Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana": zapadni rodopi
Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early and Middle Palaeolithic flint assemblages from the area of Shiroka Polyana Damp, Western Rhodopes Mountain.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Bulgarian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sofija
AIM-BAN
2006
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Razkopki i proučvanija / Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej
36 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Zusammenfassung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early and Middle Palaeolithic flint assemblages from the area of Shiroka Polyana Damp, Western Rhodopes Mountain. |
| Beschreibung: | In kyrill. Schr., bulg.- Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early and middle palaeolithic flint assemblages from the area of Shiroka Polyana damp |
| Beschreibung: | 137 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" |b zapadni rodopi |c Stefanka Ivanova |
| 264 | 1 | |a Sofija |b AIM-BAN |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 137 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Razkopki i proučvanija / Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej |v 36 | |
| 500 | |a In kyrill. Schr., bulg.- Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early and middle palaeolithic flint assemblages from the area of Shiroka Polyana damp | ||
| 520 | 8 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early and Middle Palaeolithic flint assemblages from the area of Shiroka Polyana Damp, Western Rhodopes Mountain. | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Feuerstein |0 (DE-588)4154279-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Funde |0 (DE-588)4071507-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Paläolithikum |0 (DE-588)4140148-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 810 | 2 | |a Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej |t Razkopki i proučvanija |v 36 |w (DE-604)BV000005500 |9 36 | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016031736&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137107934937088 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
7
I.
УВОД В ТЕМАТА
1.1.
Западните Родопи — геоморфология, петрографска
характеристика, граници на изследвания район
8
1.2.
История на палеолитните проучвания в Западните Родопи
9
1.3.
Локализация на палеолитните находище в Западните Родопи
10
1.4.
Кремъчни суровини
-
образуване и разпространение
12
1.4.1.
Обща макроскопска характеристика на кремъчните
12
суровини в района на язовир Широка поляна
13
II.
ТЕОРЕТИЧНА ЧАСТ
11.1.
Особености на родопските кремъчни ансамбли
—
основни принципи в методите на изслезване
.. 16
11.2.
Методика
17
11.2.1.
Характеристика на прилаганите критерии
18
И.2.1.1.Метрични
18
II.2.1.2.
Морфологични
19
И.2.1.3. Технологични
19
11.2.2.
Характеристика на дебитажа
20
И.2.2.1. Метрична характеристика
20
П.2.2.2. Технологична характеристика
23
П.2.2.2.1. Характеристика на горната повърхност
П.2.2.2.
2.
Характеристика на основата
-
характерни белези
на основите на отломъците
25
П.2.2.2.3. Характеристика на точката на удара
25
П.2.2.2.4. Място в технологичната верига
25
П.2.2.2.
5.
Тип на кремъчната суровина
25
П.2.2.3. Морфологична характеристика
25
11.
2.3.
Характеристика на ядрата
27
П.2.3.1. Метрична характеристика на ядрото
27
1.2.3.2.
Технологична характеристика на ядрата
30
II.2.
3.2.1.
Тип на модула на изходната кремъчна суровина
30
П.2.3.2.2 Начин на третиране на модула на изходната кремъчна суровина
30
II.
2.3.2.3.
Технологична характеристика на страните на ядрото
30
П.2.3.3. Морфологична характеристика на ядрата
30
II.2.
3.3.1.
Форма на ядрото.
31
П.2.3.3.
2.
Форма на страните на ядрото
31
11.2.
3.3.3.
Релеф на страните на ядрото
31
11.
2.3.3.4.
Състояние на междунегативните ръбове
31
П.2.3.3.5. Вид на кората
31
11.
2.3.3.6.
Вид на патината
31
11.2.
3.3.7.
Площ на покритите
с кора и или патина
повърхности
31
11.
2.4.
Характеристика на оръдията
32
II.
2.4.1.
Типологична характеристика
32
II.2.4.2.
Характеристика на
отломъка,
от
който е изработено оръдието
32
П.2.4.3. Характеристика на оръдието
32
III.
ШИРОКА ПОЛЯНА- МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИЕ,
ИСТОРИЯ НА ПРОУЧВАНИЯТА,
ГЕОМОРФОЛОЖКА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА,
СТРАТИГРАФИЯ
HLI.
Местоположение
33
111.2.
История на проучванията
33
111.
3.
Геоморфоложка характеристика
34
Ш.4.
Стратиграфия
на отложенията
-
опис на пластовете
34
IV.
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НА КРЕМЪЧНИТЕ
АНСАМБЛИ ОТ ШИРОКА ПОЛЯНА
IV.
1.
Характеристика на ранно и среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл
от Танин
ручей
36
IV.
1.1.
Характеристика на ядрата
(Танин
ручей)
36
IVI.
1.1.
Характеристика на левалуазките ядра
36
IV.1.1.2.
Характеристика на дисковидните ядра
37
ГУЛ.І.З.Характеристика на
едноплощадковите ядра
38
IV.1.1.4.
Характеристика на ядрата със сменена ориентация
39
IVI.
1.5.
Характеристика на фрагментите и късове със следи от ядруване
39
IVI.
2.
Характеристика
на дебитажа (Танин
ручей)
39
IV.1.3.
Характеристика на оръдията(Танин ручей)
40
IV.
2.
Характеристика на среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл Иванчови колиби
45
IV.2.1.
Характеристика на ядрата (Иванчови колиби)
45
IV.2.2.
Характеристика на дебитажа (Иванчови колиби)
50
IV.2.3.
Характеристика на оръдията (Иванчови колиби)
51
IV.
3.
Характеристика на ранно и среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл от находище Шенкин склад
57
IV.3.1.
Характеристика на ядрата (Шенкин склад)
58
IV.3.2.
Характеристика на дебитажа (Шенкин склад)
61
^.З.З.Характеристика на оръдията от (Шенкин склад)
61
IV.4.
Характеристика на среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл (Шевар дере)
65
IV.4.3.
Характеристика на оръдията (Шевар дере)
65
IV.
5.
Характеристика на среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл „Карелова река
67
V.
СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА КРЕМЪЧНИТЕ АНСАМБЛИ
ОТ РАЙОНА НА ШИРОКА ПОЛЯНА
V.l.
Технико-типологически сравнителен анализ
68
V.I.I.
Сравнителен анализ на групата на ядрата
69
V.l.2.
Сравнителен анализ на дебитажа
73
V.2.
Типологичен анализ
74
V.2.I.
Кремъчни
артефакти
с
двустранна обработка
-
бифаси и бифасни форми
74
V.2.2
Кремъчни ансамбли от Широка поляна
-
листовидни,
двустранно обработени оръдия
75
V.2.3.
Кремъчни
артефакти
с
двустранна обработка
-
стъргала-ножове
в Иванчови колиби
76
V.2.4.
Бифасно стъргало от кремъчния ансамбъл Шенкин склад
76
V.2.5.
Кремъчни ансамбли Широка поляна
-
левалуазки отломъци
76
V.2.6.
Кремъчни ансамбли Широка поляна
-
стъргала
76
VI.
РАННО И СРЕДНО ПАЛЕОЛИТНИТЕ КРЕМЪЧНИ АНСА МБЛИ
ОТ ШИРОКА ПОЛЯНА В КОНТЕКСТА НА РАННО И СРЕДНО-
ПЛЕЙСТОЦЕНСКИТЕ ПАЛЕОЛИТНИ КУЛТУРИ В ЕВРОПА
И БЛИЗКИЯ ИЗТОК
VI.
1.
Плейстоцен
-
хронология и климатични промени
-78
VI.2.
Първа поява на човека на Европейския континент
Пътища на миграция
79
VI.3.
Хронологически
граници и кратка характеристика
на палеолитните култури
· 80
VI.3.1.
Ранен
палеолит
80
VI.4.
Ранен
палеолит на
Балканите
80
VI.5.
Среден
палеолит
81
VI.6.
Обобщение
82
ЦИТИРАНА ЛИТЕРАТУРА
84
EARLY AND MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC FLINT ASSEMBLAGES
FROM THE AREA OF SHIROKA POLYANA DAMP,
WESTERN RHODOPES MOUNTAIN
86
(SUMMARY)
ОБРАЗИ
(FIGURES)
105
EARLY AND MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC FLINT
ASSEMBLAGES FROM THE AREA OF SHIROKA
POLYANA DAMP, WESTERN RHODOPES MOUNTAIN
Stefanka
Ivanova
(summary)
I. INTRODUCTION
I.I. The Western Rhodope Mountains
-
géomorphologie
and
pétrographie
char¬
acteristics, and geographical boundaries of the studied area
The Rhodope Mountain is a part of the Macedonian-Thracian massif and occupies
the eastern part of the Rila-Rhodope massif. The mountain lies in the current territo¬
ries of southern Bulgaria and northern Greece. It is a complex system of high hills and
deep river valleys. The western part of the Rhodope Mountain, where the studied, area
lies, has an average height of
1098
m. Flat ridges of
1450-1650
m
are typical of the area
No Quaternary terrace could be formed due to the extensive rising (with almost
500
m) of the Western Rhodope Mountains that took place during the end of the Pliocene.
.
The studied area is located in the
Devin
part of the mountain at
1100
m-1600
m
above the sea level. The area is to the south of the highest parts (over
2000
m) of the
Western Rhodope Mountains, and close to the watershed of Maritsa and
Mesta
rivers.
. .
There is a distinctive flattening of the terrain at
1250-1300
m
(80-100
m
above
the river valleys) which is probably related to the lower Pliocene levels of the Rhodope
Mountains.
At the time of the latest
glaciation
the area was close to the forest belt, while the
middle-height valleys and the lower
(500-1000
m) mountain parts were
a refugium,
of tree species (Bottema
1974).
At that time, the pre-glacier belt in the Mediterranean
areas was situated much lower
-
about
1000
m. During the last period of dry and cold
climate
-
about
30,000
BP, rivers reached the basis of the
4 -
б
m
terraces. At the same
time, groups who were hunting and producing flint tools (Starkel
1984)
inhabited the
higher terraces.
During the
interglacial
period, the forests reached more than
1000
m
above see
level. The sediment s and formations found in the mountain slopes provide evidence for
a long period of low temperatures during the
Late Würm.
However, there is no data for
glacier valleys or mountain circuses in the Rhodope Mountains. There are only a dozen
peaks of above
2000
m
and none over
2200
m
in the whole Rhodope massif (Mihnevski,
Cenkova
1989).
1.3.
Localization of the Paleolithic deposits in the Western Rhodope
Mountains
The flint artifacts are usually uncovered in the slopes of the river valleys and on the
flat hilltops at
1200-1700
m. Artifacts in the river valleys are usually at the inundation
terraces or at the
4-6
m
high terraces. Artifacts at the flat hilltops are usually found in
the trenches of the multitude of forest roads.
The assemblages from the inundation terrace are in most of the cases not homog¬
enous, as a small number of late Paleolithic artifacts are found in the sediment along
86
with the middle Paleolithic finds. The finds from the
4-6
m
high terraces are usually
homogenous and are dated to the late Paleolithic. The artifacts concentrated on the flat
hilltops are dated to the middle Paleolithic.
1.4.
The flint raw material
-
origin and distribution
The term flint raw material here refers to the silicate rocks that were formed
by post-volcanic activities characteristic for this part of the Rhodope Mountains. The
silicate rocks are a major source of raw material for the production of tools during the
Paleolithic period.
There is ample and easily accessible flint raw material in this region. Its availabil¬
ity is due to the specific geologic structure of this part of the Rhodope Mountains. The
lower levels of the
Oligocene
here consist of sedimentary rocks (limestone, etc.) while on
the upper levels there are eruptive rocks (rhyolitic, lava, tuff). The flint raw material is a
result of post-volcanic activity at the end of the
Oligocene.
The carbonates had silicated
at the rhyolite-marble (or limestone) contact zones, and at some places, were replaced
by
hydrothermal
solutions of opal-chalcedony rocks. In the area of
Bořino
village, they
are exposed as rock beams and are easily noticed even nowadays at the hilltops and
ridges of the mountain. In the Shiroka Polyana Damp area, the rocks are covered with
contemporary precipitations and are not exposed on the surface.
Because of volcanic activity, low-thermal solutions, rich in silicid acid, entered
the rhyolite-limestone contact zones and precipitated forming opal-chalcedony rocks
-
silicate beams . Black is the predominant color of the opal-chalcedony rocks in the
area of
Bořino
village, situated to the east of Shiroka Polyana. Chalcedony in yellow,
whitish, grey, red and brown, incl. their nuances, is also found. The raw material with
black or dark grey color is most often found and is with the best quality for prehistoric
exploitation.
The flint raw material from the area of Shiroka Polyana Damp is a result of the
penetration of post-magma products along line channels that had been formed in the
rhyolite layers of the Bratsigovo-Dospat depression.
The opal-chalcedony raw material in the area is characterized by a great variety of
colors, level of transparency, smoothness and glitter of the break and the natural surface,
as well as by a very diverse cortex and rock
macrostructure.
The features of the raw materials from Shiroka Polyana and from the area lying
to the east are characteristic enough to allow for defining two types of raw material
from this area of the Western Rhodope Mountains, namely
-
Shiroka Polyana and
Bořino
types.
II. THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
II.l. Characteristics of the Paleolithic flint assemblages from the Western
Rhodope Mountains
-
basic principles of research, methodology
The flint assemblages are objects of various scientific researches:
•
Archeological excavations
-
including larger trenches (i.e.
Transformatora,
Chu-
chura,
Nossa, Dermen
Chair);
•
Trenches (Tenekien
Obor
-
trench, Chakaloto);
•
Finds on the surface with known localization
(Chakmakla Dere,
Tenekien
Obor,
Hizha
Orfei, Hamám
Bunar,
Sadzhak
Su Dere,
etc.);
87
Flakes and blades
Flakes and blades
Tabi.
8.
Elements from the production cycle in the exploatation of the flint module.
•
Collections (Shiroka Polyana, Kremenete).
Most of the studied middle-Paleolithic flint assemblages are re-deposited. Thus,
there are no sealed deposits and structures, nor bone or other organic finds.
This feature of the middle-Paleolithic flint assemblages from the Rhodope Moun¬
tains limits the possibilities for interpretation and determines the specific research
methodology.
II.2. Research Methodology
The objective that determines the research methodology is to define an explicit
and unambiguous characteristic of the flint assemblages and to reconstruct all elements
of the production cycle.
The cycle of production of flint artifacts comprises the following elements:
S
Selection of appropriate raw material;
S
Testing of the raw material (pebbles, flint, nodules, etc.);
S
Preparation of the selected piece for the production of a proto-core;
S
Production of pre-manufactured parts from the core such as flakes and
blades;
S
Production of various tools from the pre-manufactured parts by applying vari¬
ous retouch techniques;
S
Repair of the used cores to continue their usage;
S
Re-exploitation of the repaired cores and production of new pre-manufactured
parts flakes and blades;
S
Secondary production of various tools from the pre-manufactured parts by ap¬
plying various retouch techniques
(tabi.
9).
The method applied for the analysis of all elements of the technological chain
for the production of flint tools is based on a detailed and informative description of
the artifacts. The description is done with the help of differentiated and hierarchically
structured features as well as by comparative analyses of combinations of features. Thus,
the described artifacts can be included in the comparative analyses at different levels of
general conclusion.
Tabi
9.
A
matrix of size samples of flakes.
II.2.1. Description of the applied criteria
We use several types of criteria in order to describe the artifacts in a full and un¬
ambiguous manner.
11.2.1.1.
Metric
II.2.2.1. Metric features
In addition to the conventional description of the size of an artifact (by its length,
width and thickness), we introduce a measurement of its area. Webelieve that the purpose
of the prehistoric man was not to get a flake with specific length and width, but rather
to get a flake with a specific size (area), thickness (thick-thin), and a certain length-width
ratio (long-wide).
•
Size of a flake
We determine the size of a flake by comparing its area (calculated by multiplying
its maximum length to its maximum width) to the size of a sample. That is, the area of
a flake has to cover as much as possible of the area of the sample.
We introduced a matrix of samples for the size of the area of flakes. The
minimum
area is equal to a square with a
1
cm-long side. The step of increase of the area of each
sample is
0.5
cm added to the length of the side of the previous square. We mark the
size of the area of a flake (the size group) by the Roman number of the corresponding
sample that best fits the area size.
For example, the flakes with an area equal or close to the area of a square with a
side long
1
cm are determined as Group I
(tabi.
10.)
89
Values
(in cm2) of the
area of the samples
Reference number
(Group) of the sample
Length (in cm) of the side of
the square of the sample
1.0
I
1.0
2.2
II
1.5
4.0
III
2.0
6.2
IV
2.5
9.0
V
3.0
12.2
VI
3.5
16.0
VII
4.0
20.2
VIII
4.5
25.0
IX
5.0
30.2
X
5.5
36.0
XI
6.0
42.2
XII
6.5
49.0
XIII
7.0
56.2
XIV
7.5
64.0
XV
8.0
72.2
XVI
8.5
81.0
XVII
9.0
90.2
XVIII
9.5
100.0
XIX
10.0
The area values of the size samples for flakes
•
Length of the flake
The value of the length is expressed in centimeters. Measurement is done with a
caliper-gauge. There are several types of length measurement:
S
ar the value of the length measured along the longitudinal axis of a flake;
S a2-
the value of the length measured along the line that connects the two most
distant points on the circumference of a flake (maximum length);
S
a3- the length of a fragmented flake
-
the value of the length of the fragment
measured on the line that connects the two most distant points on the circumference of
the fragment (maximum length of the fragment).
•
Width of a flake
The value of the width is expressed in centimeters. Measurement is done with a
caliper-gauge. There are several varieties of width measurement:
•
-
the value of the width measured along the transverse axis of the flake;
^ b2
-
the value of the width measured along the line that connects the two most
distant points on the circumference of the artifact and that is perpendicular to a (maxi¬
mum width); 2
^ b3
-
the width of a fragmented flake
-
the value of the width of the fragment,
measured along the line that connects the two most distant points on the circumference
of the artifact and that is perpendicular to a3 (maximum width of a fragment).
•
Thickness of a flake
The value of the thickness is measured in centimeters. Measurement is done with
a caliper-gauge. There are several varieties of thickness measurement:
^ ct
-
the value of the thickness of the flake measured in its largest part;
^ c2
-
the value of the thickness of the flake measured in its point part;
S c3
-
the value of the thickness of the flake measured at its base
90
•
Length-to-Width Ratio
This feature describes the value of the ratio between the length and the width of
a flake. We use the values for the maximum length and width to calculate this ratio.
When the values of the length and the width are close or equal, the ratio is
« 1.
We refer to such flakes as square .
When the length exceeds the width, the value of the ratio is
> 1,
and the artifact
is referred to as long . When the width exceeds the length the value of the ratio is
<
1,
and the artifact is referred to as broad .
For a more precise grouping of the artifacts according to their length-to-width
ratio, we introduce the following arbitrary ranges:
Broad
> 0.41 < 0.8
Broadened
> 0.1
s
0.4
Square
s
0.81
<1.1
Prolonged
>1.12<1.5
Long
> 1.51
•
Metric Characteristics of Flake Angles
S
a (ventral angle)
-
the angle between the lower surface and the base of a flake,
measured in degrees;
S
J3 (dorsal angle)
-
the angle between the upper surface and the base of a flake,
measured in degrees;
V
γ
(angle of dislocation)
-
the angle between the axis of a flake and the line that
connects the two end side points of the edge between the base plane and the dorsal plane
of a flake. This angle is a characteristic of the change of the direction of exploitation,
that is
-
of the movement of the striking point along the edge between the striking face
and the flake surface.
We introduce four arbitrary groups of angle values:
Groups of Flake
Angles Values
Types of Angles
Range of Angle Values
per Group
1
ά
ß
Y
<70°
II
>71°<90°
III
ä
91°<;
130°
IV
>130°
•
Metric Characteristics of a Flake s Base
The size of a flake s base is one of its metric characteristics. We measure the length
and the width of the base by a caliper-gauge and express it in centimeters.
II.2.2.2. Technological Characteristics:
When analyzing flakes it is required that, all researchers follow the same algorithm
for describing the elements of flint assemblages.
The identification of the precise location of technological marks on the flakes is
crucial for their analysis. This requires the development of a single unified system for
the description of the various elements of the technological characteristics.
91
w
8b
—■■ —
1b
X
NE
A
/
7b
ß
—
^
1a
/
2a
2b
6b
VX
4a
За
J
3b I
SW
/
^
—
5b
^^
4b
W
^-
—
8b
1b
ii
1
7b
/
2Л
2b
2C
6b
6a/
/5a
За/
4a /
3b
1
/зс
J
SWX
5b
^.
____
4b
У
SE
S
.
iO. Scheme of Type I Flakes
Tabi.
11.
Scheme of Type II Flakes
The method, suggested below, has proven to be very successful in our efforts to
reconstruct the production stages followed during the Early Paleolithic. This is a period
for which we have insufficient factual data and very limited knowledge on the produc¬
tion technology.
We can differentiate two types of flakes:
•
Type I Flakes:
Flakes with a circumference that is a line formed by the detachment of a flake from
the flaked surface(s) lying in the same plane
(tabi.
11).
•
Type II Flakes:
Flakes in this group have a circumference that is partly a line and partly a surface
that is formed by the detachment of a flake from the flaked surface and of a crossing
surface(s) of the sides, the face, the point or other flake parts of the core
(tabi.
11).
Basic Positions
When a flake is analyzed, it should be placed over its ventral surface; its base should
be directed to the South; the axis of the flake should be perpendicular to the horizontal
axis and the flake s axis should lie on the North-South axis. The transverse axis of the
flake should lie on the West-East axis. The dorsal surface of the flake should be separated
in eight zones (sectors). Each sector has a central (indexed a ) and a peripheral (indexed
b ) part, and can also have a wall (in Type
2
flakes) (indexed c ). The sector borders
run along the geographical directions of the world. Numbering is ascending clock-wise.
II.2.
2.2.1.
Characteristics of the dorsal surface
The characteristic of the dorsal surface is based on an analysis of the following
features:
S
Availability of a cortex and/or natural surfaces, size and location of the cortex-
covered dorsal surface of the flake;
v Direction of the scars and their location at the dorsal surface (Type I flakes);
S
Direction of the scars and their location at the dorsal surface, as well as direction
of the scars and their location at the preserved natural (untreated) sides of the flake.
This applies to flakes that are detached with a fragment of the flake s sides, its point or
the striking platform of the source core or flint module (Type II flakes).
92
11.2.2.2.2.
Characteristics
of the platform (butt) of a flake
The characteristic features of the platforms of the flakes are:
S
The availability of a cortex, a natural surface or patina;
S
The method of its forming (by a single strike, by more than one strikes, faceted,
double-sided)
11.2.2.2.3. Characteristics of the striking point
This feature provided information about the hardness of the striking tool used and
the force of the strike applied used to detach the flake. The types of striking points are:
S
Visible-invisible;
•S With a protruding or a flat bulbus;
•S With a visible or invisible striking cone.
11.2.2.2.4. Production Stage
This feature is in most cases defined by the subjective observations of the researcher
based on the analysis of the rest of the characteristics (this feature may be statistically
defined when analyzing the data from large series of flakes). We believe that this feature
is worth introducing (when statistical analysis is not possible), despite the higher level
of subjectivism.
The flakes can be defined as being a result of the following stages of production:
S
Testing of the raw material;
S
Preparation of a core;
S
Exploitation of a core;
•S Repair of an used core;
•S Re-exploitation of a repaired core;
S
Retouch
11.2.2.2.5. Type of the flint raw material
In addition to the reference number of the flint raw material (according to the
sample collection of raw material), we also describe:
•S The quality of the raw material of the artifact (high, medium, low);
S
The characteristics of the patina (thin, thick, spotted);
•S The status of a flake s edges, including those between the scars (sharp, slightly
smoothed, smooth, blunt);
•S The status of a flake s surfaces (fresh, slightly smoothed, slightly polished, pol¬
ished, well polished).
Many other characteristics are excluded from the analysis of the output material
of the studied flint assemblages in the Rhodope Mountains, because of the specifics of
these assemblages. That is why in this study we do not analyze the fragments of flakes.
II.2.2.3. Morphological characteristics
We can define the following morphological features of flakes:
•
Form of a flake;
•
Form of the vertical sections;
•
Outline of the vertical sections (straight line, convex, concave, S-like)
•
Form of the butt of a flake.
The forms of the butt and of the sections are described according to a reference
table, prepared as a result of the analysis of a statistically valid number of flakes.
93
II.2.3.
Characteristics
of the cores
An algorithm has been developed in order to structure the research and provide
basis for comparative studies. When describing a core the artifact should be positioned
in a way that the latest surface exploited should face the researcher and be parallel to
the horizontal surface. The striking points of the scars of each flake should be directed
to the North. This should be the basic position to be used for the description of a core.
The description of a core is always done in the same way, following a pattern. Thus,
the data about the artifacts can be statistically analyzed and compared. This approach
also eliminates the possibility for intentional selection of preferred reoccurring schemes of
cores preparation and exploitation in a single assemblage. This approach is very effective
in the study of Early Paleolithic assemblages, where the lack of larger series of artifacts
is an obstacle to the reconstruction of the technological chain of a core s exploitation.
The first step in the analysis of cores features is the detailed description of their
sides. This makes it possible to localize the sides in a unified manner and to compare
their characteristics with those of other assemblages. The core should be revolved along
the horizontal surface (by the X-axis) and the vertical one (by the Y-axis) and at each
90-degree turn, the facing side of the artifact should be described. We begin from the
basic position of the artifact and turn it to the East along the horizontal axis, and to the
South, along the vertical axis, until we make a full turn.
Often, especially with Early Paleolithic cores, there are more than one surfaces or
flakes in a single position (side), situated side-by-side, one above the other or having a
shared edge. Giving a reference name to each side allows for the precise localization of
all features. :
Example: Position SI (the first turn to the south from basic position) is character¬
ized by its metric, technologic and morphologic features and is still comparable to the
same position of each core in the assemblage. By following a single algorithm of analysis,
we can identify intentional, recurrent technological operations for the forming of cores
and their exploitation.
II.2.3.1. Metric Characteristics of Cores
■S Size of a core
The size of a core is expressed by its volume. The size is determined by compar¬
ing the volume of a core to a reference matrix (group). We assume that the value of the
minimum volume (size) is equal to the volume of a cube with a side of
1
cm. The side of
the cube of each group is larger by the previous one by
0.5
cm. The size of the core is
described by the number (Roman number) of the module (group), which corresponds
to the volume of the respective core. The value of the volume of the core is calculated
by multiplying the values of its length, width and thickness. The result is referred to the
volume closest in value according to the samples matrix.
The conventional measures (expressed in cm) of cores also belong to their metric
characteristics:
S
Length, width, thickness
/
Length-width ratio
S
Length-thickness ratio
S
Width-thickness ratio
94
Tabi.
12.
Samples matrix of the groups of core sizes.
Value (in cm3) of the
volume of the samples
matrix
Group Reference
Number
Length (in cm) of the
side of the cube in the
samples matrix
1.0
1
1.0
3.4
I!
1.5
8.0
Ill
2.0
15.6
IV
2.5
27.0
V
3.0
42.9
VI
3.5
64.0
VII
4.0
91.1
VIII
4.5
125.0
IX
5.0
166.4
X
5.5
216.0
XI
6.0
274.6
XII
6.5
343.0
XIII
7.0
421.9
XIV
7.5
512.0
XV
8.0
614.1
XVI
8.5
729.0
XVII
9.0
857.4
XVIII
9.5
1000.0
XIX
10.0
Volume Values of the size samples matrix of cores
95
Length-Width ratio
Length-Thickness ratio
Width-Thickness ratio
Values Range
Broad
Narrow
Broad
> 0.1 < 0.4
Broader
Narrower
Broader
> 0.41 < 0.8
Square
(lonq-wide)
Square
(long-thick)
Square
(wide-thick)
>0.81 <1.1
Prolonged
Larger
Narrowed
:> 1.12
á
1.5
Long
Large
Narrow
> 1.51
The list of the metric features also includes:
S
The width (in degrees) of the angles between the surfaces of cores. There are
six groups of angles based on their width:
Group
1
^ЗО0
Group II
>31°<бО°
Group III
>61°<90°
Group IV
ä91°<100°
Group V
£100°<120°
Group VI
>120°
•S
Area of the sides of a core
-
expressed by a number according to its size (as with
flakes);
S
Size of the different flakes
-
determined by the measures of flakes scars on the
flake surface. The size of the flakes comprises the following elements:
S
Length;
^ Width;
V Length-Width ratio.
II.
2.3.2.
Technological characteristics of cores
11.
2.3.2.1.
Type of the module of the source raw material
•
Bouloer
-
whole, half, sector (between two chords), segment (between two radii);
•
Con-creation
-
whole, half, sector (between two chords), segment (between two radii);
•
Piece
-
prismatic, multifaceted, oval, amorphous;
•
Flake
-
intentional, unplanned, unintentional.
11.2.3.2.2. Type of treatment of the module of the source flint raw material
We can differentiate between intentional breaking of the modules, unplanned
cracking and mixed (intentional-unplanned-unintentional) breaking of the modules. In
some cases, it is not possible to determine the types of treatment applied.
11.2.3.2.3. Technological characteristics of the sides of cores
S
Purpose of the treatment of the walls (sides) of a core
-
to determine the various
technical actions that were applied for the preparation; the core
ргс^цсиоп;
the core
production and retouch; retouch of the flint module (in some cases it is not possible to
determine);
S
Direction of the detachment of blanks from the walls of a core. We describe the
directions of the scars on a core s surface by the geographical directions of the world. In
addition, we note the availability or the lack of a starting striking point.
S
Characteristics of the scars on a core s surface: shallow, semi-concave, concave;
96 ,
-т^і^щФ
Î
I
S Characteristics
of the retouch: flat, semi-steep, steep,
> 90°,
jagged, concave; at
the edges, covering retouch, as well as various combinations (i.e. semi-steep-jagged, etc.);
S
Characteristics of the raw material. The type of the raw material is noted by the
respective reference number from the raw material samples collection;
S
Quality of the raw material: high, medium, low, poor.
П.2.З.З.
Morphological characteristics of cores
The purpose is to describe the morphological features of the cores and of their
elements.
П.2.
3.3.1.
Form of a core
Forms can be described as:
Tetrahedral (regular or irregular), triangular (regular or irregular), multifaceted
(regular or irregular), oval, semi-oval, amorphous
II.2.
3.3.2.
Morphological characteristics of the sides of a core
The morphological characteristic includes a description of all elements of a core s
surface. In most of the cases, these are surfaces or parts of flaking surfaces with traces
from preparation or repair of the core, as well as surfaces covered with a cortex or with
patina, etc. The description aims to localize their position on the sides of the core, as
well as their chronological order, i.e. whether an action that formed one of the surfaces
preceded or followed another action that formed another surface on the same side.
The comparison of the morphological and the technological characteristics of the
sides of a core reveals interesting data for the order of the actions taken and the tech¬
nological chain of flint production.
We describe the total number of surfaces on each side and the angles between these
surfaces. Observations and description should begin from the basic position, and turn
to
90°
to the south and once again from the basic position
-
to the east.
11.2.
3.3.2.
Form of the sides of a core
The form can be described as tetrahedral (regular or irregular), triangular (regular
or irregular), multifaceted (regular or irregular), oval.
11.2.
3.3.3.
Relief of the sides of cores
Sides can be described as flat, convex, concave, straight-convex/concave, amor¬
phous, uneven.
11.2.
3.3.4.
Condition of the edges between scars
The edges can be described as sharp (fresh), slightly polished, polished and blunt.
11.2.3.3.5. Types of a cortex
By an initial study of a statistically valid collection of the flint assemblage, we have
developed a collection of samples of different types of raw material, as well as of types
of cortexes, and types of patina. Each sample has a detailed description and a reference
number.
When we describe the type of cortex, we give the reference number of the sample,
which has the same characteristics.
ÏI.2.3.3.6.
Type of patina
When we describe the type of patina, we give the reference number of the sample,
Bayerische
Λ
97
Staatebibliothek
Ui <i%Khllll
I
which has the same characteristics.
П^.З.З.?.
Area covered with cortex and/or patina
We differentiate four groups of sizes of the area, which is covered with cortex and/or
patina. These are the four groups range values:
Group Reference Number
%
Group
1
>1
< .25
Group II
> 26 < 50
Group III
>51ś75
Group IV
>76<100
II.2.4. Characteristics of tools
И.2.4.1.
Typology
We determine the type of a tool, based on the tools typology descriptions of F.
Bordes.
However, it turned out recently that when we study Middle Paleolithic assem¬
blages from the current territory of Bulgaria, there is a considerable number of tools
that cannot be referred to Bord s typology. For this reason, when studying the Middle
Paleolithic assemblages from the Rhodope Mountains we try to provide very detailed
and precise descriptions of the types of tools, which cannot be referred to any of the
established typology lists. In some cases, based on its description, a tool can only be
referred to a group from Bord s typology in very general terms. Then we list it straight
after the last number in the respective group in Bord s list. Tools, which require full and
detailed typological description, are included at the end of the typology list.
IL2.4.2. Characteristics of the debitage flake for the production of a tool.
We use all features that characterize flake (metric, technologic and morphologic).
In the metric description, we provide, if possible, the measures of the flake as well as
the measures of the tool.
IŁ2.4.3.
Characteristics of a tool
We describe a tool with its primary and secondary features (type of blank material,
size, form and section, type of retouch, location of the retouch, morphology of the edges,
type of the source material, type of cortex, type of patina, destructions, etc.).
III. SHIROKA POLYANA
-
LOCATION, RESEARCH
HISTORY, GEOMORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERIS¬
TICS, STRATIGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
The area studied is located at
1500
m
above the sea level on a large flat hilltop
that is dated to the Early Miocene denudation levels. The area is smoothly slided, cut by
widely meandering brooks, which form shallow subtle micro-valleys
(30-100
cm deep).
These valleys are the main source of the flint material finds. In the higher parts of the
area, the layer, which covers the rhyolite basis, is hardly several centimeters thick. Because
the area has poor drainage, it is swamped at places and also cut by small streams.
The artifacts are found on spots stripped of grass or they have piled up in the
micro-valleys.
98
COMPARATIVE
Quantitative distribution of the various types of cores of the flint assemblages
from Shiroka Polyana:
Tanin
Ruchei
(vanchovi
Kolibi
Shenkin
Sklad
Shevar
Dere
Total
с
о
r
e
s
Leva
1
lo
is
12
7
4
1
24
Discoid
10
1
5
16
Single-Platform
3
9
2
14
Double-Platform
2
2
With changed orientation
1
2
5
4
12
Total
26
19
18
5
68
Quantitative distribution of the various types of tools of the flint assemblages
from Shiroka Polyana:
Tanin
Ruchei
Ivanchovi
Kolibi
Kremeň
liv
Sklad
Shevar
Dere
Total
Levallois flakes
2
5
7
Scraper
7
15
4
26
Endscraper
6
1
7
Borers
1
4
1
2
8
Burins
2
1
3
t
Natural-back knives
1
1
о
Denticulate
2
2
Notched
2
2
о
Retouched flakes
13
34
9
56
Chisels
1
1
I
Points
1
1
2
Bifacial leaf point
6
3
2
11
Bifacial scraper-knives
5
5·
Bifacial forms
4
5
9
Core-like tools
3
2
5
10
Tools with unsimple interpretation
5
5
Total
38
81
34
2
155
Generalization:
•
Levallois
cores
The preparation and exploitation of the
Levallois
cores from the Shiroka Polyana
assemblages seems to be atypical. In the majority of cases, with single exceptions, the
preparation of the backside of the core is only done at its periphery
-
at the flaking surface
edge. The central parts of the backside of the core are covered with cortex fragments or
99
a natural surface. The backside and the flaking surfaces are flat, which is primarily due
to the use of flat pieces as source material. The direction of exploitation of the majority
of cores is towards their centers. There is no predominant shape of cores used for the
production of blades and points. There are several cases of single- or bi-polar exploita¬
tion. The angle between the striking platform and the flaking surfaces is
60° - 80°.
The
method of a single-strike cutting of the core s edge was often used. The direction of the
strike was from the flaking surface towards the back part of the core. However, there
are no cases of using the broad flat surface of the thus created scar as a striking surface.
The broad, the long and the square artifacts are relatively equal in number.
The size of the cores from
Tanin
Ruchei, Shenkin
Sklad
and Shevar
Dere
is in
the IX-XII group range. The Levallois cores from Ivanchovi
Kolibi
are smaller in size
-
IV-VI group range, and they are
1-2
cm thick. In the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
assemblage,
there are Levallois cores with a flat flaking surface, a right-triangle shape and a scar that
covers the whole flaking surface. No similar cores are reported in the other assemblages
form Shiroka Polyana.
•
Discoid cores
There is only one discoid core from the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
assemblage, while in the
case of
Tanin
Ruchei the number of Levallois and discoid cores is almost equal. The
discoid cores from Shikoka Polyana are larger than the Levallois ones. The core angle is
also larger
-
80°-90°. Cores in the preparation stage also have remains from the cortex
or a natural surface in the central part of the backside. Often, such remains are also seen
on the flaking surface that has been only exploited on its periphery. In Shenkin
Sklad
all the finds are with flat flaking surface or backsides.
The method is often mixed
-
with discoid elements in Levallois cores and vise versa.
The technological characteristics of cores are close and in some cases, it is difficult to
determine the type of a core. In single cases of discoid cores, preparation methods from
later periods (Late Paleolithic) can be identified. A similar tendency is also observed with
a Levallois core from Ivanchovi
Kolibi.
(In the latter case, after the core was broken along
its longitudinal axis, an attempt was made to exploit the narrow long scar as a flaking
surface. As a result, several blades were produces.) The size of the scars from the differ¬
ent flakes provides evidence for the fact that at the end of the cores exploitation blanks
of II-III and primarily of V-VII size groups were produced. The blanks produced from
Levallois and from discoid cores do not differ in size.
V.l.2.
Comparative analysis of the debitage
Number of analyzed flakes from Shiroka Polyana flint assemblages:
Tanin
Ruchei
Ivanchovi
Kolibi
Kremenliv Sklad
Shevar
Dere
Karelova Reka
27
225
12
12
2
The majority of flakes from
Tanin
Ruchei assemblage is of size group
VII,
they
belong to the production stage of exploitation and change in the orientation of the cores.
The long artifacts are predominant. The butts of the majority of flakes are prepared by
a single strike. The angles at the bases are 90°-100°. The direction of the scars on the
dorsal surfaces coincides with the direction of the detachment of flakes.
At the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
assemblage, the majority
(80%)
of the flakes belong to the IV-VIII
size group. Most of them are of V-VI size group. In these groups, the number of prolonged
and square flakes is almost the same. Broad flakes are considerably less. The majority of the
1OO
striking platforms are prepared by a single strike and the angles at the base are
90400°.
In all
groups, the majority of the artifacts belong to the core exploitation stage. The largest number
of flakes is from the exploitation of discoid and single-platform cores, as well as of cores with
a changed in orientation. Some of the flakes in group III are products of retouched tools or
of bifacial retouch. The number of broad artifacts is larger in groups III and IV.
The side the flakes from the Shenkin
Sklad
and Shevar
Dere
assemblages varies in
the range of groups IV to
VIII.
The predominant number offtakes from Shenkin
Sklad
bare traces from preparation of the core and an early phase of exploitation. At Shevar
Dere
the flakes from exploitation of the cores are predominant. In both assemblages,
in the majority of the flakes the direction of the scars at the dorsal surface matches the
direction of their detachment. Most of the striking platforms are prepared by a single
strike and the angles at the base are over
90°.
The hard hammer percussion technique
has been often used. In Shenkin
Sklad
no flakes were identified that are a product of
the exploitation of discoid cores. Most of the flakes are from single-platform cores.
The largest flakes (groups
XVI
and XV) from Shiroka Polyana area are found at
the
Karelova Reka
assemblage.
V.2. Typological analysis
V.2.1. Flint artifacts with double-sided treatment
-
bifacial artifacts and shapes
Bifacial Artifacts
Tanin
Ruchei
Ivanchovi
Kolibi
Shenkin
Sklad
Total
Leaf points
6
3
2
11
Bifacial scraper-knives
5
5
Bifacial forms
4
3
7
Core-like tools
3
Unsimple interpretation
4
4
In the
Tanin
Ruchei assemblage, four artifacts with a bifacial treatment were
identified (fig.
24, 25 1, 25 2).
The size of the artifacts is XII-XV group. The majority
is of group
XIII.
Four of the artifacts from Ivanchovi
Kolibi
are treated with a bifacial retouch,
mainly on the circumference area and partly on the surfaces. They are referred to the
group of artifacts with unsimple interpretation. These artifacts are of the core-like bifa¬
cial-shapes type and are from the early stages of preparation. The bifacial artifacts from
Ivanchovi
Kolibi
are larger in size
(XIV, XVI, XIX
groups) than the ones from
Tanin
Ruchei. They also differ by the type of the raw material.
The artifacts with a bifacial treatment from the Shenkin
(Kremenliv) Sklad
are
referred to the atypical bifacial forms and to the tools with unsimple interpretation (fig.
27 2).
These artifacts are large in size (XIV-XVII groups), with large, shallow scars cov¬
ering the surfaces. Some of the edges are covered with slightly steep large scars, which
form slightly exposed points.
V.2.2. Flint assemblages from Shiroka Polyana -leaf points with bifacial retouched
treatment (fig.
13 1, 3, 5; 14 1, 2, 4; 15 1-3)
The bifacial leaf points can be divided in two groups based on their metric char¬
acteristics:
У
Leaf points
5-7
cm long and ~
3
cm wide;
У
Leaf points
11-13
cm long and
4-5
cm wide;
101
Most of the points are
1.1 - 1.3
cm thick.
There are many peculiarities in the techniques used to form the leaf points from
Shiroka Polyana assemblages. The leaf points have a flat lower surface and a bulging
upper surface. The lower surface is formed by flat retouch covering the surface along
the two side edges. After the lower surface was ready, the upper one was prepared by
semi-steep retouch. Thus the bulging side of the tool was formed. Most of the leaf-shaped
artifacts from Shiroka Polyana have an interesting bulging edge. It is formed by the
points of the scars of the retouch, done on the artifact s upper surface, with a direction
from the side edges towards the center, which meet the longitudinal symmetry axis of
the tool. This bulging edge is primarily formed in the base or the point parts of the tools.
This characteristic is observed in the smaller artifacts. We believe that the technique
for forming of leaf point and the bulging edge in the base or point parts of the upper
surface are specific features of the Shiroka Polyana assemblages.
V.2.3. Bifacial scraper-knives from the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
flint assemblage (fig.
22 1-4)
The diagnostic group of bifacial scraper-knives is only identified at Ivanchovi
Kolibi
and in none of the other assemblages from Shiroka Polyana. These tools have a convex
back. The blunting scar and the axis following the opposite edge form an obtuse angle.
The base and the point areas are retouched on both sides and thus form well protruding
points. The retouch on the lower surface is indistinct and uneven and covers only the
edges or the edge areas. Only one of the artifacts has a flat retouch that covers both sur¬
faces. The artifacts are relatively close in size, with one exception of a larger artifact.
V.2.4. A bifacial scraper from Shenkin
Sklad
flint assemblage
The artifact is prepared from a large flat natural piece
(XVI
group) with a slightly convex
edge formed by semi-steep, at some points
-
event flat, double-sided retouch (fig.
26 2).
V.2.5. Levallois flakes from Shiroka Polyana flint assemblages
Levallois flakes are found in only two of the assemblages
-
in
Tanin
Ruchei and in
Ivanchovi
Kolibi.
In both cases, the prolonged and the broad artifacts are equally present.
The flakes from Ivanchovi
Kolibi
are relatively larger in size (VIII-XII group), than those
from
Tanin
Ruchei that are of VI-VII size group. The majority of the flakes belong to the
exploitation stage with parallel scars on the dorsal surface. There is only one artifact from
the stage of primary exploitation and cut the surface of the preparated pre-core.
V.2.6. Scrapers from Shiroka Polyana flint assemblages
The common features of the scrapers from Shiroka Polyana assemblages are their
amorphous shape, the natural raw pieces used to produce the tools, the indistinct and
uneven retouch. The scrapers from
Tanin
Ruchei and Shenkin
Sklad
are larger than
the ones from Ivanchovi
Kolibi.
VI. THE EARLY AND MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC FLINT
ASSEMBLAGES FROM SHIROKA POLYANA IN
THE CONTEXT OF THE OLD WORLD PALEO¬
LITHIC CULTURES
The earliest traces of expansion towards Europe are dated back to the end of the
Pliocene
(2-1.9
million years BP). Before the strait of Bosphorus was formed (and the
102
Black
Sea was still a freshwater lake), representatives of the mega fauna migrated through
the Balkans and inhabited Western Europe and the Mediterranean areas. The next
expansion took place in the transition between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene, and is
marked by the earliest presence of
Panthern in
Greece and Italy. The early migration of
the big Bovidae from Asia to Europe and their appearance throughout Eastern Europe
is also dated to the transition from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene. The emergence of the
Megaceroidos is dated to the Jaramillo period of the Early Pleistocene
(Спасов
2001).
VI.2. The first men of the European continent. Migration routes.
The first men followed the migration routes of the cold-loving fauna to the Euro¬
pean continent as early as the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition. The evidence about this
expansion that we currently have dates back to
1-1.8
million years. The earliest Paleolithic
finds known so far are also dated to this period: Atapuerca (Spain); Isernia
la Pineta
(Italy); Kozarnika (Bulgaria); Dmanisi (Georgia); Ubeydia (Israel).
Three main migration routes to Europe are currently discusses:
S
Through the strait of Gibraltar
The finds at Atapuerca (the Iberian Peninsular) are dated to be
1
million years
of age. In the cold periods, the strait was not wider than
8-12
km. However, there is no
evidence of an early migration of animals across Gibraltar. No traces of such an early
migration on the northern shores of Africa (opposite to Gibraltar) have been found
either.
S
Through the strait of Bosphorus
There is ample evidence for early migration of animals through the Bosphorus. In
the cold periods the both the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles were dry land. The Early
Pleistocene finds at Ubeydia (to the South of the Bosphorus) are also of crucial impor¬
tance, because they are precisely dated
(1.4
million years) and have a clear stratigraphy.
(Rolland
1995,
Dennell, Roebroeks
1996)
However, the earliest evidence of the human
presence found in the territories of Turkey and Greece is dated as late as the beginning
of the Middle Pleistocene (Darlas
1995).
■/
Along the northern shores of the Black Sea to Eastern Europe
The hypothesis for the existence of this route is supported by the evidence from
the Early Paleolithic site of Dmanisi. However, there is no data so far from the territory
of Ukraine confirming a human presence during the Early Pliocene. Many authors also
emphasize that it might have been difficult to adapt to the cold and long winter in this
area.
S
From northern Africa through Sicily
This route is considered to be less probable (Villa
1994).
A very extensive migration to Europe begins in the middle of the Middle Pleisto¬
cene
(0.6-0.5
million years).
VI.4. The Early Paleolithic on the Balkans
The Balkan Peninsular has a key place as a crossroad between Asia, Africa and
Europe. It is situated on the most accessible way for the human invasion to Europe (Af¬
rica
-
Middle East
-
the Balkans).
Early Paleolithic finds on the Balkans are discovered in Turkey, Greece, Albania
and Bulgaria.
•
In Turkey, the earliest Paleolithic finds are from its European part
-
in the
Yarimburgaz Cave.
103
•
In Greece, Early Paleolithic fins are identified at the Petralona Cave; Kokinopilos
open site; and Korisia (to the south of Corfu Island).
•
In Albania, the Gaytan Cave (to the southeast of Shkoder) is dated to this period
(Runnels, Van
Ander 1993).
•
In Bulgaria, Early Paleolithic finds are located in the Kozarnika Cave (northwest¬
ern Bulgaria, near the town of Belogradchik) and in the Western Rhodope Mountains
(Shiroka Polyana, Kremenete).
S
The finds from the Kozarnika Cave are so far considered the earliest Early Paleo¬
lithic finds in Europe. The Early Paleolithic assemblages are dated to
600,000-1,500,000
years BP. It is characteristic for the artifacts from the upper levels that they are small,
there are many scrapers and rare atypical bifacial artifacts, some of which can be clas¬
sified as atypical bifaces. The artifacts from the lower levels are larger and are often of
prolonged shape (cores exploited in different directions, flakes and unintentional or
unplanned pieces with traces of steep and indenting retouch).
S
The finds from Shiroka Polyana are from open site. The bifacial artifacts may
be dated to the Early Paleolithic. The finds are referred to a later period than those
from Kozranika. Thus, they provide evidence for the inhabiting of the area during
800,000-500,000
years BP. Most of the Early Paleolithic finds in Europe are also dated
to this period. The dating is also supported by the presence of Early Paleolithic axes
(hachereau) in Kremenete, which is located about
10
km to the north of Shiroka Polyana.
The closest parallels of these tools are found in the Caucasus
-
in the Tsona Cave, and
are dated to
500,000
years BP (Lioubine
2002, 87; Ivanova 2003, 15).
The Early Paleolithic finds from northwestern Bulgaria (the Kozarkina Cave) and
the Western Rhodope Mountains (Shiroka Polyana, Kremenete, Tenekien
Obor)
provide
evidence of the fact that the route of the earliest migration to the European continent
passed through the Balkan Peninsular.
•
Shiroka Polyana
-
Middle Paleolithic
Many settlements and rich and diverse Middle Paleolithic cultures are discovered
across the European continent. In the Bulgarian territory, we can identify the follow¬
ing ones: atypical Charentian; typical Mousterian (Levallois and non-Levallois type);
East-Balkan Mousterian with leaf points
(Иванова
1979;
Иванова,
Сиракова,
1995,
48-50).
The presence of bifacial leaf points provides grounds to refer the Middle Paleo¬
lithic assemblages from Shiroka Polyana to the East-Balkan Mousterian with leaf points.
However, some of the analyzed features of their technique and typology characteristics
reveal elements that are not typical of the overall characteristics of the culture they are
referred to. The assemblages from Shiroka Polyana also differ by the technique used
to exploit the discoid and Levallois cores. The majority of the exploited cores are of the
Levallois type. In many cases, a single artifact bears traces from both discoid and Leval¬
lois core exploitation techniques. There is a great variety in the technique and typology
characteristics of the leaf points as well. The lower surface was formed first and then
the upper one, unlike in the case of Muselievo, where an alternative technique for leaf
points was applied. Yet another feature is the bulging edge in the point and base parts
running along the longitudinal axis of the leaf-shapes tools. These features provide
grounds for determining the Middle Paleolithic assemblages from Shiroka Polyana as
a regional variance of the East-Balkan Mousterian with leaf points. The nature of the
Micoquian elements in the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
assemblage (bifacial scraper-knives, bifacial
artifacts, etc.) is still to be analyzed.
104
|
| adam_txt |
СЪДЪРЖАНИЕ
ВЪВЕДЕНИЕ
7
I.
УВОД В ТЕМАТА
1.1.
Западните Родопи — геоморфология, петрографска
характеристика, граници на изследвания район
8
1.2.
История на палеолитните проучвания в Западните Родопи
9
1.3.
Локализация на палеолитните находище в Западните Родопи
10
1.4.
Кремъчни суровини
-
образуване и разпространение
12
1.4.1.
Обща макроскопска характеристика на кремъчните
12
суровини в района на язовир "Широка поляна"
13
II.
ТЕОРЕТИЧНА ЧАСТ
11.1.
Особености на родопските кремъчни ансамбли
—
основни принципи в методите на изслезване
. 16
11.2.
Методика
17
11.2.1.
Характеристика на прилаганите критерии
18
И.2.1.1.Метрични
18
II.2.1.2.
Морфологични
19
И.2.1.3. Технологични
19
11.2.2.
Характеристика на дебитажа
20
И.2.2.1. Метрична характеристика
20
П.2.2.2. Технологична характеристика
23
П.2.2.2.1. Характеристика на горната повърхност
П.2.2.2.
2.
Характеристика на основата
-
характерни белези
на основите на отломъците
25
П.2.2.2.3. Характеристика на точката на удара
25
П.2.2.2.4. Място в технологичната верига
25
П.2.2.2.
5.
Тип на кремъчната суровина
25
П.2.2.3. Морфологична характеристика
25
11.
2.3.
Характеристика на ядрата
27
П.2.3.1. Метрична характеристика на ядрото
27
1.2.3.2.
Технологична характеристика на ядрата
30
II.2.
3.2.1.
Тип на модула на изходната кремъчна суровина
30
П.2.3.2.2 Начин на третиране на модула на изходната кремъчна суровина
30
II.
2.3.2.3.
Технологична характеристика на страните на ядрото
30
П.2.3.3. Морфологична характеристика на ядрата
30
II.2.
3.3.1.
Форма на ядрото.
31
П.2.3.3.
2.
Форма на страните на ядрото
31
11.2.
3.3.3.
Релеф на страните на ядрото
31
11.
2.3.3.4.
Състояние на междунегативните ръбове
31
П.2.3.3.5. Вид на кората
31
11.
2.3.3.6.
Вид на патината
31
11.2.
3.3.7.
Площ на покритите
с кора и или патина
повърхности
31
11.
2.4.
Характеристика на оръдията
32
II.
2.4.1.
Типологична характеристика
32
II.2.4.2.
Характеристика на
отломъка,
от
който е изработено оръдието
32
П.2.4.3. Характеристика на оръдието
32
III.
ШИРОКА ПОЛЯНА- МЕСТОПОЛОЖЕНИЕ,
ИСТОРИЯ НА ПРОУЧВАНИЯТА,
ГЕОМОРФОЛОЖКА ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА,
СТРАТИГРАФИЯ
HLI.
Местоположение
33
111.2.
История на проучванията
33
111.
3.
Геоморфоложка характеристика
34
Ш.4.
Стратиграфия
на отложенията
-
опис на пластовете
34
IV.
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА НА КРЕМЪЧНИТЕ
АНСАМБЛИ ОТ ШИРОКА ПОЛЯНА
IV.
1.
Характеристика на ранно и среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл
от Танин
ручей
36
IV.
1.1.
Характеристика на ядрата
(Танин
ручей)
36
IVI.
1.1.
Характеристика на левалуазките ядра
36
IV.1.1.2.
Характеристика на дисковидните ядра
37
ГУЛ.І.З.Характеристика на
едноплощадковите ядра
38
IV.1.1.4.
Характеристика на ядрата със сменена ориентация
39
IVI.
1.5.
Характеристика на фрагментите и късове със следи от ядруване
39
IVI.
2.
Характеристика
на дебитажа (Танин
ручей)
39
IV.1.3.
Характеристика на оръдията(Танин ручей)
40
IV.
2.
Характеристика на среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл Иванчови колиби
45
IV.2.1.
Характеристика на ядрата (Иванчови колиби)
45
IV.2.2.
Характеристика на дебитажа (Иванчови колиби)
50
IV.2.3.
Характеристика на оръдията (Иванчови колиби)
51
IV.
3.
Характеристика на ранно и среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл от находище Шенкин склад
57
IV.3.1.
Характеристика на ядрата (Шенкин склад)
58
IV.3.2.
Характеристика на дебитажа (Шенкин склад)
61
^.З.З.Характеристика на оръдията от (Шенкин склад)
61
IV.4.
Характеристика на среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл (Шевар дере)
65
IV.4.3.
Характеристика на оръдията (Шевар дере)
65
IV.
5.
Характеристика на среднопалеолитния кремъчен
ансамбъл „Карелова река"
67
V.
СРАВНИТЕЛЕН АНАЛИЗ НА КРЕМЪЧНИТЕ АНСАМБЛИ
ОТ РАЙОНА НА ШИРОКА ПОЛЯНА
V.l.
Технико-типологически сравнителен анализ
68
V.I.I.
Сравнителен анализ на групата на ядрата
69
V.l.2.
Сравнителен анализ на дебитажа
73
V.2.
Типологичен анализ
74
V.2.I.
Кремъчни
артефакти
с
двустранна обработка
-
бифаси и бифасни форми
74
V.2.2
Кремъчни ансамбли от Широка поляна
-
листовидни,
двустранно обработени оръдия
75
V.2.3.
Кремъчни
артефакти
с
двустранна обработка
-
стъргала-ножове
в Иванчови колиби
76
V.2.4.
Бифасно стъргало от кремъчния ансамбъл Шенкин склад
76
V.2.5.
Кремъчни ансамбли Широка поляна
-
левалуазки отломъци
76
V.2.6.
Кремъчни ансамбли Широка поляна
-
стъргала
76
VI.
РАННО И СРЕДНО ПАЛЕОЛИТНИТЕ КРЕМЪЧНИ АНСА МБЛИ
ОТ ШИРОКА ПОЛЯНА В КОНТЕКСТА НА РАННО И СРЕДНО-
ПЛЕЙСТОЦЕНСКИТЕ ПАЛЕОЛИТНИ КУЛТУРИ В ЕВРОПА
И БЛИЗКИЯ ИЗТОК
VI.
1.
Плейстоцен
-
хронология и климатични промени
-78
VI.2.
Първа поява на човека на Европейския континент
Пътища на миграция
79
VI.3.
Хронологически
граници и кратка характеристика
на палеолитните култури
· 80
VI.3.1.
Ранен
палеолит
80
VI.4.
Ранен
палеолит на
Балканите
80
VI.5.
Среден
палеолит
81
VI.6.
Обобщение
82
ЦИТИРАНА ЛИТЕРАТУРА
84
EARLY AND MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC FLINT ASSEMBLAGES
FROM THE AREA OF SHIROKA POLYANA DAMP,
WESTERN RHODOPES MOUNTAIN
86
(SUMMARY)
ОБРАЗИ
(FIGURES)
105
EARLY AND MIDDLE PALAEOLITHIC FLINT
ASSEMBLAGES FROM THE AREA OF SHIROKA
POLYANA DAMP, WESTERN RHODOPES MOUNTAIN
Stefanka
Ivanova
(summary)
I. INTRODUCTION
I.I. The Western Rhodope Mountains
-
géomorphologie
and
pétrographie
char¬
acteristics, and geographical boundaries of the studied area
The Rhodope Mountain is a part of the Macedonian-Thracian massif and occupies
the eastern part of the Rila-Rhodope massif. The mountain lies in the current territo¬
ries of southern Bulgaria and northern Greece. It is a complex system of high hills and
deep river valleys. The western part of the Rhodope Mountain, where the studied, area
lies, has an average height of
1098
m. Flat ridges of
1450-1650
m
are typical of the area
No Quaternary terrace could be formed due to the extensive rising (with almost
500
m) of the Western Rhodope Mountains that took place during the end of the Pliocene.
.
The studied area is located in the
Devin
part of the mountain at
1100
m-1600
m
above the sea level. The area is to the south of the highest parts (over
2000
m) of the
Western Rhodope Mountains, and close to the watershed of Maritsa and
Mesta
rivers.
. .
There is a distinctive flattening of the terrain at
1250-1300
m
(80-100
m
above
the river valleys) which is probably related to the lower Pliocene levels of the Rhodope
Mountains.
At the time of the latest
glaciation
the area was close to the forest belt, while the
middle-height valleys and the lower
(500-1000
m) mountain parts were
a refugium,
of tree species (Bottema
1974).
At that time, the pre-glacier belt in the Mediterranean
areas was situated much lower
-
about
1000
m. During the last period of dry and cold
climate
-
about
30,000
BP, rivers reached the basis of the
4 -
б
m
terraces. At the same
time, groups who were hunting and producing flint tools (Starkel
1984)
inhabited the
higher terraces.
During the
interglacial
period, the forests reached more than
1000
m
above see
level. The sediment's and formations found in the mountain slopes provide evidence for
a long period of low temperatures during the
Late Würm.
However, there is no data for
glacier valleys or mountain circuses in the Rhodope Mountains. There are only a dozen
peaks of above
2000
m
and none over
2200
m
in the whole Rhodope massif (Mihnevski,
Cenkova
1989).
1.3.
Localization of the Paleolithic deposits in the Western Rhodope
Mountains
The flint artifacts are usually uncovered in the slopes of the river valleys and on the
flat hilltops at
1200-1700
m. Artifacts in the river valleys are usually at the inundation
terraces or at the
4-6
m
high terraces. Artifacts at the flat hilltops are usually found in
the trenches of the multitude of forest roads.
The assemblages from the inundation terrace are in most of the cases not homog¬
enous, as a small number of late Paleolithic artifacts are found in the sediment along
86
with the middle Paleolithic finds. The finds from the
4-6
m
high terraces are usually
homogenous and are dated to the late Paleolithic. The artifacts concentrated on the flat
hilltops are dated to the middle Paleolithic.
1.4.
The flint raw material
-
origin and distribution
The term "flint raw material" here refers to the silicate rocks that were formed
by post-volcanic activities characteristic for this part of the Rhodope Mountains. The
silicate rocks are a major source of raw material for the production of tools during the
Paleolithic period.
There is ample and easily accessible flint raw material in this region. Its availabil¬
ity is due to the specific geologic structure of this part of the Rhodope Mountains. The
lower levels of the
Oligocene
here consist of sedimentary rocks (limestone, etc.) while on
the upper levels there are eruptive rocks (rhyolitic, lava, tuff). The flint raw material is a
result of post-volcanic activity at the end of the
Oligocene.
The carbonates had silicated
at the rhyolite-marble (or limestone) contact zones, and at some places, were replaced
by
hydrothermal
solutions of opal-chalcedony rocks. In the area of
Bořino
village, they
are exposed as rock "beams" and are easily noticed even nowadays at the hilltops and
ridges of the mountain. In the Shiroka Polyana Damp area, the rocks are covered with
contemporary precipitations and are not exposed on the surface.
Because of volcanic activity, low-thermal solutions, rich in silicid acid, entered
the rhyolite-limestone contact zones and precipitated forming opal-chalcedony rocks
-
silicate "beams". Black is the predominant color of the opal-chalcedony rocks in the
area of
Bořino
village, situated to the east of Shiroka Polyana. Chalcedony in yellow,
whitish, grey, red and brown, incl. their nuances, is also found. The raw material with
black or dark grey color is most often found and is with the best quality for prehistoric
exploitation.
The flint raw material from the area of Shiroka Polyana Damp is a result of the
penetration of post-magma products along line channels that had been formed in the
rhyolite layers of the Bratsigovo-Dospat depression.
The opal-chalcedony raw material in the area is characterized by a great variety of
colors, level of transparency, smoothness and glitter of the break and the natural surface,
as well as by a very diverse cortex and rock
macrostructure.
The features of the raw materials from Shiroka Polyana and from the area lying
to the east are characteristic enough to allow for defining two types of raw material
from this area of the Western Rhodope Mountains, namely
-
"Shiroka Polyana" and
"Bořino"
types.
II. THEORETICAL DESCRIPTION
II.l. Characteristics of the Paleolithic flint assemblages from the Western
Rhodope Mountains
-
basic principles of research, methodology
The flint assemblages are objects of various scientific researches:
•
Archeological excavations
-
including larger trenches (i.e.
Transformatora,
Chu-
chura,
Nossa, Dermen
Chair);
•
Trenches (Tenekien
Obor
-
trench, Chakaloto);
•
Finds on the surface with known localization
(Chakmakla Dere,
Tenekien
Obor,
Hizha
Orfei, Hamám
Bunar,
Sadzhak
Su Dere,
etc.);
87
Flakes and blades
Flakes and blades
Tabi.
8.
Elements from the production cycle in the exploatation of the flint module.
•
Collections (Shiroka Polyana, Kremenete).
Most of the studied middle-Paleolithic flint assemblages are re-deposited. Thus,
there are no sealed deposits and structures, nor bone or other organic finds.
This feature of the middle-Paleolithic flint assemblages from the Rhodope Moun¬
tains limits the possibilities for interpretation and determines the specific research
methodology.
II.2. Research Methodology
The objective that determines the research methodology is to define an explicit
and unambiguous characteristic of the flint assemblages and to reconstruct all elements
of the production cycle.
The cycle of production of flint artifacts comprises the following elements:
S
Selection of appropriate raw material;
S
Testing of the raw material (pebbles, flint, nodules, etc.);
S
Preparation of the selected piece for the production of a proto-core;
S
Production of pre-manufactured parts from the core such as flakes and
blades;
S
Production of various tools from the pre-manufactured parts by applying vari¬
ous retouch techniques;
S
Repair of the used cores to continue their usage;
S
Re-exploitation of the repaired cores and production of new pre-manufactured
parts flakes and blades;
S
Secondary production of various tools from the pre-manufactured parts by ap¬
plying various retouch techniques
(tabi.
9).
The method applied for the analysis of all elements of the technological chain
for the production of flint tools is based on a detailed and informative description of
the artifacts. The description is done with the help of differentiated and hierarchically
structured features as well as by comparative analyses of combinations of features. Thus,
the described artifacts can be included in the comparative analyses at different levels of
general conclusion.
Tabi
9.
A
matrix of size samples of flakes.
II.2.1. Description of the applied criteria
We use several types of criteria in order to describe the artifacts in a full and un¬
ambiguous manner.
11.2.1.1.
Metric
II.2.2.1. Metric features
In addition to the conventional description of the size of an artifact (by its length,
width and thickness), we introduce a measurement of its area. Webelieve that the purpose
of the prehistoric man was not to get a flake with specific length and width, but rather
to get a flake with a specific size (area), thickness (thick-thin), and a certain length-width
ratio (long-wide).
•
Size of a flake
We determine the size of a flake by comparing its area (calculated by multiplying
its maximum length to its maximum width) to the size of a sample. That is, the area of
a flake has to cover as much as possible of the area of the sample.
We introduced a matrix of samples for the size of the area of flakes. The
minimum
area is equal to a square with a
1
cm-long side. The step of increase of the area of each
sample is
0.5
cm added to the length of the side of the previous square. We mark the
size of the area of a flake (the size group) by the Roman number of the corresponding
sample that best fits the area size.
For example, the flakes with an area equal or close to the area of a square with a
side long
1
cm are determined as Group I
(tabi.
10.)
89
Values
(in cm2) of the
area of the samples
Reference number
(Group) of the sample
Length (in cm) of the side of
the square of the sample
1.0
I
1.0
2.2
II
1.5
4.0
III
2.0
6.2
IV
2.5
9.0
V
3.0
12.2
VI
3.5
16.0
VII
4.0
20.2
VIII
4.5
25.0
IX
5.0
30.2
X
5.5
36.0
XI
6.0
42.2
XII
6.5
49.0
XIII
7.0
56.2
XIV
7.5
64.0
XV
8.0
72.2
XVI
8.5
81.0
XVII
9.0
90.2
XVIII
9.5
100.0
XIX
10.0
The area values of the size samples for flakes
•
Length of the flake
The value of the length is expressed in centimeters. Measurement is done with a
caliper-gauge. There are several types of length measurement:
S
ar the value of the length measured along the longitudinal axis of a flake;
S a2-
the value of the length measured along the line that connects the two most
distant points on the circumference of a flake (maximum length);
S
a3- the length of a fragmented flake
-
the value of the length of the fragment
measured on the line that connects the two most distant points on the circumference of
the fragment (maximum length of the fragment).
•
Width of a flake
The value of the width is expressed in centimeters. Measurement is done with a
caliper-gauge. There are several varieties of width measurement:
•
\
-
the value of the width measured along the transverse axis of the flake;
^ b2
-
the value of the width measured along the line that connects the two most
distant points on the circumference of the artifact and that is perpendicular to a (maxi¬
mum width); 2
^ b3
-
the width of a fragmented flake
-
the value of the width of the fragment,
measured along the line that connects the two most distant points on the circumference
of the artifact and that is perpendicular to a3 (maximum width of a fragment).
•
Thickness of a flake
The value of the thickness is measured in centimeters. Measurement is done with
a caliper-gauge. There are several varieties of thickness measurement:
^ ct
-
the value of the thickness of the flake measured in its largest part;
^ c2
-
the value of the thickness of the flake measured in its point part;
S c3
-
the value of the thickness of the flake measured at its base
90
•
Length-to-Width Ratio
This feature describes the value of the ratio between the length and the width of
a flake. We use the values for the maximum length and width to calculate this ratio.
When the values of the length and the width are close or equal, the ratio is
« 1.
We refer to such flakes as "square".
When the length exceeds the width, the value of the ratio is
> 1,
and the artifact
is referred to as "long". When the width exceeds the length the value of the ratio is
<
1,
and the artifact is referred to as "broad".
For a more precise grouping of the artifacts according to their length-to-width
ratio, we introduce the following arbitrary ranges:
Broad
> 0.41 < 0.8
Broadened
> 0.1
s
0.4
Square
s
0.81
<1.1
Prolonged
>1.12<1.5
Long
> 1.51
•
Metric Characteristics of Flake Angles
S
a (ventral angle)
-
the angle between the lower surface and the base of a flake,
measured in degrees;
S
J3 (dorsal angle)
-
the angle between the upper surface and the base of a flake,
measured in degrees;
V
γ
(angle of dislocation)
-
the angle between the axis of a flake and the line that
connects the two end side points of the edge between the base plane and the dorsal plane
of a flake. This angle is a characteristic of the change of the direction of exploitation,
that is
-
of the movement of the striking point along the edge between the striking face
and the flake surface.
We introduce four arbitrary groups of angle values:
Groups of Flake
Angles Values
Types of Angles
Range of Angle Values
per Group
1
ά
ß
Y
<70°
II
>71°<90°
III
ä
91°<;
130°
IV
>130°
•
Metric Characteristics of a Flake's Base
The size of a flake's base is one of its metric characteristics. We measure the length
and the width of the base by a caliper-gauge and express it in centimeters.
II.2.2.2. Technological Characteristics:
When analyzing flakes it is required that, all researchers follow the same algorithm
for describing the elements of flint assemblages.
The identification of the precise location of technological marks on the flakes is
crucial for their analysis. This requires the development of a single unified system for
the description of the various elements of the technological characteristics.
91
w
8b
—■■ —
1b
X
NE
A
/
7b
ß\
—
^
1a
/
2a\
2b \
\ 6b
VX
4a
За
J
3b I
SW\
/
^
—
5b
^^
4b
W
^-
—
8b
1b
ii
\
1
7b
/
2Л
\
2b
\ 2C
\
\ 6b
\ 6a/
\/5a
\
За/
4a\/
3b
1
/зс
J
SWX
5b
^.
_
4b
У
SE
S
.
iO. Scheme of Type I Flakes
Tabi.
11.
Scheme of Type II Flakes
The method, suggested below, has proven to be very successful in our efforts to
reconstruct the production stages followed during the Early Paleolithic. This is a period
for which we have insufficient factual data and very limited knowledge on the produc¬
tion technology.
We can differentiate two types of flakes:
•
Type I Flakes:
Flakes with a circumference that is a line formed by the detachment of a flake from
the flaked surface(s) lying in the same plane
(tabi.
11).
•
Type II Flakes:
Flakes in this group have a circumference that is partly a line and partly a surface
that is formed by the detachment of a flake from the flaked surface and of a crossing
surface(s) of the sides, the face, the point or other flake parts of the core
(tabi.
11).
Basic Positions
When a flake is analyzed, it should be placed over its ventral surface; its base should
be directed to the South; the axis of the flake should be perpendicular to the horizontal
axis and the flake's axis should lie on the North-South axis. The transverse axis of the
flake should lie on the West-East axis. The dorsal surface of the flake should be separated
in eight zones (sectors). Each sector has a central (indexed "a") and a peripheral (indexed
"b") part, and can also have a wall (in Type
2
flakes) (indexed "c"). The sector borders
run along the geographical directions of the world. Numbering is ascending clock-wise.
II.2.
2.2.1.
Characteristics of the dorsal surface
The characteristic of the dorsal surface is based on an analysis of the following
features:
S
Availability of a cortex and/or natural surfaces, size and location of the cortex-
covered dorsal surface of the flake;
v' Direction of the scars and their location at the dorsal surface (Type I flakes);
S
Direction of the scars and their location at the dorsal surface, as well as direction
of the scars and their location at the preserved natural (untreated) sides of the flake.
This applies to flakes that are detached with a fragment of the flake's sides, its point or
the striking platform of the source core or flint module (Type II flakes).
92
11.2.2.2.2.
Characteristics
of the platform (butt) of a flake
The characteristic features of the platforms of the flakes are:
S
The availability of a cortex, a natural surface or patina;
S
The method of its forming (by a single strike, by more than one strikes, faceted,
double-sided)
11.2.2.2.3. Characteristics of the striking point
This feature provided information about the hardness of the striking tool used and
the force of the strike applied used to detach the flake. The types of striking points are:
'S
Visible-invisible;
•S With a protruding or a flat bulbus;
•S With a visible or invisible striking cone.
11.2.2.2.4. Production Stage
This feature is in most cases defined by the subjective observations of the researcher
based on the analysis of the rest of the characteristics (this feature may be statistically
defined when analyzing the data from large series of flakes). We believe that this feature
is worth introducing (when statistical analysis is not possible), despite the higher level
of subjectivism.
The flakes can be defined as being a result of the following stages of production:
'S
Testing of the raw material;
'S
Preparation of a core;
S
Exploitation of a core;
•S Repair of an used core;
•S Re-exploitation of a repaired core;
S
Retouch
11.2.2.2.5. Type of the flint raw material
In addition to the reference number of the flint raw material (according to the
sample collection of raw material), we also describe:
•S The quality of the raw material of the artifact (high, medium, low);
S
The characteristics of the patina (thin, thick, spotted);
•S The status of a flake's edges, including those between the scars (sharp, slightly
smoothed, smooth, blunt);
•S The status of a flake's surfaces (fresh, slightly smoothed, slightly polished, pol¬
ished, well polished).
Many other characteristics are excluded from the analysis of the output material
of the studied flint assemblages in the Rhodope Mountains, because of the specifics of
these assemblages. That is why in this study we do not analyze the fragments of flakes.
II.2.2.3. Morphological characteristics
We can define the following morphological features of flakes:
•
Form of a flake;
•
Form of the vertical sections;
•
Outline of the vertical sections (straight line, convex, concave, S-like)
•
Form of the butt of a flake.
The forms of the butt and of the sections are described according to a reference
table, prepared as a result of the analysis of a statistically valid number of flakes.
93
II.2.3.
Characteristics
of the cores
An algorithm has been developed in order to structure the research and provide
basis for comparative studies. When describing a core the artifact should be positioned
in a way that the latest surface exploited should face the researcher and be parallel to
the horizontal surface. The striking points of the scars of each flake should be directed
to the North. This should be the basic position to be used for the description of a core.
The description of a core is always done in the same way, following a pattern. Thus,
the data about the artifacts can be statistically analyzed and compared. This approach
also eliminates the possibility for intentional selection of preferred reoccurring schemes of
cores' preparation and exploitation in a single assemblage. This approach is very effective
in the study of Early Paleolithic assemblages, where the lack of larger series of artifacts
is an obstacle to the reconstruction of the technological chain of a core's exploitation.
The first step in the analysis of cores' features is the detailed description of their
sides. This makes it possible to localize the sides in a unified manner and to compare
their characteristics with those of other assemblages. The core should be revolved along
the horizontal surface (by the X-axis) and the vertical one (by the Y-axis) and at each
90-degree turn, the facing side of the artifact should be described. We begin from the
basic position of the artifact and turn it to the East along the horizontal axis, and to the
South, along the vertical axis, until we make a full turn.
Often, especially with Early Paleolithic cores, there are more than one surfaces or
flakes in a single position (side), situated side-by-side, one above the other or having a
shared edge. Giving a reference name to each side allows for the precise localization of
all features. :
Example: Position SI (the first turn to the south from basic position) is character¬
ized by its metric, technologic and morphologic features and is still comparable to the
same position of each core in the assemblage. By following a single algorithm of analysis,
we can identify intentional, recurrent technological operations for the forming of cores
and their exploitation.
II.2.3.1. Metric Characteristics of Cores
■S Size of a core
The size of a core is expressed by its volume. The size is determined by compar¬
ing the volume of a core to a reference matrix (group). We assume that the value of the
minimum volume (size) is equal to the volume of a cube with a side of
1
cm. The side of
the cube of each group is larger by the previous one by
0.5
cm. The size of the core is
described by the number (Roman number) of the module (group), which corresponds
to the volume of the respective core. The value of the volume of the core is calculated
by multiplying the values of its length, width and thickness. The result is referred to the
volume closest in value according to the samples matrix.
The conventional measures (expressed in cm) of cores also belong to their metric
characteristics:
S
Length, width, thickness
/
Length-width ratio
S
Length-thickness ratio
S
Width-thickness ratio
94
Tabi.
12.
Samples matrix of the groups of core sizes.
Value (in cm3) of the
volume of the samples
matrix
Group Reference
Number
Length (in cm) of the
side of the cube in the
samples matrix
1.0
1
1.0
3.4
I!
1.5
8.0
Ill
2.0
15.6
IV
2.5
27.0
V
3.0
42.9
VI
3.5
64.0
VII
4.0
91.1
VIII
4.5
125.0
IX
5.0
166.4
X
5.5
216.0
XI
6.0
274.6
XII
6.5
343.0
XIII
7.0
421.9
XIV
7.5
512.0
XV
8.0
614.1
XVI
8.5
729.0
XVII
9.0
857.4
XVIII
9.5
1000.0
XIX
10.0
Volume Values of the size samples matrix of cores
95
Length-Width ratio
Length-Thickness ratio
Width-Thickness ratio
Values Range
Broad
Narrow
Broad
> 0.1 < 0.4
Broader
Narrower
Broader
> 0.41 < 0.8
Square
(lonq-wide)
Square
(long-thick)
Square
(wide-thick)
>0.81 <1.1
Prolonged
Larger
Narrowed
:> 1.12
á
1.5
Long
Large
Narrow
> 1.51
The list of the metric features also includes:
S
The width (in degrees) of the angles between the surfaces of cores. There are
six groups of angles based on their width:
Group
1
^ЗО0
Group II
>31°<бО°
Group III
>61°<90°
Group IV
ä91°<100°
Group V
£100°<120°
Group VI
>120°
•S
Area of the sides of a core
-
expressed by a number according to its size (as with
flakes);
S
Size of the different flakes
-
determined by the measures of flakes' scars on the
flake surface. The size of the flakes comprises the following elements:
S
Length;
^ Width;
V Length-Width ratio.
II.
2.3.2.
Technological characteristics of cores
11.
2.3.2.1.
Type of the module of the source raw material
•
Bouloer
-
whole, half, sector (between two chords), segment (between two radii);
•
Con-creation
-
whole, half, sector (between two chords), segment (between two radii);
•
Piece
-
prismatic, multifaceted, oval, amorphous;
•
Flake
-
intentional, unplanned, unintentional.
11.2.3.2.2. Type of treatment of the module of the source flint raw material
We can differentiate between intentional breaking of the modules, unplanned
cracking and mixed (intentional-unplanned-unintentional) breaking of the modules. In
some cases, it is not possible to determine the types of treatment applied.
11.2.3.2.3. Technological characteristics of the sides of cores
S
Purpose of the treatment of the walls (sides) of a core
-
to determine the various
technical actions that were applied for the preparation; the core
ргс^цсиоп;
the core
production and retouch; retouch of the flint module (in some cases it is not possible to
determine);
S
Direction of the detachment of blanks from the walls of a core. We describe the
directions of the scars on a core's surface by the geographical directions of the world. In
addition, we note the availability or the lack of a starting striking point.
S
Characteristics of the scars on a core's surface: shallow, semi-concave, concave;
96 ,
-т^і^щФ
\
Î
I
S Characteristics
of the retouch: flat, semi-steep, steep,
> 90°,
jagged, concave; at
the edges, covering retouch, as well as various combinations (i.e. semi-steep-jagged, etc.);
S
Characteristics of the raw material. The type of the raw material is noted by the
respective reference number from the raw material samples collection;
S
Quality of the raw material: high, medium, low, poor.
П.2.З.З.
Morphological characteristics of cores
The purpose is to describe the morphological features of the cores and of their
elements.
П.2.
3.3.1.
Form of a core
Forms can be described as:
Tetrahedral (regular or irregular), triangular (regular or irregular), multifaceted
(regular or irregular), oval, semi-oval, amorphous
II.2.
3.3.2.
Morphological characteristics of the sides of a core
The morphological characteristic includes a description of all elements of a core's
surface. In most of the cases, these are surfaces or parts of flaking surfaces with traces
from preparation or repair of the core, as well as surfaces covered with a cortex or with
patina, etc. The description aims to localize their position on the sides of the core, as
well as their chronological order, i.e. whether an action that formed one of the surfaces
preceded or followed another action that formed another surface on the same side.
The comparison of the morphological and the technological characteristics of the
sides of a core reveals interesting data for the order of the actions taken and the tech¬
nological chain of flint production.
"We describe the total number of surfaces on each side and the angles between these
surfaces. Observations and description should begin from the basic position, and turn
to
90°
to the south and once again from the basic position
-
to the east.
11.2.
3.3.2.
Form of the sides of a core
The form can be described as tetrahedral (regular or irregular), triangular (regular
or irregular), multifaceted (regular or irregular), oval.
11.2.
3.3.3.
Relief of the sides of cores
Sides can be described as flat, convex, concave, straight-convex/concave, amor¬
phous, uneven.
11.2.
3.3.4.
Condition of the edges between scars
The edges can be described as sharp (fresh), slightly polished, polished and blunt.
11.2.3.3.5. Types of a cortex
By an initial study of a statistically valid collection of the flint assemblage, we have
developed a collection of samples of different types of raw material, as well as of types
of cortexes, and types of patina. Each sample has a detailed description and a reference
number.
When we describe the type of cortex, we give the reference number of the sample,
which has the same characteristics.
ÏI.2.3.3.6.
Type of patina
When we describe the type of patina, we give the reference number of the sample,
Bayerische
Λ
97
Staatebibliothek
Ui"<i%Khllll
I
which has the same characteristics.
П^.З.З.?.
Area covered with cortex and/or patina
We differentiate four groups of sizes of the area, which is covered with cortex and/or
patina. These are the four groups' range values:
Group Reference Number
%
Group
1
>1
< .25
Group II
> 26 < 50
Group III
>51ś75
Group IV
>76<100
II.2.4. Characteristics of tools
И.2.4.1.
Typology
We determine the type of a tool, based on the tools typology descriptions of F.
Bordes.
However, it turned out recently that when we study Middle Paleolithic assem¬
blages from the current territory of Bulgaria, there is a considerable number of tools
that cannot be referred to Bord's typology. For this reason, when studying the Middle
Paleolithic assemblages from the Rhodope Mountains we try to provide very detailed
and precise descriptions of the types of tools, which cannot be referred to any of the
established typology lists. In some cases, based on its description, a tool can only be
referred to a group from Bord's typology in very general terms. Then we list it straight
after the last number in the respective group in Bord's list. Tools, which require full and
detailed typological description, are included at the end of the typology list.
IL2.4.2. Characteristics of the debitage flake for the production of a tool.
We use all features that characterize flake (metric, technologic and morphologic).
In the metric description, we provide, if possible, the measures of the flake as well as
the measures of the tool.
IŁ2.4.3.
Characteristics of a tool
We describe a tool with its primary and secondary features (type of blank material,
size, form and section, type of retouch, location of the retouch, morphology of the edges,
type of the source material, type of cortex, type of patina, destructions, etc.).
III. SHIROKA POLYANA
-
LOCATION, RESEARCH
HISTORY, GEOMORPHOLOGIC CHARACTERIS¬
TICS, STRATIGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS
The area studied is located at
1500
m
above the sea level on a large flat hilltop
that is dated to the Early Miocene denudation levels. The area is smoothly slided, cut by
widely meandering brooks, which form shallow subtle micro-valleys
(30-100
cm deep).
These valleys are the main source of the flint material finds. In the higher parts of the
area, the layer, which covers the rhyolite basis, is hardly several centimeters thick. Because
the area has poor drainage, it is swamped at places and also cut by small streams.
The artifacts are found on spots stripped of grass or they have piled up in the
micro-valleys.
98
COMPARATIVE
Quantitative distribution of the various types of cores of the flint assemblages
from Shiroka Polyana:
Tanin
Ruchei
(vanchovi
Kolibi
Shenkin
Sklad
Shevar
Dere
Total
с
о
r
e
s
Leva
1
lo
is
12
7
4
1
24
Discoid
10
1
5
16
Single-Platform
3
9
2
14
Double-Platform
2
2
With changed orientation
1
2
5
4
12
Total
26
19
18
5
68
Quantitative distribution of the various types of tools of the flint assemblages
from Shiroka Polyana:
Tanin
Ruchei
Ivanchovi
Kolibi
Kremeň
liv
Sklad
Shevar
Dere
Total
Levallois flakes
2
5
7
Scraper
7
15
4
26
Endscraper
6
1
7
Borers
1
4
1
2
8
Burins
2
1
3
t
Natural-back knives
1
1
о
Denticulate
2
2
Notched
2
2
о
Retouched flakes
13
34
9
56
Chisels
1
1
I
Points
1
1
2
Bifacial leaf point
6
3
2
11
Bifacial scraper-knives
5
5·
Bifacial forms
4
5
9
Core-like tools
3
2
5
10
Tools with unsimple interpretation
5
5
Total
38
81
34
2
155
Generalization:
•
Levallois
cores
The preparation and exploitation of the
Levallois
cores from the Shiroka Polyana
assemblages seems to be atypical. In the majority of cases, with single exceptions, the
preparation of the backside of the core is only done at its periphery
-
at the flaking surface
edge. The central parts of the backside of the core are covered with cortex fragments or
99
a natural surface. The backside and the flaking surfaces are flat, which is primarily due
to the use of flat pieces as source material. The direction of exploitation of the majority
of cores is towards their centers. There is no predominant shape of cores used for the
production of blades and points. There are several cases of single- or bi-polar exploita¬
tion. The angle between the striking platform and the flaking surfaces is
60° - 80°.
The
method of a single-strike cutting of the core's edge was often used. The direction of the
strike was from the flaking surface towards the back part of the core. However, there
are no cases of using the broad flat surface of the thus created scar as a striking surface.
The broad, the long and the 'square' artifacts are relatively equal in number.
The size of the cores from
Tanin
Ruchei, Shenkin
Sklad
and Shevar
Dere
is in
the IX-XII group range. The Levallois cores from Ivanchovi
Kolibi
are smaller in size
-
IV-VI group range, and they are
1-2
cm thick. In the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
assemblage,
there are Levallois cores with a flat flaking surface, a right-triangle shape and a scar that
covers the whole flaking surface. No similar cores are reported in the other assemblages
form Shiroka Polyana.
•
Discoid cores
There is only one discoid core from the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
assemblage, while in the
case of
Tanin
Ruchei the number of Levallois and discoid cores is almost equal. The
discoid cores from Shikoka Polyana are larger than the Levallois ones. The core angle is
also larger
-
80°-90°. Cores in the preparation stage also have remains from the cortex
or a natural surface in the central part of the backside. Often, such remains are also seen
on the flaking surface that has been only exploited on its periphery. In Shenkin
Sklad
all the finds are with flat flaking surface or backsides.
The method is often mixed
-
with discoid elements in Levallois cores and vise versa.
The technological characteristics of cores are close and in some cases, it is difficult to
determine the type of a core. In single cases of discoid cores, preparation methods from
later periods (Late Paleolithic) can be identified. A similar tendency is also observed with
a Levallois core from Ivanchovi
Kolibi.
(In the latter case, after the core was broken along
its longitudinal axis, an attempt was made to exploit the narrow long scar as a flaking
surface. As a result, several blades were produces.) The size of the scars from the differ¬
ent flakes provides evidence for the fact that at the end of the cores' exploitation blanks
of II-III and primarily of V-VII size groups were produced. The blanks produced from
Levallois and from discoid cores do not differ in size.
V.l.2.
Comparative analysis of the debitage
Number of analyzed flakes from Shiroka Polyana flint assemblages:
Tanin
Ruchei
Ivanchovi
Kolibi
Kremenliv Sklad
Shevar
Dere
Karelova Reka
27
225
12
12
2
The majority of flakes from
Tanin
Ruchei assemblage is of size group
VII,
they
belong to the production stage of exploitation and change in the orientation of the cores.
The long artifacts are predominant. The butts of the majority of flakes are prepared by
a single strike. The angles at the bases are 90°-100°. The direction of the scars on the
dorsal surfaces coincides with the direction of the detachment of flakes.
At the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
assemblage, the majority
(80%)
of the flakes belong to the IV-VIII
size group. Most of them are of V-VI size group. In these groups, the number of prolonged
and square flakes is almost the same. Broad flakes are considerably less. The majority of the
1OO
striking platforms are prepared by a single strike and the angles at the base are
90400°.
In all
groups, the majority of the artifacts belong to the core exploitation stage. The largest number
of flakes is from the exploitation of discoid and single-platform cores, as well as of cores with
a changed in orientation. Some of the flakes in group III are products of retouched tools or
of bifacial retouch. The number of broad artifacts is larger in groups III and IV.
The side the flakes from the Shenkin
Sklad
and Shevar
Dere
assemblages varies in
the range of groups IV to
VIII.
The predominant number offtakes from Shenkin
Sklad
bare traces from preparation of the core and an early phase of exploitation. At Shevar
Dere
the flakes from exploitation of the cores are predominant. In both assemblages,
in the majority of the flakes the direction of the scars at the dorsal surface matches the
direction of their detachment. Most of the striking platforms are prepared by a single
strike and the angles at the base are over
90°.
The hard hammer percussion technique
has been often used. In Shenkin
Sklad
no flakes were identified that are a product of
the exploitation of discoid cores. Most of the flakes are from single-platform cores.
The largest flakes (groups
XVI
and XV) from Shiroka Polyana area are found at
the
Karelova Reka
assemblage.
V.2. Typological analysis
V.2.1. Flint artifacts with double-sided treatment
-
bifacial artifacts and shapes
Bifacial Artifacts
Tanin
Ruchei
Ivanchovi
Kolibi
Shenkin
Sklad
Total
Leaf points
6
3
2
11
Bifacial scraper-knives
5
5
Bifacial forms
4
3
7
Core-like tools
3
Unsimple interpretation
4
4
In the
Tanin
Ruchei assemblage, four artifacts with a bifacial treatment were
identified (fig.
24, 25 1, 25 2).
The size of the artifacts is XII-XV group. The majority
is of group
XIII.
Four of the artifacts from Ivanchovi
Kolibi
are treated with a bifacial retouch,
mainly on the circumference area and partly on the surfaces. They are referred to the
group of artifacts with unsimple interpretation. These artifacts are of the core-like bifa¬
cial-shapes type and are from the early stages of preparation. The bifacial artifacts from
Ivanchovi
Kolibi
are larger in size
(XIV, XVI, XIX
groups) than the ones from
Tanin
Ruchei. They also differ by the type of the raw material.
The artifacts with a bifacial treatment from the Shenkin
(Kremenliv) Sklad
are
referred to the atypical bifacial forms and to the tools with unsimple interpretation (fig.
27 2).
These artifacts are large in size (XIV-XVII groups), with large, shallow scars cov¬
ering the surfaces. Some of the edges are covered with slightly steep large scars, which
form slightly exposed points.
V.2.2. Flint assemblages from Shiroka Polyana -leaf points with bifacial retouched
treatment (fig.
13 1, 3, 5; 14 1, 2, 4; 15 1-3)
The bifacial leaf points can be divided in two groups based on their metric char¬
acteristics:
У
Leaf points
5-7
cm long and ~
3
cm wide;
У
Leaf points
11-13
cm long and
4-5
cm wide;
101
Most of the points are
1.1 - 1.3
cm thick.
There are many peculiarities in the techniques used to form the leaf points from
Shiroka Polyana assemblages. The leaf points have a flat lower'surface and a bulging
upper surface. The lower surface is formed by flat retouch covering the surface along
the two side edges. After the lower surface was ready, the upper one was prepared by
semi-steep retouch. Thus the bulging side of the tool was formed. Most of the leaf-shaped
artifacts from Shiroka Polyana have an interesting bulging edge. It is formed by the
points of the scars of the retouch, done on the artifact's upper surface, with a direction
from the side edges towards the center, which meet the longitudinal symmetry axis of
the tool. This bulging edge is primarily formed in the base or the point parts of the tools.
This characteristic is observed in the smaller artifacts. We believe that the technique
for forming of leaf point and the bulging edge in the base or point parts of the upper
surface are specific features of the Shiroka Polyana assemblages.
V.2.3. Bifacial scraper-knives from the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
flint assemblage (fig.
22 1-4)
The diagnostic group of bifacial scraper-knives is only identified at Ivanchovi
Kolibi
and in none of the other assemblages from Shiroka Polyana. These tools have a convex
back. The blunting scar and the axis following the opposite edge form an obtuse angle.
The base and the point areas are retouched on both sides and thus form well protruding
points. The retouch on the lower surface is indistinct and uneven and covers only the
edges or the edge areas. Only one of the artifacts has a flat retouch that covers both sur¬
faces. The artifacts are relatively close in size, with one exception of a larger artifact.
V.2.4. A bifacial scraper from Shenkin
Sklad
flint assemblage
The artifact is prepared from a large flat natural piece
(XVI
group) with a slightly convex
edge formed by semi-steep, at some points
-
event flat, double-sided retouch (fig.
26 2).
V.2.5. Levallois flakes from Shiroka Polyana flint assemblages
Levallois flakes are found in only two of the assemblages
-
in
Tanin
Ruchei and in
Ivanchovi
Kolibi.
In both cases, the prolonged and the broad artifacts are equally present.
The flakes from Ivanchovi
Kolibi
are relatively larger in size (VIII-XII group), than those
from
Tanin
Ruchei that are of VI-VII size group. The majority of the flakes belong to the
exploitation stage with parallel scars on the dorsal surface. There is only one artifact from
the stage of primary exploitation and cut the surface of the preparated pre-core.
V.2.6. Scrapers from Shiroka Polyana flint assemblages
The common features of the scrapers from Shiroka Polyana assemblages are their
amorphous shape, the natural raw pieces used to produce the tools, the indistinct and
uneven retouch. The scrapers from
Tanin
Ruchei and Shenkin
Sklad
are larger than
the ones from Ivanchovi
Kolibi.
VI. THE EARLY AND MIDDLE PALEOLITHIC FLINT
ASSEMBLAGES FROM SHIROKA POLYANA IN
THE CONTEXT OF THE OLD WORLD PALEO¬
LITHIC CULTURES
The earliest traces of expansion towards Europe are dated back to the end of the
Pliocene
(2-1.9
million years BP). Before the strait of Bosphorus was formed (and the
102
Black
Sea was still a freshwater lake), representatives of the mega fauna migrated through
the Balkans and inhabited Western Europe and the Mediterranean areas. The next
expansion took place in the transition between the Pliocene and the Pleistocene, and is
marked by the earliest presence of
Panthern in
Greece and Italy. The early migration of
the big Bovidae from Asia to Europe and their appearance throughout Eastern Europe
is also dated to the transition from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene. The emergence of the
Megaceroidos is dated to the Jaramillo period of the Early Pleistocene
(Спасов
2001).
VI.2. The first men of the European continent. Migration routes.
The first men followed the migration routes of the cold-loving fauna to the Euro¬
pean continent as early as the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition. The evidence about this
expansion that we currently have dates back to
1-1.8
million years. The earliest Paleolithic
finds known so far are also dated to this period: Atapuerca (Spain); Isernia
la Pineta
(Italy); Kozarnika (Bulgaria); Dmanisi (Georgia); Ubeydia (Israel).
Three main migration routes to Europe are currently discusses:
S
Through the strait of Gibraltar
The finds at Atapuerca (the Iberian Peninsular) are dated to be
1
million years
of age. In the cold periods, the strait was not wider than
8-12
km. However, there is no
evidence of an early migration of animals across Gibraltar. No traces of such an early
migration on the northern shores of Africa (opposite to Gibraltar) have been found
either.
S
Through the strait of Bosphorus
There is ample evidence for early migration of animals through the Bosphorus. In
the cold periods the both the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles were dry land. The Early
Pleistocene finds at Ubeydia (to the South of the Bosphorus) are also of crucial impor¬
tance, because they are precisely dated
(1.4
million years) and have a clear stratigraphy.
(Rolland
1995,
Dennell, Roebroeks
1996)
However, the earliest evidence of the human
presence found in the territories of Turkey and Greece is dated as late as the beginning
of the Middle Pleistocene (Darlas
1995).
■/
Along the northern shores of the Black Sea to Eastern Europe
The hypothesis for the existence of this route is supported by the evidence from
the Early Paleolithic site of Dmanisi. However, there is no data so far from the territory
of Ukraine confirming a human presence during the Early Pliocene. Many authors also
emphasize that it might have been difficult to adapt to the cold and long winter in this
area.
S
From northern Africa through Sicily
This route is considered to be less probable (Villa
1994).
A very extensive migration to Europe begins in the middle of the Middle Pleisto¬
cene
(0.6-0.5
million years).
VI.4. The Early Paleolithic on the Balkans
The Balkan Peninsular has a key place as a crossroad between Asia, Africa and
Europe. It is situated on the most accessible way for the human invasion to Europe (Af¬
rica
-
Middle East
-
the Balkans).
Early Paleolithic finds on the Balkans are discovered in Turkey, Greece, Albania
and Bulgaria.
•
In Turkey, the earliest Paleolithic finds are from its European part
-
in the
Yarimburgaz Cave.
103
•
In Greece, Early Paleolithic fins are identified at the Petralona Cave; Kokinopilos
open site; and Korisia (to the south of Corfu Island).
•
In Albania, the Gaytan Cave (to the southeast of Shkoder) is dated to this period
(Runnels, Van
Ander 1993).
•
In Bulgaria, Early Paleolithic finds are located in the Kozarnika Cave (northwest¬
ern Bulgaria, near the town of Belogradchik) and in the Western Rhodope Mountains
(Shiroka Polyana, Kremenete).
S
The finds from the Kozarnika Cave are so far considered the earliest Early Paleo¬
lithic finds in Europe. The Early Paleolithic assemblages are dated to
600,000-1,500,000
years BP. It is characteristic for the artifacts from the upper levels that they are small,
there are many scrapers and rare atypical bifacial artifacts, some of which can be clas¬
sified as atypical bifaces. The artifacts from the lower levels are larger and are often of
prolonged shape (cores exploited in different directions, flakes and unintentional or
unplanned pieces with traces of steep and indenting retouch).
S
The finds from Shiroka Polyana are from open site. The bifacial artifacts may
be dated to the Early Paleolithic. The finds are referred to a later period than those
from Kozranika. Thus, they provide evidence for the inhabiting of the area during
800,000-500,000
years BP. Most of the Early Paleolithic finds in Europe are also dated
to this period. The dating is also supported by the presence of Early Paleolithic axes
(hachereau) in Kremenete, which is located about
10
km to the north of Shiroka Polyana.
The closest parallels of these tools are found in the Caucasus
-
in the Tsona Cave, and
are dated to
500,000
years BP (Lioubine
2002, 87; Ivanova 2003, 15).
The Early Paleolithic finds from northwestern Bulgaria (the Kozarkina Cave) and
the Western Rhodope Mountains (Shiroka Polyana, Kremenete, Tenekien
Obor)
provide
evidence of the fact that the route of the earliest migration to the European continent
passed through the Balkan Peninsular.
•
Shiroka Polyana
-
Middle Paleolithic
Many settlements and rich and diverse Middle Paleolithic cultures are discovered
across the European continent. In the Bulgarian territory, we can identify the follow¬
ing ones: atypical Charentian; typical Mousterian (Levallois and non-Levallois type);
East-Balkan Mousterian with leaf points
(Иванова
1979;
Иванова,
Сиракова,
1995,
48-50).
The presence of bifacial leaf points provides grounds to refer the Middle Paleo¬
lithic assemblages from Shiroka Polyana to the East-Balkan Mousterian with leaf points.
However, some of the analyzed features of their technique and typology characteristics
reveal elements that are not typical of the overall characteristics of the culture they are
referred to. The assemblages from Shiroka Polyana also differ by the technique used
to exploit the discoid and Levallois cores. The majority of the exploited cores are of the
Levallois type. In many cases, a single artifact bears traces from both discoid and Leval¬
lois core exploitation techniques. There is a great variety in the technique and typology
characteristics of the leaf points as well. The lower surface was formed first and then
the upper one, unlike in the case of Muselievo, where an alternative technique for leaf
points was applied. Yet another feature is the bulging edge in the point and base parts
running along the longitudinal axis of the leaf-shapes tools. These features provide
grounds for determining the Middle Paleolithic assemblages from Shiroka Polyana as
a regional variance of the East-Balkan Mousterian with leaf points. The nature of the
Micoquian elements in the Ivanchovi
Kolibi
assemblage (bifacial scraper-knives, bifacial
artifacts, etc.) is still to be analyzed.
104 |
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| author | Ivanova Stefanka |
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| author_role | aut |
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| bvnumber | BV022826459 |
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| language | Bulgarian |
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| record_format | marc |
| series2 | Razkopki i proučvanija / Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej |
| spelling | Ivanova Stefanka Verfasser aut Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" zapadni rodopi Stefanka Ivanova Sofija AIM-BAN 2006 137 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Razkopki i proučvanija / Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej 36 In kyrill. Schr., bulg.- Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early and middle palaeolithic flint assemblages from the area of Shiroka Polyana damp Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Early and Middle Palaeolithic flint assemblages from the area of Shiroka Polyana Damp, Western Rhodopes Mountain. Feuerstein (DE-588)4154279-4 gnd rswk-swf Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd rswk-swf Faustkeil (DE-588)4153798-1 gnd rswk-swf Westrhodopen (DE-588)4225122-9 gnd rswk-swf Westrhodopen (DE-588)4225122-9 g Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Feuerstein (DE-588)4154279-4 s Faustkeil (DE-588)4153798-1 s Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 s DE-604 Bălgarska Akademija na Naukite, Archeologičeski Institut s Muzej Razkopki i proučvanija 36 (DE-604)BV000005500 36 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016031736&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016031736&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Ivanova Stefanka Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" zapadni rodopi Feuerstein (DE-588)4154279-4 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd Faustkeil (DE-588)4153798-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4154279-4 (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4140148-7 (DE-588)4153798-1 (DE-588)4225122-9 |
| title | Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" zapadni rodopi |
| title_auth | Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" zapadni rodopi |
| title_exact_search | Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" zapadni rodopi |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" zapadni rodopi |
| title_full | Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" zapadni rodopi Stefanka Ivanova |
| title_fullStr | Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" zapadni rodopi Stefanka Ivanova |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" zapadni rodopi Stefanka Ivanova |
| title_short | Ranni i srednopaleolitni kremăčni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir "Široka poljana" |
| title_sort | ranni i srednopaleolitni kremacni ansambli ot rajona na jazovir siroka poljana zapadni rodopi |
| title_sub | zapadni rodopi |
| topic | Feuerstein (DE-588)4154279-4 gnd Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Paläolithikum (DE-588)4140148-7 gnd Faustkeil (DE-588)4153798-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Feuerstein Funde Paläolithikum Faustkeil Westrhodopen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016031736&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=016031736&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000005500 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ivanovastefanka ranniisrednopaleolitnikremacniansambliotrajonanajazovirsirokapoljanazapadnirodopi |