection
2000 68
Declaration on Fundamental Principles and
Rights at Work 1998 68, 165, 496
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC
LAW TREATIES, AGREEMENTS,
AND INSTRUMENTS
Havana Charter for an International Trade
Organization 1948 96, 98,493
UNCITRAL Model Law on Procurement of
Goods, Construction, and Services
1994 276
Bilateral Trade Agreements
Chile Central America 1999 223
Protocol Chile Costa Rica 223
US Australia 2004 224
Annex 15 A, Section 7: General Notes
Schedule of the United States
para 1 223
para2 223
Schedule of Australia 224
US Bahrain 2004 223
Annex 9 E, General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
US Canada 1988 215
Chapter 10 215
Annex 1304.3
Schedule of the United States 215
US Chile 2003 223
Annex 9.1, Section H: General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
para 1 223
para 2,6 223
US Columbia 2006 223, 224
Annex 9.1
Section G: Construction Services
Schedule of Columbia 224
xliv Table of International and Reg,
Section H: General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
para 1 223
Schedule of Columbia 224
para4 224
US Oman 2006 223
Annex 9, Section F: General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
para 1 223
US Peru 2006 223
Annex 9.1, Section G: General Notes
Schedule of the United States 223
para. 1 223
Regional Trade Agreements
Central America Dominican Republic United
States Free Trade Agreement
2004 223,224
Annex 9.1.2(b)(i) 48, Section G: General
Notes
Schedule of die Dominican Republic .224
para 3 224
Schedule of Guatemala 224
para 3 224
Schedule of the United States 223
para 1 224
European Community (see separate heading in
this section)
European Free Trade Association (see separate
heading in this section)
North American Agreement on Labour
Co operation 1993 215,216
North American Free Trade Agreement
1992 183,214 216, 218,219,
220, 221
Chapter 10 215
Art 1001.1 (b) (2)
Annex 1001.2b, General Notes
Schedule of Canada 215
paral(d) 215
Schedule of the United States 215
paral 215
World Bank
IBRD Articles of Agreement 227
Article III 227
s4 227
s 5 227
IDA Articles of Agreement 227
Article V 227
si 227
ional Treaties and Conventions
World Trade Organization
Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of
Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs)
1994 286
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) 1947 (as amended) 96,205,207,
208 An I
473,475,477
Art II 473
Art III 473,474,476,478,479
Art 111(2) 474,475,477
Art 111(4) . .98,475,475,476,477,479,481
8 471
8(a) 99
8(b) 99
ArtXI 473,474,476,477
ArtXVII 99
Art XX . .99,101,203,479,491,492,494,
495,497,498,504, 593
(a) 473,493,494
(b) 473,498,499, 501, 504
(d) 498,499, 500
(e) 473
(g) 494
Art XXI 99,203
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) 1994 96
Artl(a) 96
General Agreement on Trade in Services
(GATS) 1994 281,491,496,497
Art XIV 491,496,497
ArtXIII 281
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)
1979 101,102,106,
206,210,213,214,216
ArtI 101
ArtH 101
ArtVIII(l) 214
Government Procurement Agreement (GPA)
1994 101,106,183,216,222,
225,229,230,231,273,
281,301,469 506,590,592,
An III 103,293,474,475,476,
482,483, 593
An 111(2) 293
ArtIII(2)(a) 103
AnIII(2)(b) 103
ArtV(3) 231
ArtV(4) 231
ArtVI(l) 483
Art VI(2) 483
Table of International and Regie
ArtVII(3) 483
ArtVII(b) 103
Art VIII 484,485,506
Art VHI(b) 292,293,484
ArtVIH(h) 485
Art IX 490
ArtK(9)(b) 103
ArtX 292,293
ArtXII(2)(g) 487
ArtXII(2)(h) 103
ArtXII(2)(j) 489
ArtXIII 489,490,491
ArtXIH(2)(h) 103
ArtXIII(2)(j) 103
ArtXIII(4) 103, 293
ArtXIII(4)(a) 103
ArtXIII(4)(b) 103,293,486
ArtXIII(4)(d) 103
Art XVI 231
ArtXVI(l) 104,232
mal Treaties and Conventions xlv
ArtXVI(2) 232
ArtXVII 506
ArtXX 104,219
ArtXX(6) 104
ArtXXII(l) 104
Art XXIII 492,493,495,497,505
ArtXXIII(2) 104,492,493,503
Annex of Canada to Appendix 1, General
Notes, l(d) 218
Annex of the United States to Appendix 1,
General Notes, Note 1 218, 219
Annex of the United States 2, Sub Central
Government Entities, Notes to Annex 2,
para2 219
Understanding on rules and procedures
governing the settlement of disputes
(DSU) 1994 96,104,284,285,288
Art 4(4) 291
Art 4(11) 291 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | McCrudden, Christopher 1952- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)130609919 |
| author_facet | McCrudden, Christopher 1952- |
| author_role | aut |
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| building | Verbundindex |
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| callnumber-first | K - Law |
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| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)136779513 (DE-599)DNB 2007020812 |
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| dewey-search | 346.7302/3 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.7302 13 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft Wirtschaftswissenschaften |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:56:41Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:08:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780199232420 9780199232437 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | Oxford Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | McCrudden, Christopher 1952- Verfasser (DE-588)130609919 aut Buying social justice equality, government procurement, and legal change Christopher McCrudden 1. publ. Oxford [u.a.] Oxford Univ. Press 2007 LI, 680 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Politik Recht Government purchasing Law and legislation Political aspects Public contracts Political aspects Social justice Social policy Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 gnd rswk-swf Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Gerechtigkeit (DE-588)4236433-4 gnd rswk-swf Soziale Gerechtigkeit (DE-588)4236433-4 s Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 s Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007020812.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016141026&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | McCrudden, Christopher 1952- Buying social justice equality, government procurement, and legal change Politik Recht Government purchasing Law and legislation Political aspects Public contracts Political aspects Social justice Social policy Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 gnd Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd Soziale Gerechtigkeit (DE-588)4236433-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4055879-4 (DE-588)4120509-1 (DE-588)4236433-4 |
| title | Buying social justice equality, government procurement, and legal change |
| title_auth | Buying social justice equality, government procurement, and legal change |
| title_exact_search | Buying social justice equality, government procurement, and legal change |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Buying social justice equality, government procurement, and legal change |
| title_full | Buying social justice equality, government procurement, and legal change Christopher McCrudden |
| title_fullStr | Buying social justice equality, government procurement, and legal change Christopher McCrudden |
| title_full_unstemmed | Buying social justice equality, government procurement, and legal change Christopher McCrudden |
| title_short | Buying social justice |
| title_sort | buying social justice equality government procurement and legal change |
| title_sub | equality, government procurement, and legal change |
| topic | Politik Recht Government purchasing Law and legislation Political aspects Public contracts Political aspects Social justice Social policy Sozialpolitik (DE-588)4055879-4 gnd Internationaler Vergleich (DE-588)4120509-1 gnd Soziale Gerechtigkeit (DE-588)4236433-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Politik Recht Government purchasing Law and legislation Political aspects Public contracts Political aspects Social justice Social policy Sozialpolitik Internationaler Vergleich Soziale Gerechtigkeit |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007020812.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016141026&sequence=000006&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mccruddenchristopher buyingsocialjusticeequalitygovernmentprocurementandlegalchange |