Extreme events: a physical reconstruction and risk assessment
"The assessment of risks posed by natural hazards such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis or tropical cyclones is often based on short-term historical records that may not reflect the full range or magnitude of events possible. As human populations grow, especially in hazard-prone areas...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge, UK
Cambridge University Press
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Table of contents only Contributor biographical information Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "The assessment of risks posed by natural hazards such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis or tropical cyclones is often based on short-term historical records that may not reflect the full range or magnitude of events possible. As human populations grow, especially in hazard-prone areas, methods for accurately assessing natural hazard risk are becoming increasingly important." "In Extreme Events Jonathan Nott describes the many methods used to reconstruct such hazards from natural long-term records. He demonstrates how long-term (multi-century of millennial) records are essential in gaining a realistic understanding of the variability of natural hazards and also demonstrates how short-term historical records can often misrepresent the likely risks associated with natural hazards." "This book will form a useful resource for students taking courses covering natural hazards and risk assessment. It will also be valuable for urban planners, policy makers and non-specialists as a guide to understanding and reconstructing long-term records of natural hazards."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 271-292) and index |
| Beschreibung: | x, 297 p. ill., maps 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 0521824125 9780521824125 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
1 Introduction 1
The problem with natural hazard risk assessments 1
The risk assessment process 3
Mathematical and statistical certainties versus realistic estimates
Stationarity in time series 8
Reality versus reasonableness 10
Concluding comments 13
Aims and scope of this book 15
2 Droughts 17
Historical droughts 17
Droughts and impacts 20
Palaeodroughts 22
Sand dunes 22
Lake sediments and geochemical signatures 25
Marine sediments 30
Foraminifera 31
Diatoms 33
Charcoal layers 34
Carbon isotopes 36
Oxygen isotopes 38
Nitrogen isotopes 41
Pollen and palaeobiology 42
Tree-ring analysis (dendrochronology) 45
Speleothem records 48
Conclusion 49
3 Floods 51
Causes of floods 51
Human-induced floods 53
viiì Contents
Characteristics of flood flows 54
Measurement of flood flows 54
Floods as a natural hazard 56
Social and economic impacts of floods 57
Palaeofloods 58
Slackwater sediments 59
Plunge pool deposits 63
Geobotanic indicators 66
Flow competence measures 66
Channel geometry 70
Coral luminescence 73
The largest known floods on Earth 74
Conclusion 75
Tropical cyclones 77
Formation of tropical cyclones 77
Impacts of tropical cyclones 79
Palaeotempestology and the prehistoric
record 85
Coral rubble/shingle ridges 86
Chenier and beach ridges 90
Sand splays 91
Washover deposits 94
Long-term cyclone frequencies 98
The intensity of prehistoric tropical cyclones 100
Risk assessment of tropical cyclones using historical
versus prehistorical records 104
Future developments in palaeotempestology 106
Conclusion 108
Tsunamis 109
Tsunami characteristics and formation 109
Meteotsunami 114
Modern tsunami impacts on coasts 115
Erosional features 116
Palaeotsunami 118
Sand sheets 119
Boulder deposits 128
Studies of coastal boulder movements 129
Determining the type of wave responsible for boulder
movements: a theoretical approach 132
Other forms of evidence for palaeotsunami 134
Conclusion 139
Contents ix
6 Earthquakes 140
Earthquakes and plate tectonics 140
Earthquake magnitude and intensity 143
High-magnitude historical earthquakes 145
Other hazards associated with earthquakes 147
Earthquake prediction 148
Palaeoearthquakes 149
Microfaults (upward fault terminations) 150
Liquefaction features 151
Seismic deformation of muddy sediments 155
Landform development (raised shorelines) 158
Point measurements of surface rupture 161
Landslide dammed lakes 162
Lake sediments 163
Archaeological evidence of prehistoric earthquakes 165
Tree-ring records (dendroseismology) and forest disturbance 171
Coral records of earthquakes 173
Conclusion 174
7 Landslides 176
Historical landslides 176
Magnitude of historical landslides 181
Landslide impacts 183
Palaeolandslides 183
Lichenometry 184
Tree-ring dating (dendrochronology) 188
Side-scan sonar 193
Stratigraphy 195
Aerial photography and field surveys 197
Statistical-modelling analysis 200
Conclusion 200
8 Volcanoes 202
Historical volcanoes 202
Volcano and eruption characteristics 202
Impacts 205
Magnitude 206
Palaeovolcanic eruptions 208
Archaeological evidence 209
Volcanoes and mythology 212
Stratigraphy and tephrochronology 213
Isotope and radiocarbon dating 216
Desktop studies 218
x Contents
Pollen records 220
Conclusion 220
9 Asteroids 222
Cosmic origins of asteroids 223
Asteroid types 224
Asteroid impacts with Earth 224
The risk of an asteroid impact 227
Historical events 228
Palaeoasteroid impacts with Earth 229
Impact craters: processes and effects 230
Shock processes in quartz as a diagnostic tool 234
Impact éjecta and spherules 235
Spinel 240
Iridium and other platinum-group elements (PGE) as indicators of
extraterrestrial impacts 242
Zircon as an indicator for extraterrestrial impacts 246
Isotopes as indicators of extraterrestrial impacts 248
Conclusion 250
10 Extreme events over time 251
Atmospherically generated extreme events 252
Non-atmospheric events 256
Quantitative evidence for non-randomness 258
Incorporating palaeorecords into hazard risk assessments 265
Future climate change and natural hazards 266
Appendix Dating techniques 268
Radiocarbon dating 268
Cosmogenic nuclide dating 268
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating 269
Uranium-series dating 269
Argon-Argon (Ar-Ar) dating 270
Alpha-recoil-track (ART) dating 270
References 271
Index 293
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
1 Introduction 1
The problem with natural hazard risk assessments 1
The risk assessment process 3
Mathematical and statistical certainties versus realistic estimates
Stationarity in time series 8
Reality versus reasonableness 10
Concluding comments 13
Aims and scope of this book 15
2 Droughts 17
Historical droughts 17
Droughts and impacts 20
Palaeodroughts 22
Sand dunes 22
Lake sediments and geochemical signatures 25
Marine sediments 30
Foraminifera 31
Diatoms 33
Charcoal layers 34
Carbon isotopes 36
Oxygen isotopes 38
Nitrogen isotopes 41
Pollen and palaeobiology 42
Tree-ring analysis (dendrochronology) 45
Speleothem records 48
Conclusion 49
3 Floods 51
Causes of floods 51
Human-induced floods 53
viiì Contents
Characteristics of flood flows 54
Measurement of flood flows 54
Floods as a natural hazard 56
Social and economic impacts of floods 57
Palaeofloods 58
Slackwater sediments 59
Plunge pool deposits 63
Geobotanic indicators 66
Flow competence measures 66
Channel geometry 70
Coral luminescence 73
The largest known floods on Earth 74
Conclusion 75
Tropical cyclones 77
Formation of tropical cyclones 77
Impacts of tropical cyclones 79
Palaeotempestology and the prehistoric
record 85
Coral rubble/shingle ridges 86
Chenier and beach ridges 90
Sand splays 91
Washover deposits 94
Long-term cyclone frequencies 98
The intensity of prehistoric tropical cyclones 100
Risk assessment of tropical cyclones using historical
versus prehistorical records 104
Future developments in palaeotempestology 106
Conclusion 108
Tsunamis 109
Tsunami characteristics and formation 109
Meteotsunami 114
Modern tsunami impacts on coasts 115
Erosional features 116
Palaeotsunami 118
Sand sheets 119
Boulder deposits 128
Studies of coastal boulder movements 129
Determining the type of wave responsible for boulder
movements: a theoretical approach 132
Other forms of evidence for palaeotsunami 134
Conclusion 139
Contents ix
6 Earthquakes 140
Earthquakes and plate tectonics 140
Earthquake magnitude and intensity 143
High-magnitude historical earthquakes 145
Other hazards associated with earthquakes 147
Earthquake prediction 148
Palaeoearthquakes 149
Microfaults (upward fault terminations) 150
Liquefaction features 151
Seismic deformation of muddy sediments 155
Landform development (raised shorelines) 158
Point measurements of surface rupture 161
Landslide dammed lakes 162
Lake sediments 163
Archaeological evidence of prehistoric earthquakes 165
Tree-ring records (dendroseismology) and forest disturbance 171
Coral records of earthquakes 173
Conclusion 174
7 Landslides 176
Historical landslides 176
Magnitude of historical landslides 181
Landslide impacts 183
Palaeolandslides 183
Lichenometry 184
Tree-ring dating (dendrochronology) 188
Side-scan sonar 193
Stratigraphy 195
Aerial photography and field surveys 197
Statistical-modelling analysis 200
Conclusion 200
8 Volcanoes 202
Historical volcanoes 202
Volcano and eruption characteristics 202
Impacts 205
Magnitude 206
Palaeovolcanic eruptions 208
Archaeological evidence 209
Volcanoes and mythology 212
Stratigraphy and tephrochronology 213
Isotope and radiocarbon dating 216
Desktop studies 218
x Contents
Pollen records 220
Conclusion 220
9 Asteroids 222
Cosmic origins of asteroids 223
Asteroid types 224
Asteroid impacts with Earth 224
The risk of an asteroid impact 227
Historical events 228
Palaeoasteroid impacts with Earth 229
Impact craters: processes and effects 230
Shock processes in quartz as a diagnostic tool 234
Impact éjecta and spherules 235
Spinel 240
Iridium and other platinum-group elements (PGE) as indicators of
extraterrestrial impacts 242
Zircon as an indicator for extraterrestrial impacts 246
Isotopes as indicators of extraterrestrial impacts 248
Conclusion 250
10 Extreme events over time 251
Atmospherically generated extreme events 252
Non-atmospheric events 256
Quantitative evidence for non-randomness 258
Incorporating palaeorecords into hazard risk assessments 265
Future climate change and natural hazards 266
Appendix Dating techniques 268
Radiocarbon dating 268
Cosmogenic nuclide dating 268
Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating 269
Uranium-series dating 269
Argon-Argon (Ar-Ar) dating 270
Alpha-recoil-track (ART) dating 270
References 271
Index 293 |
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| discipline | Allgemeines Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft Soziologie Geographie |
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| id | DE-604.BV022782605 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:36:50Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:06:02Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0521824125 9780521824125 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006282533 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015988088 |
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| physical | x, 297 p. ill., maps 26 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
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| publisher | Cambridge University Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Nott, Jonathan 1959- Verfasser (DE-588)138731780 aut Extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment Jonathan Nott 1. publ. Cambridge, UK Cambridge University Press 2006 x, 297 p. ill., maps 26 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 271-292) and index "The assessment of risks posed by natural hazards such as floods, droughts, earthquakes, tsunamis or tropical cyclones is often based on short-term historical records that may not reflect the full range or magnitude of events possible. As human populations grow, especially in hazard-prone areas, methods for accurately assessing natural hazard risk are becoming increasingly important." "In Extreme Events Jonathan Nott describes the many methods used to reconstruct such hazards from natural long-term records. He demonstrates how long-term (multi-century of millennial) records are essential in gaining a realistic understanding of the variability of natural hazards and also demonstrates how short-term historical records can often misrepresent the likely risks associated with natural hazards." "This book will form a useful resource for students taking courses covering natural hazards and risk assessment. It will also be valuable for urban planners, policy makers and non-specialists as a guide to understanding and reconstructing long-term records of natural hazards."--BOOK JACKET. Natural disasters Natural disasters Research Risk assessment Naturkatastrophe (DE-588)4041387-1 gnd rswk-swf Naturkatastrophe (DE-588)4041387-1 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0668/2006282533-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0668/2006282533-t.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0732/2006282533-b.html Contributor biographical information HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015988088&sequence=000008&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nott, Jonathan 1959- Extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment Natural disasters Natural disasters Research Risk assessment Naturkatastrophe (DE-588)4041387-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4041387-1 |
| title | Extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment |
| title_auth | Extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment |
| title_exact_search | Extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment |
| title_full | Extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment Jonathan Nott |
| title_fullStr | Extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment Jonathan Nott |
| title_full_unstemmed | Extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment Jonathan Nott |
| title_short | Extreme events |
| title_sort | extreme events a physical reconstruction and risk assessment |
| title_sub | a physical reconstruction and risk assessment |
| topic | Natural disasters Natural disasters Research Risk assessment Naturkatastrophe (DE-588)4041387-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Natural disasters Natural disasters Research Risk assessment Naturkatastrophe |
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