Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Albanian |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Tiranë
Argeta-LMG
2006
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache |
| Beschreibung: | 139 S. |
| ISBN: | 9994330578 |
Internformat
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in engl. Sprache | ||
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1945-2000 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Politik | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Albanians |x Civil rights |z Kosovo (Republic) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Albanians |z Kosovo (Republic) |x Politics and government |y 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Nationalsim |z Kosovo (Republic) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Political persecution |z Kosovo (Republic) |x History |y 20th century | |
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| 651 | 4 | |a Kosovo (Republic) |x Ethnic relations |x History | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Kosovo (Republic) |x History |x Autonomy and independence movements | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Kosovo (Republic) |x Politics and government |y 20th century | |
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| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015965099&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Abstract |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804137007788589056 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | aiy
ätiäffil
Pr.Dr. Shaban
Sinaní
S
1#
14
Ш
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©rap i
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111
РтаРр*піІКоі*Шг
115
Pertìa
Komuniste
rAartefefè-
UrarflsfeShqipfer«
vě
åipsfei W
Ш
122
12S
129
МО
Treguesit
141
Emrat
Pseudonimet
Topon imet
RESUME
In this introductory study for the volume of documents
including the second half of the XX century
-
the period
after World War II to the establishment of the
Kosova
Liberation Army
-
we had to deal with the origins of the
illegal movement from the fall of the Ottoman Empire to
recent times.
The reason of selecting this period is related with some
aspects of internal and external developments confronted
with some
fondamental
elements of these processes:
From the second half of the
XIX
century the Ottoman
Empire starts crumbling, paving the way to the birth of the
Movement of the National Reneissance not only in the
illuminist and cultural aspects, but in the political and
military field as well.
In the same time the political and military Slav ideology
appears, which supported by the Russian Empire of that
time openly displayed its claims on the Balkanic heritage
of the Ottoman Empire , that is to say the occupation of
the ethnic Albanian lands in the Balkan.
These developments prompted the establishment of
political, cultural and military organizations and groups
129
which operated politically and militarily during the Prizrens
League and in the beginning of the XX century, and these
organizations and groups differ in some aspects from the
previous organizations and groups of the illegal Albanian
movement (in organizational, space, action, political program
aspects). Their activity now is carried out not only within
the political and military space of the Ottoman Empire but
within some political, state, military and national fields
established or in the phase of being established in the Balkan
area as well. This is the reason why the continuous efforts of
this movement to operate even after the disintegration of
the Albanian lands acquire a decisive and crucial role in the
National Movement during all the XX century.
Investigating the relevant documents we have observed
that the illegal movement of the first half of the XX century
starts with the association Shqiptari (The Albanian),
continues with the association Bashkimi (Unity) and
reaches the peak with the
Kosova Commitee .
Based in the fundamental political concepts and in the
methods of action, the illegal movement in
Kosova
is divided
into four main phases from
1945
to
1981.
These phases,
though being particular, are organically tied to each-other
for what regards the political concepts as well as the people
leading this movement. The first phase. The first phase
includes the period starting in
1945
and ending in
1952.
This phase can be clearly distinguished because politically
and in the organization as a whole it is related with the Albanian
National Democracy. After the end of the World War II and
the disillusionment of a great number of Albanian fighters in
Kosova
who had fought for the liberation and the unification
130
of the occupied Albanian lands, and after the bloody crush
of the uprising of these fighters headed by Shaban Polluzha
and
Mulla
Idrizi
(1945)
as well, in the year
1945
the Albanian
intellectuals, patriots and fighters began the efforts of
establishing the illegal political and military organization called
the National-Democratic Albanian Movement. It is generally
agreed that the date of the end of its activity is the year
1952,
when the Serbian establishment had liquidated, executed,
imprisoned and persecuted
-
even outside
Kosova
-
the last
leaders of this democratic national-liberation movement.
Though this movement was established at the end of the
World War II and in the beginning of a new era, it has an
organic connection with the World War II and with the
political and military streams established in this war. As such,
this movement had apolitical-military character; its leaders
were determined to pursue the armed struggle against the
new Yugoslav invasion to aim the formation of an Albanian
state which would comprise all Albanian territories; and it
followed a national-democratic pro-Western policy guided
by the patriots and intellectuals such as Ymer Berisha,
Sehnán
Riza,
Halim
Spahija,
Marije
Shllaku, Gjon Serreqi etc., who
knew very well the new political and ideological constellation
of Europe after World War II and therefore hoped so much
in the help of the West and especially of USA and England
in their fight against the new communist conqueror. But, as
the Albanian diplomacy did, they lacked the information
that the democratic countries, as a reward for participating
in the World War II, had signed an agreement to maintain
for a long time the new constellation created after the end
of this war. Due to this constellation even Albania
-
in favor
131
of which they did fight
-
didn t support them. Their
movement though rooted in the universal principles of
freedom and democracy remained just a limited movement
in
Kosova.
Therefore even this movement, as the war of
Shaban PoUuzha and
Mulla
Idrizi, will have a tragic end
even if their leaders will fight until the end as great heroes.
The second phase. The second phase includes the period
between years
1958-1968.
This is the time of the formation
of the first illegal liberation organizations, which will
articulate new political and national concepts and will
establish the bases of the illegal organization in
Kosova,
on
which the illegal movement until the
90
will be
organizad.
After the creation of the new circumstances in the post-
World War II
Kosova,
a relative stabilization of the new
conqueror and the adjustment of a great part of Albanians
with these circumstances had taken place, and these illegal
groups had oriented a great part of their activity in the
persuasion of the people that the war against the conqueror
was the only means toward freedom.
The period from
1952
to
1958
was one of the most difficult
periods of the Albanian people of
Kosova,
therefore the
illegal movement prepared to reactivate itself in new forms
and with new concepts. During this period we see actions
in very close circles. This method of action of the illegal
movement continues until
1958.
In
1958,
the patriot Metush Krasniqi establishes the
Revolutionary Party for the Unification of the Albanian
Lands with the Albanian state, while in
1963
the mythical
symbol of the Albanian resistance against the Serbian-
Yugoslav occupation,
Adem Demaçi,
established the
132
Revolutionary Movement for the Unification of the
Albanians. These two organizations will serve as a basis for
all the forthcoming organization of illegal actions in
Kosova.
They will be a kind of a matrix for the groups, organizations
and the Albanian patriots who will fight against the Serbian-
Yugoslav occupation. This position of a matrix toward the
late illegal movement is not due to the early time of their
establishment, but first of all because these organizations
established the basis of the political concepts and of the illegal
organization, the basis of the national program for the
liberation of the occupied Albanian lands and had
articulated the strategy of the liberatory struggle: the
liberation of the Albanian lands occupied by Yugoslavia
and the unification with the mother state Albania; the
promotion of the occupied Albanian people and the gaining
of more human and national rights; the use of all forms of
the liberator struggle, by peaceful and military means; the
raising of consciousness of the people for the war against
the invader; the combination of legal action with the illegal
one where possible; the establishment of the structure of
the organization with a triplet base in all Albanian territories;
if parts or the whole organization was to be discovered by
the authorities the members were not to flee
Kosova
but to
carry out liberator actions openly; the war was perceived to
be for a long period and it needed great sacrifices. These
are some of the main political-organization principles of these
groups.
As the end of this phase of the illegal organization in
Kosova
we can determine the year
1968,
when the students
demonstrations erupted in
Kosova,
and which were the first
133
ones in the history of the national-liberation movement in
the post-World War II
Kosova.
The demonstrations of
1968
are a political deed of these patriotic organizations, organized
by the famous leaders of these organizations, famous
Albanian patriots. Of course that in their organization the
liberal demonstrations of the student in all Europe had their
role, but the core of these demonstrations was the well-
thought idea of promoting the position of Albanians and
their definitive liberation.
This is, as well, the first time when the illegal movement
meets to a certain point the legal policy followed: even within
the legal structures of the official establishment will be
discussed the promotion of
Kosova
from an autonomous
province into an independent republic, though the official
representatives of the establishment backed quickly away
from these positions.
The third phase. The third phase, which includes the
period between years
1968-1981,
is the phase of the bloom
of the illegal national-liberator action in
Kosova,
a phase
characterized from the establishment of many illegal
organizations and groups, and of illegal political parties, the
phase where the number of members and supporters of the
illegal politics reaches the level of thousands of people. The
extension of the illegal movement brought to the attention
of the public some issues which had not existed before or
that at least weren t expressed so loudly up to that time.
In this phase, the illegal movement starts with the
publication of its illegal journals and books as an effective
and massive means of communication with the people in
order to express its political concepts. So, the journals
Zeri
134
iKosovës
(The Voice of
Kosova),
Bashkimi (Unity),
Liria
(Freedom),
Lajmëtari
і
Lirisë
(Freedom Messenger) and
the book
Këngët e lirisë
(Freedom Songs) and many others
were published and distributed among the people.
The illegal movement acquires a more pronounced
intellectual character: well-known intellectuals are engaged
and begin to work in organizing the liberator war, not only
with poems but with systematic and concrete work.
The movement increased its influence among the
intelligentsia members and students; in the horizon could
be seen the creation of a new intelligentsia with an essential
patriotic spirit.
The illegal movement, except in the occupied lands, was
organized also in the West, having its bases in the Albanian
Diaspora in Europe; and some times, due to objective
reasons, the centers of decision-making were established in
the West while the base operated in
Kosova
guided by the
leadership in the West. This will be extremely important in
the later phases of the liberator war because the movement
will establish the first contacts with the politics of the West,
contacts that will increase in the future.
In this phase, for the First time after the World War II, a
natural and essentially important element is introduced in
the activity of the illegal movement in
Kosova,
the
cooperation of the illegal movement leaders wim the official
politics in Albania. Starting from this period, Albania will
be
-
openly or secretly
-
the greater supporter of the liberator
war in
Kosova.
For the fist time, an illegal organization will change the
traditional program of the illegal movement in
Kosova:
135
PKMLSHJ engaged to work toward a republican status for
Kosova,
without mentioning at all the total liberation of the
Albanian lands and their unification with Albania.
The most important aspect in this phase of the Albanian
illegal movement in
Kosova
was the issue of unification of
the illegal organizations and groups in a unique movement
or in a nationwide front.
The most well-known organizations of this period are:
Grupi Revolucionar
(The Revolutionary Group)
(represented by
Kadri
Osmani,
Xhafer Shatri etc.);
Grupi
Marksist-Leninist
(The Marxist-Leninist Group), later
OMLK (represented by
Mehmet
Haj rizi,
Hydajet Hyseni
etc.);
Fronti i
Kuq Popullor (The Red Popular Front)
(represented by Ibrahim Kelmendi);
LNÇKVSHJ
(founded
by Metush Krasniqi and guided later from
Jusuf Gërvalla,
Sabri Novosella, Shefqet Jashari etc.); PKMLSHJ
(represented by Abdullah Prapashtica etc.)
The fourth phase. The fourdi phase of the illegal movement
in
Kosova
begins in the year of a historical revolution
-
the
demonstrations of
81 -
and ends in the beginning of the
90,
when the
Kosova
Liberation Army was established. This is
the most important phase of the illegal movement: it is a peak
in a very long run of this illegal movement. The demonstrations
of
1981
were an open war cry and they paved the way for a
new period in the history of
Kosova,
the period of the
Kosova
Liberation Army and of the victorious war of Albanians
against Serbia. Some of the fundamental political and
organizational principles of this phase were:
-
The illegal movement is unified in the request for the
Republic of
Kosova
as a transitory phase for the right and
136
natural
resolution of the Albanian issue in the Balkans. This
will be the political request for
Kosova,
which later on will
be transformed into the request for the state of
Kosova;
-
The illegal organizations and groups are unified in a
nationwide movement that will be named initially the
Movement for the Socialist Republic of Albanians in
Yugoslavia and later renamed the Popular Movement of
Kosova.
From now on the illegal movement of
Kosova
will
have the unique leadership, the unique structure and the
corresponding hierarchy;
-
The demonstrations of
1981
will increase the base of
membership and supporters of the illegal movement;
-
The politics of the illegal action now turns into a
nationwide politics;
-
The fact that the greatest burden in initiating and
organizing the demonstrations of
1981
was carried by the
impromptu students group or the illegal students groups
made the illegal movement understand that it must expand
itself from groups or organizations into a wide spectrum,
because however big the cells might be, they were small in
front of the major national cause;
-The demonstrations will be used as a very strong weapon for
the national Albanian struggle in
Kosova
as well as in the West;
-
The period of sensibilization of the West for the
unresolved status of
Kosova
begins;
-
The West turns its eyes from
Kosova
as a potential focal
point in the war against the socialist block;
-
The ideas of establishing the military formations and of
starting the war against Serbia are delineated; the
preparations for an armed conflict begin;
137
-
For the first time after the bloody crush of the uprising
of
1945,
some of the leaders of the illegal movement do not
surrender when the Serbian police forces surround them
but fight to the death and die heroically, and some of them
are Rexhep Mala, Nuhi Berisha, Bahri Fazliu, Afrim Zhitia,
Ali
Ajeti, Bedri
Sokoli
etc.;
-
The demonstrations of
1981
showed to the world and
to the invador that all the people supported the politics of
the illegal movement;
-
The illegal politics fully prevails over the official Yugoslav
politics of the time and over the official stream which
struggled for the autonomy of
Kosova;
-
In the demonstrations of
1981
a new political elite was established
and it never ceased to struggle for the liberation of
Kosova;
-
The year
1981
is not only the year of the triumph of the
concept of freedom worked out during the forty years of
the illegal movement in
Kosova,
but also the year which
predicted the definitive victory of the Albanians over the
the Serbian occupation.
Conclusion. Though the causes of the organization of the
illegal Albanian movement are related with the political and
military activities of the
XIX
century, the XX century can
be called the century of the illegal Albanian movement in
the full meaning of the word. The illegal organizations
Shqiptari (The Albanian), Bashkimi (Unity) and
especially
Komiteti
і
Kosovës
(The
Kosova
Committee)
mark a very significant and active movement which
entangled a wide spectrum of activities.
After the World War II, the illegal movement has had a more
dense organization. The realization of its National Program
138
begins with a symbolic organization, as the National-Democratic
Organization of
Kosova
was, and continues with the
establishment of two very important other organizations which
will operate during all the activities of the national political and
ideological illegal movement of the second half of the XX
century: The Revolutionary Party for die Unification of the
Albanian Lands with the Albanian State and the Revolutionary
Movement for the Unification of Albanians, which prepared
and leaded the demonstrations of
1968,
and further more to
reach the peak with the organizationsThe Revolutionary Group
and the National-Liberation Movement of
Kosova
and
Albanian Lands in Yugoslavia, which would become the
organizators and leaders of the demonstrations of the year
1981.
The demonstrations of year
1981
markedan
important
historical turn and influenced also the efforts of putting in
the center the illegal political movement, which now gains
the contours of a nationwide politics. The unification, at
first formal, of the illegal movement, had influenced its
practical unification because this movement after
1981,
even
if suffered a severe blow due to the capture of many its
activists, it still manages to have its unique leadership with
all relevant structures and hierarchy. This was an important
victory for what regards the organization of the illegal
movement and the inner political streams.
In the international arena, the demonstrations of
1981
mark the beginning of the period of sensibilization for the
Kosova
issue, especially in the West, which from then on
regarded
Kosova
as a support point in the war against the
socialist camp.
139
|
| adam_txt |
aiy
ätiäffil
Pr.Dr. Shaban
Sinaní
S
1#
14
Ш
ffipušhlitřii
¡
(Sö&s^asdhä·
małiW i ei drejia
pir
völiiaPidBiJa
ЗІ
ёшшт юс
äami
&wtìkralite
Щр\ж Ш
glfaasĎťÉtaidir
NDSH-śi S4
ВЖЕШТЕ
m
PMs
Ratíutôsttara
pâr
IMíÄeí
аТсіши
Sfe^laiiraÊnlâSíiáffli 8S
á
Sbqşfâr&a,
Ш4; Кшііійіі і РгШШ
7S
Itóplja
slłqip%ri3
dha jügoslkiviltfii
QtLpì
Rsvölüdonär
3ľ
81
Frali
Ropuîer
per Reputo e
Kosca
W
βκρ
MaÉsisî
·
Lejiimsl
рШ
Çliirnfi
e
Kosffi^-SBsgöife f
Drsreąl·
199
©rap i
МѕШЈАе(е
¡йшгёз
111
РтаРр*піІКоі*Шг
115
Pertìa
Komuniste
rAartefefè-
UrarflsfeShqipfer«
vě
åipsfei W
Ш
122
12S
129
МО
Treguesit
141
Emrat
Pseudonimet
Topon'imet
RESUME
In this introductory study for the volume of documents
including the second half of the XX century
-
the period
after World War II to the establishment of the
Kosova
Liberation Army
-
we had to deal with the origins of the
illegal movement from the fall of the Ottoman Empire to
recent times.
The reason of selecting this period is related with some
aspects of internal and external developments confronted
with some
fondamental
elements of these processes:
From the second half of the
XIX
century the Ottoman
Empire starts crumbling, paving the way to the birth of the
Movement of the National Reneissance not only in the
illuminist and cultural aspects, but in the political and
military field as well.
In the same time the political and military Slav ideology
appears, which supported by the Russian Empire of that
time openly displayed its claims "on the Balkanic heritage
of the Ottoman Empire", that is to say the occupation of
the ethnic Albanian lands in the Balkan.
These developments prompted the establishment of
political, cultural and military organizations and groups
129
which operated politically and militarily during the Prizrens
League and in the beginning of the XX century, and these
organizations and groups differ in some aspects from the
previous organizations and groups of the illegal Albanian
movement (in organizational, space, action, political program
aspects). Their activity now is carried out not only within
the political and military space of the Ottoman Empire but
within some political, state, military and national fields
established or in the phase of being established in the Balkan
area as well. This is the reason why the continuous efforts of
this movement to operate even after the disintegration of
the Albanian lands acquire a decisive and crucial role in the
National Movement during all the XX century.
Investigating the relevant documents we have observed
that the illegal movement of the first half of the XX century
starts with the association "Shqiptari" (The Albanian),
continues with the association "Bashkimi" (Unity) and
reaches the peak with the
"Kosova Commitee".
Based in the fundamental political concepts and in the
methods of action, the illegal movement in
Kosova
is divided
into four main phases from
1945
to
1981.
These phases,
though being particular, are organically tied to each-other
for what regards the political concepts as well as the people
leading this movement. The first phase. The first phase
includes the period starting in
1945
and ending in
1952.
This phase can be clearly distinguished because politically
and in the organization as a whole it is related with the Albanian
National Democracy. After the end of the "World War II and
the disillusionment of a great number of Albanian fighters in
Kosova
who had fought for the liberation and the unification
130
of the occupied Albanian lands, and after the bloody crush
of the uprising of these fighters headed by Shaban Polluzha
and
Mulla
Idrizi
(1945)
as well, in the year
1945
the Albanian
intellectuals, patriots and fighters began the efforts of
establishing the illegal political and military organization called
the National-Democratic Albanian Movement. It is generally
agreed that the date of the end of its activity is the year
1952,
when the Serbian establishment had liquidated, executed,
imprisoned and persecuted
-
even outside
Kosova
-
the last
leaders of this democratic national-liberation movement.
Though this movement was established at the end of the
World War II and in the beginning of a new era, it has an
organic connection with the World War II and with the
political and military streams established in this war. As such,
this movement had apolitical-military character; its leaders
were determined to pursue the armed struggle against the
new Yugoslav invasion to aim the formation of an Albanian
state which would comprise all Albanian territories; and it
followed a national-democratic pro-Western policy guided
by the patriots and intellectuals such as Ymer Berisha,
Sehnán
Riza,
Halim
Spahija,
Marije
Shllaku, Gjon Serreqi etc., who
knew very well the new political and ideological constellation
of Europe after World War II and therefore hoped so much
in the help of the West and especially of USA and England
in their fight against the new communist conqueror. But, as
the Albanian diplomacy did, they lacked the information
that the democratic countries, as a reward for participating
in the World War II, had signed an agreement to maintain
for a long time the new constellation created after the end
of this war. Due to this constellation even Albania
-
in favor
131
of which they did fight
-
didn't support them. Their
movement though rooted in the universal principles of
freedom and democracy remained just a limited movement
in
Kosova.
Therefore even this movement, as the war of
Shaban PoUuzha and
Mulla
Idrizi, will have a tragic end
even if their leaders will fight until the end as great heroes.
The second phase. The second phase includes the period
between years
1958-1968.
This is the time of the formation
of the first illegal liberation organizations, which will
articulate new political and national concepts and will
establish the bases of the illegal organization in
Kosova,
on
which the illegal movement until the
'90
will be
organizad.
After the creation of the new circumstances in the post-
World War II
Kosova,
a relative stabilization of the new
conqueror and the adjustment of a great part of Albanians
with these circumstances had taken place, and these illegal
groups had oriented a great part of their activity in the
persuasion of the people that the war against the conqueror
was the only means toward freedom.
The period from
1952
to
1958
was one of the most difficult
periods of the Albanian people of
Kosova,
therefore the
illegal movement prepared to reactivate itself in new forms
and with new concepts. During this period we see actions
in very close circles. This method of action of the illegal
movement continues until
1958.
In
1958,
the patriot Metush Krasniqi establishes the
Revolutionary Party for the Unification of the Albanian
Lands with the Albanian state, while in
1963
the mythical
symbol of the Albanian resistance against the Serbian-
Yugoslav occupation,
Adem Demaçi,
established the
132
Revolutionary Movement for the Unification of the
Albanians. These two organizations will serve as a basis for
all the forthcoming organization of illegal actions in
Kosova.
They will be a kind of a matrix for the groups, organizations
and the Albanian patriots who will fight against the Serbian-
Yugoslav occupation. This position of a matrix toward the
late illegal movement is not due to the early time of their
establishment, but first of all because these organizations
established the basis of the political concepts and of the illegal
organization, the basis of the national program for the
liberation of the occupied Albanian lands and had
articulated the strategy of the liberatory struggle: the
liberation of the Albanian lands occupied by Yugoslavia
and the unification with the mother state Albania; the
promotion of the occupied Albanian people and the gaining
of more human and national rights; the use of all forms of
the liberator struggle, by peaceful and military means; the
raising of consciousness of the people for the war against
the invader; the combination of legal action with the illegal
one where possible; the establishment of the structure of
the organization with a triplet base in all Albanian territories;
if parts or the whole organization was to be discovered by
the authorities the members were not to flee
Kosova
but to
carry out liberator actions openly; the war was perceived to
be for a long period and it needed great sacrifices. These
are some of the main political-organization principles of these
groups.
As the end of this phase of the illegal organization in
Kosova
we can determine the year
1968,
when the students'
demonstrations erupted in
Kosova,
and which were the first
133
ones in the history of the national-liberation movement in
the post-World War II
Kosova.
The demonstrations of
1968
are a political deed of these patriotic organizations, organized
by the famous leaders of these organizations, famous
Albanian patriots. Of course that in their organization the
liberal demonstrations of the student in all Europe had their
role, but the core of these demonstrations was the well-
thought idea of promoting the position of Albanians and
their definitive liberation.
This is, as well, the first time when the illegal movement
meets to a certain point the legal policy followed: even within
the legal structures of the official establishment will be
discussed the promotion of
Kosova
from an autonomous
province into an independent republic, though the official
representatives of the establishment backed quickly away
from these positions.
The third phase. The third phase, which includes the
period between years
1968-1981,
is the phase of the bloom
of the illegal national-liberator action in
Kosova,
a phase
characterized from the establishment of many illegal
organizations and groups, and of illegal political parties, the
phase where the number of members and supporters of the
illegal politics reaches the level of thousands of people. The
extension of the illegal movement brought to the attention
of the public some issues which had not existed before or
that at least weren't expressed so loudly up to that time.
In this phase, the illegal movement starts with the
publication of its illegal journals and books as an effective
and massive means of communication with the people in
order to express its political concepts. So, the journals
"Zeri
134
iKosovës"
(The Voice of
Kosova),
"Bashkimi" (Unity),
"Liria"
(Freedom),
"Lajmëtari
і
Lirisë"
(Freedom Messenger) and
the book
"Këngët e lirisë"
(Freedom Songs) and many others
were published and distributed among the people.
The illegal movement acquires a more pronounced
intellectual character: well-known intellectuals are engaged
and begin to work in organizing the liberator war, not only
with poems but with systematic and concrete work.
The movement increased its influence among the
intelligentsia members and students; in the horizon could
be seen the creation of a new intelligentsia with an essential
patriotic spirit.
The illegal movement, except in the occupied lands, was
organized also in the West, having its bases in the Albanian
Diaspora in Europe; and some times, due to objective
reasons, the centers of decision-making were established in
the "West while the base operated in
Kosova
guided by the
leadership in the West. This will be extremely important in
the later phases of the liberator war because the movement
will establish the first contacts with the politics of the "West,
contacts that will increase in the future.
In this phase, for the First time after the World War II, a
natural and essentially important element is introduced in
the activity of the illegal movement in
Kosova,
the
cooperation of the illegal movement leaders wim the official
politics in Albania. Starting from this period, Albania will
be
-
openly or secretly
-
the greater supporter of the liberator
war in
Kosova.
For the fist time, an illegal organization will change the
traditional program of the illegal movement in
Kosova:
135
PKMLSHJ engaged to work toward a republican status for
Kosova,
without mentioning at all the total liberation of the
Albanian lands and their unification with Albania.
The most important aspect in this phase of the Albanian
illegal movement in
Kosova
was the issue of unification of
the illegal organizations and groups in a unique movement
or in a nationwide front.
The most well-known organizations of this period are:
Grupi Revolucionar
(The Revolutionary Group)
(represented by
Kadri
Osmani,
Xhafer Shatri etc.);
Grupi
Marksist-Leninist
(The Marxist-Leninist Group), later
OMLK (represented by
Mehmet
Haj rizi,
Hydajet Hyseni
etc.);
Fronti i
Kuq Popullor (The Red Popular Front)
(represented by Ibrahim Kelmendi);
LNÇKVSHJ
(founded
by Metush Krasniqi and guided later from
Jusuf Gërvalla,
Sabri Novosella, Shefqet Jashari etc.); PKMLSHJ
(represented by Abdullah Prapashtica etc.)
The fourth phase. The fourdi phase of the illegal movement
in
Kosova
begins in the year of a historical revolution
-
the
demonstrations of
'81 -
and ends in the beginning of the
'90,
when the
Kosova
Liberation Army was established. This is
the most important phase of the illegal movement: it is a peak
in a very long run of this illegal movement. The demonstrations
of
1981
were an open war cry and they paved the way for a
new period in the history of
Kosova,
the period of the
Kosova
Liberation Army and of the victorious war of Albanians
against Serbia. Some of the fundamental political and
organizational principles of this phase were:
-
The illegal movement is unified in the request for the
Republic of
Kosova
as a transitory phase for the right and
136
natural
resolution of the Albanian issue in the Balkans. This
will be the political request for
Kosova,
which later on will
be transformed into the request for the state of
Kosova;
-
The illegal organizations and groups are unified in a
nationwide movement that will be named initially the
Movement for the Socialist Republic of Albanians in
Yugoslavia and later renamed the Popular Movement of
Kosova.
From now on the illegal movement of
Kosova
will
have the unique leadership, the unique structure and the
corresponding hierarchy;
-
The demonstrations of
1981
will increase the base of
membership and supporters of the illegal movement;
-
The politics of the illegal action now turns into a
nationwide politics;
-
The fact that the greatest burden in initiating and
organizing the demonstrations of
1981
was carried by the
impromptu students group or the illegal students' groups
made the illegal movement understand that it must expand
itself from groups or organizations into a wide spectrum,
because however big the cells might be, they were small in
front of the major national cause;
-The demonstrations will be used as a very strong weapon for
the national Albanian struggle in
Kosova
as well as in the West;
-
The period of sensibilization of the "West for the
unresolved status of
Kosova
begins;
-
The West turns its eyes from
Kosova
as a potential focal
point in the war against the socialist block;
-
The ideas of establishing the military formations and of
starting the war against Serbia are delineated; the
preparations for an armed conflict begin;
137
-
For the first time after the bloody crush of the uprising
of
1945,
some of the leaders of the illegal movement do not
surrender when the Serbian police forces surround them
but fight to the death and die heroically, and some of them
are Rexhep Mala, Nuhi Berisha, Bahri Fazliu, Afrim Zhitia,
Ali
Ajeti, Bedri
Sokoli
etc.;
-
The demonstrations of
1981
showed to the world and
to the invador that all the people supported the politics of
the illegal movement;
-
The illegal politics fully prevails over the official Yugoslav
politics of the time and over the official stream which
struggled for the autonomy of
Kosova;
-
In the demonstrations of
1981
a new political elite was established
and it never ceased to struggle for the liberation of
Kosova;
-
The year
1981
is not only the year of the triumph of the
concept of freedom worked out during the forty years of
the illegal movement in
Kosova,
but also the year which
predicted the definitive victory of the Albanians over the
the Serbian occupation.
Conclusion. Though the causes of the organization of the
illegal Albanian movement are related with the political and
military activities of the
XIX
century, the XX century can
be called the century of the illegal Albanian movement in
the full meaning of the word. The illegal organizations
"Shqiptari" (The Albanian), "Bashkimi" (Unity) and
especially
"Komiteti
і
Kosovës"
(The
Kosova
Committee)
mark a very significant and active movement which
entangled a wide spectrum of activities.
After the World War II, the illegal movement has had a more
dense organization. The realization of its National Program
138
begins with a symbolic organization, as the National-Democratic
Organization of
Kosova
was, and continues with the
establishment of two very important other organizations which
will operate during all the activities of the national political and
ideological illegal movement of the second half of the XX
century: The Revolutionary Party for die Unification of the
Albanian Lands with the Albanian State and the Revolutionary
Movement for the Unification of Albanians, which prepared
and leaded the demonstrations of
1968,
and further more to
reach the peak with the organizationsThe Revolutionary Group
and the National-Liberation Movement of
Kosova
and
Albanian Lands in Yugoslavia, which would become the
organizators and leaders of the demonstrations of the year
1981.
The demonstrations of year
1981
markedan
important
historical turn and influenced also the efforts of putting in
the center the illegal political movement, which now gains
the contours of a nationwide politics. The unification, at
first formal, of the illegal movement, had influenced its
practical unification because this movement after
1981,
even
if suffered a severe blow due to the capture of many its
activists, it still manages to have its unique leadership with
all relevant structures and hierarchy. This was an important
victory for what regards the organization of the illegal
movement and the inner political streams.
In the international arena, the demonstrations of
1981
mark the beginning of the period of sensibilization for the
Kosova
issue, especially in the West, which from then on
regarded
Kosova
as a support point in the war against the
socialist camp.
139 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
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| author | Çeku, Ethem 1962- |
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| callnumber-subject | DR - Balkan Peninsula |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)85763036 (DE-599)BVBBV022759514 |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1945-2000 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1945-2000 |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Kosovo (Republic) Ethnic relations History Kosovo (Republic) History Autonomy and independence movements Kosovo (Republic) Politics and government 20th century Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Kosovo (Republic) Ethnic relations History Kosovo (Republic) History Autonomy and independence movements Kosovo (Republic) Politics and government 20th century Kosovo |
| id | DE-604.BV022759514 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:33:53Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:05:27Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9994330578 |
| language | Albanian |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015965099 |
| oclc_num | 85763036 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 |
| physical | 139 S. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Argeta-LMG |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Çeku, Ethem 1962- Verfasser (DE-588)138069786 aut Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës Ethem Çeku Tiranë Argeta-LMG 2006 139 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in engl. Sprache Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1945-2000 gnd rswk-swf Geschichte Politik Albanians Civil rights Kosovo (Republic) Albanians Kosovo (Republic) Politics and government 20th century Nationalsim Kosovo (Republic) Political persecution Kosovo (Republic) History 20th century Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 gnd rswk-swf Untergrundbewegung (DE-588)4186983-7 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (Republic) Ethnic relations History Kosovo (Republic) History Autonomy and independence movements Kosovo (Republic) Politics and government 20th century Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 gnd rswk-swf Kosovo (DE-588)4032571-4 g Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 s Untergrundbewegung (DE-588)4186983-7 s Geschichte 1945-2000 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015965099&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015965099&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Çeku, Ethem 1962- Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës Geschichte Politik Albanians Civil rights Kosovo (Republic) Albanians Kosovo (Republic) Politics and government 20th century Nationalsim Kosovo (Republic) Political persecution Kosovo (Republic) History 20th century Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 gnd Untergrundbewegung (DE-588)4186983-7 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4068517-2 (DE-588)4186983-7 (DE-588)4032571-4 |
| title | Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës |
| title_auth | Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës |
| title_exact_search | Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës |
| title_full | Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës Ethem Çeku |
| title_fullStr | Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës Ethem Çeku |
| title_full_unstemmed | Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës Ethem Çeku |
| title_short | Struktura politike e ilegales së Kosovës |
| title_sort | struktura politike e ilegales se kosoves |
| topic | Geschichte Politik Albanians Civil rights Kosovo (Republic) Albanians Kosovo (Republic) Politics and government 20th century Nationalsim Kosovo (Republic) Political persecution Kosovo (Republic) History 20th century Albaner (DE-588)4068517-2 gnd Untergrundbewegung (DE-588)4186983-7 gnd |
| topic_facet | Geschichte Politik Albanians Civil rights Kosovo (Republic) Albanians Kosovo (Republic) Politics and government 20th century Nationalsim Kosovo (Republic) Political persecution Kosovo (Republic) History 20th century Albaner Untergrundbewegung Kosovo (Republic) Ethnic relations History Kosovo (Republic) History Autonomy and independence movements Kosovo (Republic) Politics and government 20th century Kosovo |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015965099&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015965099&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT cekuethem strukturapolitikeeilegalessekosoves |