Verfügbarkeit: Introduction to cryptography and network security

Introduction to cryptography and network security:

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Forouzan, Behrouz A. 1944- (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	Boston [u.a.] McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2008
Ausgabe:	Internat. ed.
Schriftenreihe:	McGraw-Hill Forouzan networking series
Schlagworte:	Computer networks > Security measures Cryptography Kryptologie Computersicherheit
Online-Zugang:	Publisher description Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	Includes bibliographical references (p. 707-708) and index
Beschreibung:	XXVI, 721 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm
ISBN:	9780071102230

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Titel: Introduction to cryptography and network security Autor: Forouzan, Behrouz A. Jahr: 2008 CONTENTS Preface xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 SECURITY GOALS 2 Confidentiality 2 Integrity 3 Availability 3 1.2 ATTACKS 3 Attacks Threatening Confidentiality 3 Attacks Threatening Integrity 4 Attacks Threatening Availability 5 Passive Versus Active Attacks 5 1.3 SERVICES AND MECHANISM 6 Security Services 6 Security Mechanisms 7 Relation between Services and Mechanisms 8 1.4 TECHNIQUES 9 Cryptography 9 Steganography 10 1.5 THE REST OF THE BOOK 12 Part One: Symmetric-Key Encipherment 12 Part Two: Asymmetric-Key Encipherment 12 Part Three: Integrity. Authentication, and Key Management 12 Part Four: Network Security 12 1.6 RECOMMENDED READING 12 Books 12 WebSites 12 1.7 KEY TERMS 13 1.8 SUMMARY 13 1.9 PRACTICE SET 14 Review Questions 14 Exercises 14 Part 1 Symmetric-Key Encipherment 17 Chapter 2 Mathematics of Cryptography 19 2.1 INTEGER ARITHMETIC 20 Set of Integers 20 CONTENTS Binary Operations 20 Integer Division 21 Divisibility 22 Linear Diophantine Equations 28 2.2 MODULAR ARITHMETIC 29 Modulo Operator 29 Set of Residues: Z? 30 Congruence 30 Operations in Z? 32 Inverses 35 Addition and Multiplication Tables 39 Different Sets for Addition and Multiplication 39 Two More Sets 40 2.3 MATRICES 40 Definitions 40 Operations and Relations 41 Determinant 43 Inverses 44 Residue Matrices 44 2.4 LINEAR CONGRUENCE 45 Single-Variable Linear Equations 45 Set of Linear Equations 46 2.5 RECOMMENDED READING 47 Books 47 WebSites 47 2.6 KEY TERMS 47 2.7 SUMMARY 48 2.8 PRACTICE SET 49 Review Questions 49 Exercises 49 Chapter 3 Traditional Symmetric-Key Ciphers 55 3.1 INTRODUCTION 56 Kerckhoff s Principle 57 Cryptanalysis 57 Categories of Traditional Ciphers 60 3.2 SUBSTITUTION CIPHERS 61 Monoalphabetic Ciphers 61 Polyalphabetic Ciphers 69 3.3 TRANSPOSITION CIPHERS 80 Keyless Transposition Ciphers 81 Keyed Transposition Ciphers 82 Combining Two Approaches 83 3.4 STREAM AND BLOCK CIPHERS 87 Stream Ciphers 87 Block Ciphers 89 Combination 89 3.5 RECOMMENDED READING 90 Books 90 CONTENTS WebSites 90 3.6 KEY TERMS 90 3.7 SUMMARY 91 3.8 PRACTICE SET 92 Review Questions 92 Exercises 92 Chapter 4 Mathematics of Cryptography 97 4.1 ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES 98 Groups 98 Ring 104 Field 105 Summary 107 4.2 GF(2 ) FIELDS 107 Polynomials 108 Using a Generator 114 Summary 117 4.3 RECOMMENDED READING 117 Books 117 WebSites 117 4.4 KEY TERMS 118 4.5 SUMMARY 118 4.6 PRACTICE SET 119 Review Questions 119 Exercises 119 Chapter 5 Introduction to Modern Symmetric-Key Ciphers 123 5.1 MODERN BLOCK CIPHERS 124 Substitution or Transposition 125 Block Ciphers as Permutation Groups 125 Components of a Modern Block Cipher 128 S-Boxes 132 Product Ciphers 136 Two Classes of Product Ciphers 139 Attacks on Block Ciphers 143 5.2 MODERN STREAM CIPHERS 148 Synchronous Stream Ciphers 149 Nonsynchronous Stream Ciphers 154 5.3 RECOMMENDED READING 154 Books 154 WebSites 154 5.4 KEY TERMS 154 5.5 SUMMARY 155 5.6 PRACTICE SET 156 Review Questions 156 Exercises 157 CONTENTS Chapter 6 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 159 6.1 INTRODUCTION 159 History 159 Overview 160 6.2 DES STRUCTURE 160 Initial and Final Permutations 160 Rounds 163 Cipher and Reverse Cipher 167 Examples 173 6.3 DES ANALYSIS 175 Properties 175 Design Criteria 176 DES Weaknesses 177 6.4 MULTIPLE DES 181 Double DES 182 Triple DES 184 6.5 SECURITY OF DES 185 Brute-Force Attack 185 Differential Cryptanalysis 185 Linear Cryptanalysis 186 6.6 RECOMMENDED READING 186 Books 186 WebSites 186 6.7 KEY TERMS 186 6.8 SUMMARY 187 6.9 PRACTICE SET 187 Review Questions 187 Exercises 188 Chapter 7 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 191 7.1 INTRODUCTION 191 History 191 Criteria 192 Rounds 192 Data Units 193 Structure of Each Round 195 7.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 196 Substitution 1% Permutation 202 Mixing 203 Key Adding 206 7.3 KEY EXPANSION 207 Key Expansion in AES-128 208 Key Expansion in AES-192 and AES-256 212 Key-Expansion Analysis 212 7.4 CIPHERS 213 Original Design 213 Alternative Design 214 CONTENTS 7.5 EXAMPLES 216 7.6 ANALYSIS OF AES 219 Security 219 Implementation 219 Simplicity and Cost 220 7.7 RECOMMENDED READING 220 Books 220 WebSites 220 7.8 KEY TERMS 220 7.9 SUMMARY 220 7.10 PRACTICE SET 221 Review Questions 221 Exercises 222 Chapter 8 Encipherment Using Modern Symmetric-Key Ciphers 225 8.1 USE OF MODERN BLOCK CIPHERS 225 Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode 226 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode 228 Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode 231 Output Feedback (OFB) Mode 234 Counter (CTR) Mode 236 8.2 USE OF STREAM CIPHERS 238 RC4 238 A5/1 242 8.3 OTHER ISSUES 244 Key Management 244 Key Generation 244 8.4 RECOMMENDED READING 245 Books 245 WebSites 245 8.5 KEY TERMS 245 8.6 SUMMARY 245 8.7 PRACTICE SET 246 Review Questions 246 Exercises 247 Part 2 Asymmetric-Key Encipherment 249 Chapter 9 Mathematics of Cryptography 251 9.1 PRIMES 251 Definition 251 Cardinality of Primes 252 Checking for Primeness 253 Euler s Phi-Function 254 Fermat s Little Theorem 256 Euler s Theorem 257 Generating Primes 258 CONTENTS 9.2 PRIMALITY TESTING 260 Deterministic Algorithms 260 Probabilistic Algorithms 261 Recommended Primality Test 266 9.3 FACTORIZATION 267 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 267 Factorization Methods 268 Fermat Method 269 Pollardp- Method 270 Pollard rho Method 271 More Efficient Methods 272 9.4 CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM 274 Applications 275 9.5 QUADRATIC CONGRUENCE 276 Quadratic Congruence Modulo a Prime 276 Quadratic Congruence Modulo a Composite 277 9.6 EXPONENTIATION AND LOGARITHM 278 Exponentiation 279 Logarithm 281 9.7 RECOMMENDED READING 286 Books 286 WebSites 286 9.8 KEY TERMS 286 9.9 SUMMARY 287 9.10 PRACTICE SET 288 Review Questions 288 Exercises 288 Chapter 10 Asymmetric-Key Cryptography 293 10.1 INTRODUCTION 293 Keys 294 General Idea 294 Need for Both 296 Trapdoor One-Way Function 296 Knapsack Cryptosystem 298 10.2 RSA CRYPTOSYSTEM 301 Introduction 301 Procedure 301 Some Trivial Examples 304 Attacks on RSA 305 Recommendations 310 Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) 311 Applications 314 10.3 RABIN CRYPTOSYSTEM 314 Procedure 315 Security of the Rabin System 317 10.4 ELGAMAL CRYPTOSYSTEM 317 ElGamal Cryptosystem 317 Procedure 317 CONTENTS Proof 319 Analysis 319 Security of ElGamal 320 Application 321 10.5 ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOSYSTEMS 321 Elliptic Curves over Real Numbers 321 Elliptic Curves over GF(p) 324 Elliptic Curves over GF(2 ) 326 Elliptic Curve Cryptography Simulating ElGamal 328 10.6 RECOMMENDED READING 330 Books 330 WebSites 330 10.7 KEY TERMS 331 10.8 SUMMARY 331 10.9 PRACTICE SET 333 Review Questions 333 Exercises 334 Part 3 Integrity, Authentication, and Key Management 337 Chapter 11 Message Integrity and Message Authentication 339 11.1 MESSAGE INTEGRITY 339 Document and Fingerprint 340 Message and Message Digest 340 Difference 340 Checking Integrity 340 Cryptographic Hash Function Criteria 340 11.2 RANDOM ORACLE MODEL 343 Pigeonhole Principle 345 Birthday Problems 345 Attacks on Random Oracle Model 347 Attacks on the Structure 351 11.3 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION 352 Modification Detection Code 352 Message Authentication Code (MAC) 353 11.4 RECOMMENDED READING 357 Books 357 WebSites 357 11.5 KEY TERMS 357 11.6 SUMMARY 358 11.7 PRACTICE SET 358 Review Questions 358 Exercises 359 Chapter 12 Cryptographic Hash Functions 363 12.1 INTRODUCTION 363 Iterated Hash Function 363 Two Groups of Compression Functions 364 CONTENTS 12.2 SHA-512 367 Introduction 367 Compression Function 372 Analysis 375 12.3 WHIRLPOOL 376 Whirlpool Cipher 377 Summary 384 Analysis 384 12.4 RECOMMENDED READING Books 384 WebSites 384 12.5 KEY TERMS 385 12.6 SUMMARY 385 12.7 PRACTICE SET 386 Review Questions 386 Exercises 386 384 Chapter 13 Digital Signature 389 13.1 COMPARISON 390 Inclusion 390 Verification Method 390 Relationship 390 Duplicity 390 13.2 PROCESS 390 Need for Keys 391 Signing the Digest 392 13.3 SERVICES 393 Message Authentication 393 Message Integrity 393 Nonrepudiation 393 Confidentiality 394 13.4 ATTACKS ON DIGITAL SIGNATURE 395 Attack Types 395 Forgery Types 395 13.5 DIGITAL SIGNATURE SCHEMES 396 RSA Digital Signature Scheme 396 ElGamal Digital Signature Scheme 400 Schnorr Digital Signature Scheme 403 Digital Signature Standard (DSS) 405 Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Scheme 407 13.6 VARIATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 409 Variations 409 Applications 411 13.7 RECOMMENDED READING 411 Books 411 WebSites 411 13.8 KEY TERMS 412 CONTENTS 13.9 SUMMARY 412 13.10 PRACTICE SET 413 Review Questions 413 Exercises 413 Chapter 14 Entity Authentication 415 14.1 INTRODUCTION 415 Data-Origin Versus Entity Authentication 415 Verification Categories 416 Entity Authentication and Key Management 416 14.2 PASSWORDS 416 Fixed Password 416 One-Time Password 419 14.3 CHALLENGE-RESPONSE 421 Using a Symmetric-Key Cipher 421 Using Keyed-Hash Functions 423 Using an Asymmetric-Key Cipher 424 Using Digital Signature 425 14.4 ZERO-KNOWLEDGE 426 Fiat-Shamir Protocol 427 Feige-Fiat-Shamir Protocol 429 Guillou-Quisquater Protocol 429 14.5 BIOMETRICS 430 Components 431 Enrollment 431 Authentication 431 Techniques 432 Accuracy 433 Applications 434 14.6 RECOMMENDED READING 434 Books 434 WebSites 434 14.7 KEY TERMS 434 14.8 SUMMARY 435 14.9 PRACTICE SET 435 Review Questions 435 Exercises 436 Chapter 15 Key Management 437 15.1 SYMMETRIC-KEY DISTRIBUTION 438 Key-Distribution Center: KDC 438 Session Keys 439 15.2 KERBEROS 443 Servers 444 Operation 445 Using Different Servers 445 Kerberos Version 5 447 Realms 447 CONTENTS 15.3 SYMMETRIC-KEY AGREEMENT 447 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement 447 Station-to-Station Key Agreement 451 15.4 PUBLIC-KEY DISTRIBUTION 453 Public Announcement 453 Trusted Center 453 Controlled Trusted Center 454 Certification Authority 454 X.509 456 Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI) 458 15.5 RECOMMENDED READING 461 Books 461 WebSites 461 15.6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 462 15.7 SUMMARY 462 15.8 PRACTICE SET 463 Review Questions 463 Exercises 463 Part 4 Network Security 465 Chapter 16 Security at the Application Layer: PGPandS/MIME 467 16.1 E-MAIL 467 E-mail Architecture 467 E-mail Security 469 16.2 PGP 470 Scenarios 470 Key Rings 472 PGP Certificates 475 Key Revocation 482 Extracting Information from Rings 482 PGP Packets 484 PGP Messages 490 Applications of PGP 492 16.3 S/MIME 492 MIME 492 S/MIME 498 Applications of S/MIME 502 16.4 RECOMMENDED READING 502 Books 502 WebSites 502 16.5 KEY TERMS 502 16.6 SUMMARY 503 16.7 EXERCISES 503 Review Questions 503 Exercises 504 CONTENTS Chapter 17 Security at the Transport Layer: SSL and TLS 507 17.1 SSL ARCHITECTURE 508 Services 508 Key Exchange Algorithms 509 Encryption/Decryption Algorithms 511 Hash Algorithms 512 Cipher Suite 512 Compression Algorithms 513 Cryptographic Parameter Generation 513 Sessions and Connections 515 17.2 FOUR PROTOCOLS 517 Handshake Protocol 518 ChangeCipherSpec Protocol 525 Alert Protocol 526 Record Protocol 526 17.3 SSL MESSAGE FORMATS 529 ChangeCipherSpec Protocol 530 Alert Protocol 530 Handshake Protocol 530 Application Data 537 17.4 TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY 538 Version 539 Cipher Suite 539 Generation of Cryptographic Secrets 539 Alert Protocol 542 Handshake Protocol 543 Record Protocol 543 17.5 RECOMMENDED READING 545 Books 545 WebSites 545 17.6 KEY TERMS 545 17.7 SUMMARY 545 17.8 PRACTICE SET 546 Review Questions 546 Exercises 546 Chapter 18 Security at the Network Layer: IPSec 549 18.1 TWO MODES 550 Comparison 552 18.2 TWO SECURITY PROTOCOLS 552 Authentication Header (AH) 552 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) 554 IPv4 and IPv6 555 AH versus ESP 555 Services Provided by IPSec 555 18.3 SECURITY ASSOCIATION 557 Idea of Security Association 557 Security Association Database (SAD) 558 xviii CONTENTS 18.4 SECURITY POLICY 560 Security Policy Database 560 18.5 INTERNET KEY EXCHANGE (IKE) 563 Improved Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 563 IKE Phases 566 Phases and Modes 566 Phase I: Main Mode 567 Phase I: Aggressive Mode 573 Phase II: Quick Mode 575 SA Algorithms 577 18.6 ISAKMP 578 General Header 578 Payloads 579 18.7 RECOMMENDED READING 588 Books 588 WebSites 588 18.8 KEY TERMS 588 18.9 SUMMARY 589 18.10 PRACTICE SET 589 Review Questions 589 Exercises 590 Appendix A ASCII 593 Appendix B Standards and Standard Organizations 595 B.l INTERNET STANDARDS 595 Maturity Levels 595 Requirement Levels 597 Internet Administration 597 B.2 OTHER STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS 599 NIST 599 ISO 599 ITU-T 599 ANSI 600 IEEE 600 E1A 600 Appendix C TCP/IP Protocol Suite 601 C.l LAYERS IN THE TCP/IP 602 Application Layer 602 Transport Layer 602 Network Layer 603 Data Link Layer 604 Physical Layer 604 C.2 ADDRESSING 604 Specific Address 604 Port Address 604 Logical Address 605 Physical Address 605 CONTENTS Appendix D Elementary Probability 607 D.l INTRODUCTION 607 Definitions 607 Probability Assignment 608 Axioms 609 Properties 609 Conditional Probability 609 D.2 RANDOM VARIABLES 610 Continuous Random Variables 610 Discrete Random Variables 610 Appendix E Birthday Problems 611 E.l FOUR PROBLEMS 611 First Problem 611 Second Problem 612 Third Problem 612 Fourth Problem 613 E.2 SUMMARY 614 Appendix F Information Theory 615 F.l MEASURING INFORMATION 615 F.2 ENTROPY 616 Maximum Entropy 616 Minimum Entropy 617 Interpretation of Entropy 617 Joint Entropy 617 Conditional Entropy 617 Other Relations 618 Perfect Secrecy 618 F.3 ENTROPY OF A LANGUAGE 619 Entropy of an Arbitrary Language 619 Entropy of the English Language 619 Redundancy 619 Unicity Distance 620 Appendix G List of Irreducible and Primitive Polynomials 621 Appendix H Primes Less Than 10,000 623 Appendix I Prime Factors of Integers Less Than 1000 627 Appendix J List of First Primitive Roots for Primes Less Than 1000 631 Appendix K Random Number Generator 633 K.1 TRNG 633 CONTENTS K.2 PRNG 634 Congruential Generators 634 Cryptosystem-Based Generators 636 Appendix L Complexity 639 L.l COMPLEXITY OF AN ALGORITHM 639 Bit-Operation Complexity 639 L.2 COMPLEXITY OF A PROBLEM 643 Two Broad Categories 643 L.3 PROBABILISTIC ALGORITHMS 644 Monte Carlo Algorithms 644 Las Vegas Algorithms 644 Appendix M ZIP 645 M.l LZ77 ENCODING 645 Compression 646 Decompression 647 Appendix N Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis of DES 651 N.l DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS 651 Probabilistic Relations 651 Attack 653 Finding the Cipher Key 654 Security 654 N.2 LINEAR CRYPTANALYSIS 655 Linearity Relations 655 Attack 658 Security 658 Appendix O Simplified DES (S-DES) 659 O.l S-DES STRUCTURE 659 Initial and Final Permutations 660 Rounds 660 Key Generation 663 0.2 CIPHER AND REVERSE CIPHER 664 Appendix P Simplified AES (S-AES) 667 P.I S-AES STRUCTURE 667 Rounds 667 Data Units 668 Structure of Each Round 670 P.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 671 Substitution 671 Permutation 672 CONTENTS Mixing 673 Key Adding 674 P.3 KEY EXPANSION 675 Creation of Words in S-AES 675 P.4 CIPHERS 677 Appendix Q Some Proofs ,679 Q.l CHAPTER 2 679 Divisibility 679 Euclidean Algorithms 680 Congruence 681 Q.2 CHAPTER 9 682 Primes 682 Euler s Phi-Function 683 Fermat s Little Theorem 684 Euler s Theorem 684 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 685 Glossary 687 References 707 Index 709
adam_txt	Titel: Introduction to cryptography and network security Autor: Forouzan, Behrouz A. Jahr: 2008 CONTENTS Preface xxiii Chapter 1 Introduction 1 1.1 SECURITY GOALS 2 Confidentiality 2 Integrity 3 Availability 3 1.2 ATTACKS 3 Attacks Threatening Confidentiality 3 Attacks Threatening Integrity 4 Attacks Threatening Availability 5 Passive Versus Active Attacks 5 1.3 SERVICES AND MECHANISM 6 Security Services 6 Security Mechanisms 7 Relation between Services and Mechanisms 8 1.4 TECHNIQUES 9 Cryptography 9 Steganography 10 1.5 THE REST OF THE BOOK 12 Part One: Symmetric-Key Encipherment 12 Part Two: Asymmetric-Key Encipherment 12 Part Three: Integrity. Authentication, and Key Management 12 Part Four: Network Security 12 1.6 RECOMMENDED READING 12 Books 12 WebSites 12 1.7 KEY TERMS 13 1.8 SUMMARY 13 1.9 PRACTICE SET 14 Review Questions 14 Exercises 14 Part 1 Symmetric-Key Encipherment 17 Chapter 2 Mathematics of Cryptography 19 2.1 INTEGER ARITHMETIC 20 Set of Integers 20 CONTENTS Binary Operations 20 Integer Division 21 Divisibility 22 Linear Diophantine Equations 28 2.2 MODULAR ARITHMETIC 29 Modulo Operator 29 Set of Residues: Z? 30 Congruence 30 Operations in Z? 32 Inverses 35 Addition and Multiplication Tables 39 Different Sets for Addition and Multiplication 39 Two More Sets 40 2.3 MATRICES 40 Definitions 40 Operations and Relations 41 Determinant 43 Inverses 44 Residue Matrices 44 2.4 LINEAR CONGRUENCE 45 Single-Variable Linear Equations 45 Set of Linear Equations 46 2.5 RECOMMENDED READING 47 Books 47 WebSites 47 2.6 KEY TERMS 47 2.7 SUMMARY 48 2.8 PRACTICE SET 49 Review Questions 49 Exercises 49 Chapter 3 Traditional Symmetric-Key Ciphers 55 3.1 INTRODUCTION 56 Kerckhoff's Principle 57 Cryptanalysis 57 Categories of Traditional Ciphers 60 3.2 SUBSTITUTION CIPHERS 61 Monoalphabetic Ciphers 61 Polyalphabetic Ciphers 69 3.3 TRANSPOSITION CIPHERS 80 Keyless Transposition Ciphers 81 Keyed Transposition Ciphers 82 Combining Two Approaches 83 3.4 STREAM AND BLOCK CIPHERS 87 Stream Ciphers 87 Block Ciphers 89 Combination 89 3.5 RECOMMENDED READING 90 Books 90 CONTENTS WebSites 90 3.6 KEY TERMS 90 3.7 SUMMARY 91 3.8 PRACTICE SET 92 Review Questions 92 Exercises 92 Chapter 4 Mathematics of Cryptography 97 4.1 ALGEBRAIC STRUCTURES 98 Groups 98 Ring 104 Field 105 Summary 107 4.2 GF(2") FIELDS 107 Polynomials 108 Using a Generator 114 Summary 117 4.3 RECOMMENDED READING 117 Books 117 WebSites 117 4.4 KEY TERMS 118 4.5 SUMMARY 118 4.6 PRACTICE SET 119 Review Questions 119 Exercises 119 Chapter 5 Introduction to Modern Symmetric-Key Ciphers 123 5.1 MODERN BLOCK CIPHERS 124 Substitution or Transposition 125 Block Ciphers as Permutation Groups 125 Components of a Modern Block Cipher 128 S-Boxes 132 Product Ciphers 136 Two Classes of Product Ciphers 139 Attacks on Block Ciphers 143 5.2 MODERN STREAM CIPHERS 148 Synchronous Stream Ciphers 149 Nonsynchronous Stream Ciphers 154 5.3 RECOMMENDED READING 154 Books 154 WebSites 154 5.4 KEY TERMS 154 5.5 SUMMARY 155 5.6 PRACTICE SET 156 Review Questions 156 Exercises 157 CONTENTS Chapter 6 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 159 6.1 INTRODUCTION 159 History 159 Overview 160 6.2 DES STRUCTURE 160 Initial and Final Permutations 160 Rounds 163 Cipher and Reverse Cipher 167 Examples 173 6.3 DES ANALYSIS 175 Properties 175 Design Criteria 176 DES Weaknesses 177 6.4 MULTIPLE DES 181 Double DES 182 Triple DES 184 6.5 SECURITY OF DES 185 Brute-Force Attack 185 Differential Cryptanalysis 185 Linear Cryptanalysis 186 6.6 RECOMMENDED READING 186 Books 186 WebSites 186 6.7 KEY TERMS 186 6.8 SUMMARY 187 6.9 PRACTICE SET 187 Review Questions 187 Exercises 188 Chapter 7 Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) 191 7.1 INTRODUCTION 191 History 191 Criteria 192 Rounds 192 Data Units 193 Structure of Each Round 195 7.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 196 Substitution 1% Permutation 202 Mixing 203 Key Adding 206 7.3 KEY EXPANSION 207 Key Expansion in AES-128 208 Key Expansion in AES-192 and AES-256 212 Key-Expansion Analysis 212 7.4 CIPHERS 213 Original Design 213 Alternative Design 214 CONTENTS 7.5 EXAMPLES 216 7.6 ANALYSIS OF AES 219 Security 219 Implementation 219 Simplicity and Cost 220 7.7 RECOMMENDED READING 220 Books 220 WebSites 220 7.8 KEY TERMS 220 7.9 SUMMARY 220 7.10 PRACTICE SET 221 Review Questions 221 Exercises 222 Chapter 8 Encipherment Using Modern Symmetric-Key Ciphers 225 8.1 USE OF MODERN BLOCK CIPHERS 225 Electronic Codebook (ECB) Mode 226 Cipher Block Chaining (CBC) Mode 228 Cipher Feedback (CFB) Mode 231 Output Feedback (OFB) Mode 234 Counter (CTR) Mode 236 8.2 USE OF STREAM CIPHERS 238 RC4 238 A5/1 242 8.3 OTHER ISSUES 244 Key Management 244 Key Generation 244 8.4 RECOMMENDED READING 245 Books 245 WebSites 245 8.5 KEY TERMS 245 8.6 SUMMARY 245 8.7 PRACTICE SET 246 Review Questions 246 Exercises 247 Part 2 Asymmetric-Key Encipherment 249 Chapter 9 Mathematics of Cryptography 251 9.1 PRIMES 251 Definition 251 Cardinality of Primes 252 Checking for Primeness 253 Euler's Phi-Function 254 Fermat's Little Theorem 256 Euler's Theorem 257 Generating Primes 258 CONTENTS 9.2 PRIMALITY TESTING 260 Deterministic Algorithms 260 Probabilistic Algorithms 261 Recommended Primality Test 266 9.3 FACTORIZATION 267 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 267 Factorization Methods 268 Fermat Method 269 Pollardp-\ Method 270 Pollard rho Method 271 More Efficient Methods 272 9.4 CHINESE REMAINDER THEOREM 274 Applications 275 9.5 QUADRATIC CONGRUENCE 276 Quadratic Congruence Modulo a Prime 276 Quadratic Congruence Modulo a Composite 277 9.6 EXPONENTIATION AND LOGARITHM 278 Exponentiation 279 Logarithm 281 9.7 RECOMMENDED READING 286 Books 286 WebSites 286 9.8 KEY TERMS 286 9.9 SUMMARY 287 9.10 PRACTICE SET 288 Review Questions 288 Exercises 288 Chapter 10 Asymmetric-Key Cryptography 293 10.1 INTRODUCTION 293 Keys 294 General Idea 294 Need for Both 296 Trapdoor One-Way Function 296 Knapsack Cryptosystem 298 10.2 RSA CRYPTOSYSTEM 301 Introduction 301 Procedure 301 Some Trivial Examples 304 Attacks on RSA 305 Recommendations 310 Optimal Asymmetric Encryption Padding (OAEP) 311 Applications 314 10.3 RABIN CRYPTOSYSTEM 314 Procedure 315 Security of the Rabin System 317 10.4 ELGAMAL CRYPTOSYSTEM 317 ElGamal Cryptosystem 317 Procedure 317 CONTENTS Proof 319 Analysis 319 Security of ElGamal 320 Application 321 10.5 ELLIPTIC CURVE CRYPTOSYSTEMS 321 Elliptic Curves over Real Numbers 321 Elliptic Curves over GF(p) 324 Elliptic Curves over GF(2") 326 Elliptic Curve Cryptography Simulating ElGamal 328 10.6 RECOMMENDED READING 330 Books 330 WebSites 330 10.7 KEY TERMS 331 10.8 SUMMARY 331 10.9 PRACTICE SET 333 Review Questions 333 Exercises 334 Part 3 Integrity, Authentication, and Key Management 337 Chapter 11 Message Integrity and Message Authentication 339 11.1 MESSAGE INTEGRITY 339 Document and Fingerprint 340 Message and Message Digest 340 Difference 340 Checking Integrity 340 Cryptographic Hash Function Criteria 340 11.2 RANDOM ORACLE MODEL 343 Pigeonhole Principle 345 Birthday Problems 345 Attacks on Random Oracle Model 347 Attacks on the Structure 351 11.3 MESSAGE AUTHENTICATION 352 Modification Detection Code 352 Message Authentication Code (MAC) 353 11.4 RECOMMENDED READING 357 Books 357 WebSites 357 11.5 KEY TERMS 357 11.6 SUMMARY 358 11.7 PRACTICE SET 358 Review Questions 358 Exercises 359 Chapter 12 Cryptographic Hash Functions 363 12.1 INTRODUCTION 363 Iterated Hash Function 363 Two Groups of Compression Functions 364 CONTENTS 12.2 SHA-512 367 Introduction 367 Compression Function 372 Analysis 375 12.3 WHIRLPOOL 376 Whirlpool Cipher 377 Summary 384 Analysis 384 12.4 RECOMMENDED READING Books 384 WebSites 384 12.5 KEY TERMS 385 12.6 SUMMARY 385 12.7 PRACTICE SET 386 Review Questions 386 Exercises 386 384 Chapter 13 Digital Signature 389 13.1 COMPARISON 390 Inclusion 390 Verification Method 390 Relationship 390 Duplicity 390 13.2 PROCESS 390 Need for Keys 391 Signing the Digest 392 13.3 SERVICES 393 Message Authentication 393 Message Integrity 393 Nonrepudiation 393 Confidentiality 394 13.4 ATTACKS ON DIGITAL SIGNATURE 395 Attack Types 395 Forgery Types 395 13.5 DIGITAL SIGNATURE SCHEMES 396 RSA Digital Signature Scheme 396 ElGamal Digital Signature Scheme 400 Schnorr Digital Signature Scheme 403 Digital Signature Standard (DSS) 405 Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Scheme 407 13.6 VARIATIONS AND APPLICATIONS 409 Variations 409 Applications 411 13.7 RECOMMENDED READING 411 Books 411 WebSites 411 13.8 KEY TERMS 412 CONTENTS 13.9 SUMMARY 412 13.10 PRACTICE SET 413 Review Questions 413 Exercises 413 Chapter 14 Entity Authentication 415 14.1 INTRODUCTION 415 Data-Origin Versus Entity Authentication 415 Verification Categories 416 Entity Authentication and Key Management 416 14.2 PASSWORDS 416 Fixed Password 416 One-Time Password 419 14.3 CHALLENGE-RESPONSE 421 Using a Symmetric-Key Cipher 421 Using Keyed-Hash Functions 423 Using an Asymmetric-Key Cipher 424 Using Digital Signature 425 14.4 ZERO-KNOWLEDGE 426 Fiat-Shamir Protocol 427 Feige-Fiat-Shamir Protocol 429 Guillou-Quisquater Protocol 429 14.5 BIOMETRICS 430 Components 431 Enrollment 431 Authentication 431 Techniques 432 Accuracy 433 Applications 434 14.6 RECOMMENDED READING 434 Books 434 WebSites 434 14.7 KEY TERMS 434 14.8 SUMMARY 435 14.9 PRACTICE SET 435 Review Questions 435 Exercises 436 Chapter 15 Key Management 437 15.1 SYMMETRIC-KEY DISTRIBUTION 438 Key-Distribution Center: KDC 438 Session Keys 439 15.2 KERBEROS 443 Servers 444 Operation 445 Using Different Servers 445 Kerberos Version 5 447 Realms 447 CONTENTS 15.3 SYMMETRIC-KEY AGREEMENT 447 Diffie-Hellman Key Agreement 447 Station-to-Station Key Agreement 451 15.4 PUBLIC-KEY DISTRIBUTION 453 Public Announcement 453 Trusted Center 453 Controlled Trusted Center 454 Certification Authority 454 X.509 456 Public-Key Infrastructures (PKI) 458 15.5 RECOMMENDED READING 461 Books 461 WebSites 461 15.6 KEY TERMS AND CONCEPTS 462 15.7 SUMMARY 462 15.8 PRACTICE SET 463 Review Questions 463 Exercises 463 Part 4 Network Security 465 Chapter 16 Security at the Application Layer: PGPandS/MIME 467 16.1 E-MAIL 467 E-mail Architecture 467 E-mail Security 469 16.2 PGP 470 Scenarios 470 Key Rings 472 PGP Certificates 475 Key Revocation 482 Extracting Information from Rings 482 PGP Packets 484 PGP Messages 490 Applications of PGP 492 16.3 S/MIME 492 MIME 492 S/MIME 498 Applications of S/MIME 502 16.4 RECOMMENDED READING 502 Books 502 WebSites 502 16.5 KEY TERMS 502 16.6 SUMMARY 503 16.7 EXERCISES 503 Review Questions 503 Exercises 504 CONTENTS Chapter 17 Security at the Transport Layer: SSL and TLS 507 17.1 SSL ARCHITECTURE 508 Services 508 Key Exchange Algorithms 509 Encryption/Decryption Algorithms 511 Hash Algorithms 512 Cipher Suite 512 Compression Algorithms 513 Cryptographic Parameter Generation 513 Sessions and Connections 515 17.2 FOUR PROTOCOLS 517 Handshake Protocol 518 ChangeCipherSpec Protocol 525 Alert Protocol 526 Record Protocol 526 17.3 SSL MESSAGE FORMATS 529 ChangeCipherSpec Protocol 530 Alert Protocol 530 Handshake Protocol 530 Application Data 537 17.4 TRANSPORT LAYER SECURITY 538 Version 539 Cipher Suite 539 Generation of Cryptographic Secrets 539 Alert Protocol 542 Handshake Protocol 543 Record Protocol 543 17.5 RECOMMENDED READING 545 Books 545 WebSites 545 17.6 KEY TERMS 545 17.7 SUMMARY 545 17.8 PRACTICE SET 546 Review Questions 546 Exercises 546 Chapter 18 Security at the Network Layer: IPSec 549 18.1 TWO MODES 550 Comparison 552 18.2 TWO SECURITY PROTOCOLS 552 Authentication Header (AH) 552 Encapsulating Security Payload (ESP) 554 IPv4 and IPv6 555 AH versus ESP 555 Services Provided by IPSec 555 18.3 SECURITY ASSOCIATION 557 Idea of Security Association 557 Security Association Database (SAD) 558 xviii CONTENTS 18.4 SECURITY POLICY 560 Security Policy Database 560 18.5 INTERNET KEY EXCHANGE (IKE) 563 Improved Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange 563 IKE Phases 566 Phases and Modes 566 Phase I: Main Mode 567 Phase I: Aggressive Mode 573 Phase II: Quick Mode 575 SA Algorithms 577 18.6 ISAKMP 578 General Header 578 Payloads 579 18.7 RECOMMENDED READING 588 Books 588 WebSites 588 18.8 KEY TERMS 588 18.9 SUMMARY 589 18.10 PRACTICE SET 589 Review Questions 589 Exercises 590 Appendix A ASCII 593 Appendix B Standards and Standard Organizations 595 B.l INTERNET STANDARDS 595 Maturity Levels 595 Requirement Levels 597 Internet Administration 597 B.2 OTHER STANDARD ORGANIZATIONS 599 NIST 599 ISO 599 ITU-T 599 ANSI 600 IEEE 600 E1A 600 Appendix C TCP/IP Protocol Suite 601 C.l LAYERS IN THE TCP/IP 602 Application Layer 602 Transport Layer 602 Network Layer 603 Data Link Layer 604 Physical Layer 604 C.2 ADDRESSING 604 Specific Address 604 Port Address 604 Logical Address 605 Physical Address 605 CONTENTS Appendix D Elementary Probability 607 D.l INTRODUCTION 607 Definitions 607 Probability Assignment 608 Axioms 609 Properties 609 Conditional Probability 609 D.2 RANDOM VARIABLES 610 Continuous Random Variables 610 Discrete Random Variables 610 Appendix E Birthday Problems 611 E.l FOUR PROBLEMS 611 First Problem 611 Second Problem 612 Third Problem 612 Fourth Problem 613 E.2 SUMMARY 614 Appendix F Information Theory 615 F.l MEASURING INFORMATION 615 F.2 ENTROPY 616 Maximum Entropy 616 Minimum Entropy 617 Interpretation of Entropy 617 Joint Entropy 617 Conditional Entropy 617 Other Relations 618 Perfect Secrecy 618 F.3 ENTROPY OF A LANGUAGE 619 Entropy of an Arbitrary Language 619 Entropy of the English Language 619 Redundancy 619 Unicity Distance 620 Appendix G List of Irreducible and Primitive Polynomials 621 Appendix H Primes Less Than 10,000 623 Appendix I Prime Factors of Integers Less Than 1000 627 Appendix J List of First Primitive Roots for Primes Less Than 1000 631 Appendix K Random Number Generator 633 K.1 TRNG 633 CONTENTS K.2 PRNG 634 Congruential Generators 634 Cryptosystem-Based Generators 636 Appendix L Complexity 639 L.l COMPLEXITY OF AN ALGORITHM 639 Bit-Operation Complexity 639 L.2 COMPLEXITY OF A PROBLEM 643 Two Broad Categories 643 L.3 PROBABILISTIC ALGORITHMS 644 Monte Carlo Algorithms 644 Las Vegas Algorithms 644 Appendix M ZIP 645 M.l LZ77 ENCODING 645 Compression 646 Decompression 647 Appendix N Differential and Linear Cryptanalysis of DES 651 N.l DIFFERENTIAL CRYPTANALYSIS 651 Probabilistic Relations 651 Attack 653 Finding the Cipher Key 654 Security 654 N.2 LINEAR CRYPTANALYSIS 655 Linearity Relations 655 Attack 658 Security 658 Appendix O Simplified DES (S-DES) 659 O.l S-DES STRUCTURE 659 Initial and Final Permutations 660 Rounds 660 Key Generation 663 0.2 CIPHER AND REVERSE CIPHER 664 Appendix P Simplified AES (S-AES) 667 P.I S-AES STRUCTURE 667 Rounds 667 Data Units 668 Structure of Each Round 670 P.2 TRANSFORMATIONS 671 Substitution 671 Permutation 672 CONTENTS Mixing 673 Key Adding 674 P.3 KEY EXPANSION 675 Creation of Words in S-AES 675 P.4 CIPHERS 677 Appendix Q Some Proofs ,679 Q.l CHAPTER 2 679 Divisibility 679 Euclidean Algorithms 680 Congruence 681 Q.2 CHAPTER 9 682 Primes 682 Euler's Phi-Function 683 Fermat's Little Theorem 684 Euler's Theorem 684 Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic 685 Glossary 687 References 707 Index 709
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spelling	Forouzan, Behrouz A. 1944- Verfasser (DE-588)132379813 aut Introduction to cryptography and network security Behrouz A. Forouzan Internat. ed. Boston [u.a.] McGraw-Hill Higher Education 2008 XXVI, 721 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier McGraw-Hill Forouzan networking series Includes bibliographical references (p. 707-708) and index Computer networks Security measures Cryptography Kryptologie (DE-588)4033329-2 gnd rswk-swf Computersicherheit (DE-588)4274324-2 gnd rswk-swf Kryptologie (DE-588)4033329-2 s DE-604 Computersicherheit (DE-588)4274324-2 s http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0737/2006052665-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0740/2006052665-t.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015963118&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis
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subject_GND	(DE-588)4033329-2 (DE-588)4274324-2
title	Introduction to cryptography and network security
title_auth	Introduction to cryptography and network security
title_exact_search	Introduction to cryptography and network security
title_exact_search_txtP	Introduction to cryptography and network security
title_full	Introduction to cryptography and network security Behrouz A. Forouzan
title_fullStr	Introduction to cryptography and network security Behrouz A. Forouzan
title_full_unstemmed	Introduction to cryptography and network security Behrouz A. Forouzan
title_short	Introduction to cryptography and network security
title_sort	introduction to cryptography and network security
topic	Computer networks Security measures Cryptography Kryptologie (DE-588)4033329-2 gnd Computersicherheit (DE-588)4274324-2 gnd
topic_facet	Computer networks Security measures Cryptography Kryptologie Computersicherheit
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