Verfügbarkeit: Electronic, magnetic and optical materials

Electronic, magnetic and optical materials:

Gespeichert in:

Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Fulay, Pradeep P. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Undetermined
Veröffentlicht:	Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] CRC Press 2010
Schlagworte:	Werkstoff Magnetische Eigenschaft Optische Eigenschaft Elektronische Eigenschaft
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XVII, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
ISBN:	084939564X 9780849395642

Internformat

MARC


LEADER	00000nam a2200000 c 4500
001	BV022931509
003	DE-604
005	20100917
007	t
008	071022s2010 ad\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| und d
020			\|a 084939564X \|9 0-8493-9564-X
020			\|a 9780849395642 \|9 978-0-8493-9564-2
035			\|a (OCoLC)633186996
035			\|a (DE-599)GBV526281774
040			\|a DE-604 \|b ger \|e rakwb
041			\|a und
049			\|a DE-703 \|a DE-29T \|a DE-11
084			\|a ZM 3100 \|0 (DE-625)159835: \|2 rvk
084			\|a ZN 3400 \|0 (DE-625)157307: \|2 rvk
100	1		\|a Fulay, Pradeep P. \|e Verfasser \|4 aut
245	1	0	\|a Electronic, magnetic and optical materials \|c Pradeep Fulay
264		1	\|a Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] \|b CRC Press \|c 2010
300			\|a XVII, 418 S. \|b Ill., graph. Darst.
336			\|b txt \|2 rdacontent
337			\|b n \|2 rdamedia
338			\|b nc \|2 rdacarrier
650	0	7	\|a Werkstoff \|0 (DE-588)4065579-9 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Magnetische Eigenschaft \|0 (DE-588)4129002-1 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Optische Eigenschaft \|0 (DE-588)4123887-4 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
650	0	7	\|a Elektronische Eigenschaft \|0 (DE-588)4235053-0 \|2 gnd \|9 rswk-swf
689	0	0	\|a Werkstoff \|0 (DE-588)4065579-9 \|D s
689	0	1	\|a Elektronische Eigenschaft \|0 (DE-588)4235053-0 \|D s
689	0	2	\|a Magnetische Eigenschaft \|0 (DE-588)4129002-1 \|D s
689	0	3	\|a Optische Eigenschaft \|0 (DE-588)4123887-4 \|D s
689	0		\|5 DE-604
856	4	2	\|m Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth \|q application/pdf \|u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016136318&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA \|3 Inhaltsverzeichnis
999			\|a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016136318

Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804137163278778368
adam_text	Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................xiii Author ............................................................................................................................................xvii Chapter 1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................1 1.1 Introduction .......................................................................................................1 1.2 Classification of Materials .................................................................................1 1.3 Crystalline Materials .........................................................................................1 1.4 Ceramics, Metals and Alloys, and Polymers .....................................................5 1.4.1 Bonding in Materials ............................................................................5 1.5 Functional Classification of Materials ...............................................................6 1.6 Crystal Structures ..............................................................................................6 1.7 Directions and Planes in Crystal Structures ....................................................10 1.7.1 Miller Indices for Directions ..............................................................10 1.7.2 Miller Indices for Planes ....................................................................10 1.7.3 Miller-Bravais Indices for Hexagonal Systems .................................10 1.7.4 Interplanar Spacing ............................................................................11 1.8 Interstitial Sites or Holes in Crystal Structures ...............................................13 1.9 Coordination Numbers ....................................................................................13 1.10 Radius Ratio Concept ......................................................................................14 1.11 Crystal Structures of Different Materials ........................................................15 1.11.1 Structure of Sodium Chloride ............................................................15 1.11.2 Structure of Cesium Chloride ............................................................15 1.11.3 Diamond Cubic Structure ...................................................................16 1.11.4 Zinc Blende Structure ........................................................................18 1.11.5 Wurtzite Structure ..............................................................................19 1.11.6 Fluorite and Antifluorite Structure .....................................................19 1.11.7 Corundum Structure ...........................................................................19 1.11.8 Perovskite Crystal Structure ...............................................................20 1.11.9 Spinel and Inverse Spinel Structures ..................................................21 1.12 Defects in Materials ........................................................................................22 1.13 Point Defects in Ceramic Materials ................................................................23 1.14 Kröger-Vink Notation for Point Defects .........................................................24 1.15 Dislocations .....................................................................................................26 1.16 Stacking Faults and Grain Boundaries ............................................................27 1.17 Microstructure-Property Relationships ..........................................................28 1.17.1 Grain Boundary Effects .....................................................................28 1.17.2 Grain Size Effects ..............................................................................28 1.17.3 Microstructure-Insensitive Properties ................................................30 1.18 Amorphous Materials ......................................................................................30 1.18.1 Atomic Arrangements in Amorphous Materials ................................30 1.18.2 Applications of Amorphous Materials ...............................................31 1.19 Nanostructured Materials ................................................................................33 1.20 Defects in Materials: Good News or Bad News? ............................................33 1.21 Problems ..........................................................................................................33 VI Contents Glossary ......................................................................................................................34 References ..................................................................................................................37 Chapter 2 Electrical Conduction in Metals and Alloys ..............................................................39 2.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................39 2.2 Ohm s Law .......................................................................................................41 2.3 Sheet Resistance (Rs).......................................................................................46 2.4 Classical Theory of Electrical Conduction ......................................................48 2.5 Drift, Mobility, and Conductivity ....................................................................49 2.6 Electronic and Ionic Conductors .....................................................................52 2.7 Limitations of the Classical Theory of Conductivity ......................................52 2.8 Resistivity of Metallic Materials .....................................................................55 2.8.1 Effect of Thermal Expansion .............................................................60 2.9 Joule Heating or PR Losses ............................................................................60 2.10 Dependence of Resistivity on Thickness .........................................................61 2.11 Chemical Composition-Microstructure-Conductivity Relationships in Metals ...................................................................................62 2.11.1 Influence of Atomic-Level Defects ....................................................62 2.11.2 Influence of Impurities .......................................................................63 2.12 Resistivity of Metallic Alloys ..........................................................................66 2.13 Quantum Mechanical Approach to Conductivity ...........................................69 2.14 Electrons in an Atom .......................................................................................71 2.15 Electrons in a Solid ..........................................................................................72 2.16 Band Structure of Solids ..................................................................................73 2.17 Concept of the Fermi Energy Level ................................................................76 2.18 Problems ..........................................................................................................77 Glossary ......................................................................................................................80 References ..................................................................................................................83 Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Semiconductor Materials ...............................................................85 3.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................85 3.2 Intrinsic Semiconductors .................................................................................85 3.3 Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentrations ......................................89 3.4 Band Structure of Semiconductors ..................................................................90 3.5 Direct and Indirect Bandgap Semiconductors .................................................96 3.6 Applications of Direct Bandgap Materials ......................................................96 3.7 Motions of Electrons and Holes ....................................................................100 3.8 Extrinsic Semiconductors ..............................................................................102 3.9 Donor-Doped (η -Type) Semiconductors ........................................................102 3.10 Acceptor-Doped (p -Туре) Semiconductors ...................................................103 3.11 Amphoteric Dopants, Compensation, and Isoelectronic Dopants ................104 3.12 Dopant Ionization ..........................................................................................105 3.13 Conductivity of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors ..............................109 3.14 Effect of Temperature on the Mobility of Carriers .......................................111 3.15 Effect of Dopant Concentration on Mobility .................................................112 3.16 Temperature Dependence of Conductivity ....................................................114 3.17 Effect of Partial Dopant Ionization ...............................................................114 3.18 Effect of Temperature on the Bandgap ..........................................................117 3.19 Effect of Dopant Concentration on the Bandgap (£ )...................................119 Contents VII 3.20 Effect of Crystallite Size on the Bandgap ....................................................119 3.21 Semiconductivity in Ceramic Materials ........................................................120 3.22 Problems ........................................................................................................121 Glossary ....................................................................................................................122 References ................................................................................................................124 Chapter 4 Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors .................................................................127 4.1 Fermi Energy Levels in Metals .....................................................................127 4.2 Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors ......................................................129 4.3 Electron and Hole Concentrations .................................................................131 4.4 Fermi Energy Levels in Intrinsic Semiconductors ........................................134 4.5 Carrier Concentrations in Intrinsic Semiconductors .....................................136 4.6 Fermi Energy Levels in η -Type and p -Туре Semiconductors ........................138 4.7 Fermi Energy as a Function of the Temperature ...........................................140 4.8 Fermi Energy Positions and the Fermi-Dirac Distribution ..........................143 4.9 Degenerate or Heavily Doped Semiconductors .............................................143 4.10 Fermi Energy Levels across Materials and Interfaces ..................................145 4.11 Problems ........................................................................................................147 Glossary ....................................................................................................................148 References ................................................................................................................149 Chapter 5 Semiconductor p -η Junctions ...................................................................................151 5.1 Formation of a p -η Junction ...........................................................................151 5.2 Drift and Diffusion of Carriers .....................................................................154 5.3 Constructing the Band Diagram for a p -η Junction ......................................154 5.4 Calculation of Contact Potential ....................................................................157 5.5 Space Charge at the p -η Junction ..................................................................160 5.6 Electric Field Variation across the Depletion Region ................................... 161 5.7 Variation of Electric Potential .......................................................................162 5.8 Width of the Depletion Region and Penetration Depths ...............................164 5.9 Reverse-Biased p -η Junction .........................................................................166 5.10 Diffusion Currents in a Forward-Biased p -η Junction ..................................167 5.11 Drift Currents in a p -η Junction ....................................................................168 5.12 Diode Based on a p -η Junction ...................................................................... 171 5.13 Reverse-Bias Breakdown ...............................................................................174 5.14 Zener Diodes .................................................................................................178 5.15 Problems ........................................................................................................180 Glossary .................................................................................................................... 181 References ................................................................................................................183 Chapter 6 Semiconductor Devices ............................................................................................185 6.1 Metal-Semiconductor Contacts ....................................................................185 6.2 Schottky Contacts ..........................................................................................185 6.2.1 Band Diagrams .................................................................................185 6.2.2 Surface Pinning of the Fermi Energy Level ....................................188 6.2.3 Current-Voltage Characteristics for Schottky Contacts ..................189 6.2.4 Advantages of Schottky Diodes .......................................................193 6.3 Ohmic Contacts .............................................................................................194 6.3.1 Band Diagram ..................................................................................194 viii Contents 6.4 Solar Cells .....................................................................................................194 6.4.1 Principles of Operation ....................................................................197 6.4.2 Current-Voltage Characteristics for a Solar Cell .............................201 6.4.3 Solar Cell Efficiency and Materials .................................................203 6.5 Light-Emitting Diodes ...................................................................................203 6.5.1 Operating Principle ..........................................................................204 6.5.2 LED Materials ..................................................................................204 6.5.3 LEDs Based on Indirect Bandgap Materials ....................................206 6.5.4 LED Emission Spectral Ranges .......................................................207 6.5.5 7-У Curve for LEDs.........................................................................208 6.5.6 LED Efficiency .................................................................................210 6.5.7 LED Packaging ................................................................................210 6.6 Bipolar Junction Transistor ............................................................................210 6.6.1 Principles of Operation of the Bipolar Junction Transistor ..............212 6.6.2 Bipolar Junction Transistor Action ...................................................213 6.6.3 Current Flows in an npn Transistor ..................................................213 6.6.4 Transistor Currents and Parameters .................................................215 6.6.4.1 Collector Current ..............................................................215 6.6.4.2 Emitter Current .................................................................216 6.6.4.3 Base Current .....................................................................216 6.6.5 Role of Base Current ........................................................................218 6.6.6 Transistor Operating Modes .............................................................218 6.6.7 Current-Voltage Characteristics of the Bipolar Junction Transistor ..........................................................................................218 6.6.8 Current Flows in a pnp Transistor ....................................................220 6.6.9 Applications of Bipolar Junction Transistors ...................................220 6.7 Field-Effect Transistors .................................................................................223 6.8 Types of Field-Effect Transistors ...................................................................223 6.9 MESFET/-V Characteristics ........................................................................224 6.9.1 MESFET with No Bias ....................................................................224 6.9.2 MESFET with a Gate Bias ...............................................................225 6.10 Metal Insulator Field-Effect Transistors ........................................................226 6.11 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors ...................................226 6.11.1 MOSFET in Integrated Circuits .......................................................226 6.11.2 Role of Materials in MOSFET .........................................................226 6.11.3 NMOS, PMOS, and CMOS Devices ................................................228 6.11.4 Enhancement-Mode MOSFET .........................................................229 6.11.5 Mechanism for Enhancement MOSFET ..........................................230 6.11.6 Depletion-Mode MOSFET ...............................................................232 6.12 Problems ........................................................................................................232 Glossary ....................................................................................................................234 References ................................................................................................................238 Chapter 7 Linear Dielectric Materials ......................................................................................239 7.1 Dielectric Materials .......................................................................................239 7.1.1 Electrostatic Induction .....................................................................239 7.2 Capacitance and Dielectric Constant ............................................................240 7.2.1 Parallel-Plate Capacitor Filled with a Vacuum ................................240 7.2.2 Parallel-Plate Capacitors with an Ideal Dielectric Material .............242 7.3 Dielectric Polarization ...................................................................................249 Contents ix 7.4 Local Electric Field (£local) ............................................................................252 7.5 Polarization Mechanisms — Overview ..........................................................254 7.6 Electronic or Optical Polarization .................................................................254 7.6.1 Electronic Polarization of Atoms .....................................................254 7.6.2 Electronic Polarizability of Ions and Molecules ..............................260 7.7 Ionic, Atomic, or Vibrational Polarization ....................................................260 7.8 Shannon s Polarizability Approach for Predicting Dielectric Constants ......262 7.8.1 Outline of the Approach ...................................................................262 7.8.2 Limitations of Shannon s Approach .................................................263 7.9 Dipolar or Orientational Polarization ............................................................265 7.10 Interfacial, Space Charge, or Maxwell-Wagner Polarization .......................266 7.11 Spontaneous or Ferroelectric Polarization ....................................................267 7.12 Dependence of the Dielectric Constant on Frequency ..................................268 7.12.1 Connection to the Optical Properties: Lorentz-Lorenz Equation ................................................................269 7.13 Complex Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Losses .....................................272 7.13.1 Complex Dielectric Constant ...........................................................272 7.13.2 Real Dielectrics and Ideal Dielectrics ..............................................273 7.13.3 Frequency Dependence of Dielectric Losses ...................................273 7.13.4 Giant Dielectric Constant Materials .................................................276 7.14 Equivalent Circuit of a Real Dielectric .........................................................277 7.15 Impedance (Z) and Admittance (Y) ...............................................................278 7.16 Power Loss in a Real Dielectric Material ......................................................280 7.16.1 Concept of tan б ...............................................................................280 7.17 Equivalent Series Resistance and Equivalent Series Capacitance ................285 7.18 Problems ........................................................................................................288 Glossary ....................................................................................................................293 References ................................................................................................................298 Chapterå Ferroelectrics, Piezoelectrics, and Pyroelectrics ......................................................299 8.1 Ferroelectric Materials ..................................................................................299 8.1.1 Ferroelectricity in Barium Titanate ..................................................299 8.1.2 Ferroelectric Domains ......................................................................301 8.1.3 Dependence of the Dielectric Constant of Ferroelectrics on Temperature and Composition .........................................................303 8.2 Relationship of Ferroelectrics and Piezoelectrics to Crystal Symmetry ......................................................................................................307 8.3 Electrostriction ..............................................................................................307 8.4 Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop .......................................................................309 8.4.1 Trace of the Hysteresis Loop ............................................................311 8.5 Piezoelectricity ..............................................................................................315 8.5.1 Origin of the Piezoelectric Effect in Ferroelectrics .........................315 8.6 Direct and Converse Piezoelectric Effects ....................................................317 8.7 Piezoelectric Behavior of Ferroelectrics .......................................................318 8.8 Piezoelectric Coefficients ..............................................................................318 8.9 Tensor Nature of Piezoelectric Coefficients ..................................................321 8.9.1 Conventions for Directions ...............................................................321 8.9.2 General Notation for Piezoelectric Coefficients ...............................322 8.9.3 Signs of Piezoelectric Coefficients ...................................................322 8.10 Relationship between Piezoelectric Coefficients ...........................................323 x Contents 8.11 Applications of Piezoelectrics.......................................................................327 8.12 Devices Based on Piezoelectrics...................................................................327 8.12.1 Expander Plate ..................................................................................327 8.13 Technologically Important Piezoelectrics.....................................................333 8.14 Lead Zirconium Titanate ...............................................................................335 8.14.1 Piezoelectric Polymers .....................................................................336 8.15 Applications and Properties of Hard and Soft Lead Zirconium Titanate Ceramics ..........................................................................................339 8.16 Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient .......................................................341 8.17 Illustration of an Application: Piezoelectric Spark Igniter ............................344 8.18 Recent Developments ....................................................................................348 8.18.1 Strain-Tuned Ferroelectric s ..............................................................348 8.18.2 Lead-Free Piezoelectrics ..................................................................348 8.19 Piezoelectric Composites ...............................................................................349 8.20 Pyroelectric Materials and Devices ...............................................................351 8.20.1 Pyroelectric Detectors for Infrared Detection and Imaging ............355 8.21 Problems ........................................................................................................355 Glossary ....................................................................................................................358 References ................................................................................................................361 Chapter 9 Magnetic Materials ..................................................................................................363 9.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................363 9.2 Origin of Magnetism .....................................................................................363 9.3 Magnetization (Λί), Flux Density (B), Magnetic Susceptibility OcJ, Permeability (μ), and Relative Magnetic Permeability (μΓ) ...........................368 9.3.1 Magnetic Field (H), Magnetization (M), and Flux Density (B) ........................................................................368 9.3.2 Magnetic Susceptibility (χΜ) and Magnetic Permeability (μ) ................................................................................371 9.3.3 Demagnetizing Fields .......................................................................372 9.3.4 Flux Density in Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Materials ..........373 9.4 Classification of Magnetic Materials .............................................................374 9.4.1 Diamagnetic Materials .....................................................................374 9.4.2 Paramagnetic Materials ....................................................................374 9.4.3 Superparamagnetic Materials ..........................................................376 9.4.4 Antiferromagnetic Materials ............................................................378 9.5 Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Materials .................................................378 9.5.1 Hysteresis Loop ................................................................................378 9.6 Other Properties of Magnetic Materials ........................................................385 9.6.1 Curie Temperature (Гс) .....................................................................385 9.6.2 Magnetic Permeability (μ) ................................................................385 9.6.3 Coercive Field (Hc) ...........................................................................386 9.6.4 Nucleation and Pinning Control of Coercivity .................................388 9.6.5 Magnetic Anisotropy ........................................................................389 9.6.6 Magnetic Domain Walls ...................................................................391 9.6.7 180° and Non-1800 Domain Walls ...................................................393 9.6.8 Maximum Energy Products for Magnets .........................................394 9.6.9 Magnetic Losses ...............................................................................395 9.7 Magnetostriction ............................................................................................396 9.8 Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials ................................................................397 Contents xi 9.9 Hard Magnetic Materials ...............................................................................398 9.10 Isotropie, Textured (Oriented), and Bonded Magnets ...................................399 9.11 Soft Magnetic Materials ................................................................................400 9.12 Magnetic Data Storage Materials ..................................................................404 9.13 Problems ........................................................................................................405 Glossary ....................................................................................................................408 References ................................................................................................................412 Index ..............................................................................................................................................413
adam_txt	Contents Preface .xiii Author .xvii Chapter 1 Introduction .1 1.1 Introduction .1 1.2 Classification of Materials .1 1.3 Crystalline Materials .1 1.4 Ceramics, Metals and Alloys, and Polymers .5 1.4.1 Bonding in Materials .5 1.5 Functional Classification of Materials .6 1.6 Crystal Structures .6 1.7 Directions and Planes in Crystal Structures .10 1.7.1 Miller Indices for Directions .10 1.7.2 Miller Indices for Planes .10 1.7.3 Miller-Bravais Indices for Hexagonal Systems .10 1.7.4 Interplanar Spacing .11 1.8 Interstitial Sites or Holes in Crystal Structures .13 1.9 Coordination Numbers .13 1.10 Radius Ratio Concept .14 1.11 Crystal Structures of Different Materials .15 1.11.1 Structure of Sodium Chloride .15 1.11.2 Structure of Cesium Chloride .15 1.11.3 Diamond Cubic Structure .16 1.11.4 Zinc Blende Structure .18 1.11.5 Wurtzite Structure .19 1.11.6 Fluorite and Antifluorite Structure .19 1.11.7 Corundum Structure .19 1.11.8 Perovskite Crystal Structure .20 1.11.9 Spinel and Inverse Spinel Structures .21 1.12 Defects in Materials .22 1.13 Point Defects in Ceramic Materials .23 1.14 Kröger-Vink Notation for Point Defects .24 1.15 Dislocations .26 1.16 Stacking Faults and Grain Boundaries .27 1.17 Microstructure-Property Relationships .28 1.17.1 Grain Boundary Effects .28 1.17.2 Grain Size Effects .28 1.17.3 Microstructure-Insensitive Properties .30 1.18 Amorphous Materials .30 1.18.1 Atomic Arrangements in Amorphous Materials .30 1.18.2 Applications of Amorphous Materials .31 1.19 Nanostructured Materials .33 1.20 Defects in Materials: Good News or Bad News? .33 1.21 Problems .33 VI Contents Glossary .34 References .37 Chapter 2 Electrical Conduction in Metals and Alloys .39 2.1 Introduction .39 2.2 Ohm's Law .41 2.3 Sheet Resistance (Rs).46 2.4 Classical Theory of Electrical Conduction .48 2.5 Drift, Mobility, and Conductivity .49 2.6 Electronic and Ionic Conductors .52 2.7 Limitations of the Classical Theory of Conductivity .52 2.8 Resistivity of Metallic Materials .55 2.8.1 Effect of Thermal Expansion .60 2.9 Joule Heating or PR Losses .60 2.10 Dependence of Resistivity on Thickness .61 2.11 Chemical Composition-Microstructure-Conductivity Relationships in Metals .62 2.11.1 Influence of Atomic-Level Defects .62 2.11.2 Influence of Impurities .63 2.12 Resistivity of Metallic Alloys .66 2.13 Quantum Mechanical Approach to Conductivity .69 2.14 Electrons in an Atom .71 2.15 Electrons in a Solid .72 2.16 Band Structure of Solids .73 2.17 Concept of the Fermi Energy Level .76 2.18 Problems .77 Glossary .80 References .83 Chapter 3 Fundamentals of Semiconductor Materials .85 3.1 Introduction .85 3.2 Intrinsic Semiconductors .85 3.3 Temperature Dependence of Carrier Concentrations .89 3.4 Band Structure of Semiconductors .90 3.5 Direct and Indirect Bandgap Semiconductors .96 3.6 Applications of Direct Bandgap Materials .96 3.7 Motions of Electrons and Holes .100 3.8 Extrinsic Semiconductors .102 3.9 Donor-Doped (η -Type) Semiconductors .102 3.10 Acceptor-Doped (p -Туре) Semiconductors .103 3.11 Amphoteric Dopants, Compensation, and Isoelectronic Dopants .104 3.12 Dopant Ionization .105 3.13 Conductivity of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Semiconductors .109 3.14 Effect of Temperature on the Mobility of Carriers .111 3.15 Effect of Dopant Concentration on Mobility .112 3.16 Temperature Dependence of Conductivity .114 3.17 Effect of Partial Dopant Ionization .114 3.18 Effect of Temperature on the Bandgap .117 3.19 Effect of Dopant Concentration on the Bandgap (£ ).119 Contents VII 3.20 Effect of Crystallite Size on the Bandgap .119 3.21 Semiconductivity in Ceramic Materials .120 3.22 Problems .121 Glossary .122 References .124 Chapter 4 Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors .127 4.1 Fermi Energy Levels in Metals .127 4.2 Fermi Energy Levels in Semiconductors .129 4.3 Electron and Hole Concentrations .131 4.4 Fermi Energy Levels in Intrinsic Semiconductors .134 4.5 Carrier Concentrations in Intrinsic Semiconductors .136 4.6 Fermi Energy Levels in η -Type and p -Туре Semiconductors .138 4.7 Fermi Energy as a Function of the Temperature .140 4.8 Fermi Energy Positions and the Fermi-Dirac Distribution .143 4.9 Degenerate or Heavily Doped Semiconductors .143 4.10 Fermi Energy Levels across Materials and Interfaces .145 4.11 Problems .147 Glossary .148 References .149 Chapter 5 Semiconductor p -η Junctions .151 5.1 Formation of a p -η Junction .151 5.2 Drift and Diffusion of Carriers .154 5.3 Constructing the Band Diagram for a p -η Junction .154 5.4 Calculation of Contact Potential .157 5.5 Space Charge at the p -η Junction .160 5.6 Electric Field Variation across the Depletion Region . 161 5.7 Variation of Electric Potential .162 5.8 Width of the Depletion Region and Penetration Depths .164 5.9 Reverse-Biased p -η Junction .166 5.10 Diffusion Currents in a Forward-Biased p -η Junction .167 5.11 Drift Currents in a p -η Junction .168 5.12 Diode Based on a p -η Junction . 171 5.13 Reverse-Bias Breakdown .174 5.14 Zener Diodes .178 5.15 Problems .180 Glossary . 181 References .183 Chapter 6 Semiconductor Devices .185 6.1 Metal-Semiconductor Contacts .185 6.2 Schottky Contacts .185 6.2.1 Band Diagrams .185 6.2.2 Surface Pinning of the Fermi Energy Level .188 6.2.3 Current-Voltage Characteristics for Schottky Contacts .189 6.2.4 Advantages of Schottky Diodes .193 6.3 Ohmic Contacts .194 6.3.1 Band Diagram .194 viii Contents 6.4 Solar Cells .194 6.4.1 Principles of Operation .197 6.4.2 Current-Voltage Characteristics for a Solar Cell .201 6.4.3 Solar Cell Efficiency and Materials .203 6.5 Light-Emitting Diodes .203 6.5.1 Operating Principle .204 6.5.2 LED Materials .204 6.5.3 LEDs Based on Indirect Bandgap Materials .206 6.5.4 LED Emission Spectral Ranges .207 6.5.5 7-У Curve for LEDs.208 6.5.6 LED Efficiency .210 6.5.7 LED Packaging .210 6.6 Bipolar Junction Transistor .210 6.6.1 Principles of Operation of the Bipolar Junction Transistor .212 6.6.2 Bipolar Junction Transistor Action .213 6.6.3 Current Flows in an npn Transistor .213 6.6.4 Transistor Currents and Parameters .215 6.6.4.1 Collector Current .215 6.6.4.2 Emitter Current .216 6.6.4.3 Base Current .216 6.6.5 Role of Base Current .218 6.6.6 Transistor Operating Modes .218 6.6.7 Current-Voltage Characteristics of the Bipolar Junction Transistor .218 6.6.8 Current Flows in a pnp Transistor .220 6.6.9 Applications of Bipolar Junction Transistors .220 6.7 Field-Effect Transistors .223 6.8 Types of Field-Effect Transistors .223 6.9 MESFET/-V Characteristics .224 6.9.1 MESFET with No Bias .224 6.9.2 MESFET with a Gate Bias .225 6.10 Metal Insulator Field-Effect Transistors .226 6.11 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors .226 6.11.1 MOSFET in Integrated Circuits .226 6.11.2 Role of Materials in MOSFET .226 6.11.3 NMOS, PMOS, and CMOS Devices .228 6.11.4 Enhancement-Mode MOSFET .229 6.11.5 Mechanism for Enhancement MOSFET .230 6.11.6 Depletion-Mode MOSFET .232 6.12 Problems .232 Glossary .234 References .238 Chapter 7 Linear Dielectric Materials .239 7.1 Dielectric Materials .239 7.1.1 Electrostatic Induction .239 7.2 Capacitance and Dielectric Constant .240 7.2.1 Parallel-Plate Capacitor Filled with a Vacuum .240 7.2.2 Parallel-Plate Capacitors with an Ideal Dielectric Material .242 7.3 Dielectric Polarization .249 Contents ix 7.4 Local Electric Field (£local) .252 7.5 Polarization Mechanisms — Overview .254 7.6 Electronic or Optical Polarization .254 7.6.1 Electronic Polarization of Atoms .254 7.6.2 Electronic Polarizability of Ions and Molecules .260 7.7 Ionic, Atomic, or Vibrational Polarization .260 7.8 Shannon's Polarizability Approach for Predicting Dielectric Constants .262 7.8.1 Outline of the Approach .262 7.8.2 Limitations of Shannon's Approach .263 7.9 Dipolar or Orientational Polarization .265 7.10 Interfacial, Space Charge, or Maxwell-Wagner Polarization .266 7.11 Spontaneous or Ferroelectric Polarization .267 7.12 Dependence of the Dielectric Constant on Frequency .268 7.12.1 Connection to the Optical Properties: Lorentz-Lorenz Equation .269 7.13 Complex Dielectric Constant and Dielectric Losses .272 7.13.1 Complex Dielectric Constant .272 7.13.2 Real Dielectrics and Ideal Dielectrics .273 7.13.3 Frequency Dependence of Dielectric Losses .273 7.13.4 Giant Dielectric Constant Materials .276 7.14 Equivalent Circuit of a Real Dielectric .277 7.15 Impedance (Z) and Admittance (Y) .278 7.16 Power Loss in a Real Dielectric Material .280 7.16.1 Concept of tan б .280 7.17 Equivalent Series Resistance and Equivalent Series Capacitance .285 7.18 Problems .288 Glossary .293 References .298 Chapterå Ferroelectrics, Piezoelectrics, and Pyroelectrics .299 8.1 Ferroelectric Materials .299 8.1.1 Ferroelectricity in Barium Titanate .299 8.1.2 Ferroelectric Domains .301 8.1.3 Dependence of the Dielectric Constant of Ferroelectrics on Temperature and Composition .303 8.2 Relationship of Ferroelectrics and Piezoelectrics to Crystal Symmetry .307 8.3 Electrostriction .307 8.4 Ferroelectric Hysteresis Loop .309 8.4.1 Trace of the Hysteresis Loop .311 8.5 Piezoelectricity .315 8.5.1 Origin of the Piezoelectric Effect in Ferroelectrics .315 8.6 Direct and Converse Piezoelectric Effects .317 8.7 Piezoelectric Behavior of Ferroelectrics .318 8.8 Piezoelectric Coefficients .318 8.9 Tensor Nature of Piezoelectric Coefficients .321 8.9.1 Conventions for Directions .321 8.9.2 General Notation for Piezoelectric Coefficients .322 8.9.3 Signs of Piezoelectric Coefficients .322 8.10 Relationship between Piezoelectric Coefficients .323 x Contents 8.11 Applications of Piezoelectrics.327 8.12 Devices Based on Piezoelectrics.327 8.12.1 Expander Plate .327 8.13 Technologically Important Piezoelectrics.333 8.14 Lead Zirconium Titanate .335 8.14.1 Piezoelectric Polymers .336 8.15 Applications and Properties of Hard and Soft Lead Zirconium Titanate Ceramics .339 8.16 Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient .341 8.17 Illustration of an Application: Piezoelectric Spark Igniter .344 8.18 Recent Developments .348 8.18.1 Strain-Tuned Ferroelectric s .348 8.18.2 Lead-Free Piezoelectrics .348 8.19 Piezoelectric Composites .349 8.20 Pyroelectric Materials and Devices .351 8.20.1 Pyroelectric Detectors for Infrared Detection and Imaging .355 8.21 Problems .355 Glossary .358 References .361 Chapter 9 Magnetic Materials .363 9.1 Introduction .363 9.2 Origin of Magnetism .363 9.3 Magnetization (Λί), Flux Density (B), Magnetic Susceptibility OcJ, Permeability (μ), and Relative Magnetic Permeability (μΓ) .368 9.3.1 Magnetic Field (H), Magnetization (M), and Flux Density (B) .368 9.3.2 Magnetic Susceptibility (χΜ) and Magnetic Permeability (μ) .371 9.3.3 Demagnetizing Fields .372 9.3.4 Flux Density in Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Materials .373 9.4 Classification of Magnetic Materials .374 9.4.1 Diamagnetic Materials .374 9.4.2 Paramagnetic Materials .374 9.4.3 Superparamagnetic Materials .376 9.4.4 Antiferromagnetic Materials .378 9.5 Ferromagnetic and Ferrimagnetic Materials .378 9.5.1 Hysteresis Loop .378 9.6 Other Properties of Magnetic Materials .385 9.6.1 Curie Temperature (Гс) .385 9.6.2 Magnetic Permeability (μ) .385 9.6.3 Coercive Field (Hc) .386 9.6.4 Nucleation and Pinning Control of Coercivity .388 9.6.5 Magnetic Anisotropy .389 9.6.6 Magnetic Domain Walls .391 9.6.7 180° and Non-1800 Domain Walls .393 9.6.8 Maximum Energy Products for Magnets .394 9.6.9 Magnetic Losses .395 9.7 Magnetostriction .396 9.8 Soft and Hard Magnetic Materials .397 Contents xi 9.9 Hard Magnetic Materials .398 9.10 Isotropie, Textured (Oriented), and Bonded Magnets .399 9.11 Soft Magnetic Materials .400 9.12 Magnetic Data Storage Materials .404 9.13 Problems .405 Glossary .408 References .412 Index .413
any_adam_object	1
any_adam_object_boolean	1
author	Fulay, Pradeep P.
author_facet	Fulay, Pradeep P.
author_role	aut
author_sort	Fulay, Pradeep P.
author_variant	p p f pp ppf
building	Verbundindex
bvnumber	BV022931509
classification_rvk	ZM 3100 ZN 3400
ctrlnum	(OCoLC)633186996 (DE-599)GBV526281774
discipline	Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik
discipline_str_mv	Werkstoffwissenschaften / Fertigungstechnik Elektrotechnik / Elektronik / Nachrichtentechnik
format	Book
fullrecord	<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><collection xmlns="http://www.loc.gov/MARC21/slim"><record><leader>01675nam a2200409 c 4500</leader><controlfield tag="001">BV022931509</controlfield><controlfield tag="003">DE-604</controlfield><controlfield tag="005">20100917 </controlfield><controlfield tag="007">t</controlfield><controlfield tag="008">071022s2010 ad\|\| \|\|\|\| 00\|\|\| und d</controlfield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">084939564X</subfield><subfield code="9">0-8493-9564-X</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="020" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">9780849395642</subfield><subfield code="9">978-0-8493-9564-2</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(OCoLC)633186996</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="035" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">(DE-599)GBV526281774</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="040" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-604</subfield><subfield code="b">ger</subfield><subfield code="e">rakwb</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="041" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">und</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="049" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">DE-703</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-29T</subfield><subfield code="a">DE-11</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZM 3100</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)159835:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="084" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">ZN 3400</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-625)157307:</subfield><subfield code="2">rvk</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="100" ind1="1" ind2=" "><subfield code="a">Fulay, Pradeep P.</subfield><subfield code="e">Verfasser</subfield><subfield code="4">aut</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="245" ind1="1" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Electronic, magnetic and optical materials</subfield><subfield code="c">Pradeep Fulay</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="264" ind1=" " ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Boca Raton, FL [u.a.]</subfield><subfield code="b">CRC Press</subfield><subfield code="c">2010</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="300" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">XVII, 418 S.</subfield><subfield code="b">Ill., graph. Darst.</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="336" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">txt</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacontent</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="337" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">n</subfield><subfield code="2">rdamedia</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="338" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="b">nc</subfield><subfield code="2">rdacarrier</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Werkstoff</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4065579-9</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Magnetische Eigenschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129002-1</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Optische Eigenschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4123887-4</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="650" ind1="0" ind2="7"><subfield code="a">Elektronische Eigenschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4235053-0</subfield><subfield code="2">gnd</subfield><subfield code="9">rswk-swf</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="0"><subfield code="a">Werkstoff</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4065579-9</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="1"><subfield code="a">Elektronische Eigenschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4235053-0</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="2"><subfield code="a">Magnetische Eigenschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4129002-1</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2="3"><subfield code="a">Optische Eigenschaft</subfield><subfield code="0">(DE-588)4123887-4</subfield><subfield code="D">s</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="689" ind1="0" ind2=" "><subfield code="5">DE-604</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="856" ind1="4" ind2="2"><subfield code="m">Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth</subfield><subfield code="q">application/pdf</subfield><subfield code="u">http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016136318&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA</subfield><subfield code="3">Inhaltsverzeichnis</subfield></datafield><datafield tag="999" ind1=" " ind2=" "><subfield code="a">oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016136318</subfield></datafield></record></collection>
id	DE-604.BV022931509
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T18:54:38Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T21:07:55Z
institution	BVB
isbn	084939564X 9780849395642
language	Undetermined
oai_aleph_id	oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016136318
oclc_num	633186996
open_access_boolean
owner	DE-703 DE-29T DE-11
owner_facet	DE-703 DE-29T DE-11
physical	XVII, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst.
publishDate	2010
publishDateSearch	2010
publishDateSort	2010
publisher	CRC Press
record_format	marc
spelling	Fulay, Pradeep P. Verfasser aut Electronic, magnetic and optical materials Pradeep Fulay Boca Raton, FL [u.a.] CRC Press 2010 XVII, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Werkstoff (DE-588)4065579-9 gnd rswk-swf Magnetische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4129002-1 gnd rswk-swf Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 gnd rswk-swf Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 gnd rswk-swf Werkstoff (DE-588)4065579-9 s Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 s Magnetische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4129002-1 s Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 s DE-604 Digitalisierung UB Bayreuth application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016136318&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Fulay, Pradeep P. Electronic, magnetic and optical materials Werkstoff (DE-588)4065579-9 gnd Magnetische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4129002-1 gnd Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 gnd Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4065579-9 (DE-588)4129002-1 (DE-588)4123887-4 (DE-588)4235053-0
title	Electronic, magnetic and optical materials
title_auth	Electronic, magnetic and optical materials
title_exact_search	Electronic, magnetic and optical materials
title_exact_search_txtP	Electronic, magnetic and optical materials
title_full	Electronic, magnetic and optical materials Pradeep Fulay
title_fullStr	Electronic, magnetic and optical materials Pradeep Fulay
title_full_unstemmed	Electronic, magnetic and optical materials Pradeep Fulay
title_short	Electronic, magnetic and optical materials
title_sort	electronic magnetic and optical materials
topic	Werkstoff (DE-588)4065579-9 gnd Magnetische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4129002-1 gnd Optische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4123887-4 gnd Elektronische Eigenschaft (DE-588)4235053-0 gnd
topic_facet	Werkstoff Magnetische Eigenschaft Optische Eigenschaft Elektronische Eigenschaft
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016136318&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
work_keys_str_mv	AT fulaypradeepp electronicmagneticandopticalmaterials

Verfügbarkeit

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Fernleihe Bestellen Achtung: Nicht im THWS-Bestand! Inhaltsverzeichnis

MARC

Datensatz im Suchindex

Es ist kein Print-Exemplar vorhanden.

Ähnliche Einträge