Verfügbarkeit: Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States

Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Blanton, Richard E. (VerfasserIn), Fargher, Lane (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Berlin Springer 2008
Schriftenreihe:	Fundamental Issues in Archaeology
Schlagworte:	Geschichte Collective behavior > History Political sociology > Methodology Social action > History State, The > Origin Staat Vergleichende politische Wissenschaft Entwicklung
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXVI, 447 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 235 mm x 155 mm
ISBN:	9780387738765

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents 1 Introduction ............................................... 1 A Gap Between Anthropology and Political Science ................ 1 Steps Toward a More Integrated Theory .......................... 2 Validity and Replicability ..................................... 3 Is Collective Action More or Less Likely to Develop in Some Civilizations Than Others, or in Some Time Periods More Than in Others? .................................. 3 Final Thoughts .............................................. 4 2 Rethinking the Role of Agency in Political Evolution ............. 5 Is Agency Universal? ......................................... 5 Two Pathways to State Formation ............................. 6 Marx and Neoevolutionist Theory ............................... 8 Pre-Modern States in the Neoevolutionist View .................. 8 Bringing Agency Back to Political Theory ........................ 10 3 The Social Actor in Collective Action .......................... 12 Basic Ideas of Collective Action Theory .......................... 12 Is Collective Action Theory Similar to Functionalism? ............ 13 Additional Problems With Functionalism ....................... 13 What Causes Collective States? ................................. 14 Problems With Essentializing and Categorizing .................. 14 Introduction to the Rational Social Actor ......................... 15 Taxpayer Rationality ......................................... 17 The Moral Basis of Compliance .............................. 17 Compliance and Public Goods ............................... 18 The Free Riding Problem ................................... 18 The Rationality of Rulers ..................................... 19 Achieving Quasi-Voluntary Compliance ........................ 20 The Power of Principals in More Collective States ................ 21 Developing a Research Program to Evaluate Collective Action Theory .............................................. 22 ix x Contents 4 Selecting a Sample of Societies for Comparative Coding ..................................... 25 The Large-N, Small-N Dilemma ................................ 25 Sample Selection .......................................... 26 Coding Sources and Procedures .............................. 28 The Sample and the Focal Periods ............................ 29 5 Archaeological and Historical Contexts for the Coded Societies ...................................... 33 Introduction to Sub-Saharan Africa .............................. 34 The Influence of Islam ...................................... 36 Secondary State Formation .................................. 36 Growth Phases in World-System Interaction and State Formation. ... 37 Sub-Saharan Africa and Neoevolutionist Theory ................. 38 Local Histories of the Sub-Saharan African Societies ............... 40 Nupe .................................................... 40 Yoruba, Oyo Empire ....................................... 41 Asante .................................................. 42 Bagirmi ................................................. 43 Kuba.................................................... 44 Tio..................................................... 44 Buganda ................................................. 45 Bakitara ................................................. 46 Lozi .................................................... 47 Swahili Lamu ............................................. 47 Introduction to Southeast Asia ................................. 48 Southeast Asia and the Literature of Political Evolution ........... 49 From Diffusionist Theory to Endogenous Evolutionary Process ..... 51 The Contribution of Archaeology ............................. 51 Social Causation and Diversity in Southeast Asian States .......... 52 Long-Term Change and the Evolution of Second Millennium Polities .................................................. 53 Growth of Bureaucracy in the Postclassic ....................... 54 Local Histories of the Southeast Asian Societies ................... 56 Thai, or Kingdom of Siam ................................... 56 Burma ................................................... 56 Bali ..................................................... 57 Aceh .................................................... 57 Perak ................................................... 58 Java ..................................................... 59 Introduction to South Asia ..................................... 60 Phase 1. Indus Valley Tradition (First Urbanism Phase) (2600 ВСЕ to 1900 ВСЕ) (Figure 5-3)......................... 61 Contents xi Phase 2. Indo-Gangetic Vedic Period and Early Historic (Later Vedic) Period (Second Urbanism Phase) (somewhat before 1000 ВСЕ to 300 ВСЕ) ...................... 62 Phase 3. First Integration Phase (ca. 322 ВСЕ to ca. CE 500) The Mauryan and Gupta Empires ............................. 66 Phase 4. Kingdoms of Medieval South India (ca. CE 500 to 1565)... 68 Phase 5. Second Integration Phase: Mughal Empire (CE 1556 to ca. 1700)................................ 73 Introduction to East Asia ...................................... 74 Diverse Pathways to Social Complexity and the State in China ...... 75 Imperial-Scale Political Integration ............................ 77 Social, Cultural, and Economic Change After the Shang Dynasty ___ 78 The Confucian Critique of Aristocratic Privilege ................. 79 Long-Term Change Agricultural Change and State Evolution ....... 80 Military Costs and Manorialism .............................. 81 Local Histories of The East Asian Societies ....................... 82 Ming Dynasty ............................................ 82 Japan ................................................... 83 Tibet .................................................... 85 Introduction to Western Eurasia, the Mediterranean, and North Africa ............................................ 86 Theory Development ....................................... 87 The Collapse of Neoevolutionist Theory ........................ 88 A Need for New Theory .................................... 89 Beyond Neoevolutionism: Bringing More People Into Governance. .. 90 Local Histories of the Coded Societies ........................... 92 Egypt ................................................... 92 Athens .................................................. 94 Roman Empire ............................................ 98 Venice ................................................... 102 England ................................................. 103 Ottoman Empire ........................................... 105 New World Societies ......................................... 107 Background to Aztec State Formation .......................... 108 History of the Aztec Polity .................................. 109 History of Central Andean State Formation ..................... 110 Inca ..................................................... Ul 6 Revenue Sources ............................................ 112 Operationalizing Internal and External Revenues ................... 113 Summary of Revenue Sources .................................. 114 Coding Summary ............................................ 117 Nupe (External) ........................................... 117 Yoruba (External) .......................................... 117 Asante (Mixed) ........................................... 117 xn Contents Bagirmi (External) ......................................... 117 Kuba (External) ........................................... 118 Tio (External) ............................................. 118 Buganda (Mixed) .......................................... 118 Bakitara (External) ......................................... 118 Lozi (Mixed) ............................................. 118 Swahili Lamu (External) .................................... 119 Thailand (Internal) ......................................... 119 Burma (Internal) .......................................... 119 Bali (External) ............................................ 120 Aceh (External) ........................................... 120 Perak (External) ........................................... 121 Java (Internal) ............................................ 121 Vijayanagara (Mixed) ...................................... 121 Pudukkottai (Mixed) ....................................... 122 Mughal (Internal) .......................................... 122 China (Internal) ........................................... 123 Japan (External) ........................................... 124 Tibet (Internal) ............................................ 124 Egypt (External) ........................................... 125 Athens (Mixed) ........................................... 125 Roman Empire (Internal) .................................... 126 Venice (Internal) .......................................... 128 England (External) ......................................... 128 Ottoman Empire (External) .................................. 129 Aztec (Internal) ........................................... 130 Inca (Mixed) .............................................. 131 7 Public Goods ............................................... 133 The Special Problem of sub-Saharan Africa ....................... 137 Public Goods as an Aggregate Scale Variable ...................... 137 Summary of Public Goods Data ................................ 138 Nupe (10)................................................ 138 Yoruba (16).............................................. 138 Asante (18.5)............................................. 140 Bagirmi (13).............................................. 140 Kuba (13.5).............................................. 141 Tio (12.5)................................................ 141 Buganda (15.5)............................................ 141 Bakitara (10)............................................. 142 Lozi (22)................................................ 142 Swahili Lamu (10)......................................... 143 Thailand (18.5)............................................ 143 Burma (20)............................................... 144 Contents xiii Bali (14)................................................. 144 Aceh (10)................................................ 145 Perak (12.5).............................................. 146 Java (18.5)............................................... 146 Vijayanagara (18).......................................... 147 Pudukkottai (17).......................................... 147 Mughal (23.5)............................................ 148 China (22)............................................... 149 Japan (16.5).............................................. 151 Tibet (19.5).............................................. 152 Egypt (20)............................................... 153 Athens (20).............................................. 154 Rome (24)............................................... 155 Venice (21)............................................... 157 England (11)............................................. 159 Ottoman (16)............................................. 160 Aztec (21)............................................... 161 Inca (22)................................................. 163 8 Bureaucratization........................................... 165 Max Weber and Bureaucracy ................................... 165 Bureaucracy Versus Bureaucratization........................... 166 The Bureaucratization Measure ................................. 167 Assessing the Bureaucratization Measure ......................... 169 Summary of the Bureaucratization Data .......................... 171 Nupe (7.5)............................................... 171 Yoruba (9.5).............................................. 171 Asante (10.5)............................................. 172 Bagirmi (8.5)............................................. 173 Kuba (10)................................................ 174 Tio (6).................................................. 175 Buganda (11)............................................. 175 Bakitara (6.5)............................................. 176 Lozi (12)................................................ 176 Swahili Lamu (11.5)....................................... 177 Thai (8)................................................. 177 Burma (12)............................................... 178 Bali (6).................................................. 179 Aceh (6)................................................. 179 Perak (5.5)............................................... 180 Java (10)................................................. 180 Vijayanagara (9.5)......................................... 181 Pudukkottai (7)........................................... 182 Mughal (12).............................................. 182 X1V Contents China (14.5).............................................. 184 Japan (7)................................................. 187 Tibet (8.5)............................................... 188 Egypt (10)............................................... 189 Athens (14).............................................. 190 Roman Empire (12)........................................ 192 Venice (14)............................................... 195 England (8.5)............................................. 196 Ottoman (9.5)............................................. 197 Aztec (11.5).............................................. 200 Inca (10)................................................. 201 9 Modes of Control of Principals ................................ 203 The Principal Control Scale Measure ............................ 203 Assessing the Principal Control Scale .......................... 206 Summary of Principal Control Data ............................. 207 Nupe (8)................................................. 207 Yoruba (11).............................................. 207 Asante (15.5)............................................. 208 Bagirmi (6)............................................... 210 Kuba (8.5)............................................... 211 Tio (8.5)................................................. 212 Buganda (10.5)............................................ 212 Bakitara (7).............................................. 214 Lozi (15)................................................ 215 Swahili Lamu (14.5)....................................... 216 Thailand (9.5)............................................. 217 Burma (9)................................................ 218 Bali (8).................................................. 218 Aceh (9)................................................. 219 Perak (7.5)............................................... 220 Java (9.5)................................................ 221 Vijayanagara (9.5)......................................... 222 Pudukkottai (7.5).......................................... 224 Mughal (9.5)............................................. 224 China (14.5).............................................. 227 Japan (8)................................................. 230 Tibet (6)................................................. 231 Egypt (18)............................................... 232 Athens (18).............................................. 233 Rome (12)............................................... 237 Venice (16.5)............................................. 240 England (8.5)............................................. 241 Ottoman (9).............................................. 242 Contents xv Aztec (12.5).............................................. 246 Inca (.8)................................................. 248 10 Theory Testing and a Question: Is State Formation a Product of Rational Choice or Symbolic Structure? ...................................... 249 Summary of Project Goals and Methods .......................... 249 Main Results of the Analysis ................................... 250 Resource as a Dichotomized Revenue Measure ................ 250 Statistical Evaluation of Collective Action Theory ................ 251 Were Taxpayers More Compliant in the More Collective States? .... 253 Validity and Reliability of the Research Results .................. 253 The Main Model of Collective Action ........................ 253 What Determines Revenue Sources? ........................... 254 Cultural Code or Rational Actors in the Evolution of More Collective States? ..................................... 256 Stepwise Regression Analysis ................................ 256 The Influence of Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism on Collective Action ....................................... 257 Comparing Geographical Regions ............................. 260 Comments on the Group Comparisons ......................... 264 Concluding Thoughts ....................................... 264 11 Collective Action Processes at World-Economy, Polity, and Community Scales ................................ 266 Social Action at the World-Economy Scale and its Consequences for Collective Action ......................................... 266 The Impact of World-Economies on the Coded Societies .......... 267 Analysis ................................................. 268 A Partial Theory of Variation in Principal Control ................ 269 Final Thoughts on How to Theorize Principal Control ............. 271 Collective Action Process at the Regional Scale .................... 272 A Method for Testing Hypotheses About Exit ................... 273 Analysis of the Exit Opportunity Data ......................... 273 Exit Opportunity, Collective Action, and Polity Scale ............. 274 Scale Effects of Population Size .............................. 275 Scalar Stress and Collective Action ............................ 276 Administrative Hierarchical Complexity and Collective Action ...... 277 Collective Action and Territorial Size .......................... 277 More on Collective Action and Population Size .................. 278 Market, Community, and Household in the Evolution of Collective Action .......................................... 280 Rural Market Systems ...................................... 281 Community and Household in the Evolution of Collective Action ... 282 xvi Contents Do Socially Complex Basal Organizations Inhibit or Promote Collective Action? ......................................... 283 Is Collective Action in Common-Property Management a Model for How Collective States are Constructed? .............. 283 State Formation and Irrigation ................................ 285 Do Collective States Reorganize the Base of Society? ............. 285 Concluding Thoughts ....................................... 287 12 Collective Action and Political Evolution ....................... 290 Is Collective Action Found in the Very Earliest States? .............. 290 Do The Axial Age Civilizations Represent a Progressive Transitional Phase from the Pagan Civilizations to the Modern Democracies? ................................... 291 Was There an Evolutionary Transformation from the Autocracy of the Pre-modern Polities to the Modern Democracies? ............. 294 The Transition to Modernity ................................. 295 Indicators of Modernity ..................................... 295 Conclusion ............................................... 298 Final Thoughts .............................................. 298 Appendix 1 Variables and Coded Data for the Exit Opportunity Variables .............................. 300 Appendix 2 Material and Social Background to the Coded Societies .............................. 302 Nupe (Figure A2-1) .......................................... 302 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (14,100sq. km) .............. 302 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 302 Market System ............................................ 303 Geography ............................................... 304 Population ............................................... 304 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 304 Yoruba (Figure A2-2) ........................................ 304 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (46,500 sq. km) .............. 304 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 305 Market System ............................................ 306 Geography ............................................... 306 Population ............................................... 307 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 307 Asante (Figure A2-3) ......................................... 308 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (161,000sq. km) ............. 308 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 309 Market System ............................................ 309 Geography ............................................... 310 Contents xvii Population............................................... 310 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 311 Bagirmi (Figure A2-4) ........................................ 311 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (the core is 40,000 sq. km, and the tributary zone is another ca. 70,000 sq. km) ............... 311 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 312 Market System ............................................ 313 Geography ............................................... 313 Population ............................................... 314 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 314 Kuba (Figures A2-5 and A2-6) ................................. 314 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (ca. 17,800sq. km) ........... 314 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 315 Market System ............................................ 316 Geography ............................................... 316 Population ............................................... 316 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 317 Tio (Figure A2-6) ............................................ 317 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (77,602 sq.km) ............... 317 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 318 Market System ............................................ 319 Geography ............................................... 319 Population ............................................... 319 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 319 Bugada (Figure A2-7) ........................................ 320 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (30,000 sq. km) .............. 320 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 321 Market System ............................................ 321 Geography ............................................... 322 Population ............................................... 322 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 322 Bakitara (the polity s location is indicated in Figure A2-7) ........... 324 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (12,264 sq. km) .............. 324 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 324 Market System ............................................ 324 Geography ............................................... 325 Population ............................................... 325 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 325 Lozi (Figure A2-8) ........................................... 325 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (ca. 475,000 sq. km) .......... 325 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 327 Market System ............................................ 327 Geography ............................................... 327 Population ............................................... 328 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 328 xviii Contents Swahili Lamu (Figure A2-9) ................................... 329 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (360sq. km) ................ 329 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 330 Market System ............................................ 330 Geography ............................................... 331 Population ............................................... 331 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 331 Thailand (Figure A2-10) ...................................... 332 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (518,000 sq. km) ............. 332 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 332 Market System ............................................ 332 Geography ............................................... 333 Population ............................................... 334 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 334 Burma (Figure A2- 11)........................................ 334 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (181,000 sq. km) ............. 334 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 336 Market System ............................................ 336 Geography ............................................... 337 Population ............................................... 337 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 337 Bali (Figure A2-12) .......................................... 338 Environment, Agriculture, and Area ........................... 338 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 339 Market System ............................................ 339 Geography ............................................... 340 Population ............................................... 340 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 340 Aceh (Figure A2-13) ......................................... 341 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (estimated at 3,25Osq. km) ..... 341 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 342 Market System ............................................ 342 Geography ............................................... 342 Population ............................................... 343 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 343 Perak (Figure A2-14) ......................................... 343 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (20,700 sq. km) .............. 343 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 345 Market System ............................................ 345 Geography ............................................... 345 Population ............................................... 345 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 346 Java (Figure A2-15) .......................................... 346 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (133,000sq. km) ............. 346 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 347 Contents xix Market System............................................ 347 Geography ............................................... 347 Population............................................... 348 World-Economy Linkages................................... 348 Vijayanagara (Figure A2-16) ................................... 348 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (360,000 sq. km) ............. 348 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 349 Market System ............................................ 350 Geography ............................................... 351 Population ............................................... 351 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 352 Pudukkottai (Figure A2-17) .................................... 352 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (3,100sq. km) ............... 352 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 353 Market System ............................................ 353 Geography ............................................... 353 Population ............................................... 354 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 354 Mughal (Figure A2-18) ....................................... 354 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (3,175,000 sq. km) ........... 354 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 356 Market System ............................................ 357 Geography ............................................... 358 Population ............................................... 359 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 359 Ming Dynasty China (Figure A2-19) ............................ 360 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (3,900,000 sq. km) ........... 360 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 361 Market System ............................................ 362 Geographical Organization .................................. 363 Population ............................................... 365 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 365 Japan (Figure A2-20) ......................................... 366 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (388,500 sq. km) ............. 366 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 368 Market System ............................................ 368 Geographical Organization .................................. 369 Population ............................................... 370 Tibet ...................................................... 371 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (l,217,294sq. km) ........... 371 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 371 Market System ............................................ 372 Geographical Organization .................................. 372 Population ............................................... 372 World-Economy Links ...................................... 372 xx Contents New Kingdom Egypt (Figure A2-21 )............................ 373 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (622,000sq. km) ............. 373 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 373 Market System ............................................ 373 Geography ............................................... 375 Population ............................................... 375 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 376 Athens (Figure A2-22) ........................................ 376 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (2500 sq. km) ............... 376 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 377 Market System ............................................ 378 Geography ............................................... 378 Population ............................................... 379 World-Economy Interactions ................................. 379 Rome (Figure A2-23) ........................................ 380 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (3,861,000sq. km) ........... 380 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 380 Market System ............................................ 383 Geography ............................................... 383 Population ............................................... 384 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 384 Venice (Figure A2-24) ........................................ 385 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (32,000 sq. km) .............. 385 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 385 Market Systems ........................................... 385 Geography ............................................... 386 Population ............................................... 387 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 387 England (Figure A2-25) ....................................... 388 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (England 130,400 sq. km, Wales, 20,800 sq. km, and half of Ireland at 42,200 sq. km, or 193,400 sq. km total) ....... 388 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 388 Market System ............................................ 390 Geography ............................................... 390 Population ............................................... 391 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 391 Ottoman Empire (Figure A2-26) ................................ 392 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (excluding vassal states, the area under direct government control was 2,279,200sq. km [Pitcher 1972: 134]).......................... 392 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 392 Market System ............................................ 393 Geography ............................................... 394 Contents xxi Population............................................... 394 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 395 Aztec (Figure A2-27) ......................................... 396 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (the core area of the Aztec empire was a closed hydrographie basin measuring about 7000 sq. km [Sanders et al. 1979: 81], while the total area of the empire was 279,000 sq. km, from Barlow [1949]; Berdan [1980]; Berdan et al. [1996: 109-113; Figure II-l]) ...................... 396 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 397 Market System ............................................ 398 Geography ............................................... 399 Population ............................................... 399 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 400 Inca (Figure A2-28) .......................................... 400 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (984,000sq. km) ............. 400 Rural Society and Culture ................................... 402 Market System ............................................ 402 Geography ............................................... 402 Population ............................................... 403 World-Economy Linkages ................................... 403 Appendix 3 Description of Coded Variables and the Coded Values. Letter Designators refer to Column Heads for the Coded Variables ....................... 404 References .................................................... 406 Author Index ................................................. 439 Subject Index ................................................. 443
adam_txt	Contents 1 Introduction . 1 A Gap Between Anthropology and Political Science . 1 Steps Toward a More Integrated Theory . 2 Validity and Replicability . 3 Is Collective Action More or Less Likely to Develop in Some Civilizations Than Others, or in Some Time Periods More Than in Others? . 3 Final Thoughts . 4 2 Rethinking the Role of Agency in Political Evolution . 5 Is Agency Universal? . 5 Two Pathways to State Formation . 6 Marx and Neoevolutionist Theory . 8 Pre-Modern States in the Neoevolutionist View . 8 Bringing Agency Back to Political Theory . 10 3 The Social Actor in Collective Action . 12 Basic Ideas of Collective Action Theory . 12 Is Collective Action Theory Similar to Functionalism? . 13 Additional Problems With Functionalism . 13 What Causes Collective States? . 14 Problems With Essentializing and Categorizing . 14 Introduction to the Rational Social Actor . 15 Taxpayer Rationality . 17 The Moral Basis of Compliance . 17 Compliance and Public Goods . 18 The Free Riding Problem . 18 The Rationality of Rulers . 19 Achieving Quasi-Voluntary Compliance . 20 The Power of Principals in More Collective States . 21 Developing a Research Program to Evaluate Collective Action Theory . 22 ix x Contents 4 Selecting a Sample of Societies for Comparative Coding . 25 The Large-N, Small-N Dilemma . 25 Sample Selection . 26 Coding Sources and Procedures . 28 The Sample and the Focal Periods . 29 5 Archaeological and Historical Contexts for the Coded Societies . 33 Introduction to Sub-Saharan Africa . 34 The Influence of Islam . 36 Secondary State Formation . 36 Growth Phases in World-System Interaction and State Formation. . 37 Sub-Saharan Africa and Neoevolutionist Theory . 38 Local Histories of the Sub-Saharan African Societies . 40 Nupe . 40 Yoruba, Oyo Empire . 41 Asante . 42 Bagirmi . 43 Kuba. 44 Tio. 44 Buganda . 45 Bakitara . 46 Lozi . 47 Swahili Lamu . 47 Introduction to Southeast Asia . 48 Southeast Asia and the Literature of Political Evolution . 49 From Diffusionist Theory to Endogenous Evolutionary Process . 51 The Contribution of Archaeology . 51 Social Causation and Diversity in Southeast Asian States . 52 Long-Term Change and the Evolution of Second Millennium Polities . 53 Growth of Bureaucracy in the Postclassic . 54 Local Histories of the Southeast Asian Societies . 56 Thai, or Kingdom of Siam . 56 Burma . 56 Bali . 57 Aceh . 57 Perak . 58 Java . 59 Introduction to South Asia . 60 Phase 1. Indus Valley Tradition (First Urbanism Phase) (2600 ВСЕ to 1900 ВСЕ) (Figure 5-3). 61 Contents xi Phase 2. Indo-Gangetic Vedic Period and Early Historic (Later Vedic) Period (Second Urbanism Phase) (somewhat before 1000 ВСЕ to 300 ВСЕ) . 62 Phase 3. First Integration Phase (ca. 322 ВСЕ to ca. CE 500) The Mauryan and Gupta Empires . 66 Phase 4. Kingdoms of Medieval South India (ca. CE 500 to 1565). 68 Phase 5. Second Integration Phase: Mughal Empire (CE 1556 to ca. 1700). 73 Introduction to East Asia . 74 Diverse Pathways to Social Complexity and the State in China . 75 Imperial-Scale Political Integration . 77 Social, Cultural, and Economic Change After the Shang Dynasty _ 78 The Confucian Critique of Aristocratic Privilege . 79 Long-Term Change Agricultural Change and State Evolution . 80 Military Costs and Manorialism . 81 Local Histories of The East Asian Societies . 82 Ming Dynasty . 82 Japan . 83 Tibet . 85 Introduction to Western Eurasia, the Mediterranean, and North Africa . 86 Theory Development . 87 The Collapse of Neoevolutionist Theory . 88 A Need for New Theory . 89 Beyond Neoevolutionism: Bringing More People Into Governance. . 90 Local Histories of the Coded Societies . 92 Egypt . 92 Athens . 94 Roman Empire . 98 Venice . 102 England . 103 Ottoman Empire . 105 New World Societies . 107 Background to Aztec State Formation . 108 History of the Aztec Polity . 109 History of Central Andean State Formation . 110 Inca . Ul 6 Revenue Sources . 112 Operationalizing Internal and External Revenues . 113 Summary of Revenue Sources . 114 Coding Summary . 117 Nupe (External) . 117 Yoruba (External) . 117 Asante (Mixed) . 117 xn Contents Bagirmi (External) . 117 Kuba (External) . 118 Tio (External) . 118 Buganda (Mixed) . 118 Bakitara (External) . 118 Lozi (Mixed) . 118 Swahili Lamu (External) . 119 Thailand (Internal) . 119 Burma (Internal) . 119 Bali (External) . 120 Aceh (External) . 120 Perak (External) . 121 Java (Internal) . 121 Vijayanagara (Mixed) . 121 Pudukkottai (Mixed) . 122 Mughal (Internal) . 122 China (Internal) . 123 Japan (External) . 124 Tibet (Internal) . 124 Egypt (External) . 125 Athens (Mixed) . 125 Roman Empire (Internal) . 126 Venice (Internal) . 128 England (External) . 128 Ottoman Empire (External) . 129 Aztec (Internal) . 130 Inca (Mixed) . 131 7 Public Goods . 133 The Special Problem of sub-Saharan Africa . 137 Public Goods as an Aggregate Scale Variable . 137 Summary of Public Goods Data . 138 Nupe (10). 138 Yoruba (16). 138 Asante (18.5). 140 Bagirmi (13). 140 Kuba (13.5). 141 Tio (12.5). 141 Buganda (15.5). 141 Bakitara (10). 142 Lozi (22). 142 Swahili Lamu (10). 143 Thailand (18.5). 143 Burma (20). 144 Contents xiii Bali (14). 144 Aceh (10). 145 Perak (12.5). 146 Java (18.5). 146 Vijayanagara (18). 147 Pudukkottai (17). 147 Mughal (23.5). 148 China (22). 149 Japan (16.5). 151 Tibet (19.5). 152 Egypt (20). 153 Athens (20). 154 Rome (24). 155 Venice (21). 157 England (11). 159 Ottoman (16). 160 Aztec (21). 161 Inca (22). 163 8 Bureaucratization. 165 Max Weber and Bureaucracy . 165 Bureaucracy Versus Bureaucratization. 166 The Bureaucratization Measure . 167 Assessing the Bureaucratization Measure . 169 Summary of the Bureaucratization Data . 171 Nupe (7.5). 171 Yoruba (9.5). 171 Asante (10.5). 172 Bagirmi (8.5). 173 Kuba (10). 174 Tio (6). 175 Buganda (11). 175 Bakitara (6.5). 176 Lozi (12). 176 Swahili Lamu (11.5). 177 Thai (8). 177 Burma (12). 178 Bali (6). 179 Aceh (6). 179 Perak (5.5). 180 Java (10). 180 Vijayanagara (9.5). 181 Pudukkottai (7). 182 Mughal (12). 182 X1V Contents China (14.5). 184 Japan (7). 187 Tibet (8.5). 188 Egypt (10). 189 Athens (14). 190 Roman Empire (12). 192 Venice (14). 195 England (8.5). 196 Ottoman (9.5). 197 Aztec (11.5). 200 Inca (10). 201 9 Modes of Control of Principals . 203 The Principal Control Scale Measure . 203 Assessing the Principal Control Scale . 206 Summary of Principal Control Data . 207 Nupe (8). 207 Yoruba (11). 207 Asante (15.5). 208 Bagirmi (6). 210 Kuba (8.5). 211 Tio (8.5). 212 Buganda (10.5). 212 Bakitara (7). 214 Lozi (15). 215 Swahili Lamu (14.5). 216 Thailand (9.5). 217 Burma (9). 218 Bali (8). 218 Aceh (9). 219 Perak (7.5). 220 Java (9.5). 221 Vijayanagara (9.5). 222 Pudukkottai (7.5). 224 Mughal (9.5). 224 China (14.5). 227 Japan (8). 230 Tibet (6). 231 Egypt (18). 232 Athens (18). 233 Rome (12). 237 Venice (16.5). 240 England (8.5). 241 Ottoman (9). 242 Contents xv Aztec (12.5). 246 Inca (.8). 248 10 Theory Testing and a Question: Is State Formation a Product of Rational Choice or Symbolic Structure? . 249 Summary of Project Goals and Methods . 249 Main Results of the Analysis . 250 "Resource" as a Dichotomized Revenue Measure . 250 Statistical Evaluation of Collective Action Theory . 251 Were Taxpayers More Compliant in the More Collective States? . 253 Validity and Reliability of the Research Results . 253 The "Main Model" of Collective Action . 253 What Determines Revenue Sources? . 254 Cultural Code or Rational Actors in the Evolution of More Collective States? . 256 Stepwise Regression Analysis . 256 The Influence of Islam, Hinduism, and Buddhism on Collective Action . 257 Comparing Geographical Regions . 260 Comments on the Group Comparisons . 264 Concluding Thoughts . 264 11 Collective Action Processes at World-Economy, Polity, and Community Scales . 266 Social Action at the World-Economy Scale and its Consequences for Collective Action . 266 The Impact of World-Economies on the Coded Societies . 267 Analysis . 268 A Partial Theory of Variation in Principal Control . 269 Final Thoughts on How to Theorize Principal Control . 271 Collective Action Process at the Regional Scale . 272 A Method for Testing Hypotheses About Exit . 273 Analysis of the Exit Opportunity Data . 273 Exit Opportunity, Collective Action, and Polity Scale . 274 Scale Effects of Population Size . 275 Scalar Stress and Collective Action . 276 Administrative Hierarchical Complexity and Collective Action . 277 Collective Action and Territorial Size . 277 More on Collective Action and Population Size . 278 Market, Community, and Household in the Evolution of Collective Action . 280 Rural Market Systems . 281 Community and Household in the Evolution of Collective Action . 282 xvi Contents Do Socially Complex Basal Organizations Inhibit or Promote Collective Action? . 283 Is Collective Action in Common-Property Management a Model for How Collective States are Constructed? . 283 State Formation and Irrigation . 285 Do Collective States Reorganize the Base of Society? . 285 Concluding Thoughts . 287 12 Collective Action and Political Evolution . 290 Is Collective Action Found in the Very Earliest States? . 290 Do The "Axial Age Civilizations" Represent a Progressive Transitional Phase from the "Pagan" Civilizations to the Modern Democracies? . 291 Was There an Evolutionary Transformation from the Autocracy of the Pre-modern Polities to the Modern Democracies? . 294 The Transition to Modernity . 295 Indicators of Modernity . 295 Conclusion . 298 Final Thoughts . 298 Appendix 1 Variables and Coded Data for the Exit Opportunity Variables . 300 Appendix 2 Material and Social Background to the Coded Societies . 302 Nupe (Figure A2-1) . 302 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (14,100sq. km) . 302 Rural Society and Culture . 302 Market System . 303 Geography . 304 Population . 304 World-Economy Linkages . 304 Yoruba (Figure A2-2) . 304 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (46,500 sq. km) . 304 Rural Society and Culture . 305 Market System . 306 Geography . 306 Population . 307 World-Economy Linkages . 307 Asante (Figure A2-3) . 308 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (161,000sq. km) . 308 Rural Society and Culture . 309 Market System . 309 Geography . 310 Contents xvii Population. 310 World-Economy Linkages . 311 Bagirmi (Figure A2-4) . 311 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (the core is 40,000 sq. km, and the tributary zone is another ca. 70,000 sq. km) . 311 Rural Society and Culture . 312 Market System . 313 Geography . 313 Population . 314 World-Economy Linkages . 314 Kuba (Figures A2-5 and A2-6) . 314 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (ca. 17,800sq. km) . 314 Rural Society and Culture . 315 Market System . 316 Geography . 316 Population . 316 World-Economy Linkages . 317 Tio (Figure A2-6) . 317 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (77,602 sq.km) . 317 Rural Society and Culture . 318 Market System . 319 Geography . 319 Population . 319 World-Economy Linkages . 319 Bugada (Figure A2-7) . 320 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (30,000 sq. km) . 320 Rural Society and Culture . 321 Market System . 321 Geography . 322 Population . 322 World-Economy Linkages . 322 Bakitara (the polity's location is indicated in Figure A2-7) . 324 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (12,264 sq. km) . 324 Rural Society and Culture . 324 Market System . 324 Geography . 325 Population . 325 World-Economy Linkages . 325 Lozi (Figure A2-8) . 325 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (ca. 475,000 sq. km) . 325 Rural Society and Culture . 327 Market System . 327 Geography . 327 Population . 328 World-Economy Linkages . 328 xviii Contents Swahili Lamu (Figure A2-9) . 329 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (360sq. km) . 329 Rural Society and Culture . 330 Market System . 330 Geography . 331 Population . 331 World-Economy Linkages . 331 Thailand (Figure A2-10) . 332 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (518,000 sq. km) . 332 Rural Society and Culture . 332 Market System . 332 Geography . 333 Population . 334 World-Economy Linkages . 334 Burma (Figure A2- 11). 334 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (181,000 sq. km) . 334 Rural Society and Culture . 336 Market System . 336 Geography . 337 Population . 337 World-Economy Linkages . 337 Bali (Figure A2-12) . 338 Environment, Agriculture, and Area . 338 Rural Society and Culture . 339 Market System . 339 Geography . 340 Population . 340 World-Economy Linkages . 340 Aceh (Figure A2-13) . 341 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (estimated at 3,25Osq. km) . 341 Rural Society and Culture . 342 Market System . 342 Geography . 342 Population . 343 World-Economy Linkages . 343 Perak (Figure A2-14) . 343 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (20,700 sq. km) . 343 Rural Society and Culture . 345 Market System . 345 Geography . 345 Population . 345 World-Economy Linkages . 346 Java (Figure A2-15) . 346 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (133,000sq. km) . 346 Rural Society and Culture . 347 Contents xix Market System. 347 Geography . 347 Population. 348 World-Economy Linkages. 348 Vijayanagara (Figure A2-16) . 348 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (360,000 sq. km) . 348 Rural Society and Culture . 349 Market System . 350 Geography . 351 Population . 351 World-Economy Linkages . 352 Pudukkottai (Figure A2-17) . 352 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (3,100sq. km) . 352 Rural Society and Culture . 353 Market System . 353 Geography . 353 Population . 354 World-Economy Linkages . 354 Mughal (Figure A2-18) . 354 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (3,175,000 sq. km) . 354 Rural Society and Culture . 356 Market System . 357 Geography . 358 Population . 359 World-Economy Linkages . 359 Ming Dynasty China (Figure A2-19) . 360 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (3,900,000 sq. km) . 360 Rural Society and Culture . 361 Market System . 362 Geographical Organization . 363 Population . 365 World-Economy Linkages . 365 Japan (Figure A2-20) . 366 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (388,500 sq. km) . 366 Rural Society and Culture . 368 Market System . 368 Geographical Organization . 369 Population . 370 Tibet . 371 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (l,217,294sq. km) . 371 Rural Society and Culture . 371 Market System . 372 Geographical Organization . 372 Population . 372 World-Economy Links . 372 xx Contents New Kingdom Egypt (Figure A2-21 ). 373 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (622,000sq. km) . 373 Rural Society and Culture . 373 Market System . 373 Geography . 375 Population . 375 World-Economy Linkages . 376 Athens (Figure A2-22) . 376 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (2500 sq. km) . 376 Rural Society and Culture . 377 Market System . 378 Geography . 378 Population . 379 World-Economy Interactions . 379 Rome (Figure A2-23) . 380 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (3,861,000sq. km) . 380 Rural Society and Culture . 380 Market System . 383 Geography . 383 Population . 384 World-Economy Linkages . 384 Venice (Figure A2-24) . 385 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (32,000 sq. km) . 385 Rural Society and Culture . 385 Market Systems . 385 Geography . 386 Population . 387 World-Economy Linkages . 387 England (Figure A2-25) . 388 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (England 130,400 sq. km, Wales, 20,800 sq. km, and half of Ireland at 42,200 sq. km, or 193,400 sq. km total) . 388 Rural Society and Culture . 388 Market System . 390 Geography . 390 Population . 391 World-Economy Linkages . 391 Ottoman Empire (Figure A2-26) . 392 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (excluding vassal states, the area under direct government control was 2,279,200sq. km [Pitcher 1972: 134]). 392 Rural Society and Culture . 392 Market System . 393 Geography . 394 Contents xxi Population. 394 World-Economy Linkages . 395 Aztec (Figure A2-27) . 396 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (the core area of the Aztec empire was a closed hydrographie basin measuring about 7000 sq. km [Sanders et al. 1979: 81], while the total area of the empire was 279,000 sq. km, from Barlow [1949]; Berdan [1980]; Berdan et al. [1996: 109-113; Figure II-l]) . 396 Rural Society and Culture . 397 Market System . 398 Geography . 399 Population . 399 World-Economy Linkages . 400 Inca (Figure A2-28) . 400 Environment, Agriculture, and Area (984,000sq. km) . 400 Rural Society and Culture . 402 Market System . 402 Geography . 402 Population . 403 World-Economy Linkages . 403 Appendix 3 Description of Coded Variables and the Coded Values. Letter Designators refer to Column Heads for the Coded Variables . 404 References . 406 Author Index . 439 Subject Index . 443
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spelling	Blanton, Richard E. Verfasser aut Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States Richard Blanton ; Lane Fargher Berlin Springer 2008 XXVI, 447 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 235 mm x 155 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Fundamental Issues in Archaeology Geschichte Collective behavior History Political sociology Methodology Social action History State, The Origin Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd rswk-swf Vergleichende politische Wissenschaft (DE-588)4137685-7 gnd rswk-swf Entwicklung (DE-588)4113450-3 gnd rswk-swf Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 s Entwicklung (DE-588)4113450-3 s Vergleichende politische Wissenschaft (DE-588)4137685-7 s DE-604 Fargher, Lane Verfasser aut Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016082048&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
spellingShingle	Blanton, Richard E. Fargher, Lane Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States Geschichte Collective behavior History Political sociology Methodology Social action History State, The Origin Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd Vergleichende politische Wissenschaft (DE-588)4137685-7 gnd Entwicklung (DE-588)4113450-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4056618-3 (DE-588)4137685-7 (DE-588)4113450-3
title	Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States
title_auth	Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States
title_exact_search	Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States
title_exact_search_txtP	Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States
title_full	Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States Richard Blanton ; Lane Fargher
title_fullStr	Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States Richard Blanton ; Lane Fargher
title_full_unstemmed	Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States Richard Blanton ; Lane Fargher
title_short	Collective Action in the Formation of Pre-Modern States
title_sort	collective action in the formation of pre modern states
topic	Geschichte Collective behavior History Political sociology Methodology Social action History State, The Origin Staat (DE-588)4056618-3 gnd Vergleichende politische Wissenschaft (DE-588)4137685-7 gnd Entwicklung (DE-588)4113450-3 gnd
topic_facet	Geschichte Collective behavior History Political sociology Methodology Social action History State, The Origin Staat Vergleichende politische Wissenschaft Entwicklung
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