Introduction to cryptography and network security:
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| Main Author: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Book |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Boston [u.a.]
McGraw-Hill Higher Education
2008
|
| Edition: | Internat. ed. |
| Series: | McGraw-Hill Forouzan networking series
|
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | Publisher description Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Item Description: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 707-708) and index |
| Physical Description: | XXVI, 721 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780071102230 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Introduction to cryptography and network security |c Behrouz A. Forouzan |
| 250 | |a Internat. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Boston [u.a.] |b McGraw-Hill Higher Education |c 2008 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 721 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 24 cm | ||
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| 490 | 0 | |a McGraw-Hill Forouzan networking series | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 707-708) and index | ||
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| 650 | 4 | |a Cryptography | |
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| _version_ | 1804137005091651584 |
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| adam_text | Titel: Introduction to cryptography and network security
Autor: Forouzan, Behrouz A.
Jahr: 2008
CONTENTS
Preface xxiii
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 SECURITY GOALS 2
Confidentiality 2
Integrity 3
Availability 3
1.2 ATTACKS 3
Attacks Threatening Confidentiality 3
Attacks Threatening Integrity 4
Attacks Threatening Availability 5
Passive Versus Active Attacks 5
1.3 SERVICES AND MECHANISM 6
Security Services 6
Security Mechanisms 7
Relation between Services and Mechanisms 8
1.4 TECHNIQUES 9
Cryptography 9
Steganography 10
1.5 THE REST OF THE BOOK 12
Part One: Symmetric-Key Encipherment 12
Part Two: Asymmetric-Key Encipherment 12
Part Three: Integrity. Authentication, and Key Management 12
Part Four: Network Security 12
1.6 RECOMMENDED READING 12
Books 12
WebSites 12
1.7 KEY TERMS 13
1.8 SUMMARY 13
1.9 PRACTICE SET 14
Review Questions 14
Exercises 14
Part 1 Symmetric-Key Encipherment 17
Chapter 2 Mathematics of Cryptography 19
2.1 INTEGER ARITHMETIC 20
Set of Integers 20
CONTENTS
Binary Operations 20
Integer Division 21
Divisibility 22
Linear Diophantine Equations 28
2.2 MODULAR ARITHMETIC 29
Modulo Operator 29
Set of Residues: Z? 30
Congruence 30
Operations in Z? 32
Inverses 35
Addition and Multiplication Tables 39
Different Sets for Addition and Multiplication 39
Two More Sets 40
2.3 MATRICES 40
Definitions 40
Operations and Relations 41
Determinant 43
Inverses 44
Residue Matrices 44
2.4 LINEAR CONGRUENCE 45
Single-Variable Linear Equations 45
Set of Linear Equations 46
2.5 RECOMMENDED READING 47
Books 47
WebSites 47
2.6 KEY TERMS 47
2.7 SUMMARY 48
2.8 PRACTICE SET 49
Review Questions 49
Exercises 49
Chapter 3 Traditional Symmetric-Key Ciphers 55
3.1 INTRODUCTION 56
Kerckhoff s Principle 57
Cryptanalysis 57
Categories of Traditional Ciphers 60
3.2 SUBSTITUTION CIPHERS 61
Monoalphabetic Ciphers 61
Polyalphabetic Ciphers 69
3.3 TRANSPOSITION CIPHERS 80
Keyless Transposition Ciphers 81
Keyed Transposition Ciphers 82
Combining Two Approaches 83
3.4 STREAM AND BLOCK CIPHERS 87
Stream Ciphers 87
Block Ciphers 89
Combination 89
3.5 RECOMMENDED READING 90
Books 90
CONTENTS
WebSites 90
3.6 KEY TERMS 90
3.7 SUMMARY 91
3.8 PRACTICE SET 92
Review Questions 92
Exercises 92
Chapter 4 Mathematics of Cryptography 97
4.1 ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES 98
Groups 98
Ring 104
Field 105
Summary 107
4.2 GF(2 ) FIELDS 107
Polynomials 108
Using a Generator 114
Summary 117
4.3 RECOMMENDED READING 117
Books 117
WebSites 117
4.4 KEY TERMS 118
4.5 SUMMARY 118
4.6 PRACTICE SET 119
Review Questions 119
Exercises 119
Chapter 5 Introduction to Modern Symmetric-Key
Ciphers 123
5.1 MODERN BLOCK CIPHERS 124
Substitution or Transposition 125
Block Ciphers as Permutation Groups 125
Components of a Modern Block Cipher 128
S-Boxes 132
Product Ciphers 136
Two Classes of Product Ciphers 139
Attacks on Block Ciphers 143
5.2 MODERN STREAM CIPHERS 148
Synchronous Stream Ciphers 149
Nonsynchronous Stream Ciphers 154
5.3 RECOMMENDED READING 154
Books 154
WebSites 154
5.4 KEY TERMS 154
5.5 SUMMARY 155
5.6 PRACTICE SET 156
Review Questions 156
Exercises 157
CONTENTS
Chapter 6 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 159
6.1 INTRODUCTION 159
History 159
Overview 160
6.2 DES STRUCTURE 160
Initial and Final Permutations 160
Rounds 163
Cipher and Reverse Cipher 167
Examples 173
6.3 DES ANALYSIS 175
Properties 175
Design Criteria 176
DES Weaknesses 177
6.4 MULTIPLE DES 181
Double DES 182
Triple DES 184
6.5 SECURITY OF DES 185
Brute-Force Attack 185
Differential Cryptanalysis 185
Linear Cryptanalysis 186
6.6 RECOMMENDED READING 186
Books 186
WebSites 186
6.7 KEY TERMS 186
6.8 SUMMARY 187
6.9 PRACTICE SET 187
Review Questions 187
Exercises 188
Chapter 7 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 191
7.1 INTRODUCTION 191
History 191
Criteria 192
Rounds 192
Data Units 193
Structure of Each Round 195
7.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 196
Substitution 1%
Permutation 202
Mixing 203
Key Adding 206
7.3 KEY EXPANSION 207
Key Expansion in AES-128 208
Key Expansion in AES-192 and AES-256 212
Key-Expansion Analysis 212
7.4 CIPHERS 213
Original Design 213
Alternative Design 214
CONTENTS
7.5 EXAMPLES 216
7.6 ANALYSIS OF AES 219
Security 219
Implementation 219
Simplicity and Cost 220
7.7 RECOMMENDED READING 220
Books 220
WebSites 220
7.8 KEY TERMS 220
7.9 SUMMARY 220
7.10 PRACTICE SET 221
Review Questions 221
Exercises 222
Chapter 8 Encipherment Using Modern Symmetric-Key
Ciphers 225
8.1 USE OF MODERN BLOCK CIPHERS 225
Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode 226
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode 228
Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode 231
Output Feedback (OFB) Mode 234
Counter (CTR) Mode 236
8.2 USE OF STREAM CIPHERS 238
RC4 238
A5/1 242
8.3 OTHER ISSUES 244
Key Management 244
Key Generation 244
8.4 RECOMMENDED READING 245
Books 245
WebSites 245
8.5 KEY TERMS 245
8.6 SUMMARY 245
8.7 PRACTICE SET 246
Review Questions 246
Exercises 247
Part 2 Asymmetric-Key Encipherment 249
Chapter 9 Mathematics of Cryptography 251
9.1 PRIMES 251
Definition 251
Cardinality of Primes 252
Checking for Primeness 253
Euler s Phi-Function 254
Fermat s Little Theorem 256
Euler s Theorem 257
Generating Primes 258
CONTENTS
9.2 PRIMALITY TESTING 260
Deterministic Algorithms 260
Probabilistic Algorithms 261
Recommended Primality Test 266
9.3 FACTORIZATION 267
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 267
Factorization Methods 268
Fermat Method 269
Pollardp- Method 270
Pollard rho Method 271
More Efficient Methods 272
9.4 CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM 274
Applications 275
9.5 QUADRATIC CONGRUENCE 276
Quadratic Congruence Modulo a Prime 276
Quadratic Congruence Modulo a Composite 277
9.6 EXPONENTIATION AND LOGARITHM 278
Exponentiation 279
Logarithm 281
9.7 RECOMMENDED READING 286
Books 286
WebSites 286
9.8 KEY TERMS 286
9.9 SUMMARY 287
9.10 PRACTICE SET 288
Review Questions 288
Exercises 288
Chapter 10 Asymmetric-Key Cryptography 293
10.1 INTRODUCTION 293
Keys 294
General Idea 294
Need for Both 296
Trapdoor One-Way Function 296
Knapsack Cryptosystem 298
10.2 RSA CRYPTOSYSTEM 301
Introduction 301
Procedure 301
Some Trivial Examples 304
Attacks on RSA 305
Recommendations 310
Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) 311
Applications 314
10.3 RABIN CRYPTOSYSTEM 314
Procedure 315
Security of the Rabin System 317
10.4 ELGAMAL CRYPTOSYSTEM 317
ElGamal Cryptosystem 317
Procedure 317
CONTENTS
Proof 319
Analysis 319
Security of ElGamal 320
Application 321
10.5 ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOSYSTEMS 321
Elliptic Curves over Real Numbers 321
Elliptic Curves over GF(p) 324
Elliptic Curves over GF(2 ) 326
Elliptic Curve Cryptography Simulating ElGamal 328
10.6 RECOMMENDED READING 330
Books 330
WebSites 330
10.7 KEY TERMS 331
10.8 SUMMARY 331
10.9 PRACTICE SET 333
Review Questions 333
Exercises 334
Part 3 Integrity, Authentication, and Key Management 337
Chapter 11 Message Integrity and Message Authentication 339
11.1 MESSAGE INTEGRITY 339
Document and Fingerprint 340
Message and Message Digest 340
Difference 340
Checking Integrity 340
Cryptographic Hash Function Criteria 340
11.2 RANDOM ORACLE MODEL 343
Pigeonhole Principle 345
Birthday Problems 345
Attacks on Random Oracle Model 347
Attacks on the Structure 351
11.3 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION 352
Modification Detection Code 352
Message Authentication Code (MAC) 353
11.4 RECOMMENDED READING 357
Books 357
WebSites 357
11.5 KEY TERMS 357
11.6 SUMMARY 358
11.7 PRACTICE SET 358
Review Questions 358
Exercises 359
Chapter 12 Cryptographic Hash Functions 363
12.1 INTRODUCTION 363
Iterated Hash Function 363
Two Groups of Compression Functions 364
CONTENTS
12.2 SHA-512 367
Introduction 367
Compression Function 372
Analysis 375
12.3 WHIRLPOOL 376
Whirlpool Cipher 377
Summary 384
Analysis 384
12.4 RECOMMENDED READING
Books 384
WebSites 384
12.5 KEY TERMS 385
12.6 SUMMARY 385
12.7 PRACTICE SET 386
Review Questions 386
Exercises 386
384
Chapter 13 Digital Signature 389
13.1 COMPARISON 390
Inclusion 390
Verification Method 390
Relationship 390
Duplicity 390
13.2 PROCESS 390
Need for Keys 391
Signing the Digest 392
13.3 SERVICES 393
Message Authentication 393
Message Integrity 393
Nonrepudiation 393
Confidentiality 394
13.4 ATTACKS ON DIGITAL SIGNATURE 395
Attack Types 395
Forgery Types 395
13.5 DIGITAL SIGNATURE SCHEMES 396
RSA Digital Signature Scheme 396
ElGamal Digital Signature Scheme 400
Schnorr Digital Signature Scheme 403
Digital Signature Standard (DSS) 405
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Scheme 407
13.6 VARIATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 409
Variations 409
Applications 411
13.7 RECOMMENDED READING 411
Books 411
WebSites 411
13.8 KEY TERMS 412
CONTENTS
13.9 SUMMARY 412
13.10 PRACTICE SET 413
Review Questions 413
Exercises 413
Chapter 14 Entity Authentication 415
14.1 INTRODUCTION 415
Data-Origin Versus Entity Authentication 415
Verification Categories 416
Entity Authentication and Key Management 416
14.2 PASSWORDS 416
Fixed Password 416
One-Time Password 419
14.3 CHALLENGE-RESPONSE 421
Using a Symmetric-Key Cipher 421
Using Keyed-Hash Functions 423
Using an Asymmetric-Key Cipher 424
Using Digital Signature 425
14.4 ZERO-KNOWLEDGE 426
Fiat-Shamir Protocol 427
Feige-Fiat-Shamir Protocol 429
Guillou-Quisquater Protocol 429
14.5 BIOMETRICS 430
Components 431
Enrollment 431
Authentication 431
Techniques 432
Accuracy 433
Applications 434
14.6 RECOMMENDED READING 434
Books 434
WebSites 434
14.7 KEY TERMS 434
14.8 SUMMARY 435
14.9 PRACTICE SET 435
Review Questions 435
Exercises 436
Chapter 15 Key Management 437
15.1 SYMMETRIC-KEY DISTRIBUTION 438
Key-Distribution Center: KDC 438
Session Keys 439
15.2 KERBEROS 443
Servers 444
Operation 445
Using Different Servers 445
Kerberos Version 5 447
Realms 447
CONTENTS
15.3 SYMMETRIC-KEY AGREEMENT 447
Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement 447
Station-to-Station Key Agreement 451
15.4 PUBLIC-KEY DISTRIBUTION 453
Public Announcement 453
Trusted Center 453
Controlled Trusted Center 454
Certification Authority 454
X.509 456
Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI) 458
15.5 RECOMMENDED READING 461
Books 461
WebSites 461
15.6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 462
15.7 SUMMARY 462
15.8 PRACTICE SET 463
Review Questions 463
Exercises 463
Part 4 Network Security 465
Chapter 16 Security at the Application Layer:
PGPandS/MIME 467
16.1 E-MAIL 467
E-mail Architecture 467
E-mail Security 469
16.2 PGP 470
Scenarios 470
Key Rings 472
PGP Certificates 475
Key Revocation 482
Extracting Information from Rings 482
PGP Packets 484
PGP Messages 490
Applications of PGP 492
16.3 S/MIME 492
MIME 492
S/MIME 498
Applications of S/MIME 502
16.4 RECOMMENDED READING 502
Books 502
WebSites 502
16.5 KEY TERMS 502
16.6 SUMMARY 503
16.7 EXERCISES 503
Review Questions 503
Exercises 504
CONTENTS
Chapter 17 Security at the Transport Layer: SSL and TLS 507
17.1 SSL ARCHITECTURE 508
Services 508
Key Exchange Algorithms 509
Encryption/Decryption Algorithms 511
Hash Algorithms 512
Cipher Suite 512
Compression Algorithms 513
Cryptographic Parameter Generation 513
Sessions and Connections 515
17.2 FOUR PROTOCOLS 517
Handshake Protocol 518
ChangeCipherSpec Protocol 525
Alert Protocol 526
Record Protocol 526
17.3 SSL MESSAGE FORMATS 529
ChangeCipherSpec Protocol 530
Alert Protocol 530
Handshake Protocol 530
Application Data 537
17.4 TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY 538
Version 539
Cipher Suite 539
Generation of Cryptographic Secrets 539
Alert Protocol 542
Handshake Protocol 543
Record Protocol 543
17.5 RECOMMENDED READING 545
Books 545
WebSites 545
17.6 KEY TERMS 545
17.7 SUMMARY 545
17.8 PRACTICE SET 546
Review Questions 546
Exercises 546
Chapter 18 Security at the Network Layer: IPSec 549
18.1 TWO MODES 550
Comparison 552
18.2 TWO SECURITY PROTOCOLS 552
Authentication Header (AH) 552
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) 554
IPv4 and IPv6 555
AH versus ESP 555
Services Provided by IPSec 555
18.3 SECURITY ASSOCIATION 557
Idea of Security Association 557
Security Association Database (SAD) 558
xviii CONTENTS
18.4 SECURITY POLICY 560
Security Policy Database 560
18.5 INTERNET KEY EXCHANGE (IKE) 563
Improved Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 563
IKE Phases 566
Phases and Modes 566
Phase I: Main Mode 567
Phase I: Aggressive Mode 573
Phase II: Quick Mode 575
SA Algorithms 577
18.6 ISAKMP 578
General Header 578
Payloads 579
18.7 RECOMMENDED READING 588
Books 588
WebSites 588
18.8 KEY TERMS 588
18.9 SUMMARY 589
18.10 PRACTICE SET 589
Review Questions 589
Exercises 590
Appendix A ASCII 593
Appendix B Standards and Standard Organizations 595
B.l INTERNET STANDARDS 595
Maturity Levels 595
Requirement Levels 597
Internet Administration 597
B.2 OTHER STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS 599
NIST 599
ISO 599
ITU-T 599
ANSI 600
IEEE 600
E1A 600
Appendix C TCP/IP Protocol Suite 601
C.l LAYERS IN THE TCP/IP 602
Application Layer 602
Transport Layer 602
Network Layer 603
Data Link Layer 604
Physical Layer 604
C.2 ADDRESSING 604
Specific Address 604
Port Address 604
Logical Address 605
Physical Address 605
CONTENTS
Appendix D Elementary Probability 607
D.l INTRODUCTION 607
Definitions 607
Probability Assignment 608
Axioms 609
Properties 609
Conditional Probability 609
D.2 RANDOM VARIABLES 610
Continuous Random Variables 610
Discrete Random Variables 610
Appendix E Birthday Problems 611
E.l FOUR PROBLEMS 611
First Problem 611
Second Problem 612
Third Problem 612
Fourth Problem 613
E.2 SUMMARY 614
Appendix F Information Theory 615
F.l MEASURING INFORMATION 615
F.2 ENTROPY 616
Maximum Entropy 616
Minimum Entropy 617
Interpretation of Entropy 617
Joint Entropy 617
Conditional Entropy 617
Other Relations 618
Perfect Secrecy 618
F.3 ENTROPY OF A LANGUAGE 619
Entropy of an Arbitrary Language 619
Entropy of the English Language 619
Redundancy 619
Unicity Distance 620
Appendix G List of Irreducible and Primitive Polynomials 621
Appendix H Primes Less Than 10,000 623
Appendix I Prime Factors of Integers Less Than 1000 627
Appendix J List of First Primitive Roots for
Primes Less Than 1000 631
Appendix K Random Number Generator 633
K.1 TRNG 633
CONTENTS
K.2 PRNG 634
Congruential Generators 634
Cryptosystem-Based Generators 636
Appendix L Complexity 639
L.l COMPLEXITY OF AN ALGORITHM 639
Bit-Operation Complexity 639
L.2 COMPLEXITY OF A PROBLEM 643
Two Broad Categories 643
L.3 PROBABILISTIC ALGORITHMS 644
Monte Carlo Algorithms 644
Las Vegas Algorithms 644
Appendix M ZIP 645
M.l LZ77 ENCODING 645
Compression 646
Decompression 647
Appendix N Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis of DES 651
N.l DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS 651
Probabilistic Relations 651
Attack 653
Finding the Cipher Key 654
Security 654
N.2 LINEAR CRYPTANALYSIS 655
Linearity Relations 655
Attack 658
Security 658
Appendix O Simplified DES (S-DES) 659
O.l S-DES STRUCTURE 659
Initial and Final Permutations 660
Rounds 660
Key Generation 663
0.2 CIPHER AND REVERSE CIPHER 664
Appendix P Simplified AES (S-AES) 667
P.I S-AES STRUCTURE 667
Rounds 667
Data Units 668
Structure of Each Round 670
P.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 671
Substitution 671
Permutation 672
CONTENTS
Mixing 673
Key Adding 674
P.3 KEY EXPANSION 675
Creation of Words in S-AES 675
P.4 CIPHERS 677
Appendix Q Some Proofs ,679
Q.l CHAPTER 2 679
Divisibility 679
Euclidean Algorithms 680
Congruence 681
Q.2 CHAPTER 9 682
Primes 682
Euler s Phi-Function 683
Fermat s Little Theorem 684
Euler s Theorem 684
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 685
Glossary 687
References 707
Index 709
|
| adam_txt |
Titel: Introduction to cryptography and network security
Autor: Forouzan, Behrouz A.
Jahr: 2008
CONTENTS
Preface xxiii
Chapter 1
Introduction 1
1.1 SECURITY GOALS 2
Confidentiality 2
Integrity 3
Availability 3
1.2 ATTACKS 3
Attacks Threatening Confidentiality 3
Attacks Threatening Integrity 4
Attacks Threatening Availability 5
Passive Versus Active Attacks 5
1.3 SERVICES AND MECHANISM 6
Security Services 6
Security Mechanisms 7
Relation between Services and Mechanisms 8
1.4 TECHNIQUES 9
Cryptography 9
Steganography 10
1.5 THE REST OF THE BOOK 12
Part One: Symmetric-Key Encipherment 12
Part Two: Asymmetric-Key Encipherment 12
Part Three: Integrity. Authentication, and Key Management 12
Part Four: Network Security 12
1.6 RECOMMENDED READING 12
Books 12
WebSites 12
1.7 KEY TERMS 13
1.8 SUMMARY 13
1.9 PRACTICE SET 14
Review Questions 14
Exercises 14
Part 1 Symmetric-Key Encipherment 17
Chapter 2 Mathematics of Cryptography 19
2.1 INTEGER ARITHMETIC 20
Set of Integers 20
CONTENTS
Binary Operations 20
Integer Division 21
Divisibility 22
Linear Diophantine Equations 28
2.2 MODULAR ARITHMETIC 29
Modulo Operator 29
Set of Residues: Z? 30
Congruence 30
Operations in Z? 32
Inverses 35
Addition and Multiplication Tables 39
Different Sets for Addition and Multiplication 39
Two More Sets 40
2.3 MATRICES 40
Definitions 40
Operations and Relations 41
Determinant 43
Inverses 44
Residue Matrices 44
2.4 LINEAR CONGRUENCE 45
Single-Variable Linear Equations 45
Set of Linear Equations 46
2.5 RECOMMENDED READING 47
Books 47
WebSites 47
2.6 KEY TERMS 47
2.7 SUMMARY 48
2.8 PRACTICE SET 49
Review Questions 49
Exercises 49
Chapter 3 Traditional Symmetric-Key Ciphers 55
3.1 INTRODUCTION 56
Kerckhoff's Principle 57
Cryptanalysis 57
Categories of Traditional Ciphers 60
3.2 SUBSTITUTION CIPHERS 61
Monoalphabetic Ciphers 61
Polyalphabetic Ciphers 69
3.3 TRANSPOSITION CIPHERS 80
Keyless Transposition Ciphers 81
Keyed Transposition Ciphers 82
Combining Two Approaches 83
3.4 STREAM AND BLOCK CIPHERS 87
Stream Ciphers 87
Block Ciphers 89
Combination 89
3.5 RECOMMENDED READING 90
Books 90
CONTENTS
WebSites 90
3.6 KEY TERMS 90
3.7 SUMMARY 91
3.8 PRACTICE SET 92
Review Questions 92
Exercises 92
Chapter 4 Mathematics of Cryptography 97
4.1 ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES 98
Groups 98
Ring 104
Field 105
Summary 107
4.2 GF(2") FIELDS 107
Polynomials 108
Using a Generator 114
Summary 117
4.3 RECOMMENDED READING 117
Books 117
WebSites 117
4.4 KEY TERMS 118
4.5 SUMMARY 118
4.6 PRACTICE SET 119
Review Questions 119
Exercises 119
Chapter 5 Introduction to Modern Symmetric-Key
Ciphers 123
5.1 MODERN BLOCK CIPHERS 124
Substitution or Transposition 125
Block Ciphers as Permutation Groups 125
Components of a Modern Block Cipher 128
S-Boxes 132
Product Ciphers 136
Two Classes of Product Ciphers 139
Attacks on Block Ciphers 143
5.2 MODERN STREAM CIPHERS 148
Synchronous Stream Ciphers 149
Nonsynchronous Stream Ciphers 154
5.3 RECOMMENDED READING 154
Books 154
WebSites 154
5.4 KEY TERMS 154
5.5 SUMMARY 155
5.6 PRACTICE SET 156
Review Questions 156
Exercises 157
CONTENTS
Chapter 6 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 159
6.1 INTRODUCTION 159
History 159
Overview 160
6.2 DES STRUCTURE 160
Initial and Final Permutations 160
Rounds 163
Cipher and Reverse Cipher 167
Examples 173
6.3 DES ANALYSIS 175
Properties 175
Design Criteria 176
DES Weaknesses 177
6.4 MULTIPLE DES 181
Double DES 182
Triple DES 184
6.5 SECURITY OF DES 185
Brute-Force Attack 185
Differential Cryptanalysis 185
Linear Cryptanalysis 186
6.6 RECOMMENDED READING 186
Books 186
WebSites 186
6.7 KEY TERMS 186
6.8 SUMMARY 187
6.9 PRACTICE SET 187
Review Questions 187
Exercises 188
Chapter 7 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 191
7.1 INTRODUCTION 191
History 191
Criteria 192
Rounds 192
Data Units 193
Structure of Each Round 195
7.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 196
Substitution 1%
Permutation 202
Mixing 203
Key Adding 206
7.3 KEY EXPANSION 207
Key Expansion in AES-128 208
Key Expansion in AES-192 and AES-256 212
Key-Expansion Analysis 212
7.4 CIPHERS 213
Original Design 213
Alternative Design 214
CONTENTS
7.5 EXAMPLES 216
7.6 ANALYSIS OF AES 219
Security 219
Implementation 219
Simplicity and Cost 220
7.7 RECOMMENDED READING 220
Books 220
WebSites 220
7.8 KEY TERMS 220
7.9 SUMMARY 220
7.10 PRACTICE SET 221
Review Questions 221
Exercises 222
Chapter 8 Encipherment Using Modern Symmetric-Key
Ciphers 225
8.1 USE OF MODERN BLOCK CIPHERS 225
Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode 226
Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode 228
Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode 231
Output Feedback (OFB) Mode 234
Counter (CTR) Mode 236
8.2 USE OF STREAM CIPHERS 238
RC4 238
A5/1 242
8.3 OTHER ISSUES 244
Key Management 244
Key Generation 244
8.4 RECOMMENDED READING 245
Books 245
WebSites 245
8.5 KEY TERMS 245
8.6 SUMMARY 245
8.7 PRACTICE SET 246
Review Questions 246
Exercises 247
Part 2 Asymmetric-Key Encipherment 249
Chapter 9 Mathematics of Cryptography 251
9.1 PRIMES 251
Definition 251
Cardinality of Primes 252
Checking for Primeness 253
Euler's Phi-Function 254
Fermat's Little Theorem 256
Euler's Theorem 257
Generating Primes 258
CONTENTS
9.2 PRIMALITY TESTING 260
Deterministic Algorithms 260
Probabilistic Algorithms 261
Recommended Primality Test 266
9.3 FACTORIZATION 267
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 267
Factorization Methods 268
Fermat Method 269
Pollardp-\ Method 270
Pollard rho Method 271
More Efficient Methods 272
9.4 CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM 274
Applications 275
9.5 QUADRATIC CONGRUENCE 276
Quadratic Congruence Modulo a Prime 276
Quadratic Congruence Modulo a Composite 277
9.6 EXPONENTIATION AND LOGARITHM 278
Exponentiation 279
Logarithm 281
9.7 RECOMMENDED READING 286
Books 286
WebSites 286
9.8 KEY TERMS 286
9.9 SUMMARY 287
9.10 PRACTICE SET 288
Review Questions 288
Exercises 288
Chapter 10 Asymmetric-Key Cryptography 293
10.1 INTRODUCTION 293
Keys 294
General Idea 294
Need for Both 296
Trapdoor One-Way Function 296
Knapsack Cryptosystem 298
10.2 RSA CRYPTOSYSTEM 301
Introduction 301
Procedure 301
Some Trivial Examples 304
Attacks on RSA 305
Recommendations 310
Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) 311
Applications 314
10.3 RABIN CRYPTOSYSTEM 314
Procedure 315
Security of the Rabin System 317
10.4 ELGAMAL CRYPTOSYSTEM 317
ElGamal Cryptosystem 317
Procedure 317
CONTENTS
Proof 319
Analysis 319
Security of ElGamal 320
Application 321
10.5 ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOSYSTEMS 321
Elliptic Curves over Real Numbers 321
Elliptic Curves over GF(p) 324
Elliptic Curves over GF(2") 326
Elliptic Curve Cryptography Simulating ElGamal 328
10.6 RECOMMENDED READING 330
Books 330
WebSites 330
10.7 KEY TERMS 331
10.8 SUMMARY 331
10.9 PRACTICE SET 333
Review Questions 333
Exercises 334
Part 3 Integrity, Authentication, and Key Management 337
Chapter 11 Message Integrity and Message Authentication 339
11.1 MESSAGE INTEGRITY 339
Document and Fingerprint 340
Message and Message Digest 340
Difference 340
Checking Integrity 340
Cryptographic Hash Function Criteria 340
11.2 RANDOM ORACLE MODEL 343
Pigeonhole Principle 345
Birthday Problems 345
Attacks on Random Oracle Model 347
Attacks on the Structure 351
11.3 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION 352
Modification Detection Code 352
Message Authentication Code (MAC) 353
11.4 RECOMMENDED READING 357
Books 357
WebSites 357
11.5 KEY TERMS 357
11.6 SUMMARY 358
11.7 PRACTICE SET 358
Review Questions 358
Exercises 359
Chapter 12 Cryptographic Hash Functions 363
12.1 INTRODUCTION 363
Iterated Hash Function 363
Two Groups of Compression Functions 364
CONTENTS
12.2 SHA-512 367
Introduction 367
Compression Function 372
Analysis 375
12.3 WHIRLPOOL 376
Whirlpool Cipher 377
Summary 384
Analysis 384
12.4 RECOMMENDED READING
Books 384
WebSites 384
12.5 KEY TERMS 385
12.6 SUMMARY 385
12.7 PRACTICE SET 386
Review Questions 386
Exercises 386
384
Chapter 13 Digital Signature 389
13.1 COMPARISON 390
Inclusion 390
Verification Method 390
Relationship 390
Duplicity 390
13.2 PROCESS 390
Need for Keys 391
Signing the Digest 392
13.3 SERVICES 393
Message Authentication 393
Message Integrity 393
Nonrepudiation 393
Confidentiality 394
13.4 ATTACKS ON DIGITAL SIGNATURE 395
Attack Types 395
Forgery Types 395
13.5 DIGITAL SIGNATURE SCHEMES 396
RSA Digital Signature Scheme 396
ElGamal Digital Signature Scheme 400
Schnorr Digital Signature Scheme 403
Digital Signature Standard (DSS) 405
Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Scheme 407
13.6 VARIATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 409
Variations 409
Applications 411
13.7 RECOMMENDED READING 411
Books 411
WebSites 411
13.8 KEY TERMS 412
CONTENTS
13.9 SUMMARY 412
13.10 PRACTICE SET 413
Review Questions 413
Exercises 413
Chapter 14 Entity Authentication 415
14.1 INTRODUCTION 415
Data-Origin Versus Entity Authentication 415
Verification Categories 416
Entity Authentication and Key Management 416
14.2 PASSWORDS 416
Fixed Password 416
One-Time Password 419
14.3 CHALLENGE-RESPONSE 421
Using a Symmetric-Key Cipher 421
Using Keyed-Hash Functions 423
Using an Asymmetric-Key Cipher 424
Using Digital Signature 425
14.4 ZERO-KNOWLEDGE 426
Fiat-Shamir Protocol 427
Feige-Fiat-Shamir Protocol 429
Guillou-Quisquater Protocol 429
14.5 BIOMETRICS 430
Components 431
Enrollment 431
Authentication 431
Techniques 432
Accuracy 433
Applications 434
14.6 RECOMMENDED READING 434
Books 434
WebSites 434
14.7 KEY TERMS 434
14.8 SUMMARY 435
14.9 PRACTICE SET 435
Review Questions 435
Exercises 436
Chapter 15 Key Management 437
15.1 SYMMETRIC-KEY DISTRIBUTION 438
Key-Distribution Center: KDC 438
Session Keys 439
15.2 KERBEROS 443
Servers 444
Operation 445
Using Different Servers 445
Kerberos Version 5 447
Realms 447
CONTENTS
15.3 SYMMETRIC-KEY AGREEMENT 447
Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement 447
Station-to-Station Key Agreement 451
15.4 PUBLIC-KEY DISTRIBUTION 453
Public Announcement 453
Trusted Center 453
Controlled Trusted Center 454
Certification Authority 454
X.509 456
Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI) 458
15.5 RECOMMENDED READING 461
Books 461
WebSites 461
15.6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 462
15.7 SUMMARY 462
15.8 PRACTICE SET 463
Review Questions 463
Exercises 463
Part 4 Network Security 465
Chapter 16 Security at the Application Layer:
PGPandS/MIME 467
16.1 E-MAIL 467
E-mail Architecture 467
E-mail Security 469
16.2 PGP 470
Scenarios 470
Key Rings 472
PGP Certificates 475
Key Revocation 482
Extracting Information from Rings 482
PGP Packets 484
PGP Messages 490
Applications of PGP 492
16.3 S/MIME 492
MIME 492
S/MIME 498
Applications of S/MIME 502
16.4 RECOMMENDED READING 502
Books 502
WebSites 502
16.5 KEY TERMS 502
16.6 SUMMARY 503
16.7 EXERCISES 503
Review Questions 503
Exercises 504
CONTENTS
Chapter 17 Security at the Transport Layer: SSL and TLS 507
17.1 SSL ARCHITECTURE 508
Services 508
Key Exchange Algorithms 509
Encryption/Decryption Algorithms 511
Hash Algorithms 512
Cipher Suite 512
Compression Algorithms 513
Cryptographic Parameter Generation 513
Sessions and Connections 515
17.2 FOUR PROTOCOLS 517
Handshake Protocol 518
ChangeCipherSpec Protocol 525
Alert Protocol 526
Record Protocol 526
17.3 SSL MESSAGE FORMATS 529
ChangeCipherSpec Protocol 530
Alert Protocol 530
Handshake Protocol 530
Application Data 537
17.4 TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY 538
Version 539
Cipher Suite 539
Generation of Cryptographic Secrets 539
Alert Protocol 542
Handshake Protocol 543
Record Protocol 543
17.5 RECOMMENDED READING 545
Books 545
WebSites 545
17.6 KEY TERMS 545
17.7 SUMMARY 545
17.8 PRACTICE SET 546
Review Questions 546
Exercises 546
Chapter 18 Security at the Network Layer: IPSec 549
18.1 TWO MODES 550
Comparison 552
18.2 TWO SECURITY PROTOCOLS 552
Authentication Header (AH) 552
Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) 554
IPv4 and IPv6 555
AH versus ESP 555
Services Provided by IPSec 555
18.3 SECURITY ASSOCIATION 557
Idea of Security Association 557
Security Association Database (SAD) 558
xviii CONTENTS
18.4 SECURITY POLICY 560
Security Policy Database 560
18.5 INTERNET KEY EXCHANGE (IKE) 563
Improved Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 563
IKE Phases 566
Phases and Modes 566
Phase I: Main Mode 567
Phase I: Aggressive Mode 573
Phase II: Quick Mode 575
SA Algorithms 577
18.6 ISAKMP 578
General Header 578
Payloads 579
18.7 RECOMMENDED READING 588
Books 588
WebSites 588
18.8 KEY TERMS 588
18.9 SUMMARY 589
18.10 PRACTICE SET 589
Review Questions 589
Exercises 590
Appendix A ASCII 593
Appendix B Standards and Standard Organizations 595
B.l INTERNET STANDARDS 595
Maturity Levels 595
Requirement Levels 597
Internet Administration 597
B.2 OTHER STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS 599
NIST 599
ISO 599
ITU-T 599
ANSI 600
IEEE 600
E1A 600
Appendix C TCP/IP Protocol Suite 601
C.l LAYERS IN THE TCP/IP 602
Application Layer 602
Transport Layer 602
Network Layer 603
Data Link Layer 604
Physical Layer 604
C.2 ADDRESSING 604
Specific Address 604
Port Address 604
Logical Address 605
Physical Address 605
CONTENTS
Appendix D Elementary Probability 607
D.l INTRODUCTION 607
Definitions 607
Probability Assignment 608
Axioms 609
Properties 609
Conditional Probability 609
D.2 RANDOM VARIABLES 610
Continuous Random Variables 610
Discrete Random Variables 610
Appendix E Birthday Problems 611
E.l FOUR PROBLEMS 611
First Problem 611
Second Problem 612
Third Problem 612
Fourth Problem 613
E.2 SUMMARY 614
Appendix F Information Theory 615
F.l MEASURING INFORMATION 615
F.2 ENTROPY 616
Maximum Entropy 616
Minimum Entropy 617
Interpretation of Entropy 617
Joint Entropy 617
Conditional Entropy 617
Other Relations 618
Perfect Secrecy 618
F.3 ENTROPY OF A LANGUAGE 619
Entropy of an Arbitrary Language 619
Entropy of the English Language 619
Redundancy 619
Unicity Distance 620
Appendix G List of Irreducible and Primitive Polynomials 621
Appendix H Primes Less Than 10,000 623
Appendix I Prime Factors of Integers Less Than 1000 627
Appendix J List of First Primitive Roots for
Primes Less Than 1000 631
Appendix K Random Number Generator 633
K.1 TRNG 633
CONTENTS
K.2 PRNG 634
Congruential Generators 634
Cryptosystem-Based Generators 636
Appendix L Complexity 639
L.l COMPLEXITY OF AN ALGORITHM 639
Bit-Operation Complexity 639
L.2 COMPLEXITY OF A PROBLEM 643
Two Broad Categories 643
L.3 PROBABILISTIC ALGORITHMS 644
Monte Carlo Algorithms 644
Las Vegas Algorithms 644
Appendix M ZIP 645
M.l LZ77 ENCODING 645
Compression 646
Decompression 647
Appendix N Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis of DES 651
N.l DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS 651
Probabilistic Relations 651
Attack 653
Finding the Cipher Key 654
Security 654
N.2 LINEAR CRYPTANALYSIS 655
Linearity Relations 655
Attack 658
Security 658
Appendix O Simplified DES (S-DES) 659
O.l S-DES STRUCTURE 659
Initial and Final Permutations 660
Rounds 660
Key Generation 663
0.2 CIPHER AND REVERSE CIPHER 664
Appendix P Simplified AES (S-AES) 667
P.I S-AES STRUCTURE 667
Rounds 667
Data Units 668
Structure of Each Round 670
P.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 671
Substitution 671
Permutation 672
CONTENTS
Mixing 673
Key Adding 674
P.3 KEY EXPANSION 675
Creation of Words in S-AES 675
P.4 CIPHERS 677
Appendix Q Some Proofs ,679
Q.l CHAPTER 2 679
Divisibility 679
Euclidean Algorithms 680
Congruence 681
Q.2 CHAPTER 9 682
Primes 682
Euler's Phi-Function 683
Fermat's Little Theorem 684
Euler's Theorem 684
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 685
Glossary 687
References 707
Index 709 |
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| author | Forouzan, Behrouz A. 1944- |
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| dewey-ones | 005 - Computer programming, programs, data, security |
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| discipline | Informatik |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:33:04Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:05:24Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780071102230 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006052665 |
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| series2 | McGraw-Hill Forouzan networking series |
| spelling | Forouzan, Behrouz A. 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)132379813 aut Introduction to cryptography and network security Behrouz A. Forouzan Internat. ed. Boston [u.a.] McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2008 XXVI, 721 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier McGraw-Hill Forouzan networking series Includes bibliographical references (p. 707-708) and index Computer networks Security measures Cryptography Kryptologie (DE-588)4033329-2 gnd rswk-swf Computersicherheit (DE-588)4274324-2 gnd rswk-swf Kryptologie (DE-588)4033329-2 s DE-604 Computersicherheit (DE-588)4274324-2 s http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0737/2006052665-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0740/2006052665-t.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015963118&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Forouzan, Behrouz A. 1944- Introduction to cryptography and network security Computer networks Security measures Cryptography Kryptologie (DE-588)4033329-2 gnd Computersicherheit (DE-588)4274324-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4033329-2 (DE-588)4274324-2 |
| title | Introduction to cryptography and network security |
| title_auth | Introduction to cryptography and network security |
| title_exact_search | Introduction to cryptography and network security |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Introduction to cryptography and network security |
| title_full | Introduction to cryptography and network security Behrouz A. Forouzan |
| title_fullStr | Introduction to cryptography and network security Behrouz A. Forouzan |
| title_full_unstemmed | Introduction to cryptography and network security Behrouz A. Forouzan |
| title_short | Introduction to cryptography and network security |
| title_sort | introduction to cryptography and network security |
| topic | Computer networks Security measures Cryptography Kryptologie (DE-588)4033329-2 gnd Computersicherheit (DE-588)4274324-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Computer networks Security measures Cryptography Kryptologie Computersicherheit |
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