Human rights and healthcare:
Elizabeth Wicks looks at medical law from a human rights perspective. Almost all issues traditionally taught under a 'medical law' label have significant human rights issues inherent within them. This book brings those human rights issues to the fore.
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
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| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Oxford [u.a.]
Hart
2007
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| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | Elizabeth Wicks looks at medical law from a human rights perspective. Almost all issues traditionally taught under a 'medical law' label have significant human rights issues inherent within them. This book brings those human rights issues to the fore. |
| Beschreibung: | XXI, 291 S. 24cm |
| ISBN: | 9781841135809 |
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| 520 | 3 | |a Elizabeth Wicks looks at medical law from a human rights perspective. Almost all issues traditionally taught under a 'medical law' label have significant human rights issues inherent within them. This book brings those human rights issues to the fore. | |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Éthique médicale | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Menschenrecht | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | Contents
Table of Cases xi
Table of Legislation xvii
1 Introduction: Human Rights in Healthcare 1
I. Sources of Human Rights Law 4
(a) International Human Rights Treaties 4
(b) The British Constitution and Common Law Rights 7
(c) The Human Rights Act 1998 9
II. The Human Rights Relevant to Medical Law 12
(a) Privacy related Rights 12
(b) The Right to Life 13
(c) The Right to Dignity 14
(d) Reproductive Autonomy 15
Recommended Further Reading 15
2 A Right to Treatment? The Allocation of Resources in the National
Health Service 17
I. Rights, Health and Resources 17
(a) Rights to Healthcare 17
(b) The Ministerial Duty to Promote a Comprehensive and Free
Health Service 20
(c) Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation 23
II. The General Rule: No Right to Treatment 27
III. Procedural Aspects of a Right to Treatment 29
(a) The Equality Principle 29
(b) Procedural Propriety 30
IV. A Right to Basic Life Sustaining Treatment? 33
IV. Conclusion 36
Recommended Further Reading 36
3 Ensuring Quality Healthcare: An Issue of Rights or Duties? 37
I. The Doctor Patient Relationship 37
II. The Legal Requirements of Negligence 39
(a) Establishing a Duty of Care 39
(b) Proving that the Doctor has Breached his Duty of Care 41
(c) The Final Hurdle: Did the Breach Cause the Harm? 47
(d) Negligence: Conclusion 53
III. Non fault Compensation: Escaping the Blame Culture 53
IV. Conclusion 56
Recommended further reading 57
viii Contents
4 Autonomy and Consent to Medical Treatment 59
I. Autonomy, Consent and Choices 59
(a) Autonomy: The Ethical Principle 59
(b) Autonomy: The Legal Principle 61
II. The Nature of Consent 65
(a) To what can we consent? 65
(b) How do we consent? 68
III. Competent Consent 72
(a) Assessing Capacity 72
(b) The Capacity Test in Practice 75
IV. Informed Consent 79
(a) The Meaning of Informed Consent 79
(b) The Legal Consequences of a Failure to Inform of Risks 80
(c) The Doctor s Standard of Care 82
(d) Causation of Harm 87
V. Conclusion 89
Recommended Further Reading 90
5 Treating Incompetent Patients: Beneficence, Welfare and Rights 91
I. The Principle of Beneficence and
Conflicting Rights 91
II. The Best Interests Test 94
(a) Medical Best Interests 94
(b) Broader Social Interests 98
(c) The Interests of Others 100
(d) Best Interests on a Statutory Footing 104
III. Who Decides? 106
(a) Decision making under the MCA 106
(b) Conflict Between Parents and Doctors 108
(c) Conflicts between Mature Minors and Parents or Doctors Ill
IV. Conclusion 116
Recommended Further Reading 117
6 Medical Confidentiality And The Right To Privacy 119
I. Rights to Privacy and Confidentiality in the Medical Context 119
(a) The Concept of a Right to Privacy 119
(b) The Protection of Privacy in English Law 121
(c) Confidentiality and Privacy in the Medical Context 124
II. Exceptions to the Duty of Confidentiality: Balancing Privacy
Against Other Public Interests 126
(a) Disclosure with Consent 126
(b) Public Safety 128
(c) Freedom of the Press 130
(d) Parental Responsibility 131
(e) Anonymised Data for Research and Other Purposes 134
III. Conclusion 136
Recommended Further Reading 137
Contents ix
7 Property Rights in the Body 139
I. The Theory of Self Ownership and the
Role of Rights 139
II. Property Rights in Human Material taken from Living Persons 143
III. Property Rights and Dead Bodies 147
(a) The No Property Rule and Its Exceptions 147
(b) Organ Retention Scandals 150
(c) The Human Tissue Act 2004 154
(d) Shortage of Organs for Transplant 155
IV. Conclusion 157
Recommended further reading 157
8 Medically Assisted Conception and a Right to Reproduce? 159
I. The Origins of a Right to Reproduce 160
II. Access to Treatment: A Right to Reproduce
in Practice? 164
(a) Conflicting Interests I: Welfare of the Child 165
(b) Conflicting Interests II: Consent of Gamete Donors 167
(c) Conflicting Interests III: Parties to a Surrogacy Arrangement.. 170
(d) Conflicting Interests IV: Interests of Society 173
III. Assigning Parentage: Giving Legal Recognition to the Right to
Reproduce? 173
(a) Identifying the Mother 174
(b) Identifying the Father 175
IV. A Right to Reproduce a Healthy Child? Selection of Embryos 177
V. Conclusion 178
Recommended Further Reading 179
9 Termination of Pregnancy: A Conflict of Rights 181
I. The Fetus 181
(a) A Right to Life for the Fetus? 181
(b) The Ethical Background to the Right to Life Debate 184
(c) The Fetus in English Law 187
II. The Mother 190
(a) A Right to Choose for the Mother? 190
(b) The Mother s Rights in English Law 192
III. The Father 197
IV. The Medical Professionals 199
V. Conclusion 201
Recommended Further Reading 202
10 Pregnancy and Freedom of Choice 203
I. Refusal of Medical Treatment During Pregnancy 203
(a) Freedom of Choice and the Pregnant Woman 203
(b) Competency during Pregnancy 208
II. Preventing Pre natal Harm 212
(a) Harming the Fetus 212
(b) Harming the Future Child 214
x Contents
III. Wrongful Conception and Birth: Financial Recompense for an
Unwanted Pregnancy? 218
(a) The Nature of Wrongful Conception and Wrongful Birth
Claims 219
(b) Is a Child Always a Blessing? Reasons for Denying
Compensation for an Unwanted Pregnancy 220
(c) The Post McFarlane Fudge 223
IV. Conclusion 224
Recommended Further Reading 225
11 The Right to Life at the End of Life 227
I. The Right to Life in Context 227
(a) The Right to Life in Article 2 ECHR 227
(b) The Boundaries of the Right to Life: Defining Death 229
(c) The Sanctity of Human Life 231
II. The Bland Principles 233
(a) Was Bland still alive? 234
(b) Bland s Best Interests 235
(c) Is Artificial Feeding a Form of Medical Treatment? 238
(d) Is Withdrawing Treatment an Act or an Omission (and does it
matter)? 239
(e) Conclusion: The Bland Principles 242
III. The Bland Principles in Practice 242
(a) The Beginning of a Slippery Slope? 242
(b) Duty to Provide ANH to Competent Patients 244
(c) The Bland Principles in a Human Rights Age 245
IV. Equal Rights to Life: The Conjoined Twins Case 248
V. Conclusion 251
Recommended Further Reading: 251
12 The Law and Ethics of Assisted Dying: Is There a Right to Die? 253
I. The Criminal Law Prohibition on Assisted Dying 253
II. Life and Death: A Right to Die as a Corollary of a Right to Life?.... 259
III. A Right to Die with Dignity? 261
IV. Autonomy, Private Life and Death 264
(a) The Right to Respect for Private Decisions about Dying 264
(b) Proportionate State Interference: Protecting the Rights of
the Vulnerable 265
V. Discrimination of the Disabled: Suicide versus Assisted Suicide 271
VI. Conclusion 272
Recommended Further Reading 274
Bibliography 275
Index 283
Table of Cases
Re A (1992) 3 Med LR 303 230
Re A (children) (conjoined twins: surgical separation) [2000| 4
All ER 961 9, 26, 108, 109, 110, 139, 197, 232, 248, 249, 250, 251
Re A (Medical treatment: Male Sterilisation) (2000) 53 BMLR 66 98, 99
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] 2 AC 221 11
AB v Leeds Teaching Hospital [2005] QB 506 150, 151, 152
A G v Able [1984] QB 795 257
A G v Guardian Newspapers [1990] 1 AC 109 122
A G s Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 66
A G s Reference (No 3 of 1994) (1997] 3 All ER 936; [1996] 2 All ER 10 187, 200
Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821 (HL); [1993]
AC 789 (HL)... 14, 35, 43, 64, 66, 207, 227, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239,
240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 254, 255
Re AK (medical treatment: consent) [2001] 1 FLR 129 69, 107
Ashworth Hospital Authority v Mirror Group Newspapers [2001] 1 WLR 515 126
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corpn (1948) 1 KB 223 27
Re B (a minor) [1990] 3 All ER 927 97, 103
Re B (a minor) (wardship: sterilisation) [1987] 2 All ER 206 161
Re B (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [2002] 2 All ER 449 13, 76, 77, 78, 90, 207
B v Croydon Health Authority (1994) 22 BMLR 13 67
Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [ 1969] 1 QB 428;
[1968) 1 A11ER 1068 40,47
Barr v Matthews (1999) 52 BMLR 217 201
Blyth v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 4 Med LR 151 (CA) 85,86
Bolarn v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2
All ER 118 41, 42, 43, 44, 83, 84, 85, 86, 96, 98, 99, 100, 238
Bolitho v City Hackney Health Authority [1998] AC 232 (HL) 43, 44, 45, 48, 53, 85
Burton v Islington Health Authority [1993] QB 204 214
Re C (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) (No 2) 11989] 2 All ER 791 132
Re C (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1994) 1 All ER 819; [1994]
1 WLR 290 13, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 90, 209
C v S [1987] 1 All ER 1230 198
Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers (2004) 2 All ER 995.... 13, 125, 130, 131, 135, 136
Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 222
Chatterton v Gerson [1981] QB 432 80, 81
Chester v Afshar [2005] 1 AC 134; [2004] 4 All ER 587 (HL) 38, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,
53, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90
Coco vAN Clark [ 1969] RPC 41 122
Re D (1997) 38 BMLR 1 243
Re D (a minor) [1976] 1 All ER 326 160, 161
D (a minor) v Berkshire County Council [1987] AC 317 166,216
Defreitas v O Brien [1993] 4 Med LR281 43,44
Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority [1996) 4 All ER 474 148
Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2001] QB 967 9, 122, 123
xii Table of Cases
Re E (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1993] 1 FLR 1097 114, 115, 117
Edward Wong Finance v Johnson Stokes [1984] 1 AC 296 44
Emeh v Kensington Chelsea Westminster Area Health Authority [1984] 3 All ER
1044 219,221
Evans v Amicus Healthcare [2004] 3 All ER 1025 (CA) 144, 167, 168, 198
Re F (in utero) [1988] 2 All ER 193 213, 214
Re F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation) [1990] 2 AC 1 (HL) 43, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 208
Freeman v Home Office (No 2) [1984] QB 524 71
Frenchay Healthcare NHS Trust v S [1994] 2 All ER 403 242, 243
Re G [1995] 3 Med LR 80 243
Re G (adult incompetent: withdrawal of treatment) (2001) 65 BMLR 6 243
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 (HL); [1985]
3 All ER 402 ill, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 131, 132, 133, 134
Gold v Haringey Health Authority [1987] 2 All ER 888; [1988] QB 481 (CA) 85, 221
Gregg v Scott [2005] 2 AC 176 (HL) 51, 52
ReH (adult: incompetence) (1997) 38 BMLR 11 243
Hashmi case see R (on the application of Quintavalle) v Human Fertilisation and
Embryology Authority
Hills v Potter [1983] 3 All ER 716 80
Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority [1987] AC 750 51
Re J (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1990] 3 All ER
930 (CA) 97, 98, 235, 236
Jackson v Attorney General [2005] 3 WLR 733 8
Janaway v Salford Area Health Authority [1988] 3 All ER 1079 (HL) 201
Kaye v Robertson [1991] FSR 62 122
Kent v Griffiths, Roberts and London Ambulance Service [2000] 2 All ER 474 40
Re L (medical treatment: Gillick competency) [1998] 2 FLR 810 78, 79, 115
Leeds Teaching Hospital v A [2003] EWCA 259 175
McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [1999] 3 WLR 1301; [2000] 2 AC 59 (HL)... 219, 221,
222, 223, 224
Marriott v West Midlands Health Authority [1999] Lloyd s Rep Med 23 45, 53
Maynard v West Midlands Regional Health Authority [1985] 1 All ER 635 (HL) 42
Re MB (adult: medical treatment) (1997) 38 BMLR 175; [1997] 8 Med LR 217 (CA). 74,
75,207,210,211
Mendoza v Ghaidan [2004] 2 AC 557 11
NHS Trust A vM [2001]; NHS Trust B v H [2001] 1 All ER 801; [2001]
2 WLR 942 92, 245, 246, 247, 248
Parkinson v St James ik Seacroft University Hospital NHS Trust (CA) [2001] 3 All ER
97 223
Paton v British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees [1979) 1 QB 276 187, 199
Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust (1998) 48 BMLR 118 (CA) 85, 86, 87
Pierson v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1998] AC 539 8
Re R (a child) [2003] 2 All ER 131 (CA) 175
Re R (a minor) [1991] 4 All ER 177 112, 113, 114, 116,132
Re R (parental responsibility: IVF baby) [2003] 2 All ER 131 174
R v Adams 255
Rv Bourne [1939] 1 KB 687 18, 193
Rv Brown [1994] 1 AC 212 66
R v Cambridge District Health Authority ex p B [1995] 25 BMLR 5; [1995] 2 All ER 129
(CA) 28,164
R v Cox (1992) 12 BMLR 38 254
R v Department of Health ex p Source Informatics Ltd |2000] 1 All ER 786 134, 135
Table of Cases xiii
R v Ethical Committee of St Mary s Hospital (Manchester) ex p H [1988] 1 FLR 512. 30,
165
R v Herbert (1961) 25 JCL 163 144
R v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority ex p Blood [1997] 2 All ER 687. 169
R v Kelly [1998] 3 All ER 741 (CA) 149
R vLord Chancellor expWitham [1998] QB 575 8
R v Mental Health Tribunal exp H [2002] QB 1 11
R v North and East Devon Health Authority ex p Couglan (2000) 3 All ER 850 21
R v North West Lancashire Health Authority ex p A [1999] Lloyd s Rep Med 399; [2000]
1 WLR 977 30, 31, 164
R v Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust ex p Glass [1999] 2 FLR 905 108
R v Rothery (1976) 63 Cr App R 231 144
R v Secretary of State for Health, West Midlands Regional Health Authority and
Birmingham Area Health Authority ex p Hincks [1980] 1 BMLR 93 (CA) . 21, 27
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p Simms [2000] 2 AC 115 8
R v Secretary of State for Social Services ex p Walker [1987) 3 BMLR 32 (CA) 27, 28,
164
R v Sheffield Health Authority ex p Seale (1994) 25 BMLR 1 164
RvSmith [1973] 1 WLR 1510 199
R v Welsh [1974] RTR 478 144
RvWoollin [1998] 4 All ER 103 256
R (on the application of Burke) v General Medical Council [2005] QB 424; (2005) 3
WLR 1132 (CA) 33, 34, 35, 244, 245, 262
R (on the application of Jepson) v Chief Constable of West Mercia (1 December 2003,
unreported) 196
R (on the application of Pretty) v Director of Public Prosecutions [2002] 1 All ER 1
(HL) 14, 259, 264, 269, 270, 271, 272
R (on the application of Quintavalle) v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
(Hashmi case) [2005] 2 All ER 555 177
R (on the application of Smeaton) v Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 FLR 146. 188
R (Axon) v Secretary of State for Health [2006] QB 539 132, 133, 134
R (Watts) v Bedford Primary Care Trust 14 (2004) 77 BMLR 26 19
Rand v East Dorset Health Authority (2000) 56 BMLR 39 223
Rees v Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS Trust [2002] 2 All ER 177 (CA); [2003] 4 All
ER987(HL) 224
Riverside Mental Health Trust v Fox [1994] 1 FLR 614 208
Rochdale Healthcare NHS Trust vC [1997] 1 FCR 274 208,209,210
Rogers v Swindon NHS Primary Care Trust [2006] 1 WLR 2649 32
Royal College of Nursing of the UK v Department of Health [1981[ 1 All ER 545 199
Re S (a minor) (medical treatment) [ 1994] 2 FLR 1065 1 ] 5
Re S (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 671 206, 208, 211
Re S (Adult Patient: Sterilisation) [2000] 3 WLR 1288 (CA) 99, 100
St George s Healthcare NHS Trust v S; R v Collins ex S [1998] 3 All ER 673; [1998) 3
WLR 936 65, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211
Sidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors 94 [1985] AC 871; [1985] 1 All ER 643
(CA) 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86
Smith v Barking, Havering and Brentwood Health Authority [1994] 5 Med LR 285 87
Spycatcher case see A G v Guardian Newspapers
Re T (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1997] 1 All ER 906 (CA).. 102, 103, 104,
251
Re T (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4A11 ER 649... 13, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 107,109, 115, 117, 203,204,206,209
xiv Table of Cases
Tameside Glossop Acute Services Trust v CH (1996) 31 BMLR 93; [1996] 1 FLR
762 67,208
Thake v Maurice [1986] QB 644 221
Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] 4 All ER 156 8
Udale v Bloomsbury Health Authority [ 1983] 2 All ER 522 220
Venables v News Group Newspapers [2001] 1 All ER 908 122, 123
Venables and Thomson v News Group Newspapers [2001] 2 WLR 1038 9
Re W (a minor) (medical treatment: court s jurisdiction) [1992] 4A11ER627.. 113, 114,
115
W v Egdell [1990] 1 All ER 833 128, 129, 135
W v Healthcare NHS Trust v KH [2005] 1 WLR 834 (CA) 243
Whitehouse v Jordan [1981] 1 All ER 267 45
Williamson v East London City Health Authority 22 [1998] Lloyd s Rep Med 6 95
Wilsher v Essex Health Authority [1999] 3 AC 1074 42
Wyatt v Portsmouth NHS Trust [2005] 1 WLR 3995 98, 110, 111
In the Matter of X [2005] JCA 050 144
X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648 130
Re Y (1997) 2 WLR 557 100, 101, 102, 104, 117, 146,211
Re Z (a minor) (identification: restrictions or publication) [1995] 4 All ER 961 132
Australia
Doodeward v Spence (1908) 6 CLR 406 148, 149, 151
Pearce v South Australia Health Commission (1996) 66 SASR 486 (S.Australia SC)... 165
Rogers v Whittaker (1992) 109ALR625 (HC) 82,83,85
Rufo vHoskins [2004] NSWCA 391 51
Canada
Marshall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260 95
Murray v McMurchy [1949] 2 DLR 442 95
Norberg v Wynrib (1992) 92 DLR (4th) 449 (Supreme Court) 38
R v Morgentaler [1988] 1 SCR 30 (SC) 190
Tremblay v Daigle (1989) 62 DLR (4th) 634 (Quebec, SC) 198
Council of Europe
A v United Kingdom (1998) Reports 1998 VI 262
Acmanne v Belgium (1984) 40 DR 251 93
Airey v Ireland (1979 80) 2 EHRR 305 209
Arrowsmith v United Kingdom (1978) 19 DR 5 63
Bruggemann and Scheuten v Germany (1977) 10 DR 100 162, 192
Burghartz v Switzerland (1994) Series A, No 280 B; 18 EHRR 101 121
Costello Roberts v United Kingdom (1993) Series A, No 247 93, 121
D v United Kingdom [1997] 24 EHRR 423 262, 263
Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1981) Series A, No 45 121
Evans v United Kingdom (2006) 43 EHRR 21 (ECtHR) 168, 169, 198
Glass v United Kingdom, ECHR 2004 11 108, 109, 110, 111
Goodwin v United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 18 (ECtHR) 121, 162, 175
Herczegfalvy v Austria, (1992) Series A, No 244, para 82 (ECtHR) 62,92,93, 102
Ireland v United Kingdom, Series A, No 25, (1978) 2 EHRR 25 6
Table of Cases xv
Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 39 66
Leander v Sweden (1987) Series A, No 116; 9 EHRR 433 121
McCann v United Kingdom, Series A, No 324, (1996) 21 EHRR 97 6
Marckx v Belgium (1979) Series A, No 31; 2 EHRR 330 163
MS v Sweden (1999) 28 EHRR 313 124, 125
Niemietz v Germany (1992) Series A, No 251 B; 16 EHRR 97 121
Open Door Counselling and Dublin Well Woman Centre v Ireland (1992) Series A, No
246; 15 EHRR 244 163
Osman v United Kingdom (2000) 29 EHRR 245 (ECtHR) 18, 228, 229, 246
Paton v United Kingdom (1980) 3 EHRR 408 (ECommHR) 181, 182, 187, 199, 214
Pretty v United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 1 (ECtHR) 14, 62, 64, 259, 260, 262, 263,
269, 270, 272, 273
Reesv United Kingdom (1986) Series A, No 106, (ECtHR) 161, 162
Sheffield and Horsham v United Kingdom (1998) Reports V 162
Smith v United Kingdom (2000) 29 EHRR 493 6, 121
Soering v United Kingdom (1989) Series A, No 161; 11 EHRR 439 (ECtHR) 263
Vo v France (2005) 10 EHRR 12 (ECtHR) 163, 182
X v Austria (1980) 18 DR 154 62, 93
X v Denmark (1988) (1988) 32 DR 282 (ECommHR) 61
X and Y v Netherlands (1985) Series A, No 91; (1986) 8 EHRR 235 (ECtHR). 13,62,93,
121, 163
Young, James and Webster v United Kingdom (1981) Series A, No 44; 4 EHRR 38 .... 259
Z v Finland (1997) 25 EHRR 371 13, 124, 125, 129
European Union
R v Bedford Primary Care Trust (C 372/04) (2006) (ECJ) 20
Ireland
Philip v Ryan [2004] 1 IESC 105 51
Netherlands
Schoonheim, HR 27 Nov 84, NJ 1985, 106 267
United States of America
Re AC 573 A2d611 (DC, 1987); 573 A 2d 1235 (DC, 1990) 205,206
Baby Boy Doe 632 NE 2d 326 (Illinois (CA)) 206
Canterbury v Spence, 464 F 2d 772 (DC, 1972) 82, 83
Cruzan v Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990) 110 S Ct 236
Re Fetus Brown (1997) 294 111 App 3d 159 206
Grodin v Grodin, Mich App 301 NW 2d 869 (1981) 215
Jefferson v Griffin Spalding County Hospital Authority 5 247 Ga 86; 274 5E 2d 457.. 205
Johnson v Florida 602 So. 2d 1288 (Fla 1992) 213
Moore v Regents of the University of California (1990) 793 P 2d 479 143
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey (1992) 112 S Ct 2791 191
Roe v Wade, 34 93 S Ct 705 (1973) (SC) 190
State v Johnson 578 So. 2d 419 (Fla 1991) 213
Table of Legislation
United Kingdom
Abortion Act 1967 188, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199,200,201
s 1(1) 194, 196
s l(l)(a) 194, 195, 196
s l(l)(b) (c) 194, 195
s l(l)(d) 194, 196, 197
s 1(4) 194
s4 201
Access to Health Records Act 1990 127
Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 127
Children Act 1989, s 1(1) 103
Children and Young Persons Act 1969, s l(2)(a) 216
Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 214
s2 215
Data Protection Act 1998 123, 127, 130
slO 123
Enduring Powers of Attorney Act 1985 107
Family Law Reform Act 1969 113
s8(l) 113, 114
Health and Social Care Act 2001 136
s60 136
s60(3) 136
s61 136
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 30, 144, 154, 159, 160, 164, 165, 168,
169, 171, 174, 175, 189, 194, 264
s l(l)(d) 177
s 13(5) 165, 166, 167, 175
s 27(1) 171, 174
s28(2) (3) 175
s 29(1) 176
s30 171, 174
s30(l)(b) 171
s30(3) 172
s30(5) 171
s30(7) 171
Sch2 177
Human Rights Act 1998 . 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 29, 30, 38, 61, 64, 89, 99, 109, 116, 122, 123,
125, 128, 130, 133, 134, 136, 152, 156, 163, 178, 179, 209, 245, 246, 250, 258, 264
s2(l) 64
s3 10
s4 10
s4(6)(a) 10
xviii Table of Legislation
s6 10, 123
s 19 10
Human Tissue Act 1961 153, 154, 156
sl(l) (2) 154
Human Tissue Act 2004 143, 144, 146, 154, 155, 156, 157
s2(7) 155
s3(2) 144
s3(3) 155
s32 144
s 32(1) 144
s32(8) 144
s33 144
s53 144, 155
Sch 1 155
Part 1 144, 155
Part 2 155
Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929 192, 193, 199
Mental Capacity Act 2005 74, 78, 94, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 116, 236, 264
s 1 104
s 1(2) 105
sl(4) 78
s 1(5) 105
s2(l) 74
s2(5) 104
s 3(1) 74
s4 105
s4(6) 106
s5 107
s 5(1) 107
s 5(3) 107
s 9(1) 108
s9(4) 108
ss 24 26 107
Mental Health Act 1983 67,206
s2 206
s47 67
ss 57 58 67
s63 67,208
National Assistance Act 1948 21, 67
National Health Service Act 1977 20, 21
s 1(1) 20
s 1(2) 21
s3 21
NHS Redress Act 2006 56
s 1(4) 56
s 3(2) 56
Offences Against the Person Act 1861 188, 193, 199
s58 188
Table of Legislation xix
Public Health (Control of Diseases) Act 1984 67
s37 67
Suicide Act 1961 257, 272
s 2(1) 257,258
Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 170
s 1A 171
Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002 136
reg2(l) 136
reg3(l) 136
reg3(3)(c) 136
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (Disclosure of Donor Information)
Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/1511) 176
Belgium
Act on Euthanasia 2002 270
Canada
Charter of Rights and Freedoms 190
s 7
190
Council of Europe
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human
Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine 6, 11, 19, 63, 79,
141, 145, 146, 163
Preamble 141, 163,261
art 3 19
art 4 38, 56
art 5 63,79
art 14 163
art 18 163
arts 19 20 146
art 21 142, 145
art 22 145
art 25 163
art 26 64
art 29 6
Explanatory Report, para 36 79
Additional Protocol on Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin 146
art 1 146
art 10 146
European Convention on Human Rights . 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 30, 38, 61, 63,
71, 89, 102, 106, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 130, 131, 163, 178, 179, 182, 192, 209, 210,
225, 228, 237, 248, 254, 264, 265, 273
art 1 182
xx Table of Legislation
art 2 6, 13, 18, 20, 34, 35, 181, 182, 183, 184, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 244, 245, 246,
247, 248, 251, 259, 260, 262, 273
art 3 6, 14, 61, 62, 92, 93, 141, 228, 244, 247, 248, 259, 261, 262, 263, 273
art 5 182
art 6 107, 182
art 8 6, 12, 13, 62, 63, 66, 73, 78, 92, 93, 107, 109, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 130,
131, 133, 136, 152, 162, 163, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175, 182, 191, 192, 199, 203, 209,
215, 244, 245, 259, 263, 264, 265, 269, 271, 273
art 8(1) 62, 93, 121, 124, 125, 133, 152, 163, 175, 192, 264, 265, 269
art 8(2) 12, 62, 93, 124, 125, 126, 133, 152, 162, 163, 167, 175, 192, 199, 264, 265,
266, 268, 269, 270, 271
art 9 63, 73, 152, 182
art 9(2) 152
art 10 130, 131, 163, 182,228
art 11 182, 259
art 12 15, 161, 162, 163, 169
art 13 11, 182
art 14 29,30, 161, 163, 165,259,271
Protocol 1 11
Statute of the Council of Europe 1949 5
European Union
EC Treaty 19
art 59 169
Treaty of Amsterdam 7
Treaty of Maastricht 19
art 152 19
Germany
15th Criminal Law Reform Act 1976 192
Netherlands
Criminal Code 267
ss 293 294 267
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2000 . 267
s2(l) (2) 267
New Zealand
Accident Compensation Act 1972 53
Accident and Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Act (No.2) 1993 53
Accident and Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Act 1992 53, 54
s 5( 1) 53
Health and Disability Services Act 1993 24
Table of Legislation xxi
Switzerland
Penal Code, art 115 270
United States of America
Constitution 191
Penal Code (California), s 270 213
International
Charter of the United Nations 1945 4
Preamble 4
art 1 5
art l(2) (3) 5
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 5, 61, 120, 228
art 6 13,228
art 7 61
art 40(1) 5
art 41 5
Optional Protocol 5
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 5, 1 1
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 133
art 12 133
United Nations Declaration 1942 4
Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948 5, 227
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
Table of Cases xi
Table of Legislation xvii
1 Introduction: Human Rights in Healthcare 1
I. Sources of Human Rights Law 4
(a) International Human Rights Treaties 4
(b) The British Constitution and Common Law Rights 7
(c) The Human Rights Act 1998 9
II. The Human Rights Relevant to Medical Law 12
(a) Privacy related Rights 12
(b) The Right to Life 13
(c) The Right to Dignity 14
(d) Reproductive Autonomy 15
Recommended Further Reading 15
2 A Right to Treatment? The Allocation of Resources in the National
Health Service 17
I. Rights, Health and Resources 17
(a) Rights to Healthcare 17
(b) The Ministerial Duty to Promote a Comprehensive and Free
Health Service 20
(c) Ethical Issues in Resource Allocation 23
II. The General Rule: No Right to Treatment 27
III. Procedural Aspects of a Right to Treatment 29
(a) The Equality Principle 29
(b) Procedural Propriety 30
IV. A Right to Basic Life Sustaining Treatment? 33
IV. Conclusion 36
Recommended Further Reading 36
3 Ensuring Quality Healthcare: An Issue of Rights or Duties? 37
I. The Doctor Patient Relationship 37
II. The Legal Requirements of Negligence 39
(a) Establishing a Duty of Care 39
(b) Proving that the Doctor has Breached his Duty of Care 41
(c) The Final Hurdle: Did the Breach Cause the Harm? 47
(d) Negligence: Conclusion 53
III. Non fault Compensation: Escaping the Blame Culture 53
IV. Conclusion 56
Recommended further reading 57
viii Contents
4 Autonomy and Consent to Medical Treatment 59
I. Autonomy, Consent and Choices 59
(a) Autonomy: The Ethical Principle 59
(b) Autonomy: The Legal Principle 61
II. The Nature of Consent 65
(a) To what can we consent? 65
(b) How do we consent? 68
III. Competent Consent 72
(a) Assessing Capacity 72
(b) The Capacity Test in Practice 75
IV. Informed Consent 79
(a) The Meaning of Informed Consent 79
(b) The Legal Consequences of a Failure to Inform of Risks 80
(c) The Doctor's Standard of Care 82
(d) Causation of Harm 87
V. Conclusion 89
Recommended Further Reading 90
5 Treating Incompetent Patients: Beneficence, Welfare and Rights 91
I. The Principle of Beneficence and
Conflicting Rights 91
II. The Best Interests Test 94
(a) Medical Best Interests 94
(b) Broader Social Interests 98
(c) The Interests of Others 100
(d) Best Interests on a Statutory Footing 104
III. Who Decides? 106
(a) Decision making under the MCA 106
(b) Conflict Between Parents and Doctors 108
(c) Conflicts between Mature Minors and Parents or Doctors Ill
IV. Conclusion 116
Recommended Further Reading 117
6 Medical Confidentiality And The Right To Privacy 119
I. Rights to Privacy and Confidentiality in the Medical Context 119
(a) The Concept of a Right to Privacy 119
(b) The Protection of Privacy in English Law 121
(c) Confidentiality and Privacy in the Medical Context 124
II. Exceptions to the Duty of Confidentiality: Balancing Privacy
Against Other Public Interests 126
(a) Disclosure with Consent 126
(b) Public Safety 128
(c) Freedom of the Press 130
(d) Parental Responsibility 131
(e) Anonymised Data for Research and Other Purposes 134
III. Conclusion 136
Recommended Further Reading 137
Contents ix
7 Property Rights in the Body 139
I. The Theory of Self Ownership and the
Role of Rights 139
II. Property Rights in Human Material taken from Living Persons 143
III. Property Rights and Dead Bodies 147
(a) The No Property Rule and Its Exceptions 147
(b) Organ Retention Scandals 150
(c) The Human Tissue Act 2004 154
(d) Shortage of Organs for Transplant 155
IV. Conclusion 157
Recommended further reading 157
8 Medically Assisted Conception and a Right to Reproduce? 159
I. The Origins of a Right to Reproduce 160
II. Access to Treatment: A Right to Reproduce
in Practice? 164
(a) Conflicting Interests I: Welfare of the Child 165
(b) Conflicting Interests II: Consent of Gamete Donors 167
(c) Conflicting Interests III: Parties to a Surrogacy Arrangement. 170
(d) Conflicting Interests IV: Interests of Society 173
III. Assigning Parentage: Giving Legal Recognition to the Right to
Reproduce? 173
(a) Identifying the Mother 174
(b) Identifying the Father 175
IV. A Right to Reproduce a Healthy Child? Selection of Embryos 177
V. Conclusion 178
Recommended Further Reading 179
9 Termination of Pregnancy: A Conflict of Rights 181
I. The Fetus 181
(a) A Right to Life for the Fetus? 181
(b) The Ethical Background to the Right to Life Debate 184
(c) The Fetus in English Law 187
II. The Mother 190
(a) A Right to Choose for the Mother? 190
(b) The Mother's Rights in English Law 192
III. The Father 197
IV. The Medical Professionals 199
V. Conclusion 201
Recommended Further Reading 202
10 Pregnancy and Freedom of Choice 203
I. Refusal of Medical Treatment During Pregnancy 203
(a) Freedom of Choice and the Pregnant Woman 203
(b) Competency during Pregnancy 208
II. Preventing Pre natal Harm 212
(a) Harming the Fetus 212
(b) Harming the Future Child 214
x Contents
III. Wrongful Conception and Birth: Financial Recompense for an
Unwanted Pregnancy? 218
(a) The Nature of Wrongful Conception and Wrongful Birth
Claims 219
(b) Is a Child Always a Blessing? Reasons for Denying
Compensation for an Unwanted Pregnancy 220
(c) The Post McFarlane Fudge 223
IV. Conclusion 224
Recommended Further Reading 225
11 The Right to Life at the End of Life 227
I. The Right to Life in Context 227
(a) The Right to Life in Article 2 ECHR 227
(b) The Boundaries of the Right to Life: Defining Death 229
(c) The Sanctity of Human Life 231
II. The Bland Principles 233
(a) Was Bland still alive? 234
(b) Bland's Best Interests 235
(c) Is Artificial Feeding a Form of Medical Treatment? 238
(d) Is Withdrawing Treatment an Act or an Omission (and does it
matter)? 239
(e) Conclusion: The Bland Principles 242
III. The Bland Principles in Practice 242
(a) The Beginning of a Slippery Slope? 242
(b) Duty to Provide ANH to Competent Patients 244
(c) The Bland Principles in a Human Rights Age 245
IV. Equal Rights to Life: The Conjoined Twins Case 248
V. Conclusion 251
Recommended Further Reading: 251
12 The Law and Ethics of Assisted Dying: Is There a Right to Die? 253
I. The Criminal Law Prohibition on Assisted Dying 253
II. Life and Death: A Right to Die as a Corollary of a Right to Life?. 259
III. A Right to Die with Dignity? 261
IV. Autonomy, Private Life and Death 264
(a) The Right to Respect for Private Decisions about Dying 264
(b) Proportionate State Interference: Protecting the Rights of
the Vulnerable 265
V. Discrimination of the Disabled: Suicide versus Assisted Suicide 271
VI. Conclusion 272
Recommended Further Reading 274
Bibliography 275
Index 283
Table of Cases
Re A (1992) 3 Med LR 303 230
Re A (children) (conjoined twins: surgical separation) [2000| 4
All ER 961 9, 26, 108, 109, 110, 139, 197, 232, 248, 249, 250, 251
Re A (Medical treatment: Male Sterilisation) (2000) 53 BMLR 66 98, 99
A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2006] 2 AC 221 11
AB v Leeds Teaching Hospital [2005] QB 506 150, 151, 152
A G v Able [1984] QB 795 257
A G v Guardian Newspapers [1990] 1 AC 109 122
A G's Reference (No 6 of 1980) [1981] QB 715 66
A G's Reference (No 3 of 1994) (1997] 3 All ER 936; [1996] 2 All ER 10 187, 200
Airedale NHS Trust v Bland [1993] 1 All ER 821 (HL); [1993]
AC 789 (HL). 14, 35, 43, 64, 66, 207, 227, 230, 233, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 239,
240, 241, 242, 243, 245, 246, 247, 248, 250, 254, 255
Re AK (medical treatment: consent) [2001] 1 FLR 129 69, 107
Ashworth Hospital Authority v Mirror Group Newspapers [2001] 1 WLR 515 126
Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corpn (1948) 1 KB 223 27
Re B (a minor) [1990] 3 All ER 927 97, 103
Re B (a minor) (wardship: sterilisation) [1987] 2 All ER 206 161
Re B (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [2002] 2 All ER 449 13, 76, 77, 78, 90, 207
B v Croydon Health Authority (1994) 22 BMLR 13 67
Barnett v Chelsea and Kensington Hospital Management Committee [ 1969] 1 QB 428;
[1968) 1 A11ER 1068 40,47
Barr v Matthews (1999) 52 BMLR 217 201
Blyth v Bloomsbury Health Authority [1993] 4 Med LR 151 (CA) 85,86
Bolarn v Friern Hospital Management Committee [1957] 2
All ER 118 41, 42, 43, 44, 83, 84, 85, 86, 96, 98, 99, 100, 238
Bolitho v City Hackney Health Authority [1998] AC 232 (HL) 43, 44, 45, 48, 53, 85
Burton v Islington Health Authority [1993] QB 204 214
Re C (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) (No 2) 11989] 2 All ER 791 132
Re C (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1994) 1 All ER 819; [1994]
1 WLR 290 13, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 90, 209
C v S [1987] 1 All ER 1230 198
Campbell v Mirror Group Newspapers (2004) 2 All ER 995. 13, 125, 130, 131, 135, 136
Caparo v Dickman [1990] 2 AC 605 222
Chatterton v Gerson [1981] QB 432 80, 81
Chester v Afshar [2005] 1 AC 134; [2004] 4 All ER 587 (HL) 38, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52,
53, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90
Coco vAN Clark [ 1969] RPC 41 122
Re D (1997) 38 BMLR 1 243
Re D (a minor) [1976] 1 All ER 326 160, 161
D (a minor) v Berkshire County Council [1987] AC 317 166,216
Defreitas v O'Brien [1993] 4 Med LR281 43,44
Dobson v North Tyneside Health Authority [1996) 4 All ER 474 148
Douglas v Hello! Ltd [2001] QB 967 9, 122, 123
xii Table of Cases
Re E (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1993] 1 FLR 1097 114, 115, 117
Edward Wong Finance v Johnson Stokes [1984] 1 AC 296 44
Emeh v Kensington Chelsea Westminster Area Health Authority [1984] 3 All ER
1044 219,221
Evans v Amicus Healthcare [2004] 3 All ER 1025 (CA) 144, 167, 168, 198
Re F (in utero) [1988] 2 All ER 193 213, 214
Re F (Mental Patient: Sterilisation) [1990] 2 AC 1 (HL) 43, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 99, 208
Freeman v Home Office (No 2) [1984] QB 524 71
Frenchay Healthcare NHS Trust v S [1994] 2 All ER 403 242, 243
Re G [1995] 3 Med LR 80 243
Re G (adult incompetent: withdrawal of treatment) (2001) 65 BMLR 6 243
Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112 (HL); [1985]
3 All ER 402 ill, 112, 113, 114, 115, 116, 131, 132, 133, 134
Gold v Haringey Health Authority [1987] 2 All ER 888; [1988] QB 481 (CA) 85, 221
Gregg v Scott [2005] 2 AC 176 (HL) 51, 52
ReH (adult: incompetence) (1997) 38 BMLR 11 243
Hashmi case see R (on the application of Quintavalle) v Human Fertilisation and
Embryology Authority
Hills v Potter [1983] 3 All ER 716 80
Hotson v East Berkshire Area Health Authority [1987] AC 750 51
Re J (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1990] 3 All ER
930 (CA) 97, 98, 235, 236
Jackson v Attorney General [2005] 3 WLR 733 8
Janaway v Salford Area Health Authority [1988] 3 All ER 1079 (HL) 201
Kaye v Robertson [1991] FSR 62 122
Kent v Griffiths, Roberts and London Ambulance Service [2000] 2 All ER 474 40
Re L (medical treatment: Gillick competency) [1998] 2 FLR 810 78, 79, 115
Leeds Teaching Hospital v A [2003] EWCA 259 175
McFarlane v Tayside Health Board [1999] 3 WLR 1301; [2000] 2 AC 59 (HL). 219, 221,
222, 223, 224
Marriott v West Midlands Health Authority [1999] Lloyd's Rep Med 23 45, 53
Maynard v West Midlands Regional Health Authority [1985] 1 All ER 635 (HL) 42
Re MB (adult: medical treatment) (1997) 38 BMLR 175; [1997] 8 Med LR 217 (CA). 74,
75,207,210,211
Mendoza v Ghaidan [2004] 2 AC 557 11
NHS Trust A vM [2001]; NHS Trust B v H [2001] 1 All ER 801; [2001]
2 WLR 942 92, 245, 246, 247, 248
Parkinson v St James ik Seacroft University Hospital NHS Trust (CA) [2001] 3 All ER
97 223
Paton v British Pregnancy Advisory Service Trustees [1979) 1 QB 276 187, 199
Pearce v United Bristol Healthcare NHS Trust (1998) 48 BMLR 118 (CA) 85, 86, 87
Pierson v Secretary of State for the Home Department [1998] AC 539 8
Re R (a child) [2003] 2 All ER 131 (CA) 175
Re R (a minor) [1991] 4 All ER 177 112, 113, 114, 116,132
Re R (parental responsibility: IVF baby) [2003] 2 All ER 131 174
R v Adams 255
Rv Bourne [1939] 1 KB 687 18, 193
Rv Brown [1994] 1 AC 212 66
R v Cambridge District Health Authority ex p B [1995] 25 BMLR 5; [1995] 2 All ER 129
(CA) 28,164
R v Cox (1992) 12 BMLR 38 254
R v Department of Health ex p Source Informatics Ltd |2000] 1 All ER 786 134, 135
Table of Cases xiii
R v Ethical Committee of St Mary's Hospital (Manchester) ex p H [1988] 1 FLR 512. 30,
165
R v Herbert (1961) 25 JCL 163 144
R v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority ex p Blood [1997] 2 All ER 687. 169
R v Kelly [1998] 3 All ER 741 (CA) 149
R vLord Chancellor expWitham [1998] QB 575 8
R v Mental Health Tribunal exp H [2002] QB 1 11
R v North and East Devon Health Authority ex p Couglan (2000) 3 All ER 850 21
R v North West Lancashire Health Authority ex p A [1999] Lloyd's Rep Med 399; [2000]
1 WLR 977 30, 31, 164
R v Portsmouth Hospitals NHS Trust ex p Glass [1999] 2 FLR 905 108
R v Rothery (1976) 63 Cr App R 231 144
R v Secretary of State for Health, West Midlands Regional Health Authority and
Birmingham Area Health Authority ex p Hincks [1980] 1 BMLR 93 (CA) . 21, 27
R v Secretary of State for the Home Department ex p Simms [2000] 2 AC 115 8
R v Secretary of State for Social Services ex p Walker [1987) 3 BMLR 32 (CA) 27, 28,
164
R v Sheffield Health Authority ex p Seale (1994) 25 BMLR 1 164
RvSmith [1973] 1 WLR 1510 199
R v Welsh [1974] RTR 478 144
RvWoollin [1998] 4 All ER 103 256
R (on the application of Burke) v General Medical Council [2005] QB 424; (2005) 3
WLR 1132 (CA) 33, 34, 35, 244, 245, 262
R (on the application of Jepson) v Chief Constable of West Mercia (1 December 2003,
unreported) 196
R (on the application of Pretty) v Director of Public Prosecutions [2002] 1 All ER 1
(HL) 14, 259, 264, 269, 270, 271, 272
R (on the application of Quintavalle) v Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority
(Hashmi case) [2005] 2 All ER 555 177
R (on the application of Smeaton) v Secretary of State for Health [2002] 2 FLR 146. 188
R (Axon) v Secretary of State for Health [2006] QB 539 132, 133, 134
R (Watts) v Bedford Primary Care Trust 14 (2004) 77 BMLR 26 19
Rand v East Dorset Health Authority (2000) 56 BMLR 39 223
Rees v Darlington Memorial Hospital NHS Trust [2002] 2 All ER 177 (CA); [2003] 4 All
ER987(HL) 224
Riverside Mental Health Trust v Fox [1994] 1 FLR 614 208
Rochdale Healthcare NHS Trust vC [1997] 1 FCR 274 208,209,210
Rogers v Swindon NHS Primary Care Trust [2006] 1 WLR 2649 32
Royal College of Nursing of the UK v Department of Health [1981[ 1 All ER 545 199
Re S (a minor) (medical treatment) [ 1994] 2 FLR 1065 1 ] 5
Re S (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4 All ER 671 206, 208, 211
Re S (Adult Patient: Sterilisation) [2000] 3 WLR 1288 (CA) 99, 100
St George's Healthcare NHS Trust v S; R v Collins ex S [1998] 3 All ER 673; [1998) 3
WLR 936 65, 206, 207, 208, 210, 211
Sidaway v Bethlem Royal Hospital Governors 94 [1985] AC 871; [1985] 1 All ER 643
(CA) 80, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86
Smith v Barking, Havering and Brentwood Health Authority [1994] 5 Med LR 285 87
Spycatcher case see A G v Guardian Newspapers
Re T (a minor) (wardship: medical treatment) [1997] 1 All ER 906 (CA). 102, 103, 104,
251
Re T (adult: refusal of medical treatment) [1992] 4A11 ER 649. 13, 64, 65, 68, 69, 70, 71,
72, 73, 75, 76, 78, 107,109, 115, 117, 203,204,206,209
xiv Table of Cases
Tameside Glossop Acute Services Trust v CH (1996) 31 BMLR 93; [1996] 1 FLR
762 67,208
Thake v Maurice [1986] QB 644 221
Thoburn v Sunderland City Council [2002] 4 All ER 156 8
Udale v Bloomsbury Health Authority [ 1983] 2 All ER 522 220
Venables v News Group Newspapers [2001] 1 All ER 908 122, 123
Venables and Thomson v News Group Newspapers [2001] 2 WLR 1038 9
Re W (a minor) (medical treatment: court's jurisdiction) [1992] 4A11ER627. 113, 114,
115
W v Egdell [1990] 1 All ER 833 128, 129, 135
W v Healthcare NHS Trust v KH [2005] 1 WLR 834 (CA) 243
Whitehouse v Jordan [1981] 1 All ER 267 45
Williamson v East London City Health Authority 22 [1998] Lloyd's Rep Med 6 95
Wilsher v Essex Health Authority [1999] 3 AC 1074 42
Wyatt v Portsmouth NHS Trust [2005] 1 WLR 3995 98, 110, 111
In the Matter of X [2005] JCA 050 144
X v Y [1988] 2 All ER 648 130
Re Y (1997) 2 WLR 557 100, 101, 102, 104, 117, 146,211
Re Z (a minor) (identification: restrictions or publication) [1995] 4 All ER 961 132
Australia
Doodeward v Spence (1908) 6 CLR 406 148, 149, 151
Pearce v South Australia Health Commission (1996) 66 SASR 486 (S.Australia SC). 165
Rogers v Whittaker (1992) 109ALR625 (HC) 82,83,85
Rufo vHoskins [2004] NSWCA 391 51
Canada
Marshall v Curry [1933] 3 DLR 260 95
Murray v McMurchy [1949] 2 DLR 442 95
Norberg v Wynrib (1992) 92 DLR (4th) 449 (Supreme Court) 38
R v Morgentaler [1988] 1 SCR 30 (SC) 190
Tremblay v Daigle (1989) 62 DLR (4th) 634 (Quebec, SC) 198
Council of Europe
A v United Kingdom (1998) Reports 1998 VI 262
Acmanne v Belgium (1984) 40 DR 251 93
Airey v Ireland (1979 80) 2 EHRR 305 209
Arrowsmith v United Kingdom (1978) 19 DR 5 63
Bruggemann and Scheuten v Germany (1977) 10 DR 100 162, 192
Burghartz v Switzerland (1994) Series A, No 280 B; 18 EHRR 101 121
Costello Roberts v United Kingdom (1993) Series A, No 247 93, 121
D v United Kingdom [1997] 24 EHRR 423 262, 263
Dudgeon v United Kingdom (1981) Series A, No 45 121
Evans v United Kingdom (2006) 43 EHRR 21 (ECtHR) 168, 169, 198
Glass v United Kingdom, ECHR 2004 11 108, 109, 110, 111
Goodwin v United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 18 (ECtHR) 121, 162, 175
Herczegfalvy v Austria, (1992) Series A, No 244, para 82 (ECtHR) 62,92,93, 102
Ireland v United Kingdom, Series A, No 25, (1978) 2 EHRR 25 6
Table of Cases xv
Laskey, Jaggard and Brown v United Kingdom (1997) 24 EHRR 39 66
Leander v Sweden (1987) Series A, No 116; 9 EHRR 433 121
McCann v United Kingdom, Series A, No 324, (1996) 21 EHRR 97 6
Marckx v Belgium (1979) Series A, No 31; 2 EHRR 330 163
MS v Sweden (1999) 28 EHRR 313 124, 125
Niemietz v Germany (1992) Series A, No 251 B; 16 EHRR 97 121
Open Door Counselling and Dublin Well Woman Centre v Ireland (1992) Series A, No
246; 15 EHRR 244 163
Osman v United Kingdom (2000) 29 EHRR 245 (ECtHR) 18, 228, 229, 246
Paton v United Kingdom (1980) 3 EHRR 408 (ECommHR) 181, 182, 187, 199, 214
Pretty v United Kingdom (2002) 35 EHRR 1 (ECtHR) 14, 62, 64, 259, 260, 262, 263,
269, 270, 272, 273
Reesv United Kingdom (1986) Series A, No 106, (ECtHR) 161, 162
Sheffield and Horsham v United Kingdom (1998) Reports V 162
Smith v United Kingdom (2000) 29 EHRR 493 6, 121
Soering v United Kingdom (1989) Series A, No 161; 11 EHRR 439 (ECtHR) 263
Vo v France (2005) 10 EHRR 12 (ECtHR) 163, 182
X v Austria (1980) 18 DR 154 62, 93
X v Denmark (1988) (1988) 32 DR 282 (ECommHR) 61
X and Y v Netherlands (1985) Series A, No 91; (1986) 8 EHRR 235 (ECtHR). 13,62,93,
121, 163
Young, James and Webster v United Kingdom (1981) Series A, No 44; 4 EHRR 38 . 259
Z v Finland (1997) 25 EHRR 371 13, 124, 125, 129
European Union
R v Bedford Primary Care Trust (C 372/04) (2006) (ECJ) 20
Ireland
Philip v Ryan [2004] 1 IESC 105 51
Netherlands
Schoonheim, HR 27 Nov 84, NJ 1985, 106 267
United States of America
Re AC 573 A2d611 (DC, 1987); 573 A 2d 1235 (DC, 1990) 205,206
Baby Boy Doe 632 NE 2d 326 (Illinois (CA)) 206
Canterbury v Spence, 464 F 2d 772 (DC, 1972) 82, 83
Cruzan v Director, Missouri Department of Health (1990) 110 S Ct 236
Re Fetus Brown (1997) 294 111 App 3d 159 206
Grodin v Grodin, Mich App 301 NW 2d 869 (1981) 215
Jefferson v Griffin Spalding County Hospital Authority 5 247 Ga 86; 274 5E 2d 457. 205
Johnson v Florida 602 So. 2d 1288 (Fla 1992) 213
Moore v Regents of the University of California (1990) 793 P 2d 479 143
Planned Parenthood of Southeastern Pennsylvania v Casey (1992) 112 S Ct 2791 191
Roe v Wade, 34 93 S Ct 705 (1973) (SC) 190
State v Johnson 578 So. 2d 419 (Fla 1991) 213
Table of Legislation
United Kingdom
Abortion Act 1967 188, 193, 194, 195, 198, 199,200,201
s 1(1) 194, 196
s l(l)(a) 194, 195, 196
s l(l)(b) (c) 194, 195
s l(l)(d) 194, 196, 197
s 1(4) 194
s4 201
Access to Health Records Act 1990 127
Access to Medical Reports Act 1988 127
Children Act 1989, s 1(1) 103
Children and Young Persons Act 1969, s l(2)(a) 216
Congenital Disabilities (Civil Liability) Act 1976 214
s2 215
Data Protection Act 1998 123, 127, 130
slO 123
Enduring Powers of Attorney Act 1985 107
Family Law Reform Act 1969 113
s8(l) 113, 114
Health and Social Care Act 2001 136
s60 136
s60(3) 136
s61 136
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Act 1990 30, 144, 154, 159, 160, 164, 165, 168,
169, 171, 174, 175, 189, 194, 264
s l(l)(d) 177
s 13(5) 165, 166, 167, 175
s 27(1) 171, 174
s28(2) (3) 175
s 29(1) 176
s30 171, 174
s30(l)(b) 171
s30(3) 172
s30(5) 171
s30(7) 171
Sch2 177
Human Rights Act 1998 . 4, 9, 10, 11, 12, 20, 29, 30, 38, 61, 64, 89, 99, 109, 116, 122, 123,
125, 128, 130, 133, 134, 136, 152, 156, 163, 178, 179, 209, 245, 246, 250, 258, 264
s2(l) 64
s3 10
s4 10
s4(6)(a) 10
xviii Table of Legislation
s6 10, 123
s 19 10
Human Tissue Act 1961 153, 154, 156
sl(l) (2) 154
Human Tissue Act 2004 143, 144, 146, 154, 155, 156, 157
s2(7) 155
s3(2) 144
s3(3) 155
s32 144
s 32(1) 144
s32(8) 144
s33 144
s53 144, 155
Sch 1 155
Part 1 144, 155
Part 2 155
Infant Life (Preservation) Act 1929 192, 193, 199
Mental Capacity Act 2005 74, 78, 94, 104, 105, 106, 107, 108, 116, 236, 264
s 1 104
s 1(2) 105
sl(4) 78
s 1(5) 105
s2(l) 74
s2(5) 104
s 3(1) 74
s4 105
s4(6) 106
s5 107
s 5(1) 107
s 5(3) 107
s 9(1) 108
s9(4) 108
ss 24 26 107
Mental Health Act 1983 67,206
s2 206
s47 67
ss 57 58 67
s63 67,208
National Assistance Act 1948 21, 67
National Health Service Act 1977 20, 21
s 1(1) 20
s 1(2) 21
s3 21
NHS Redress Act 2006 56
s 1(4) 56
s 3(2) 56
Offences Against the Person Act 1861 188, 193, 199
s58 188
Table of Legislation xix
Public Health (Control of Diseases) Act 1984 67
s37 67
Suicide Act 1961 257, 272
s 2(1) 257,258
Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 170
s 1A 171
Health Service (Control of Patient Information) Regulations 2002 136
reg2(l) 136
reg3(l) 136
reg3(3)(c) 136
Human Fertilisation and Embryology Authority (Disclosure of Donor Information)
Regulations 2004 (SI 2004/1511) 176
Belgium
Act on Euthanasia 2002 270
Canada
Charter of Rights and Freedoms 190
s 7
190
Council of Europe
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Dignity of the Human
Being with Regard to the Application of Biology and Medicine 6, 11, 19, 63, 79,
141, 145, 146, 163
Preamble 141, 163,261
art 3 19
art 4 38, 56
art 5 63,79
art 14 163
art 18 163
arts 19 20 146
art 21 142, 145
art 22 145
art 25 163
art 26 64
art 29 6
Explanatory Report, para 36 79
Additional Protocol on Transplantation of Organs and Tissues of Human Origin 146
art 1 146
art 10 146
European Convention on Human Rights . 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 18, 19, 30, 38, 61, 63,
71, 89, 102, 106, 120, 121, 123, 124, 126, 130, 131, 163, 178, 179, 182, 192, 209, 210,
225, 228, 237, 248, 254, 264, 265, 273
art 1 182
xx Table of Legislation
art 2 6, 13, 18, 20, 34, 35, 181, 182, 183, 184, 227, 228, 229, 230, 232, 244, 245, 246,
247, 248, 251, 259, 260, 262, 273
art 3 6, 14, 61, 62, 92, 93, 141, 228, 244, 247, 248, 259, 261, 262, 263, 273
art 5 182
art 6 107, 182
art 8 6, 12, 13, 62, 63, 66, 73, 78, 92, 93, 107, 109, 121, 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, 130,
131, 133, 136, 152, 162, 163, 167, 168, 169, 174, 175, 182, 191, 192, 199, 203, 209,
215, 244, 245, 259, 263, 264, 265, 269, 271, 273
art 8(1) 62, 93, 121, 124, 125, 133, 152, 163, 175, 192, 264, 265, 269
art 8(2) 12, 62, 93, 124, 125, 126, 133, 152, 162, 163, 167, 175, 192, 199, 264, 265,
266, 268, 269, 270, 271
art 9 63, 73, 152, 182
art 9(2) 152
art 10 130, 131, 163, 182,228
art 11 182, 259
art 12 15, 161, 162, 163, 169
art 13 11, 182
art 14 29,30, 161, 163, 165,259,271
Protocol 1 11
Statute of the Council of Europe 1949 5
European Union
EC Treaty 19
art 59 169
Treaty of Amsterdam 7
Treaty of Maastricht 19
art 152 19
Germany
15th Criminal Law Reform Act 1976 192
Netherlands
Criminal Code 267
ss 293 294 267
Termination of Life on Request and Assisted Suicide (Review Procedures) Act 2000 . 267
s2(l) (2) 267
New Zealand
Accident Compensation Act 1972 53
Accident and Rehabilitation and Compensation Amendment Act (No.2) 1993 53
Accident and Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance Act 1992 53, 54
s 5( 1) 53
Health and Disability Services Act 1993 24
Table of Legislation xxi
Switzerland
Penal Code, art 115 270
United States of America
Constitution 191
Penal Code (California), s 270 213
International
Charter of the United Nations 1945 4
Preamble 4
art 1 5
art l(2) (3) 5
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 5, 61, 120, 228
art 6 13,228
art 7 61
art 40(1) 5
art 41 5
Optional Protocol 5
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights 5, 1 1
United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child 133
art 12 133
United Nations Declaration 1942 4
Universal Declaration on Human Rights 1948 5, 227 |
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| id | DE-604.BV022754460 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:32:05Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:05:21Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9781841135809 |
| language | English |
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| spelling | Wicks, Elizabeth 1973- Verfasser (DE-588)14224435X aut Human rights and healthcare Elizabeth Wicks Oxford [u.a.] Hart 2007 XXI, 291 S. 24cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Elizabeth Wicks looks at medical law from a human rights perspective. Almost all issues traditionally taught under a 'medical law' label have significant human rights issues inherent within them. This book brings those human rights issues to the fore. Droits de l'homme (Droit international) Médecine - Droit Éthique médicale Menschenrecht Bioethical Issues Great Britain Human Rights legislation & jurisprudence Great Britain Human rights Jurisprudence Great Britain Legislation, Medical Great Britain Medical ethics Medical laws and legislation Rechtsprechung (DE-588)4115710-2 gnd rswk-swf Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd rswk-swf Medizinische Ethik (DE-588)4074672-0 gnd rswk-swf Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien Medizinische Ethik (DE-588)4074672-0 s Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 s DE-604 Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 s Rechtsprechung (DE-588)4115710-2 s b DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015960136&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Wicks, Elizabeth 1973- Human rights and healthcare Droits de l'homme (Droit international) Médecine - Droit Éthique médicale Menschenrecht Bioethical Issues Great Britain Human Rights legislation & jurisprudence Great Britain Human rights Jurisprudence Great Britain Legislation, Medical Great Britain Medical ethics Medical laws and legislation Rechtsprechung (DE-588)4115710-2 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Medizinische Ethik (DE-588)4074672-0 gnd Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4115710-2 (DE-588)4074725-6 (DE-588)4074672-0 (DE-588)4038243-6 |
| title | Human rights and healthcare |
| title_auth | Human rights and healthcare |
| title_exact_search | Human rights and healthcare |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Human rights and healthcare |
| title_full | Human rights and healthcare Elizabeth Wicks |
| title_fullStr | Human rights and healthcare Elizabeth Wicks |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human rights and healthcare Elizabeth Wicks |
| title_short | Human rights and healthcare |
| title_sort | human rights and healthcare |
| topic | Droits de l'homme (Droit international) Médecine - Droit Éthique médicale Menschenrecht Bioethical Issues Great Britain Human Rights legislation & jurisprudence Great Britain Human rights Jurisprudence Great Britain Legislation, Medical Great Britain Medical ethics Medical laws and legislation Rechtsprechung (DE-588)4115710-2 gnd Menschenrecht (DE-588)4074725-6 gnd Medizinische Ethik (DE-588)4074672-0 gnd Medizin (DE-588)4038243-6 gnd |
| topic_facet | Droits de l'homme (Droit international) Médecine - Droit Éthique médicale Menschenrecht Bioethical Issues Great Britain Human Rights legislation & jurisprudence Great Britain Human rights Jurisprudence Great Britain Legislation, Medical Great Britain Medical ethics Medical laws and legislation Rechtsprechung Medizinische Ethik Medizin Großbritannien |
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