Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu: studium archeologiczno-osadnicze
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Lublin
Wydawn. Uniw. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | Wyd. 2 uzup. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Chodelska Valley in the early Middle Ages. - Na s. przytyt.: 60 lat Wydawnictwa UMCS. |
| Beschreibung: | 191 s., [1] k. złoż. Ill., Kt. 30 cm |
| ISBN: | 9788322726242 8322726244 |
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Chodelska Valley in the early Middle Ages. - Na s. przytyt.: 60 lat Wydawnictwa UMCS. | ||
| 505 | 0 | |a Bibliogr. s. 113-123 oraz przy Aneksie 1 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 700-1000 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Osadnictwo człowieka / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina / średniowiecze |2 jhpk | |
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| 650 | 7 | |a Osadnictwo człowieka - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina - średniowiecze |2 jhpk | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Wykopaliska archeologiczne - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina |2 jhpk | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137038075658240 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Spis
tresei
Od autora
............................ 7
Wstęp
.............................. 9
1.
Przedmiot i zakres pracy
...................... 9
2.
Dzieje badań
.......................... 11
3.
Stan źródeł i opracowań
...................... 17
I. Archeologiczne rozpoznanie kompleksu stanowisk w Chodliku i okolicy
........ 23
1.
Zespół osadniczy w Chodliku (stanowiska
1-4)............... 23
2.
Zespół osadniczy w Żmijowiskach (stanowiska 1/10A, 2/10B i 2/10C)
........ 32
3.
Zespół osadniczy w Kłodnicy (stanowiska
1, 2)............... 36
4.
Grodzisko w Podgórzu (stanowisko
1).................. 37
5.
Grodzisko w Leszczynie (stanowisko
1).................. 38
6.
Zespoły osadnicze w rejonie Opola Lubelskiego
............... 40
II.
Rozwój struktur osadniczych
..................... 44
1.
Formy zabudowy
........................ 44
2.
Osady
............................ 50
3.
Grody
............................ 52
III. Podstawy gospodarcze
....................... 61
1.
Uprawa ziemi
......................... 61
2.
Hodowla
........................... 63
3.
Łowiectwo
.......................... 64
IV.
Działalność wyspecjalizowana
..................... 65
1.
Garncarstwo
.......................... 65
2.
Hutnictwo i kowalstwo
....................... 70
V.
Połączenia komunikacyjne
...................... 73
VI.
„Opole chodelskie w świetle badań archeologicznych
............. 75
Zakończenie
............................ 80
Aneks
1
Zarys fizjografii Kotliny Chodelskiej
................... 85
Aneks
2
Wyniki badań materiałów paleobotanicznych z wykopalisk w Chodliku, stanowiska
1,2,
i Żmijowiskach,
stanowisko 2/10B, powiat Opole Lubelskie
................ 94
Aneks
3
Katalog stanowisk Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski
............... 99
Wykaz stosowanych skrótów
....................... 111
Bibliografìa
............................ 113
Summary
The Chodelska
Valley in the Early Middle Ages
................ 124
Spis rycin i tablic..........................
129
Tablice
............................. 133
Summary
The Chodelska Valley in the Early Middle Ages
The aim of this study is to outline
—
in the light of archaeological research
—
conditions in which
the local community
(vicinici)
developed in the Chodelska Valley from 8th to 10th centuries. The present
amplified edition has been prepared for and subsidized by the local government administration in
Opole
Lubelskie
and the district council in
Karczmiska.
In the Introduction, the author delineates the geographical and chronological boundaries of the studied
area, presents the state of research and available archaeological sources. Chapter I summarizes the state
of archaeological research into settlement complexes in Chodlik, Zmijowiska and
Opole Lubelskie,
as well as strongholds in
Kłodnica, Podgórz
and
Leszczyna.
Chapter II contains an analysis of the
remnants of dwellings and pits discovered on these sites. It also presents characteristic features of the
settlements and strongholds. Chapter III discusses the valley inhabitants main occupations such as
farming, gathering, breeding, and hunting. Chapter IV analyses pottery and iron production. Chapter V
presents travel routes in the Chodelska Valley, and Chapter VI discusses the problem of vicinia in the
light of archaeological evidence. In Appendix
1
J. Nogaj-Chachaj presents an overview of the natural
environment in the Chodelska Valley. Appendix
2
shows results of paleobotanical analysis of samples
from Chodlik and Zmijowiska. Appendix
3
comprises a catalogue of early mediaeval sites known from
the AZP fieldwalking survey (The Archaeological Map of Poland project) carried out in the entire
Chodelska Valley.
The Chodelska Valley is situated in the west of the Lublin Upland. It is a broad plain, shaped like
a triangle, the base of which is directed towards the valley of the Middle Vistula. Prof. A. Gardawski
with a team of archeologists carried out excavations in Chodlik in
1952-1972.
S. Hoczyk continued the
works in
1975-1976,
and resumed research in
2000
with P.
Lis
(2000-2002)
(Pl.
2).
Excavations were
also conducted in Zmijowiska (sites
1/10
A, 2/10B, 2/10C) in
1965
by S. Hoczyk and in
2000
by P.
Lis
(PL
29, 30),
Kłodnica
(in
1976
by
A. Kutyłowski
and S. Hoczyk) (PI.
35),
Podgórz
(site
1/55
in
2002
by
Ł.
Rejniewicz, R.
Niedźwiadek,
and
A. Rozwałka)
(Pl.
38)
and
Leszczyna
(G.
Mączka, R. Niedźwidek
and
al.,
1995)
(Pl.
41).
The total area excavated in the Chodelska Valley amounts to approx.
6 500
m2.
Artifacts found during these excavations include: large collection of pottery fragments, objects made
of iron (PI.
26, 27),
bronze, glass (PI.
26)
and stone (PI.
28).
Animals bones, paleobotanical and
dendrochronological samples were also obtained.
The results of the dendrochronological and C14 radiocarbon analysis (see Tab.
2)
helped the author
of this study to determine a chronology of the early medieval settlement in the valley. The development
of the settlement can be divided into three stages. The first stage (8th-2nd half of 9th c.) is connected
with the functioning of the settlement complex in Chodlik. In the second stage
(2nd
half of 9th-10th c.)
Kłodnica
and Zmijowiska were constructed and took over as main strongholds, while in the third stage
The Chodelska
Valley
in the Early Middle Ages
___________________________ 125
(llth-Dth c.) the strongholds were destroyed and the settlement in the west of the Chodelska Valley
become dispersed.
Chapter I presents the results of archaeological research into settlements and strongholds. The
settlement complex in Chodlik occupies the area of approx.
23
ha. It consists of a stronghold (site
1-7.5
ha) and two adjacent settlements (sites
2
and
3-15
ha) (Pl.l,
3, 4).
The stronghold in Chodlik is surrounded by three earthworks. Their state of preservation varies
(Fig.1-2, PI.
4).
No timber constructions were found in the first (internal) earthwork (I) (PI.
9).
In the
eastern part of the middle earthwork (II) (PI.
10-12)
as well as in the northern part of the earthwork III
archaeologists discovered charred relics of the timber „box-like structures (PI.
14-15).
As radiocarbon
dates for timber structures in earthworks II and III are similar (Tab.
2),
it is probable that both were
used in the same period, i.e. the second half of the 8th and 9th
с
In the trenches located between the
earthworks I/II and
ΙΙ/ΠΙ
archaeologists unearthed remains of hearths, pottery shards, animal bones and
other artifacts.
Inside the Chodlik stronghold, on the elevated parts of the terrain, archaeologists discovered remains
of hearths in the culture layer at the depth of
0,30
to
0,50
m. (PL
3, 5, 6, 7).
At the depth of
1,25
m
the
lower part of a timber well
(1
m x
0,80
m)
was found (PL
8),
dated dendrochronologically to the first
half of
8ťh c. (M.
Krąpiec,
1998).
A bronze spur, found in a trench on are
11
B, is one of the most important artifacts discovered in the
Chodlik (PL
6, 26).
While A. Gardawski dated it to 6th
с
(see the critical remarks of M.
Parczewski,
1973),
the object is now believed to come from the first half of the 8th
с. (К.
Wachowski,
1991,
pp.
91-94).
One adjacent settlement is located in the south
—
east of the stronghold. The settlement s size has
been determined on the basis of potsherds distribution on the surface of the ground. In
1963
some
pits in the settlement were excavated. (PL
17-18).
The archaeological research carried out in the other
settlement, north
—
east of the stronghold also included fieldwalking and excavation of one hearth on
the so called „Deszczak s field (PL
24).
The entire settlement complex in Chodlik can be dated to 8th- 9th
с
on the basis of:
(1)
radiocarbon
dates obtained for the timber from the internal earthwork (II);
(2)
large assemblage of „Chodlik-type
pottery found in trench
2/2000,
and
(3)
other significant artifacts (bronze and iron eyelet spurs, glass
beads, etc. (PL
26).
The stronghold in
Żmijowiska
is
35
m
in diameter, has a single earthwork, and is linked with
a settlement. Both sites are situated on a sandy hill and occupy
1.5
ha (PL
29).
In the north of the
settlement the archaeologists unearthed relics of two square sunken-floored huts with hearths (PL
31).
In
the hut no.
1
they found a bronze belt fitting dated to 10th
с
(PL
32,
for analogical finds see Blifeld,
1977,
tab. VI, pp.
126-127),
an iron arrowhead-like object
(grzywna
grotopodobna)
—
which may have been
used as money
—
dated to the second half of 9th-10th
с
(PL
32,
P. Kotowicz,
2002,
pp.
224-225),
and
some unidentified iron objects. In the hut no.
2
they discovered a spindle whorl, made of stone imported
from the Owrucz area
(łupek
owrucki) (PL
32).
Spindle whorls of this kind are dated to the second half
of 10th to 13th centuries (M. Woloszyn,
2003,
p.529) The pit no.
12
in the southern part of the settlement
yielded an iron axe of the so-called bradatica type, dated to 9-lOth
с
(PL
32)
(K. Wachowski,
1981,
p.155, Fig
3).
In the upper part of the stronghold s single earthwork (trench
1/2002)
the archaeologists
found charred relics of fence-like structures made of oak beams put horizontally one upon the other (PL
34).
They were dated by dendrochronology to
888
AD (M.
Krąpiec,
2002)
and by C14 to the second
half of 9th and 10th
с
(Tab.
2).
The stronghold in
Kłodnica,
considerably leveled down at present, is
70
m
in diameter (PL
35).
Most
trenches were located on an earthwork. The archaeologists did not discover any remnants of buildings
inside the stronghold. The stronghold is generally dated to 9th-10th
с
on the basis of pottery fragments
(group D) found there (PL
37).
The stronghold in
Podgórz
(site
1/55)
is situated on a loess hill. It was excavated in
2002
(PL
38).
The earthworks, still visible at the beginning of the 20th c, have been destroyed. The archaeologists
discovered a part of a square sunken-floored hut with charred timber walls (PL
39).
Radiocarbon dating
126 __________________________________—
Summary
of the timber (Tab.
2)
points to the first part of the 8th
с
as the
tíme
of the hut construction. There were
potsherds classified as group
С
in the gathered collection (PI.
40).
The stronghold in
Leszczyna
is located on a high loess hill,
5
km from the sources of the Chodelka
river (PI.
41^-2).
The stronghold is
180
m
in diameter, almost circular in shape, and occupies the area
of approx.
2,5
ha. Two earthworks have been preserved to our times, with a wide space between them. In
the trenches located close to the earthworks archaeologists discovered some granite stones and potsherds
dated to 8th-9th
с
(PL
43).
The stronghold was surrounded with settlements, situated on the
Urzędówka
and
Wyżnica
rivers, which constituted the boundaries of the territory of the local community
(Urzędów
vicinici).
The settlement complex, which was identified during the AZP walkover survey and which comprises
Opole Lubelskie, Niezdów
and
Zagrody
(Pl.
44),
is particularly interesting. Burial mounds found in the
vicinity of
Opole Lubelskie,
in the villages of
Baba, Skoków
and
Górna Owczarnia,
were studied by
W. Olechnowicz. In
1897
he excavated and described
22
mounds with cremated human remains. Much
later, Helena Zoll-Adamikowa presented the mounds localization. (P1.45).
Chapter II discusses forms of buildings erected in settlements as well as characterizes settlements
and strongholds in the Chodelska Valley. The archaeologists discovered traces of two types of dwellings
in this area, namely aboveground and sunken-floored buildings. The former were probably timber huts
built on the ground. Their remains are flat hearths made of granite pebbles, found in the stronghold in
Chodlik and in the settlements (site
1).
The traces of the latter type of buildings are pits of various sizes.
Some of these features are treated as lower parts of sunken-floored square huts (the huts
nos.
1
and
2
in
Żmijowiska
(Pl.
31),
and feature
2
in
Podgórz
(Pl.
38)),
others are also interpreted as parts of sunken
buildings or as storage pits (PI.
23).
There are remains of
4
strongholds in the western part of Chodelska Valley
—
Chodlik,
Kłodnica,
Żmijowiska
and
Podgórz.
Earthworks have been partially preserved in case of the first three but totally
destroyed in
Podgórz.
The stronghold in
Leszczyna
is located outside the valley but is closely connected
with its settlement.
Strongholds were circular or elliptical in shape. They differed in size, the biggest one in Chodlik
occupied the area of
8
ha, while the smallest in
Żmijowiska
only
0,10
ha. Podgórz
and
Leszczyna
are
of an average size, approx.
2
and
3
ha respectively, and
Kłodnica
is small
— 0,40
ha. In an earlier
phase of settlement (8th-9th c.) the strongholds erected both in the lowlands (Chodlik) and on the loess
hills
(Leszczyna)
were big and had two or three walls. The change in size occurred at the end of 9th
с
(Żmijowiska).
Strongholds in the Chodelska Valley can be also divided according to the number of earthworks.
Big strongholds with several defensive walls can be found in northeastern Little Poland and
Podlasie,
east of the middle Vistula. Strongholds with concentric walls are dominant.
Guciów,
where earthworks
location was conditioned by
landform
features, is one known example of a different model in use (PI.
50).
Archaeologists described
14
multi-wall strongholds between the Vistula and the Bug. They can
be grouped into the following settlement structures (PI.
50): 1)
„chodelskie (Chodlik,
Leszczyna);
2)
„chełmskie^east
of the
Wieprz
river
(Ewopole, Busówno, Pawłów, Tarnów);
3)
„podlaskie (Dzięcioły,
Huszlew, Krzesk Królowa Niwa, Walim);
4)
„grabowieckie (Majdan Nowy, Skibice) and
5)
„guciow-
skie (Guciów,
Lipsko?).
One-wall strongholds constitute another group. They occur in the northern part of the Lublin Upland
(Kłodnica, Żmijowiska,
Motycz, Sajczyce) or in the Bug river basin
(Busieniec, Gródek, Czermno).
Strongholds were central points in the lives of the inhabitants of local and neighbourly communities,
which are treated by medievalists as civitates, mentioned by Bavarian Geographer in his chronicle
(comp.
L.
Tyszkiewicz,
1993,
p.
8).
In Sth-lOth
с
there were three civitates
(?)
(„chodelski ,
„lubelski ,
„dorohucki ) localized in the northern part of the Lublin Upland, in the river basins of the main rivers:
Vistula,
Bystrzyca
and
Wieprz.
The next four
(„zawichojski , „guciowski , „skibicki , „czerwieński )
were located in the southern part of this area.
The Chodelska Valley in the Early Middle Ages
___________________________
1
27
Chapter III discusses the main occupations of the valley s inhabitants, such as farming, breeding
cattle and pigs, gathering and hunting. The paleobotanical analysis (Appendix
2,
Tab.
3-4)
shows that
the inhabitants of the valley cultivated the following cereals: millet
(Panicům
miliaceum), wheat (Triticum
aestivum), rye
{Secale
sereale), barley {Hordeum
vulgare);
pulses: peas (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens
culinaris),
Vicia
fába var
minor and
cannabis (Cannabis
sativa).
Breeding cattle was important for their
economy, as is confirmed by the percentage of cattle bones found in Chodlik
(59%)
and
Żmijowiska
(63%);
pigs were less popular
— 35 %
in Chodlik and
13,6%
in
Żmijowiska.
In contrast, other animal
bones were not so numerous: goat/sheep
(2%
on both sites), and horses (above
3%
on both sites). The
percentage of wild animals bones was low in Chodlik
(1.8%),
but much higher in
Żmijowiska
(14 3%)
(Tab.
5).
Chapter IV is devoted to pottery and iron production. Two methods are currently used in the analysis
of ceramics:
1)
detailed analysis of shards obtained from the excavations, and
2)
experimental production
of vessels. The collection of pottery fragments obtained from the excavations was examined and divided
into
4
groups: A
—
vessels exclusively handmade (PI.
46);
В
—
handmade vessels whose edges show
traces of being spun on a potter s wheel (PI.
47);
С
—
handmade vessels whose surface shows traces
of the partial use of a potter s wheel; the vessels are ornamented with waving and horizontal lines (the
so-called „Chodlik type ) (PI.
48);
D
—
handmade vessels whose surface shows traces of the partial
use of a potter s wheel; the vessels are ornamented with waving lines and parallel grooves
(Żmijowiska)
(Pl.
49).
In
2001
the archaeologists discovered layers of plastic loam in a trench on the earthwork III. In
2003
this loam was used in an archaeological experiment, whose aim was to make vessels by hand and with
a partial use of a potter s wheel, imitating the early medieval techniques used in production of pottery
from Chodlik. The vessels were later on baked in temp, of approx.
800°
C, in a specially prepared pit
(0.6
m
deep), layered with limestone (see the book cover). As the experiment was successful,
Paweł
Lis
(archaeologist) and
Marta Wasilczyk
(ceramicist) decided to conduct similar experiments every summer.
The collection of
19
iron objects and
5
slags found in Chodlik and
Żmijowiska
were subjected
to analysis, which proved that local ironmasters mastered the skill of smelting iron from local ore in
primitive smelting furnaces. The smiths also knew how to produce steel and how to harden iron objects
produced in a smithy (J. Piaskowski,
1990).
In Chapter V, on the basis of strongholds location, hoards and artifacts distribution (coins, spindle
whorls from Owrucz area) from 8th to 10th c, the author attempted to draw main directions of travel
routes, which crossed the Lublin Upland at that time. The fords on the Vistula in
Podgórz, Kłodnica
and
Piotrawin linked the western part of the Lublin Upland to the Polish Lowlands (PI.
51).
The two artifacts
discovered in
Żmijowiska
(bronze belt fitting and spindle whorl from Owrucz) suggest that long-distance
trade-routes may have run across the valley.
Chapter VI recapitulates on the results of archaeological research into the development of early
mediaeval settlement in the Chodelska Valley. The name
opole,
(Lat.
vicinici)
preserved in the name of
the town
Opole Lubelskie,
suggests that this territory had been organized as vicinia before Polish state
was founded (PI.
54, 56).
The inhabitants of „Chodlik vicinia occupied the area of
240
km
2
in the
western part of the Chodelska Valley (PI.
57).
In Conclusion the author presents chronology of events in the Chodelska Valley from 6th to 10th
с
In
601-701
с
the Lublin Upland was under the influence of the Prague culture and the Sclavinians, who
occupied the territory reaching from the lower Danube, along the East Carpatians to the Vistula. The
settlements in Wlostowice upon the Vistula, in Lublin upon the
Bystrzyca,
and in
Gródek
upon the Bug
are dated to this period.
The settlement between the Vistula and the Bug increased considerably in the 8th-9th
с
At that
time, the Chodelska Valley became inhabited by the newcomers who had arrived most probably from
the south, along the Vistula route. Evidence of their southern origins can be found in production of
„Chodlik-type pottery, in erection of big, multi-walled strongholds and in cremation of their dead,
buried in mounds. The strongholds erected in Chodlik and
Leszczyna
constituted central points of their
128 ___________________________________
Summary
____________________________________
local communities (PL
56-57).
At the end of 9th
с
the stronghold in Chodlik was destroyed and never
regained its former significance. New strongholds were erected in Zmijowiska (after
888)
and Klodnica.
The Piasts started their expansion from
Gniezno
in the second half of 10th
с
Most probably, they
reached northern Little Poland via fords on the Vistula in the Chodelska Valley to eventually incorporate
northeastern Little Poland to their state. The Piasts built their main stronghold on the castle hill in Lublin,
which used to be a tribal center, situated on the main trade routes from the East. In 11th—12th
с
Lublin
became the center of state and church administration.
Translated by
Małgorzata Rutkowska
|
| adam_txt |
Spis
tresei
Od autora
. 7
Wstęp
. 9
1.
Przedmiot i zakres pracy
. 9
2.
Dzieje badań
. 11
3.
Stan źródeł i opracowań
. 17
I. Archeologiczne rozpoznanie kompleksu stanowisk w Chodliku i okolicy
. 23
1.
Zespół osadniczy w Chodliku (stanowiska
1-4). 23
2.
Zespół osadniczy w Żmijowiskach (stanowiska 1/10A, 2/10B i 2/10C)
. 32
3.
Zespół osadniczy w Kłodnicy (stanowiska
1, 2). 36
4.
Grodzisko w Podgórzu (stanowisko
1). 37
5.
Grodzisko w Leszczynie (stanowisko
1). 38
6.
Zespoły osadnicze w rejonie Opola Lubelskiego
. 40
II.
Rozwój struktur osadniczych
. 44
1.
Formy zabudowy
. 44
2.
Osady
. 50
3.
Grody
. 52
III. Podstawy gospodarcze
. 61
1.
Uprawa ziemi
. 61
2.
Hodowla
. 63
3.
Łowiectwo
. 64
IV.
Działalność wyspecjalizowana
. 65
1.
Garncarstwo
. 65
2.
Hutnictwo i kowalstwo
. 70
V.
Połączenia komunikacyjne
. 73
VI.
„Opole chodelskie" w świetle badań archeologicznych
. 75
Zakończenie
. 80
Aneks
1
Zarys fizjografii Kotliny Chodelskiej
. 85
Aneks
2
Wyniki badań materiałów paleobotanicznych z wykopalisk w Chodliku, stanowiska
1,2,
i Żmijowiskach,
stanowisko 2/10B, powiat Opole Lubelskie
. 94
Aneks
3
Katalog stanowisk Archeologicznego Zdjęcia Polski
. 99
Wykaz stosowanych skrótów
. 111
Bibliografìa
. 113
Summary
The Chodelska
Valley in the Early Middle Ages
. 124
Spis rycin i tablic.
129
Tablice
. 133
Summary
The Chodelska Valley in the Early Middle Ages
The aim of this study is to outline
—
in the light of archaeological research
—
conditions in which
the local community
(vicinici)
developed in the Chodelska Valley from 8th to 10th centuries. The present
amplified edition has been prepared for and subsidized by the local government administration in
Opole
Lubelskie
and the district council in
Karczmiska.
In the Introduction, the author delineates the geographical and chronological boundaries of the studied
area, presents the state of research and available archaeological sources. Chapter I summarizes the state
of archaeological research into settlement complexes in Chodlik, Zmijowiska and
Opole Lubelskie,
as well as strongholds in
Kłodnica, Podgórz
and
Leszczyna.
Chapter II contains an analysis of the
remnants of dwellings and pits discovered on these sites. It also presents characteristic features of the
settlements and strongholds. Chapter III discusses the valley inhabitants' main occupations such as
farming, gathering, breeding, and hunting. Chapter IV analyses pottery and iron production. Chapter V
presents travel routes in the Chodelska Valley, and Chapter VI discusses the problem of vicinia in the
light of archaeological evidence. In Appendix
1
J. Nogaj-Chachaj presents an overview of the natural
environment in the Chodelska Valley. Appendix
2
shows results of paleobotanical analysis of samples
from Chodlik and Zmijowiska. Appendix
3
comprises a catalogue of early mediaeval sites known from
the AZP fieldwalking survey (The Archaeological Map of Poland project) carried out in the entire
Chodelska Valley.
The Chodelska Valley is situated in the west of the Lublin Upland. It is a broad plain, shaped like
a triangle, the base of which is directed towards the valley of the Middle Vistula. Prof. A. Gardawski
with a team of archeologists carried out excavations in Chodlik in
1952-1972.
S. Hoczyk continued the
works in
1975-1976,
and resumed research in
2000
with P.
Lis
(2000-2002)
(Pl.
2).
Excavations were
also conducted in Zmijowiska (sites
1/10
A, 2/10B, 2/10C) in
1965
by S. Hoczyk and in
2000
by P.
Lis
(PL
29, 30),
Kłodnica
(in
1976
by
A. Kutyłowski
and S. Hoczyk) (PI.
35),
Podgórz
(site
1/55
in
2002
by
Ł.
Rejniewicz, R.
Niedźwiadek,
and
A. Rozwałka)
(Pl.
38)
and
Leszczyna
(G.
Mączka, R. Niedźwidek
and
al.,
1995)
(Pl.
41).
The total area excavated in the Chodelska Valley amounts to approx.
6 500
m2.
Artifacts found during these excavations include: large collection of pottery fragments, objects made
of iron (PI.
26, 27),
bronze, glass (PI.
26)
and stone (PI.
28).
Animals' bones, paleobotanical and
dendrochronological samples were also obtained.
The results of the dendrochronological and C14 radiocarbon analysis (see Tab.
2)
helped the author
of this study to determine a chronology of the early medieval settlement in the valley. The development
of the settlement can be divided into three stages. The first stage (8th-2nd half of 9th c.) is connected
with the functioning of the settlement complex in Chodlik. In the second stage
(2nd
half of 9th-10th c.)
Kłodnica
and Zmijowiska were constructed and took over as main strongholds, while in the third stage
The Chodelska
Valley
in the Early Middle Ages
_ 125
(llth-Dth c.) the strongholds were destroyed and the settlement in the west of the Chodelska Valley
become dispersed.
Chapter I presents the results of archaeological research into settlements and strongholds. The
settlement complex in Chodlik occupies the area of approx.
23
ha. It consists of a stronghold (site
1-7.5
ha) and two adjacent settlements (sites
2
and
3-15
ha) (Pl.l,
3, 4).
The stronghold in Chodlik is surrounded by three earthworks. Their state of preservation varies
(Fig.1-2, PI.
4).
No timber constructions were found in the first (internal) earthwork (I) (PI.
9).
In the
eastern part of the middle earthwork (II) (PI.
10-12)
as well as in the northern part of the earthwork III
archaeologists discovered charred relics of the timber „box-like" structures (PI.
14-15).
As radiocarbon
dates for timber structures in earthworks II and III are similar (Tab.
2),
it is probable that both were
used in the same period, i.e. the second half of the 8th and 9th
с
In the trenches located between the
earthworks I/II and
ΙΙ/ΠΙ
archaeologists unearthed remains of hearths, pottery shards, animal bones and
other artifacts.
Inside the Chodlik stronghold, on the elevated parts of the terrain, archaeologists discovered remains
of hearths in the culture layer at the depth of
0,30
to
0,50
m. (PL
3, 5, 6, 7).
At the depth of
1,25
m
the
lower part of a timber well
(1
m x
0,80
m)
was found (PL
8),
dated dendrochronologically to the first
half of
8ťh c. (M.
Krąpiec,
1998).
A bronze spur, found in a trench on are
11
B, is one of the most important artifacts discovered in the
Chodlik (PL
6, 26).
While A. Gardawski dated it to 6th
с
(see the critical remarks of M.
Parczewski,
1973),
the object is now believed to come from the first half of the 8th
с. (К.
Wachowski,
1991,
pp.
91-94).
One adjacent settlement is located in the south
—
east of the stronghold. The settlement's size has
been determined on the basis of potsherds distribution on the surface of the ground. In
1963
some
pits in the settlement were excavated. (PL
17-18).
The archaeological research carried out in the other
settlement, north
—
east of the stronghold also included fieldwalking and excavation of one hearth on
the so called „Deszczak's field" (PL
24).
The entire settlement complex in Chodlik can be dated to 8th- 9th
с
on the basis of:
(1)
radiocarbon
dates obtained for the timber from the internal earthwork (II);
(2)
large assemblage of „Chodlik-type"
pottery found in trench
2/2000,
and
(3)
other significant artifacts (bronze and iron eyelet spurs, glass
beads, etc. (PL
26).
The stronghold in
Żmijowiska
is
35
m
in diameter, has a single earthwork, and is linked with
a settlement. Both sites are situated on a sandy hill and occupy
1.5
ha (PL
29).
In the north of the
settlement the archaeologists unearthed relics of two square sunken-floored huts with hearths (PL
31).
In
the hut no.
1
they found a bronze belt fitting dated to 10th
с
(PL
32,
for analogical finds see Blifeld,
1977,
tab. VI, pp.
126-127),
an iron arrowhead-like object
(grzywna
grotopodobna)
—
which may have been
used as money
—
dated to the second half of 9th-10th
с
(PL
32,
P. Kotowicz,
2002,
pp.
224-225),
and
some unidentified iron objects. In the hut no.
2
they discovered a spindle whorl, made of stone imported
from the Owrucz area
(łupek
owrucki) (PL
32).
Spindle whorls of this kind are dated to the second half
of 10th to 13th centuries (M. Woloszyn,
2003,
p.529) The pit no.
12
in the southern part of the settlement
yielded an iron axe of the so-called bradatica type, dated to 9-lOth
с
(PL
32)
(K. Wachowski,
1981,
p.155, Fig
3).
In the upper part of the stronghold's single earthwork (trench
1/2002)
the archaeologists
found charred relics of fence-like structures made of oak beams put horizontally one upon the other (PL
34).
They were dated by dendrochronology to
888
AD (M.
Krąpiec,
2002)
and by C14 to the second
half of 9th and 10th
с
(Tab.
2).
The stronghold in
Kłodnica,
considerably leveled down at present, is
70
m
in diameter (PL
35).
Most
trenches were located on an earthwork. The archaeologists did not discover any remnants of buildings
inside the stronghold. The stronghold is generally dated to 9th-10th
с
on the basis of pottery fragments
(group D) found there (PL
37).
The stronghold in
Podgórz
(site
1/55)
is situated on a loess hill. It was excavated in
2002
(PL
38).
The earthworks, still visible at the beginning of the 20th c, have been destroyed. The archaeologists
discovered a part of a square sunken-floored hut with charred timber walls (PL
39).
Radiocarbon dating
126 _—
Summary
of the timber (Tab.
2)
points to the first part of the 8th
с
as the
tíme
of the hut construction. There were
potsherds classified as group
С
in the gathered collection (PI.
40).
The stronghold in
Leszczyna
is located on a high loess hill,
5
km from the sources of the Chodelka
river (PI.
41^-2).
The stronghold is
180
m
in diameter, almost circular in shape, and occupies the area
of approx.
2,5
ha. Two earthworks have been preserved to our times, with a wide space between them. In
the trenches located close to the earthworks archaeologists discovered some granite stones and potsherds
dated to 8th-9th
с
(PL
43).
The stronghold was surrounded with settlements, situated on the
Urzędówka
and
Wyżnica
rivers, which constituted the boundaries of the territory of the local community
(Urzędów
vicinici).
The settlement complex, which was identified during the AZP walkover survey and which comprises
Opole Lubelskie, Niezdów
and
Zagrody
(Pl.
44),
is particularly interesting. Burial mounds found in the
vicinity of
Opole Lubelskie,
in the villages of
Baba, Skoków
and
Górna Owczarnia,
were studied by
W. Olechnowicz. In
1897
he excavated and described
22
mounds with cremated human remains. Much
later, Helena Zoll-Adamikowa presented the mounds' localization. (P1.45).
Chapter II discusses forms of buildings erected in settlements as well as characterizes settlements
and strongholds in the Chodelska Valley. The archaeologists discovered traces of two types of dwellings
in this area, namely aboveground and sunken-floored buildings. The former were probably timber huts
built on the ground. Their remains are flat hearths made of granite pebbles, found in the stronghold in
Chodlik and in the settlements (site
1).
The traces of the latter type of buildings are pits of various sizes.
Some of these features are treated as lower parts of sunken-floored square huts (the huts
nos.
1
and
2
in
Żmijowiska
(Pl.
31),
and feature
2
in
Podgórz
(Pl.
38)),
others are also interpreted as parts of sunken
buildings or as storage pits (PI.
23).
There are remains of
4
strongholds in the western part of Chodelska Valley
—
Chodlik,
Kłodnica,
Żmijowiska
and
Podgórz.
Earthworks have been partially preserved in case of the first three but totally
destroyed in
Podgórz.
The stronghold in
Leszczyna
is located outside the valley but is closely connected
with its settlement.
Strongholds were circular or elliptical in shape. They differed in size, the biggest one in Chodlik
occupied the area of
8
ha, while the smallest in
Żmijowiska
only
0,10
ha. Podgórz
and
Leszczyna
are
of an average size, approx.
2
and
3
ha respectively, and
Kłodnica
is small
— 0,40
ha. In an earlier
phase of settlement (8th-9th c.) the strongholds erected both in the lowlands (Chodlik) and on the loess
hills
(Leszczyna)
were big and had two or three walls. The change in size occurred at the end of 9th
с
(Żmijowiska).
Strongholds in the Chodelska Valley can be also divided according to the number of earthworks.
Big strongholds with several defensive walls can be found in northeastern Little Poland and
Podlasie,
east of the middle Vistula. Strongholds with concentric walls are dominant.
Guciów,
where earthworks'
location was conditioned by
landform
features, is one known example of a different model in use (PI.
50).
Archaeologists described
14
multi-wall strongholds between the Vistula and the Bug. They can
be grouped into the following settlement structures (PI.
50): 1)
„chodelskie" (Chodlik,
Leszczyna);
2)
„chełmskie^east
of the
Wieprz
river
(Ewopole, Busówno, Pawłów, Tarnów);
3)
„podlaskie" (Dzięcioły,
Huszlew, Krzesk Królowa Niwa, Walim);
4)
„grabowieckie" (Majdan Nowy, Skibice) and
5)
„guciow-
skie" (Guciów,
Lipsko?).
One-wall strongholds constitute another group. They occur in the northern part of the Lublin Upland
(Kłodnica, Żmijowiska,
Motycz, Sajczyce) or in the Bug river basin
(Busieniec, Gródek, Czermno).
Strongholds were central points in the lives of the inhabitants of local and neighbourly communities,
which are treated by medievalists as civitates, mentioned by Bavarian Geographer in his chronicle
(comp.
L.
Tyszkiewicz,
1993,
p.
8).
In Sth-lOth
с
there were three civitates
(?)
(„chodelski",
„lubelski",
„dorohucki") localized in the northern part of the Lublin Upland, in the river basins of the main rivers:
Vistula,
Bystrzyca
and
Wieprz.
The next four
(„zawichojski", „guciowski", „skibicki", „czerwieński")
were located in the southern part of this area.
The Chodelska Valley in the Early Middle Ages
_
1
27
Chapter III discusses the main occupations of the valley's inhabitants, such as farming, breeding
cattle and pigs, gathering and hunting. The paleobotanical analysis (Appendix
2,
Tab.
3-4)
shows that
the inhabitants of the valley cultivated the following cereals: millet
(Panicům
miliaceum), wheat (Triticum
aestivum), rye
{Secale
sereale), barley {Hordeum
vulgare);
pulses: peas (Pisum sativum), lentil (Lens
culinaris),
Vicia
fába var
minor and
cannabis (Cannabis
sativa).
Breeding cattle was important for their
economy, as is confirmed by the percentage of cattle bones found in Chodlik
(59%)
and
Żmijowiska
(63%);
pigs were less popular
— 35 %
in Chodlik and
13,6%
in
Żmijowiska.
In contrast, other animal
bones were not so numerous: goat/sheep
(2%
on both sites), and horses (above
3%
on both sites). The
percentage of wild animals' bones was low in Chodlik
(1.8%),
but much higher in
Żmijowiska
(14 3%)
(Tab.
5).
Chapter IV is devoted to pottery and iron production. Two methods are currently used in the analysis
of ceramics:
1)
detailed analysis of shards obtained from the excavations, and
2)
experimental production
of vessels. The collection of pottery fragments obtained from the excavations was examined and divided
into
4
groups: A
—
vessels exclusively handmade (PI.
46);
В
—
handmade vessels whose edges show
traces of being spun on a potter's wheel (PI.
47);
С
—
handmade vessels whose surface shows traces
of the partial use of a potter's wheel; the vessels are ornamented with waving and horizontal lines (the
so-called „Chodlik type") (PI.
48);
D
—
handmade vessels whose surface shows traces of the partial
use of a potter's wheel; the vessels are ornamented with waving lines and parallel grooves
(Żmijowiska)
(Pl.
49).
In
2001
the archaeologists discovered layers of plastic loam in a trench on the earthwork III. In
2003
this loam was used in an archaeological experiment, whose aim was to make vessels by hand and with
a partial use of a potter's wheel, imitating the early medieval techniques used in production of pottery
from Chodlik. The vessels were later on baked in temp, of approx.
800°
C, in a specially prepared pit
(0.6
m
deep), layered with limestone (see the book cover). As the experiment was successful,
Paweł
Lis
(archaeologist) and
Marta Wasilczyk
(ceramicist) decided to conduct similar experiments every summer.
The collection of
19
iron objects and
5
slags found in Chodlik and
Żmijowiska
were subjected
to analysis, which proved that local ironmasters mastered the skill of smelting iron from local ore in
primitive smelting furnaces. The smiths also knew how to produce steel and how to harden iron objects
produced in a smithy (J. Piaskowski,
1990).
In Chapter V, on the basis of strongholds' location, hoards and artifacts distribution (coins, spindle
whorls from Owrucz area) from 8th to 10th c, the author attempted to draw main directions of travel
routes, which crossed the Lublin Upland at that time. The fords on the Vistula in
Podgórz, Kłodnica
and
Piotrawin linked the western part of the Lublin Upland to the Polish Lowlands (PI.
51).
The two artifacts
discovered in
Żmijowiska
(bronze belt fitting and spindle whorl from Owrucz) suggest that long-distance
trade-routes may have run across the valley.
Chapter VI recapitulates on the results of archaeological research into the development of early
mediaeval settlement in the Chodelska Valley. The name
opole,
(Lat.
vicinici)
preserved in the name of
the town
Opole Lubelskie,
suggests that this territory had been organized as vicinia before Polish state
was founded (PI.
54, 56).
The inhabitants of „Chodlik vicinia" occupied the area of
240
km
2
in the
western part of the Chodelska Valley (PI.
57).
In Conclusion the author presents chronology of events in the Chodelska Valley from 6th to 10th
с
In
601-701
с
the Lublin Upland was under the influence of the Prague culture and the Sclavinians, who
occupied the territory reaching from the lower Danube, along the East Carpatians to the Vistula. The
settlements in Wlostowice upon the Vistula, in Lublin upon the
Bystrzyca,
and in
Gródek
upon the Bug
are dated to this period.
The settlement between the Vistula and the Bug increased considerably in the 8th-9th
с
At that
time, the Chodelska Valley became inhabited by the newcomers who had arrived most probably from
the south, along the Vistula route. Evidence of their southern origins can be found in production of
„Chodlik-type" pottery, in erection of big, multi-walled strongholds and in cremation of their dead,
buried in mounds. The strongholds erected in Chodlik and
Leszczyna
constituted central points of their
128 _
Summary
_
local communities (PL
56-57).
At the end of 9th
с
the stronghold in Chodlik was destroyed and never
regained its former significance. New strongholds were erected in Zmijowiska (after
888)
and Klodnica.
The Piasts started their expansion from
Gniezno
in the second half of 10th
с
Most probably, they
reached northern Little Poland via fords on the Vistula in the Chodelska Valley to eventually incorporate
northeastern Little Poland to their state. The Piasts built their main stronghold on the castle hill in Lublin,
which used to be a tribal center, situated on the main trade routes from the East. In 11th—12th
с
Lublin
became the center of state and church administration.
Translated by
Małgorzata Rutkowska |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Hoczyk-Siwkowa, Stanisława |
| author_facet | Hoczyk-Siwkowa, Stanisława |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Hoczyk-Siwkowa, Stanisława |
| author_variant | s h s shs |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022777596 |
| contents | Bibliogr. s. 113-123 oraz przy Aneksie 1 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)169627431 (DE-599)BVBBV022777596 |
| edition | Wyd. 2 uzup. |
| era | Geschichte 700-1000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 700-1000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Chodelska, Kotlina (Polska) / zabytki jhpk Chodelska, Kotlina (Polska) - zabytki jhpk Kotlina chodelska (DE-588)7524931-5 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Chodelska, Kotlina (Polska) / zabytki Chodelska, Kotlina (Polska) - zabytki Kotlina chodelska |
| id | DE-604.BV022777596 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:35:07Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:05:56Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9788322726242 8322726244 |
| language | Polish |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015983144 |
| oclc_num | 169627431 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 191 s., [1] k. złoż. Ill., Kt. 30 cm |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Wydawn. Uniw. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Hoczyk-Siwkowa, Stanisława Verfasser aut Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze Stanisława Hoczyk-Siwkowa Wyd. 2 uzup. Lublin Wydawn. Uniw. Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej 2006 191 s., [1] k. złoż. Ill., Kt. 30 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: The Chodelska Valley in the early Middle Ages. - Na s. przytyt.: 60 lat Wydawnictwa UMCS. Bibliogr. s. 113-123 oraz przy Aneksie 1 Geschichte 700-1000 gnd rswk-swf Osadnictwo człowieka / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina / średniowiecze jhpk Wykopaliska archeologiczne / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Zabytki średniowieczne / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Osadnictwo człowieka - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina - średniowiecze jhpk Wykopaliska archeologiczne - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Zabytki średniowieczne - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd rswk-swf Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd rswk-swf Chodelska, Kotlina (Polska) / zabytki jhpk Chodelska, Kotlina (Polska) - zabytki jhpk Kotlina chodelska (DE-588)7524931-5 gnd rswk-swf Kotlina chodelska (DE-588)7524931-5 g Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 s Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 s Geschichte 700-1000 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015983144&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015983144&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Hoczyk-Siwkowa, Stanisława Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze Bibliogr. s. 113-123 oraz przy Aneksie 1 Osadnictwo człowieka / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina / średniowiecze jhpk Wykopaliska archeologiczne / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Zabytki średniowieczne / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Osadnictwo człowieka - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina - średniowiecze jhpk Wykopaliska archeologiczne - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Zabytki średniowieczne - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4071507-3 (DE-588)4129464-6 (DE-588)7524931-5 |
| title | Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze |
| title_auth | Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze |
| title_exact_search | Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze |
| title_full | Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze Stanisława Hoczyk-Siwkowa |
| title_fullStr | Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze Stanisława Hoczyk-Siwkowa |
| title_full_unstemmed | Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu studium archeologiczno-osadnicze Stanisława Hoczyk-Siwkowa |
| title_short | Kotlina Chodelska we wcześniejszym średniowieczu |
| title_sort | kotlina chodelska we wczesniejszym sredniowieczu studium archeologiczno osadnicze |
| title_sub | studium archeologiczno-osadnicze |
| topic | Osadnictwo człowieka / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina / średniowiecze jhpk Wykopaliska archeologiczne / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Zabytki średniowieczne / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Osadnictwo człowieka - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina - średniowiecze jhpk Wykopaliska archeologiczne - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Zabytki średniowieczne - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina jhpk Funde (DE-588)4071507-3 gnd Ausgrabung (DE-588)4129464-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Osadnictwo człowieka / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina / średniowiecze Wykopaliska archeologiczne / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina Zabytki średniowieczne / Polska / Chodelska, Kotlina Osadnictwo człowieka - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina - średniowiecze Wykopaliska archeologiczne - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina Zabytki średniowieczne - Polska - Chodelska, Kotlina Funde Ausgrabung Chodelska, Kotlina (Polska) / zabytki Chodelska, Kotlina (Polska) - zabytki Kotlina chodelska |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015983144&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015983144&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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