Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija: VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria
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| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Disertacii
1 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 254 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789549158762 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Grigorov, Valeri |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija |b VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria |c Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite. Valeri Grigorov |
| 246 | 1 | 1 | |a Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria |
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a 254 S. |b zahlr. Ill., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Disertacii |v 1 | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1600-1100 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Schmuck |0 (DE-588)4052945-9 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Metall |0 (DE-588)4038860-8 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Metall |0 (DE-588)4038860-8 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Geschichte 1600-1100 |A z |
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| 830 | 0 | |a Disertacii |v 1 |w (DE-604)BV022862779 |9 1 | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016067996&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016067996&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1806960647470055424 |
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| adam_text |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
. 7
Глава първа ОБЕЦИ
. 11
Типі.
Обеци
-
обикновена халка
. 12
Тип
II.
Обеци
с
"гроздовидна" висулка
. 17
Тип
III.
Обеци
с
профилирана висулка
.22
Тип
IV.
Обеци със сферична висулка
.30
Тип
V.
"Луновидни" обеци
. 33
Тип
VI.
Обеци
с
вписана в кръжилото малка луница
.40
Обобщение
.41
Глава втора ПРЪСТЕНИ
.46
Типі.
Пръстени
-
халки
.47
Тип
II.
Пръстени
-
отворена халка
с
голяма плочка
. 49
Тип
III.
Пръстени
с
астрални, растителни и орнитоморфни мотиви
. 52
Тип
IV.
Пръстени
с
надпис
.57
Тип
V.
Пръстени, украсени
с
точки
или с орнамент
"птиче око"
. 59
Тип
VI.
Пръстени
с
релефни пъпки в двата края на плочката
. 59
Тип
VII.
Пръстени
с
масивна плочка
с
формата на пресечен конус
. 60
Тип
VIII.
Пръстени
с
гнездо за поставяне
на кабошон
. 62
Тип
IX.
Пръстени
с
куха конична касета
. 62
Обобщение
. 63
Глава трета ГРИВНИ
.,.67
Тип
I.
Гривни
-
отворено кръжило без украса
. 67
Тип П. Гривни със стилизирани змийски глави
. 68
Тип Ш. Гривни
с
разширени краища
. 70
Тип
IV.
Лентести гривни
с
отворени краища
. 71
Тип
V.
Гривни
с
надпис
. 71
Тип
VI.
Гривни със закопчалка
. 72
Тип
VIL
Гривни
от усукана
тел
. 74
Обобщение
.;.75
Глава четвърта ДИАДЕМИ.'
. 76
Глава пета ТОРКВИ
.81
Глава шеста ОГЪРЛИЦИ
.84
Глава седма МЕТАЛНИ НАКИТИ ОТ СРЕДНОВЕКОВНА БЪЛГАРИЯ
-
КУЛТУРНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ АСПЕКТИ
.92
Summary METAL JEWELLERY FROM MEDIEVAL BULGARIA (7th-Hth c.)
. 103
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
. 109
ТАБЛА.
135
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
.7
Chapter one EARRINGS
.
H
Type I. Earrings-the plain ring
.12
Type II. Earrings with a cluster-like pendant
.17
Type III. Earrings with a profile pendant
.22
Type IV. Earrings with a spherical pendant
.30
Type V. "Crescent" earrings
.33
Type VI. Earrings with a small crescent inserted in the frame
.40
Summary
.41
Chapter two RINGS
.46
Type I. Plain rings
.47
Type II. Open rings with a large table
.-.49
Type III. Rings with astral, vegetative and ornitomorphic motifs
.52
Type IV. Inscribed rings
.57
Type V. Rings, decorated with dots or a "bird-eye" ornament
.59
Type VI. Rings with juts embossed at the two ends of the table
.59
Type
VII.
Rings with a solid table shaped as a truncated cone
.60
Type
VIII.
Rings with a mount
.62
Type IX. Rings with a hollow conic cassette
.62
Summary
.63
Chapter three BRACELETS
.,.67
Type I, Bracelets
-
an open frame with no decoration
.67
Type II. Bracelets with stylized snake heads
.68
Type III. Bracelets with widened ends
.70
Type IV. Band bracelets with open ends
.71
Type V. Bracelets with an inscription
.71
Type VI. Bracelets with a clasp
.72
Type
VII.
Bracelets made of twisted wire
.74
Summary
. .75
Chapter four O1ADEUS
.76
Chapter five TORQUES
.81
Chapter six NECKLACES
.
84
Chapter seven METAL JEWELLERY FROM MEDIEVAL BULGARIA-
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL ASPECTS
.92
Summary METAL JEWELLERY FROM MEDIEVAL BULGARIA (7th-
11
th
с
) 103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
v J
.
"
TABLES
.
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ'.
. 135
METAL
JEWELLERY
FROM MEDIEVAL BULGARIA (7th -11th C)
The research is dedicated to metal body jewellery, which make up one of the largest and
most functional groups of archaeological monuments in the Old Bulgarian culture. The work aims
to systematize and summarize the numerous but considerably fragmented published material
by developing a detailed typology of the most popular metal jewellery
-
earrings, rings and
bracelets. It also aims at clarifying the genesis and the development of the various types of metal
jewels by specifying the chronological and geographical distribution frames of each of these
types and their value as an ethno-cultural indicator. It summarizes the results by commenting on
the cultural-historic processes reflected in the genesis and the development of metal jewellery.
The research draws upon materials from different sources. First of all, these are the specialized
publications on the subject. We have also used unpublished materials of museum funds and private
collections. We have included finds from all areas of medieval Bulgaria
-
articles discovered
in graves and well-dated layers, as well as items found by accident and lacking any precise
stratigraphie data.
About
40%
of the finds originate from well-dated closed complexes, other
30%
have been found in a clearly fixed cultural environment with definite chronological frames, about
20%
are found by accident, and
10%
come from private collections. The jewellery presented
in the illustrations are only part of the material used. The articles preferred for presentation are
those that most fully present the characteristics and the possible variations within the type.
When creating the typo-chronological scale, we have used mainly jewellery from closed
complexes. Considerably huge in size, this material has been compared to items from the territory
of medieval Bulgaria, as well as to items from similar or close cultural zones. For the sake of
quantity characteristics, a correlation with the so-called "accidental" finds has been made.
The subject's association with the political borders of the first Bulgarian state is based on
the assumption that the state, as a manifestation of the structuring of society, greatly helps for the
formation and unification of cultural phenomena.
Earrings
Earrings are some of the most widely spread jewellery in the Old Bulgarian culture. In some
cases they were worn on the ears, while in others they were attached to the head cover. Earrings
belong to six major types, depending on their form and decoration.
The finds from the Old Bulgarian necropolises show that earrings were worn mainly by girls
and young women. They are comparatively rarely found in the pagan necropolises
-
in
2-6%
of
the graves. Interestingly, only one earring is found in about
80%
of the pagan graves
-
on the
right or the left side of the scull, or amidst the cremated remains. In the
Izvorul
necropolis, where
the statistic extract is more complete, the left side is preferred in the women's graves, and the
right side
-
in the men's ones.
Some of the earrings that penetrated the Old Bulgarian culture in the pagan period share
closest features with finds from the late Avarian necropolises. This justifies some authors
m
defining them as an "Avarian" type. Their concentration is greatest in the region of South
Wallachia,
Ín
the
Izvorul, Obirşia Noua
and
Frăţeşti
necropolises. Earrings with a "Byzantine"
origin also appeared in the Old Bulgarian culture around that time. They are present
m
almost
103
all the necropolises, but their concentration is greatest in the Danube area, to the south and the
north of the river.
.
During the Christian period (the end of
9*-Πώ
с.)
we observe a wider usage of earrmgs
within all strata of the Old Bulgarian society. There is a particularly large distribution of the
"cluster-like" earrmgs (type II), earrings with a profile pendant (type III) and the "crescent"
earrings (type V).
Rings
Rings are the second large group of metal jewellery. Depending on the form, decoration and
technique of making, they are divided into nine types. They were worn mainly by women and
children, less often by men. Some of the type
VII
articles might have been used as "men's11 rings,
being more solid and with a comparatively large diameter, the same applying for the rings from
Brestovac,
Ivanovci and Mirovci (type II.4).
Besides in fortresses and villages, rings are also found in graves and were most often worn
on the fourth finger. Most of the items are quite worn out of usage.
In the pagan period, open rings (type II) became widely spread. Most finds have a cross sign
printed on their tablets. This decoration may be linked stylistically to the Byzantine jewellery
tradition. The existence of such rings is an important cultural fact. It can be explained by the
information, given in some sources, that a large group of captured Byzantine population was
settled in Bulgaria at the beginning of the 9th
с
After the conversion to Christianity, the number of finds sharply increases to reach its real
efflorescence in
10л-11л с.
Rings decorated with astral, plant and ornithomorphic motifs (type
III) became popular. The times of the establishment of Byzantine rule over Bulgarian territories
are associated with the distribution of types
VII,
VIII,
and IX. Most of the finds are discovered
in fortresses where we have an evidence for the presence of Byzantine garrisons at the end of the
Besides jewellery, rings were also thought of as objects carrying special magic and
apotropíc
features. Rings played an important role in wedding ceremonies as a nuptial sign. There are data
showing that Bulgarian rulers borrowed the tradition of granting rings to their closest associates
from the Byzantine emperors. This was the function of the golden ring found in Pliska (fig.
32.1),
the engraving of which says: "These rings are given by the arhon (the ruler)". Type II.4 rings (fig.
26.9-12),
with a print of a runic-like sign, probably had a similar significance.
Bracelets
Bracelets are the third large group of metal jewellery. Depending on their form, production
technique and decoration, they are divided into seven major types, Unlike all the other jewels,
bracelets are characterized by a greater stability of tradition and a lasting adherence to specific
norms. The origin of some types can be traced far back to the antique era, passing on to the Middle
Ages. This is particularly true of the most widely spread bracelets, those with a stylized snake-head
ends (type II), and those made of twisted wire (type
VII).
In the Old Bulgarian necropolises bracelets are found only in women's and children's graves.
They were worn on both hands, most often on the right one. Besides their aesthetic purpose, in
some cases, bracelets had also utilitarian functions
-
as cuffs over the sleeves
-
e.g. the band
bracelete
with a joint clasp (type VI.l). Bracelets with stylized snake-head ends and engraved
good-wish messages were probably attached magic and protecting attributes
During the pagan period the Old Bulgarian population seldom wore bracelets. The number
or finds is scarce, typological variety also lacks (there are only types LI and VI.l). During
104
the Christian· period numerous types of metal bracelets appeared in the Old Bulgarian
cultore,
without having a wider distribution. The real boom in the wearing of bracelets came with the
direct invasion of the Byzantine cultural influence at the end of I0ih
41*
a, when Byzantium
imposed its rule over the Bulgarian territories.
Diadems
Among all jewellery, diadems have a pronouncedly representative character. This type of
jewel was widely spread in antiquity, when it was used also as a ruling or honorary insignia of
the highest rank.
The number of diadems from the Middle Ages is comparatively small. Probably people
used mostly some equivalents of theirs, made of non-lasting material such as fabrics or leather
and decorated with embroidery.
The diadems known in the zones of the Old Bulgarian culture can be typologically and
functionally characterized in two groups. The simpler diadem rings (fig.
70)
were used by the
ordinary population. They are found in young women's and children's graves. Those diadems
covered the whole head, and, besides being an ornament, they may have supported the headcover
and hair.
The forehead diadems (fig.
71, 72, 73)
are made up of metal tablets, various in number,
appliqued to a band of soft material, and decorating only the forehead. Some of the finds are
luxurious, with a great artistic value, and demonstrate the high level of the jewellery craft.
Independently of their being homemade or imported, the presence of such articles in the zone
of the Old Bulgarian culture undoubtedly influenced the formation of the fashion and aesthetic
outlook of the Bulgarian elite, and hereby manufacturing itself.
Taking into consideration the specific semantic loading of jewels, we can assume that diadems
were used only at ritual ceremonies and were an important element of the bride's wedding dress
(fig.
75).
Besides being decorative, semantically the diadem was also an ornament of the highest
investiture rank and probably served, as the luxury lamellae from the
Presláv
treasure suggest, as
a ruler's insignia after the conversion of Bulgarian rulers to Christianity.
Torques
Like diadems, torques are jewellery used in antiquity as a ruler's or warrior's insignia. In the
7th-9th
с
torques lost their importance as an investiture object in Byzantium and were excluded
from the emperor's promotion. Desacrilized, the ornament was transferred
írom
the higher to the
lower social strata, and from a male article of adornment to a female one.
In the Old Bulgarian necropolises torques have been found in children's and women's graves
dated to the 8th-9th
с
Typologically, they are not distinguished by a great variety, being made of
thick bronze or silver, more rarely of iron, tread or wire (fig.
76).
The insignificant number of the
finds suggests that torques were used only at some special occasions, like rites connected to the
maiden's or woman's initiation, and were rarely used as a personal ornament. Torques have not
been found in the Old Bulgarian necropolises of the Christian period. One exception is the article
unearthed in the necropolis of
Odarci,
dated to the 11th
с
(fig.
77),
Necklaces
The necropolises yield a small number of whole necklaces. They are made of metal beads
and pendants. The metal elements are often combined with glass beads in a common string
The findings of isolated necklace elements can be associated with some traditions of the burial
105
ceremony, which in some cases probably required a ritual destroying of the integrity of the jewel
Besides its doubtless artistic qualities, the necklace had a broader meaning for the middle age
man and was an inseparable part of the bride's wedding dress (fig.
75).
Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria
-
cultural-historical aspects
The systematization of the most popular monuments of
Üie
j ewellery
craft (the metal jewels)
offers
us a good starting point for the tracing out of the dynamic cultural processes in medieval
Bulgaria,
Chronologically, metal jewellery can be classified on the basis of two periods
-
early, or
"pagan", and developed, or "Christian". This differentiation most folly characterizes the two
levels in the development of the Old Bulgarian culture.
So far, the earliest stage of the pagan period (last quarter of the 7th c.) has not yielded any
reliably identified stationary monuments. This impeded the opportunity to make a more precise
evaluation of the cultural continuity of the Danube Bulgarians. Archaeological monumentsfrom
the 8th
с
and the first half of the 9th
с
have quite different characteristics. The small quantity of
metal jewellery
ířom
the pagan necropolises clearly illustrates the restricted economic capacities
of the Low Danube population to organize and realize a considerable local production.
The number of jewellery considerably grows towards the end of the 8th
-
the first halt ot
the 9th a, when jewels with a "Byzantine" and "Avarian" origin start being circulated in the
zone of the Old Bulgarian culture. By that time Bulgaria had added new territories to its borders,
inhabited by different tribes. Captivated Christian population had also been settled in some areas
of the state. All this contributed significantly for the fast opening of the Old Bulgarian culture to
outside trends and technologies, which gave it a new poliycultural expression.
The results of the research show that at the end of the 8th
-
beginning of the 9th
с
some
jewellery of the "Avarian" type entered the Bulgarian territories. However, the comparatively
scarce number of the unearthed items and the condition in which they were found, reveals
an already fading cultural tradition, which obviously did not find a medium for a further
reproduction.
^ Among the jewellery from the pagan period, the articles
ířom
Brestovac
present quite
an interest. In the Hungarian archaeological science they have been associated mainly vnffi
monuments of
lhe
Avarian culture. So far the golden "cluster-like" earring and the golden nng
with an «IYT engraving (fig.
26. 11)
have had their most certain direct correspondences only
within the zone of the Old Bulgarian culture, which gives some reason for a certain correction
of the "Avarian" thesis.
The finds from the group of necropolises situated to the west of the river
Iskar
(Dotó
Lukovot-1, Gahche, Gradeshnitsa, Bukyovtsi and Vulchedmm), the necropolises around
Russe
(N^olovo
Baün
Trustenik,
Kräsen
and Tabachka), and the necropolises in Southern Wallah*
ObirşiaNoua
and Sultana) have an important cultural-historical significance. There we
^yzantme» jewellery popular in the
8* -
middle of 9th
с
These jewels are usually
graves with western orientation and a supposedly Christian background, but
ss
of pagan necropolises.
9»
cTht ZThly
^Ѕе
mľUmentS
appeared in the Danube areas at the beginning of <be
9
c. The wntw sources inform that during the Bulgarian-Byzantine wars
(812-814)
tens of
fives, actually populations of whole cities, were carried away from Thracia wi№
and were settled in Bulgaria. It is even known that some of them densely
areas and performed border defense functions.
106
Their long-term stay in Bulgaria presupposes the existence of some material monuments or
necropolises where they buried their dead. The concentration of the "Byzantine" jewellery in the
necropolises mentioned above gives us a clue that the captured Christian population may have
used them as well. Similar finds in the capital Pliska show that it was probably this captivated
population that became an important instrument of the Byzantine manufacturing tradition in the
firsthalfofthe^c.
The conversion of Bulgarians
(864-865)
marked the beginning of a new stage in the
development of the Old Bulgarian culture. It was characterized by a large-scale adoption of
new production, cultural and fashion trends inspired mostly by Byzantium. The zenith of the
jewellery production coincided with the period of political progress of the Bulgarian state at
the end of the 9th
—1
0th
с
At that time Bulgaria grew into one of the leading cultural centers in
Southeast Europe. New highly productive technologies for a large-scale market production of
jewellery were introduced in the
crañ
organization and production. It seems this process went
hand in hand with the organizational restructuring of crafts and the formation of a more orderly
system, similar to the centralized guild structure of Byzantium.
The considerable production growth at the end of the 9th-10th
с
led to a wide utilization of
metal jewellery by all strata of the Old Bulgarian society. The members of the high social strata
wore luxurious jewellery modeled on Byzantine patterns. They were characterized by a great
variety of forms and the application of complex techniques, as well as by a skillful combination
of different materials
-
gold, silver, precious and semiprecious stones, pearls and enamel.
The jewels forged and founded of bronze alloys became widely popular among the ordinary
population. Some of them imitated the form and decoration of the luxury models very closely.
Such cultural and fashion phenomena, characteristic of the high social groups, started penetrating
the ordinary population and gave the Old Bulgarian society a homogeneous cultural expression.
Jewellery in medieval times were not only items of luxury but also tokens of social status.
This determined their broader semantics and their importance in various rites marking the
transition between life cycles (e.g. weddings). On the highest level the ornament was given a
new characteristics which turned it into a ruler's regalia.
The
Presláv
treasure holds an essential place among the finds of the Christian period. These are
the most luxurious jewellery of this period ever found not only in the Old Bulgarian culture but in
the whole of Europe, and demonstrate the high level of jewellery art. The
Presláv
jewellery find their
closest analogy with articles'associated usually with the emperor's workshops in
Konstantinopol,
where the sophisticated technique of enameling was preserved and applied. The finding of objects
with a similar decoration in the zone of the first Bulgarian capital shows
ihat
luxury jewellery with
an enamel decoration came to be used by the Bulgarian ruler's family and the capital's aristocracy in
the 8th-
1
0th c.
The mapping of the numerous finds allows for some specifications regarding the territorial
frames of the first Bulgarian state. While we have plenty of records about the southern border,
where we observe the most significant political changes, it is not so with the northern border,
which has given rise to some contradicting views.
Records from the first half of the 9th
с
tell about numerous military offensives in the area
of the middle Danube and the rivers
Tissa
and
Drava.
So far, however, there have been no
archaeological monuments to prove a purposeful colonization of the Bulgarian-Slav population
Ь
the Great Hungarian Plain. There is some reliable archaeological and
historica
evidence of
a lasting Bulgarian influence in the second half of the 9th
-10*
с
only about the region of
Belgrade,
Banat
and the Karpatian basin. Large territories to the north and the west seem to
have been controlled only through military troops concentrated in the regions of strategically
107
important
thoroughfare and fortresses. There are a scarce number of monuments in the plain area
between the rivers Danube and
Tissa
until the settling of Hungarian. Obviously, it was sparsely
inhabited in the 9th
с
and played the political role of a "buffer" between Bulgaria, the German
Kingdom and Moravia.
The Hungarian invasion at the end of the 9th
с
strongly affected the cultural-historical
processes in the Bulgarian territories beyond the Danube. These events took place quite close
to the chronological end of the necropolises of
Izvorul, Obîrşia Noua
and Sultana. It seems the
Hungarian attacks made the population leave the areas around the Danube in South Wallachia at
the end of the 9lh and the beginning of the 10th century. The essential demographic changes that
followed are also indicated by the fact that we can hardly find any stationary monuments from
the
IO"1
с
there. The picture was more stable only in the Karpatian basin which kept its strategic
significance for the Bulgarian state in the 10th
с
As a whole, however, the importance of the
Bulgarian territories beyond the Danube was sharply reduced after the Hungarian invasion. The
quality comparison of the finds from the 10th
с
shows a considerable reduction to the north of
the river at a time of a flourishing jewellery production in the Bulgarian territories to the south
of it.
At the end of the 10th
-
11th
с
new types of jewellery came in. They marked the beginning of
a new stage, associated with the establishment of the Byzantine rule in the Bulgarian lands. The
number of metal bracelets considerably rose and they became major article adornments in the
next centuries. Such changes in fashion were strongly influenced by the new political situation
on the Balkans, associated with the Byzantine rule over the Bulgarian territories, as well as by
the global demographic and cultural changes brought in with the invasion of new tribes from
East Europe.
The systematization of the articles from medieval Bulgaria is an important stage of the
scientific research. It offers opportunities for the tracing of the cultural and economic processes
in the Old Bulgarian society. At the same time, the comparison of Bulgarian monuments with
such of neighbouring cultural zones reveals a wider cultural-historical context of influences and
interactions, in which the place of the medieval Bulgarian state is more clearly outlined within
the Southeast of Europe.
108 |
| adam_txt |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
. 7
Глава първа ОБЕЦИ
. 11
Типі.
Обеци
-
обикновена халка
. 12
Тип
II.
Обеци
с
"гроздовидна" висулка
. 17
Тип
III.
Обеци
с
профилирана висулка
.22
Тип
IV.
Обеци със сферична висулка
.30
Тип
V.
"Луновидни" обеци
. 33
Тип
VI.
Обеци
с
вписана в кръжилото малка луница
.40
Обобщение
.41
Глава втора ПРЪСТЕНИ
.46
Типі.
Пръстени
-
халки
.47
Тип
II.
Пръстени
-
отворена халка
с
голяма плочка
. 49
Тип
III.
Пръстени
с
астрални, растителни и орнитоморфни мотиви
. 52
Тип
IV.
Пръстени
с
надпис
.57
Тип
V.
Пръстени, украсени
с
точки
или с орнамент
"птиче око"
. 59
Тип
VI.
Пръстени
с
релефни пъпки в двата края на плочката
. 59
Тип
VII.
Пръстени
с
масивна плочка
с
формата на пресечен конус
. 60
Тип
VIII.
Пръстени
с
гнездо за поставяне
на кабошон
. 62
Тип
IX.
Пръстени
с
куха конична касета
. 62
Обобщение
. 63
Глава трета ГРИВНИ
.,.67
Тип
I.
Гривни
-
отворено кръжило без украса
. 67
Тип П. Гривни със стилизирани змийски глави
. 68
Тип Ш. Гривни
с
разширени краища
. 70
Тип
IV.
Лентести гривни
с
отворени краища
. 71
Тип
V.
Гривни
с
надпис
. 71
Тип
VI.
Гривни със закопчалка
. 72
Тип
VIL
Гривни
от усукана
тел
. 74
Обобщение
.;.75
Глава четвърта ДИАДЕМИ.'
. 76
Глава пета ТОРКВИ
.81
Глава шеста ОГЪРЛИЦИ
.84
Глава седма МЕТАЛНИ НАКИТИ ОТ СРЕДНОВЕКОВНА БЪЛГАРИЯ
-
КУЛТУРНО-ИСТОРИЧЕСКИ АСПЕКТИ
.92
Summary METAL JEWELLERY FROM MEDIEVAL BULGARIA (7th-Hth c.)
. 103
ЛИТЕРАТУРА
. 109
ТАБЛА.
135
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
.7
Chapter one EARRINGS
.
H
Type I. Earrings-the plain ring
.12
Type II. Earrings with a cluster-like pendant
.17
Type III. Earrings with a profile pendant
.22
Type IV. Earrings with a spherical pendant
.30
Type V. "Crescent" earrings
.33
Type VI. Earrings with a small crescent inserted in the frame
.40
Summary
.41
Chapter two RINGS
.46
Type I. Plain rings
.47
Type II. Open rings with a large table
.-.49
Type III. Rings with astral, vegetative and ornitomorphic motifs
.52
Type IV. Inscribed rings
.57
Type V. Rings, decorated with dots or a "bird-eye" ornament
.59
Type VI. Rings with juts embossed at the two ends of the table
.59
Type
VII.
Rings with a solid table shaped as a truncated cone
.60
Type
VIII.
Rings with a mount
.62
Type IX. Rings with a hollow conic cassette
.62
Summary
.63
Chapter three BRACELETS
.,.67
Type I, Bracelets
-
an open frame with no decoration
.67
Type II. Bracelets with stylized snake heads
.68
Type III. Bracelets with widened ends
.70
Type IV. Band bracelets with open ends
.71
Type V. Bracelets with an inscription
.71
Type VI. Bracelets with a clasp
.72
Type
VII.
Bracelets made of twisted wire
.74
Summary
. .75
Chapter four O1ADEUS
.76
Chapter five TORQUES
.81
Chapter six NECKLACES
.
84
Chapter seven METAL JEWELLERY FROM MEDIEVAL BULGARIA-
CULTURAL-HISTORICAL ASPECTS
.92
Summary METAL JEWELLERY FROM MEDIEVAL BULGARIA (7th-
11
th
с
) 103
BIBLIOGRAPHY
.
v J
.
"
TABLES
.
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ'.
. 135
METAL
JEWELLERY
FROM MEDIEVAL BULGARIA (7th -11th C)
The research is dedicated to metal body jewellery, which make up one of the largest and
most functional groups of archaeological monuments in the Old Bulgarian culture. The work aims
to systematize and summarize the numerous but considerably fragmented published material
by developing a detailed typology of the most popular metal jewellery
-
earrings, rings and
bracelets. It also aims at clarifying the genesis and the development of the various types of metal
jewels by specifying the chronological and geographical distribution frames of each of these
types and their value as an ethno-cultural indicator. It summarizes the results by commenting on
the cultural-historic processes reflected in the genesis and the development of metal jewellery.
The research draws upon materials from different sources. First of all, these are the specialized
publications on the subject. We have also used unpublished materials of museum funds and private
collections. We have included finds from all areas of medieval Bulgaria
-
articles discovered
in graves and well-dated layers, as well as items found by accident and lacking any precise
stratigraphie data.
About
40%
of the finds originate from well-dated closed complexes, other
30%
have been found in a clearly fixed cultural environment with definite chronological frames, about
20%
are found by accident, and
10%
come from private collections. The jewellery presented
in the illustrations are only part of the material used. The articles preferred for presentation are
those that most fully present the characteristics and the possible variations within the type.
When creating the typo-chronological scale, we have used mainly jewellery from closed
complexes. Considerably huge in size, this material has been compared to items from the territory
of medieval Bulgaria, as well as to items from similar or close cultural zones. For the sake of
quantity characteristics, a correlation with the so-called "accidental" finds has been made.
The subject's association with the political borders of the first Bulgarian state is based on
the assumption that the state, as a manifestation of the structuring of society, greatly helps for the
formation and unification of cultural phenomena.
Earrings
Earrings are some of the most widely spread jewellery in the Old Bulgarian culture. In some
cases they were worn on the ears, while in others they were attached to the head cover. Earrings
belong to six major types, depending on their form and decoration.
The finds from the Old Bulgarian necropolises show that earrings were worn mainly by girls
and young women. They are comparatively rarely found in the pagan necropolises
-
in
2-6%
of
the graves. Interestingly, only one earring is found in about
80%
of the pagan graves
-
on the
right or the left side of the scull, or amidst the cremated remains. In the
Izvorul
necropolis, where
the statistic extract is more complete, the left side is preferred in the women's graves, and the
right side
-
in the men's ones.
Some of the earrings that penetrated the Old Bulgarian culture in the pagan period share
closest features with finds from the late Avarian necropolises. This justifies some authors
m
defining them as an "Avarian" type. Their concentration is greatest in the region of South
Wallachia,
Ín
the
Izvorul, Obirşia Noua
and
Frăţeşti
necropolises. Earrings with a "Byzantine"
origin also appeared in the Old Bulgarian culture around that time. They are present
m
almost
103
all the necropolises, but their concentration is greatest in the Danube area, to the south and the
north of the river.
.
During the Christian period (the end of
9*-Πώ
с.)
we observe a wider usage of earrmgs
within all strata of the Old Bulgarian society. There is a particularly large distribution of the
"cluster-like" earrmgs (type II), earrings with a profile pendant (type III) and the "crescent"
earrings (type V).
Rings
Rings are the second large group of metal jewellery. Depending on the form, decoration and
technique of making, they are divided into nine types. They were worn mainly by women and
children, less often by men. Some of the type
VII
articles might have been used as "men's11 rings,
being more solid and with a comparatively large diameter, the same applying for the rings from
Brestovac,
Ivanovci and Mirovci (type II.4).
Besides in fortresses and villages, rings are also found in graves and were most often worn
on the fourth finger. Most of the items are quite worn out of usage.
In the pagan period, open rings (type II) became widely spread. Most finds have a cross sign
printed on their tablets. This decoration may be linked stylistically to the Byzantine jewellery
tradition. The existence of such rings is an important cultural fact. It can be explained by the
information, given in some sources, that a large group of captured Byzantine population was
settled in Bulgaria at the beginning of the 9th
с
After the conversion to Christianity, the number of finds sharply increases to reach its real
efflorescence in
10л-11л с.
Rings decorated with astral, plant and ornithomorphic motifs (type
III) became popular. The times of the establishment of Byzantine rule over Bulgarian territories
are associated with the distribution of types
VII,
VIII,
and IX. Most of the finds are discovered
in fortresses where we have an evidence for the presence of Byzantine garrisons at the end of the
Besides jewellery, rings were also thought of as objects carrying special magic and
apotropíc
features. Rings played an important role in wedding ceremonies as a nuptial sign. There are data
showing that Bulgarian rulers borrowed the tradition of granting rings to their closest associates
from the Byzantine emperors. This was the function of the golden ring found in Pliska (fig.
32.1),
the engraving of which says: "These rings are given by the arhon (the ruler)". Type II.4 rings (fig.
26.9-12),
with a print of a runic-like sign, probably had a similar significance.
Bracelets
Bracelets are the third large group of metal jewellery. Depending on their form, production
technique and decoration, they are divided into seven major types, Unlike all the other jewels,
bracelets are characterized by a greater stability of tradition and a lasting adherence to specific
norms. The origin of some types can be traced far back to the antique era, passing on to the Middle
Ages. This is particularly true of the most widely spread bracelets, those with a stylized snake-head
ends (type II), and those made of twisted wire (type
VII).
In the Old Bulgarian necropolises bracelets are found only in women's and children's graves.
They were worn on both hands, most often on the right one. Besides their aesthetic purpose, in
some cases, bracelets had also utilitarian functions
-
as cuffs over the sleeves
-
e.g. the band
bracelete
with a joint clasp (type VI.l). Bracelets with stylized snake-head ends and engraved
good-wish messages were probably attached magic and protecting attributes
During the pagan period the Old Bulgarian population seldom wore bracelets. The number
or finds is scarce, typological variety also lacks (there are only types LI and VI.l). During
104
the Christian· period numerous types of metal bracelets appeared in the Old Bulgarian
cultore,
without having a wider distribution. The real boom in the wearing of bracelets came with the
direct invasion of the Byzantine cultural influence at the end of I0ih
41*
a, when Byzantium
imposed its rule over the Bulgarian territories.
Diadems
Among all jewellery, diadems have a pronouncedly representative character. This type of
jewel was widely spread in antiquity, when it was used also as a ruling or honorary insignia of
the highest rank.
The number of diadems from the Middle Ages is comparatively small. Probably people
used mostly some equivalents of theirs, made of non-lasting material such as fabrics or leather
and decorated with embroidery.
The diadems known in the zones of the Old Bulgarian culture can be typologically and
functionally characterized in two groups. The simpler diadem rings (fig.
70)
were used by the
ordinary population. They are found in young women's and children's graves. Those diadems
covered the whole head, and, besides being an ornament, they may have supported the headcover
and hair.
The forehead diadems (fig.
71, 72, 73)
are made up of metal tablets, various in number,
appliqued to a band of soft material, and decorating only the forehead. Some of the finds are
luxurious, with a great artistic value, and demonstrate the high level of the jewellery craft.
Independently of their being homemade or imported, the presence of such articles in the zone
of the Old Bulgarian culture undoubtedly influenced the formation of the fashion and aesthetic
outlook of the Bulgarian elite, and hereby manufacturing itself.
Taking into consideration the specific semantic loading of jewels, we can assume that diadems
were used only at ritual ceremonies and were an important element of the bride's wedding dress
(fig.
75).
Besides being decorative, semantically the diadem was also an ornament of the highest
investiture rank and probably served, as the luxury lamellae from the
Presláv
treasure suggest, as
a ruler's insignia after the conversion of Bulgarian rulers to Christianity.
Torques
Like diadems, torques are jewellery used in antiquity as a ruler's or warrior's insignia. In the
7th-9th
с
torques lost their importance as an investiture object in Byzantium and were excluded
from the emperor's promotion. Desacrilized, the ornament was transferred
írom
the higher to the
lower social strata, and from a male article of adornment to a female one.
In the Old Bulgarian necropolises torques have been found in children's and women's graves
dated to the 8th-9th
с
Typologically, they are not distinguished by a great variety, being made of
thick bronze or silver, more rarely of iron, tread or wire (fig.
76).
The insignificant number of the
finds suggests that torques were used only at some special occasions, like rites connected to the
maiden's or woman's initiation, and were rarely used as a personal ornament. Torques have not
been found in the Old Bulgarian necropolises of the Christian period. One exception is the article
unearthed in the necropolis of
Odarci,
dated to the 11th
с
(fig.
77),
Necklaces
The necropolises yield a small number of whole necklaces. They are made of metal beads
and pendants. The metal elements are often combined with glass beads in a common string
The findings of isolated necklace elements can be associated with some traditions of the burial
105
ceremony, which in some cases probably required a ritual destroying of the integrity of the jewel
Besides its doubtless artistic qualities, the necklace had a broader meaning for the middle age
man and was an inseparable part of the bride's wedding dress (fig.
75).
Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria
-
cultural-historical aspects
The systematization of the most popular monuments of
Üie
j ewellery
craft (the metal jewels)
offers
us a good starting point for the tracing out of the dynamic cultural processes in medieval
Bulgaria,
Chronologically, metal jewellery can be classified on the basis of two periods
-
early, or
"pagan", and developed, or "Christian". This differentiation most folly characterizes the two
levels in the development of the Old Bulgarian culture.
So far, the earliest stage of the pagan period (last quarter of the 7th c.) has not yielded any
reliably identified stationary monuments. This impeded the opportunity to make a more precise
evaluation of the cultural continuity of the Danube Bulgarians. Archaeological monumentsfrom
the 8th
с
and the first half of the 9th
с
have quite different characteristics. The small quantity of
metal jewellery
ířom
the pagan necropolises clearly illustrates the restricted economic capacities
of the Low Danube population to organize and realize a considerable local production.
The number of jewellery considerably grows towards the end of the 8th
-
the first halt ot
the 9th a, when jewels with a "Byzantine" and "Avarian" origin start being circulated in the
zone of the Old Bulgarian culture. By that time Bulgaria had added new territories to its borders,
inhabited by different tribes. Captivated Christian population had also been settled in some areas
of the state. All this contributed significantly for the fast opening of the Old Bulgarian culture to
outside trends and technologies, which gave it a new poliycultural expression.
The results of the research show that at the end of the 8th
-
beginning of the 9th
с
some
jewellery of the "Avarian" type entered the Bulgarian territories. However, the comparatively
scarce number of the unearthed items and the condition in which they were found, reveals
an already fading cultural tradition, which obviously did not find a medium for a further
reproduction.
^ Among the jewellery from the pagan period, the articles
ířom
Brestovac
present quite
an interest. In the Hungarian archaeological science they have been associated mainly vnffi
monuments of
lhe
Avarian culture. So far the golden "cluster-like" earring and the golden nng
with an «IYT engraving (fig.
26. 11)
have had their most certain direct correspondences only
within the zone of the Old Bulgarian culture, which gives some reason for a certain correction
of the "Avarian" thesis.
The finds from the group of necropolises situated to the west of the river
Iskar
(Dotó
Lukovot-1, Gahche, Gradeshnitsa, Bukyovtsi and Vulchedmm), the necropolises around
Russe
(N^olovo
Baün
Trustenik,
Kräsen
and Tabachka), and the necropolises in Southern Wallah*
ObirşiaNoua
and Sultana) have an important cultural-historical significance. There we
^yzantme» jewellery popular in the
8* -
middle of 9th
с
These jewels are usually
graves with western orientation and a supposedly Christian background, but
ss
of pagan necropolises.
9»
cTht ZThly
^Ѕе
mľUmentS
appeared in the Danube areas at the beginning of <be
9
c. The wntw sources inform that during the Bulgarian-Byzantine wars
(812-814)
tens of
fives, actually populations of whole cities, were carried away from Thracia wi№
and were settled in Bulgaria. It is even known that some of them densely
areas and performed border defense functions.
106
Their long-term stay in Bulgaria presupposes the existence of some material monuments or
necropolises where they buried their dead. The concentration of the "Byzantine" jewellery in the
necropolises mentioned above gives us a clue that the captured Christian population may have
used them as well. Similar finds in the capital Pliska show that it was probably this captivated
population that became an important instrument of the Byzantine manufacturing tradition in the
firsthalfofthe^c.
The conversion of Bulgarians
(864-865)
marked the beginning of a new stage in the
development of the Old Bulgarian culture. It was characterized by a large-scale adoption of
new production, cultural and fashion trends inspired mostly by Byzantium. The zenith of the
jewellery production coincided with the period of political progress of the Bulgarian state at
the end of the 9th
—1
0th
с
At that time Bulgaria grew into one of the leading cultural centers in
Southeast Europe. New highly productive technologies for a large-scale market production of
jewellery were introduced in the
crañ
organization and production. It seems this process went
hand in hand with the organizational restructuring of crafts and the formation of a more orderly
system, similar to the centralized guild structure of Byzantium.
The considerable production growth at the end of the 9th-10th
с
led to a wide utilization of
metal jewellery by all strata of the Old Bulgarian society. The members of the high social strata
wore luxurious jewellery modeled on Byzantine patterns. They were characterized by a great
variety of forms and the application of complex techniques, as well as by a skillful combination
of different materials
-
gold, silver, precious and semiprecious stones, pearls and enamel.
The jewels forged and founded of bronze alloys became widely popular among the ordinary
population. Some of them imitated the form and decoration of the luxury models very closely.
Such cultural and fashion phenomena, characteristic of the high social groups, started penetrating
the ordinary population and gave the Old Bulgarian society a homogeneous cultural expression.
Jewellery in medieval times were not only items of luxury but also tokens of social status.
This determined their broader semantics and their importance in various rites marking the
transition between life cycles (e.g. weddings). On the highest level the ornament was given a
new characteristics which turned it into a ruler's regalia.
The
Presláv
treasure holds an essential place among the finds of the Christian period. These are
the most luxurious jewellery of this period ever found not only in the Old Bulgarian culture but in
the whole of Europe, and demonstrate the high level of jewellery art. The
Presláv
jewellery find their
closest analogy with articles'associated usually with the emperor's workshops in
Konstantinopol,
where the sophisticated technique of enameling was preserved and applied. The finding of objects
with a similar decoration in the zone of the first Bulgarian capital shows
ihat
luxury jewellery with
an enamel decoration came to be used by the Bulgarian ruler's family and the capital's aristocracy in
the 8th-
1
0th c.
The mapping of the numerous finds allows for some specifications regarding the territorial
frames of the first Bulgarian state. While we have plenty of records about the southern border,
where we observe the most significant political changes, it is not so with the northern border,
which has given rise to some contradicting views.
Records from the first half of the 9th
с
tell about numerous military offensives in the area
of the middle Danube and the rivers
Tissa
and
Drava.
So far, however, there have been no
archaeological monuments to prove a purposeful colonization of the Bulgarian-Slav population
Ь
the Great Hungarian Plain. There is some reliable archaeological and
historica
evidence of
a lasting Bulgarian influence in the second half of the 9th
-10*
с
only about the region of
Belgrade,
Banat
and the Karpatian basin. Large territories to the north and the west seem to
have been controlled only through military troops concentrated in the regions of strategically
107
important
thoroughfare and fortresses. There are a scarce number of monuments in the plain area
between the rivers Danube and
Tissa
until the settling of Hungarian. Obviously, it was sparsely
inhabited in the 9th
с
and played the political role of a "buffer" between Bulgaria, the German
Kingdom and Moravia.
The Hungarian invasion at the end of the 9th
с
strongly affected the cultural-historical
processes in the Bulgarian territories beyond the Danube. These events took place quite close
to the chronological end of the necropolises of
Izvorul, Obîrşia Noua
and Sultana. It seems the
Hungarian attacks made the population leave the areas around the Danube in South Wallachia at
the end of the 9lh and the beginning of the 10th century. The essential demographic changes that
followed are also indicated by the fact that we can hardly find any stationary monuments from
the
IO"1
с
there. The picture was more stable only in the Karpatian basin which kept its strategic
significance for the Bulgarian state in the 10th
с
As a whole, however, the importance of the
Bulgarian territories beyond the Danube was sharply reduced after the Hungarian invasion. The
quality comparison of the finds from the 10th
с
shows a considerable reduction to the north of
the river at a time of a flourishing jewellery production in the Bulgarian territories to the south
of it.
At the end of the 10th
-
11th
с
new types of jewellery came in. They marked the beginning of
a new stage, associated with the establishment of the Byzantine rule in the Bulgarian lands. The
number of metal bracelets considerably rose and they became major article adornments in the
next centuries. Such changes in fashion were strongly influenced by the new political situation
on the Balkans, associated with the Byzantine rule over the Bulgarian territories, as well as by
the global demographic and cultural changes brought in with the invasion of new tribes from
East Europe.
The systematization of the articles from medieval Bulgaria is an important stage of the
scientific research. It offers opportunities for the tracing of the cultural and economic processes
in the Old Bulgarian society. At the same time, the comparison of Bulgarian monuments with
such of neighbouring cultural zones reveals a wider cultural-historical context of influences and
interactions, in which the place of the medieval Bulgarian state is more clearly outlined within
the Southeast of Europe.
108 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Grigorov, Valeri |
| author_facet | Grigorov, Valeri |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Grigorov, Valeri |
| author_variant | v g vg |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022862789 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)643975421 (DE-599)BVBBV022862789 |
| era | Geschichte 1600-1100 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1600-1100 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Bulgarien |
| id | DE-604.BV022862789 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:44:19Z |
| indexdate | 2024-08-10T01:05:59Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9789549158762 |
| language | Bulgarian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-016067996 |
| oclc_num | 643975421 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 254 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Disertacii |
| series2 | Disertacii |
| spelling | Grigorov, Valeri Verfasser aut Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite. Valeri Grigorov Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria Sofija 2007 254 S. zahlr. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Disertacii 1 In kyrill. Schr., bulg. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1600-1100 gnd rswk-swf Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd rswk-swf Metall (DE-588)4038860-8 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 gnd rswk-swf Bulgarien (DE-588)4008866-2 g Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 s Metall (DE-588)4038860-8 s Geschichte 1600-1100 z DE-604 Disertacii 1 (DE-604)BV022862779 1 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016067996&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016067996&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Grigorov, Valeri Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria Disertacii Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd Metall (DE-588)4038860-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4052945-9 (DE-588)4038860-8 (DE-588)4008866-2 |
| title | Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria |
| title_alt | Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria |
| title_auth | Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria |
| title_exact_search | Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria |
| title_full | Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite. Valeri Grigorov |
| title_fullStr | Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite. Valeri Grigorov |
| title_full_unstemmed | Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria Nacionalen Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej na Bălgarskata Akademija na Naukite. Valeri Grigorov |
| title_short | Metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna Bălgarija |
| title_sort | metalni nakiti ot srednovekovna balgarija vii xi v metal jewellery from medieval bulgaria |
| title_sub | VII - XI v. = Metal jewellery from medieval Bulgaria |
| topic | Schmuck (DE-588)4052945-9 gnd Metall (DE-588)4038860-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schmuck Metall Bulgarien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016067996&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016067996&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV022862779 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT grigorovvaleri metalninakitiotsrednovekovnabalgarijaviixivmetaljewelleryfrommedievalbulgaria AT grigorovvaleri metaljewelleryfrommedievalbulgaria |