Verfügbarkeit: Supply Chain Management

Supply Chain Management: concepts, techniques and practices ; enhancing value through collaboration

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
1. Verfasser:	Li, Ling (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	English
Veröffentlicht:	New Jersey World Scientific Publ. 2007
Schlagworte:	Supply Chain Management
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis
Beschreibung:	XXIII, 372 S. graph. Darst.
ISBN:	9812700722 9789812700728

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Datensatz im Suchindex

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adam_text	Contents Dedication ........................................................................................................... v Preface ............................................................................................................... vii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................xi PART ONE: CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIC ISSUES 1. Supply Chain Management: An Evolutionary View ....................................3 1.1 Overview of Supply Chain Management .............................................3 1.2 Supply Chain Management in Е -Biz Environment. Virtual Integration ............................................................................................7 1.3 An Evolution: From Material Management to Supply Chain Management .........................................................................................9 1.4 Supply Chain Management Models ..................................................12 1.4.1 Competitive priorities and manufacturing strategy ..................12 1.4.2 Efficient supply chain and responsive supply chain ................13 1.4.3 Clock-speed of product, process, and organization life cycles .................................................................................14 1.4.4 Pull and push processes ............................................................15 1.5 Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) - An е -Biz Solution to Transforming Demand .....................17 1.5.1 The basics of CPFR ..................................................................17 1.5.2 Major activities of CPFR ..........................................................19 1.5.3 CPFR in practice .......................................................................20 1.6 Issues of Supply Chain Management in a Global Setting ..................21 1.6.1 SCM issues in the US ...............................................................22 1.6.2 SCM issues in Europe ..............................................................22 ХШ xiv Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices 1.6.3 SCM issues in Asia ...................................................................24 1.6.4 SCM Issues in Latin America ...................................................25 1.7 Summary .............................................................................................26 1.7.1 Supply chain management challenges ......................................26 1.7.2 Road map for supply chain management .................................27 References ..................................................................................................29 2. The Right Design of Supply Chain: Examples ............................................31 2.1 Design the Right Supply Chain ..........................................................31 2.2 Responsive Supply Chain in Manufacturing Industry ........................33 2.2.1 Responsive supply chain and fast clock-speed product - Personal computer ....................................................33 2.2.2 Responsive supply chain and medium clock-speed product - Automobile industry ................................................34 2.2.3 Responsive supply chain and slow clock-speed product - Commercial aircraft .................................................36 2.3 Efficient Supply Chain in Manufacturing Industry ............................37 2.3.1 Efficient supply chain and fast clock-speed product - Apparel industry ......................................................37 2.3.2 Efficient supply chain and medium clock-speed product - Beer industry ............................................................39 2.3.3 Efficient supply chain and slow clock-speed product - Steel industry ...........................................................40 2.4 Service Industry ..................................................................................42 2.4.1 The book industry - Amazon.com ...........................................42 2.4.2 The retail industry - Wal-Mart .................................................43 2.5 Synchronizing Supply Chain ..............................................................45 2.5.1 Linking manufacturer to retailer - HP and Wal-Mart ..............45 2.5.2 Linking suppliers to manufacturers - Covisint .........................45 2.6 Lessons to Learn .................................................................................47 2.6.1 Retail industry - K-Mart ..........................................................47 2.6.2 PC industry - IBM ...................................................................49 2.7 Summary ............................................................................................50 Questions for Pondering .............................................................................51 References ..................................................................................................52 Contents xv PART TWO: PURCHASING, SUPPLY NETWORK, STRATEGIC SOURCING 3 Purchasing and e-Procurement ...................................................................57 3.1 The Role of Purchasing ......................................................................57 3.1.1 Introduction to purchasing ........................................................57 3.1.2 Evolution of purchasing and supply chain management ..........59 3.1.3 Commodity types and purchasing strategy ...............................62 3.1.4 Centralized purchasing vs. decentralized purchasing ...............63 3.2 Purchasing Procedure .........................................................................66 3.2.1 Supplier market analysis ..........................................................66 3.2.2 Types of request .......................................................................66 3.2.3 Purchasing plan implementation ..............................................67 3.3 е -Procurement Marketplace ...............................................................69 3.3.1 The role of technology in purchasing .......................................69 3.3.2 Vertical and horizontal partnership ..........................................70 3.3.3 One or many relationships ........................................................70 3.3.4 e-Marketplace ...........................................................................72 3.3.5 Supplier-oriented marketplace ..................................................72 3.3.6 Buyer-oriented marketplace .....................................................73 3.3.7 Intermediary-oriented marketplace ...........................................73 3.3.8 Disintermediation and reintermediation ...................................74 3.4 Green Purchasing ...............................................................................75 3.5 Total Cost of Ownership Analysis in Purchasing ...............................76 3.6 Enhancing Value through е -Procurement .......................................... 77 3.7 Purchasing Performance Metrics ........................................................79 3.7.1 Efficiency metrics of purchasing ..............................................79 3.7.2 Effective metrics of purchasing ................................................80 3.8 Summary ............................................................................................81 Questions for Pondering .............................................................................81 Problems .....................................................................................................82 References ..................................................................................................83 4. Supplier Relations and Strategic Sourcing .................................................85 4.1 The Basics of Supplier Relations .......................................................85 4.1.1 Types of supply relations .........................................................85 4.1.2 Strategic sourcing .....................................................................88 4.1.3 Supplier base development .......................................................88 Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices 4.2 Supplier Selection ..............................................................................91 4.2.1 Value analysis ..........................................................................91 4.2.2 Techniques: Decision model for supplier selection .................93 4.2.2.1 Preference matrix ........................................................93 4.2.2.2 Make-or-buy decision ..................................................94 4.2.2.3 Decision tree ................................................................95 4.2.3 Supply certificate - ISO series .................................................98 4.2.4 Trust and commitment ..............................................................99 4.3 Outsourcing ......................................................................................100 4.3.1 Creating outsourcing vision ...................................................100 4.3.2 Model for implementing outsourcing .....................................101 4.3.3 Outsourcing benefits and risks ...............................................103 4.4 Third Party Logistics and Fourth Party Logistics .............................105 4.4.1 Third party logistics practices ................................................105 4.4.2 Fourth party logistics practices ...............................................106 4.5 Enhancing Value through Supplier Relations and Strategic Sourcing ...........................................................................................107 4.6 Sourcing Performance Metrics .........................................................108 4.7 Summary ..........................................................................................108 Questions for Pondering ...........................................................................109 Problems ...................................................................................................109 References ................................................................................................112 Supplement 4.1: Discount Cash Flow Analysis .......................................113 PART THREE: DEMAND TRANSFORMATION IN SUPPLY CHAIN 5. Demand Management: Customer Order Forecast ....................................117 5.1 Demand Management through Collaborative Forecasting ...............117 5.1.1 Forecast characteristics ..........................................................118 5.1.2 Forecast in efficient supply chain vs. responsive supply chain ...........................................................................119 5.1.3 A better method: Collaborative forecasting in supply chain ...........................................................................120 5.2 Components of Demand Forecast ....................................................122 5.2.1 Patterns of demand .................................................................122 5.2.2 Forecast process .....................................................................124 5.3 Determine Forecasting Methods ......................................................127 Contents xvii 5.3.1 Moving average ......................................................................127 5.3.2 Weighted moving average ......................................................128 5.3.3 Exponential smoothing ...........................................................129 5.3.4 Double exponential smoothing for trended data .....................130 5.3.5 Multiplicative seasonal method for seasonal data ..................132 5.4 Reduce Forecast Variability .............................................................134 5.4.1 Sources of variability ..............................................................134 5.4.2 Measure variability .................................................................135 5.4.2.1 Measure bias and accuracy ........................................136 5.4.2.2 Tracking signal ..........................................................137 5.4.3 Reduce demand variability and increase production flexibility ................................................................................138 5.5 Demand Management: Forecasting in е -Business Environment ......139 5.5.1 Enhance value through synchronize demand forecast ............139 5.5.2 Delayed differentiation and postponement .............................140 5.6 Demand Management Performance Metrics ....................................141 5.7 Summary ..........................................................................................141 Questions for Pondering ...........................................................................142 Problems ..................................................................................................142 Supplement 5.1: Synchronizing Production and Inventory Management in Supply Chain: Introduction to Beer Game ......................145 References ................................................................................................147 6. Transforming Demand in Supply Chain: Production Planning and Scheduling ................................................................................................149 6.1 Transforming Demand through Production Planning .......................149 6.1.1 Aggregate planning ...............................................................151 6.1.2 Dimensions of aggregation planning ......................................152 6.1.3 Planning alternatives ..............................................................152 6.1.4 Planning strategies ..................................................................153 6.2 Master Production Schedule .............................................................153 6.2.1 The basics of master production scheduling ...........................153 6.2.2 Available to promise .............................................................158 6.2.3 Available to sell ......................................................................158 6.2.4 e-Business solution - Global available to promise .................158 6.3 Collaborative Planning .....................................................................159 6.3.1 Overview of collaborative planning .......................................159 6.3.2 Pull and push boundary in production planning ....................161 xviii Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices 6.3.3 Manufacturing flexibility .......................................................163 6.3.4 Synchronization - HP example ..............................................165 6.4 Demand Transformation ...................................................................166 6.4.1 Enhancing value through demand transformation in supply chain ...........................................................................166 6.4.2 Demand transformation performance metrics ........................167 6.5 Summary ..........................................................................................168 Questions for Pondering ...........................................................................169 Problems ..................................................................................................169 References ................................................................................................170 7. Managing Inventories in Supply Chain ....................................................173 7.1 Brief History of Inventory Management ..........................................173 7.2 Inventory Concepts ..........................................................................175 7.2.1 Definition of inventory ...........................................................175 7.2.2 Purpose of holding inventory .................................................176 7.2.3 Inventory for independent and dependent demand .................177 7.2.4 Inventory costs .......................................................................178 7.2.5 The cost of inaccurate inventory ............................................178 7.2.6 Inventory measures .................................................................180 7.3 Managing Inventory Cost - EOQ-Based Inventory Models ............181 7.3.1 Economic order quantity ........................................................181 7.3.2 Inventory replenishment - Reorder point system ...................183 7.3.3 Inventory replenishment - Periodic review system ................184 7.4 Improving Customer Service Level: Managing Safety Stock ..........185 7.4.1 Safety stock ............................................................................185 7.4.2 Cycle service level ..................................................................186 7.4.3 Fill rate ...................................................................................187 7.5 New Initiatives е -Business Initiatives for Inventory Management .....................................................................................191 7.5.1 Bullwhip effects and information sharing ..............................191 7.5.2 Push-pull strategy in inventory management .........................192 7.5.3 Vendor managed inventory ....................................................193 7.5.4 Inventory reduction: Lean inventory systems ........................194 7.5.5 Issues related to information technology ................................196 7.6 Enhancing Value through Inventory Management in Supply Chain ....................................................................................197 7.7 Inventory Management Performance Metrics ..................................198 Contents xix 7.8 Summary ..........................................................................................199 Questions for Pondering ...........................................................................199 Problems ...................................................................................................199 Supplement 7.1: Quantity Discount .........................................................202 Supplement 7.2: Risk Pooling ..................................................................210 References ................................................................................................211 PART FOUR: TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS Logistic Network and Distribution ...........................................................215 8.1 Logistics in Supply Chain Management ...........................................215 8.1.1 Facility configuration of global supply chain .........................216 8.1.2 Reversed logistic network ......................................................218 8.2 Data for Logistic Network Planning .................................................220 8.2.1 Data sources ...........................................................................220 8.2.2 Data check list ........................................................................221 8.3 Techniques for Logistic Network Configuration ..............................221 8.3.1 Optimization models ..............................................................222 8.3.2 Computer simulation ..............................................................222 8.3.3 Heuristics model .....................................................................222 8.3.4 Expert systems and decision support systems ........................223 8.4 Facility Location and Configuration ................................................223 8.4.1 Single facility location ............................................................223 8.4.1.1 The center of gravity method ....................................223 8.4.1.2 The median method ...................................................228 8.4.2 Configure multiple facilities ...................................................230 8.5 Warehouse ........................................................................................235 8.5.1 Nature and importance of warehouse .....................................235 8.5.2 Warehouse in supply chain .....................................................237 8.5.2.1 Public and private warehouse ....................................237 8.5.2.2 Types of warehouse ..................................................239 8.5.3 Cross docking .........................................................................239 8.6 Enhancing Value through Logistics Management in Supply Chain ....................................................................................240 8.7 Summary ..........................................................................................240 Questions for Pondering ...........................................................................241 xx Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices Problems ...................................................................................................241 References ................................................................................................243 9. Transportation Systems and e-Distribution ..............................................245 9.1 Transportation ..................................................................................245 9.1.1 Carriers ...................................................................................246 9.1.2 Shippers ..................................................................................247 9.2 Overview of Carrier Operations .......................................................247 9.2.1 Motor carrier ..........................................................................247 9.2.2 Railroads ................................................................................249 9.2.3 Water carrier ...........................................................................250 9.2.4 Air carrier ...............................................................................251 9.2.5 Pipeline ...................................................................................251 9.2.6 Intermodal service ..................................................................252 9.2.7 Shipping containers ................................................................253 9.3 The Network of Shipper and Carrier in е -Distribution..................... 254 9.3.1 Carrier side е -Distribution...................................................... 254 9.3.2 Shipper side е -Distribution..................................................... 255 9.3.3 The network of shipper and carrier in е -Distribution............. 256 9.4 The Rise of Intermediaries in Transportation ...................................257 9.4.1 The rise of intermediaries .......................................................257 9.4.2 Third party logistics in transportation service ........................258 9.4.3 Fourth party logistics in transportation service ......................259 9.5 Trade-off of Transportation and Inventory Costs .............................260 9.6 Vehicle Routing and Scheduling ......................................................262 9.6.1 Characteristics describing vehicle routing ..............................264 9.6.2 Solution procedure for vehicle routing and scheduling ..........264 9.6.3 е -Business tools for creating routes ........................................270 9.7 Railway Freight Car Scheduling ......................................................270 9.7.1 Railway system ......................................................................271 9.7.2 Characteristics describing railway freight scheduling ............271 9.8 Enhancing Value through Transportation ........................................273 9.9 Summary ..........................................................................................274 Questions for Pondering ...........................................................................274 Problems ...................................................................................................275 References ................................................................................................277 Appendix 1: World Container Ports: Top 25 2001-2003 .........................278 Appendix 2: Airport Cargo Loading & Unloading: Top 25 2001-2003 ...279 Contents xxi PART FIVE: e-BUSINESS SOLUTIONS 10. е -Business Solutions: The Enabler of Global Supply Chain ....................283 10.1 e-Business Solutions: The Enabler of Global Supply Chain ..........283 10.1.1 Global supply chain ...........................................................283 10.1.2 е -Solution outsourcing: A perceivable trend ......................284 10.2 Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) ...........................................285 10.2.1 Business process re-engineering: The foundation for implementing EIS..............................................................286 10.2.2 Legacy systems .................................................................287 10.2.3 Client / server technology ..................................................288 10.2.4 Major modules of EIS systems ..........................................289 10.2.5 Major EIS systems vendors ................................................290 10.2.6 Small and mid-size EIS market ..........................................292 10.3 Customer Relation Management (CRM) .......................................293 10.3.1 CRM s relation to supply chain management ....................293 10.3.2 CRM implementation .........................................................294 10.4 Other е -Business Solutions ............................................................295 10.4.1 Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) ........................................................296 10.4.2 е -Hub ................................................................................. 297 10.4.3 Electronic product code: radio frequency ID (RFID) .........298 10.4.4 Global available-to-promise (GATP) .................................299 10.4.5 Vendor managed inventory (VMI) .....................................300 10.4.6 Cross docking .....................................................................301 10.4.7 Geographic information systems (GIS) ..............................301 10.5 Technology Standardization of е -Business .................................... 302 10.5.1 Electronic data interchange (EDI) ......................................302 10.5.2 Extensible markup language (XML) ..................................303 10.6 Enhancing Value through е -Business Applications .......................304 10.7 Summary ........................................................................................305 Questions for Pondering ...........................................................................305 References ................................................................................................306 11. Business Intelligence in Supply Chain Management: Data, Information, and Knowledge .....................................................................307 11.1 Business Intelligence .....................................................................307 1 1.1.1 Business intelligence definition .........................................307 Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices 11.1.2 Business intelligence value chain .......................................308 11.2 The Value of Business Intelligence ................................................311 11.2.1 Bullwhip effects ................................................................311 11.2.2 Effects ofinformation flow on material flow .....................312 11.3 Data, Information, and Knowledge in Supply Chain Management ...................................................................................313 11.3.1 Data collection and organization ........................................313 11.3.2 Information extraction ........................................................314 11.3.3 Knowledge management ....................................................316 11.4 Business Intelligence Methodology ...............................................316 11.4.1 Data warehousing ...............................................................316 11.4.2 Data mining ........................................................................317 11.5 Enhancing Value through Knowledge Managing in Supply Chain ..................................................................................318 11.6 Summary ........................................................................................319 Questions for Pondering ...........................................................................319 References ................................................................................................320 Appendix 3: Data Mining and Warehousing Tools and Vendors .............321 PART SIX: SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION 12. Performance Measures: From Order Winning to Order Fulfillment ........325 12.1 Introduction ....................................................................................325 12.2 Order Winning in Supply Chain ....................................................325 12.2.1 Identify and capture the right customers ............................325 12.2.2 Create a customer-responsive supply chain ......................326 12.3 Fulfillng Orders in Supply Chain ...................................................327 12.3.1 Creating a collaborative, flexible and cost-efficient order fulfillment process ....................................................327 12.3.2 Choosing the right technology to support supply chain operations .................................................................328 12.3.3 Fulfilling customer orders in supply chain .........................329 12.4 Financial Measurement ..................................................................329 12.4.1 Inventory measures ............................................................330 12.4.2 Relationship of supply chain variables to income statement ............................................................................330 Contents xxiii 12.4.3 The shortcomings of financial performance .......................332 12.5 The Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR) ..............333 12.6 The Balanced Scorecard .................................................................335 12.7 The Future of Supply Chain Management .....................................336 Questions for Pondering ...........................................................................338 References ................................................................................................338 Subject Index ...................................................................................................339 Company Index ...............................................................................................345
adam_txt	Contents Dedication . v Preface . vii Acknowledgements .xi PART ONE: CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIC ISSUES 1. Supply Chain Management: An Evolutionary View .3 1.1 Overview of Supply Chain Management .3 1.2 Supply Chain Management in Е -Biz Environment.' Virtual Integration .7 1.3 An Evolution: From Material Management to Supply Chain Management .9 1.4 Supply Chain Management Models .12 1.4.1 Competitive priorities and manufacturing strategy .12 1.4.2 Efficient supply chain and responsive supply chain .13 1.4.3 Clock-speed of product, process, and organization life cycles .14 1.4.4 Pull and push processes .15 1.5 Collaborative Planning, Forecasting, and Replenishment (CPFR) - An е -Biz Solution to Transforming Demand .17 1.5.1 The basics of CPFR .17 1.5.2 Major activities of CPFR .19 1.5.3 CPFR in practice .20 1.6 Issues of Supply Chain Management in a Global Setting .21 1.6.1 SCM issues in the US .22 1.6.2 SCM issues in Europe .22 ХШ xiv Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices 1.6.3 SCM issues in Asia .24 1.6.4 SCM Issues in Latin America .25 1.7 Summary .26 1.7.1 Supply chain management challenges .26 1.7.2 Road map for supply chain management .27 References .29 2. The Right Design of Supply Chain: Examples .31 2.1 Design the Right Supply Chain .31 2.2 Responsive Supply Chain in Manufacturing Industry .33 2.2.1 Responsive supply chain and fast clock-speed product - Personal computer .33 2.2.2 Responsive supply chain and medium clock-speed product - Automobile industry .34 2.2.3 Responsive supply chain and slow clock-speed product - Commercial aircraft .36 2.3 Efficient Supply Chain in Manufacturing Industry .37 2.3.1 Efficient supply chain and fast clock-speed product - Apparel industry .37 2.3.2 Efficient supply chain and medium clock-speed product - Beer industry .39 2.3.3 Efficient supply chain and slow clock-speed product - Steel industry .40 2.4 Service Industry .42 2.4.1 The book industry - Amazon.com .42 2.4.2 The retail industry - Wal-Mart .43 2.5 Synchronizing Supply Chain .45 2.5.1 Linking manufacturer to retailer - HP and Wal-Mart .45 2.5.2 Linking suppliers to manufacturers - Covisint .45 2.6 Lessons to Learn .47 2.6.1 Retail industry - K-Mart .47 2.6.2 PC industry - IBM .49 2.7 Summary .50 Questions for Pondering .51 References .52 Contents xv PART TWO: PURCHASING, SUPPLY NETWORK, STRATEGIC SOURCING 3 Purchasing and e-Procurement .57 3.1 The Role of Purchasing .57 3.1.1 Introduction to purchasing .57 3.1.2 Evolution of purchasing and supply chain management .59 3.1.3 Commodity types and purchasing strategy .62 3.1.4 Centralized purchasing vs. decentralized purchasing .63 3.2 Purchasing Procedure .66 3.2.1 Supplier market analysis .66 3.2.2 Types of request .66 3.2.3 Purchasing plan implementation .67 3.3 е -Procurement Marketplace .69 3.3.1 The role of technology in purchasing .69 3.3.2 Vertical and horizontal partnership .70 3.3.3 One or many relationships .70 3.3.4 e-Marketplace .72 3.3.5 Supplier-oriented marketplace .72 3.3.6 Buyer-oriented marketplace .73 3.3.7 Intermediary-oriented marketplace .73 3.3.8 Disintermediation and reintermediation .74 3.4 Green Purchasing .75 3.5 Total Cost of Ownership Analysis in Purchasing .76 3.6 Enhancing Value through е -Procurement . 77 3.7 Purchasing Performance Metrics .79 3.7.1 Efficiency metrics of purchasing .79 3.7.2 Effective metrics of purchasing .80 3.8 Summary .81 Questions for Pondering .81 Problems .82 References .83 4. Supplier Relations and Strategic Sourcing .85 4.1 The Basics of Supplier Relations .85 4.1.1 Types of supply relations .85 4.1.2 Strategic sourcing .88 4.1.3 Supplier base development .88 Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices 4.2 Supplier Selection .91 4.2.1 Value analysis .91 4.2.2 Techniques: Decision model for supplier selection .93 4.2.2.1 Preference matrix .93 4.2.2.2 Make-or-buy decision .94 4.2.2.3 Decision tree .95 4.2.3 Supply certificate - ISO series .98 4.2.4 Trust and commitment .99 4.3 Outsourcing .100 4.3.1 Creating outsourcing vision .100 4.3.2 Model for implementing outsourcing .101 4.3.3 Outsourcing benefits and risks .103 4.4 Third Party Logistics and Fourth Party Logistics .105 4.4.1 Third party logistics practices .105 4.4.2 Fourth party logistics practices .106 4.5 Enhancing Value through Supplier Relations and Strategic Sourcing .107 4.6 Sourcing Performance Metrics .108 4.7 Summary .108 Questions for Pondering .109 Problems .109 References .112 Supplement 4.1: Discount Cash Flow Analysis .113 PART THREE: DEMAND TRANSFORMATION IN SUPPLY CHAIN 5. Demand Management: Customer Order Forecast .117 5.1 Demand Management through Collaborative Forecasting .117 5.1.1 Forecast characteristics .118 5.1.2 Forecast in efficient supply chain vs. responsive supply chain .119 5.1.3 A better method: Collaborative forecasting in supply chain .120 5.2 Components of Demand Forecast .122 5.2.1 Patterns of demand .122 5.2.2 Forecast process .124 5.3 Determine Forecasting Methods .127 Contents xvii 5.3.1 Moving average .127 5.3.2 Weighted moving average .128 5.3.3 Exponential smoothing .129 5.3.4 Double exponential smoothing for trended data .130 5.3.5 Multiplicative seasonal method for seasonal data .132 5.4 Reduce Forecast Variability .134 5.4.1 Sources of variability .134 5.4.2 Measure variability .135 5.4.2.1 Measure bias and accuracy .136 5.4.2.2 Tracking signal .137 5.4.3 Reduce demand variability and increase production flexibility .138 5.5 Demand Management: Forecasting in е -Business Environment .139 5.5.1 Enhance value through synchronize demand forecast .139 5.5.2 Delayed differentiation and postponement .140 5.6 Demand Management Performance Metrics .141 5.7 Summary .141 Questions for Pondering .142 Problems .142 Supplement 5.1: Synchronizing Production and Inventory Management in Supply Chain: Introduction to Beer Game .145 References .147 6. Transforming Demand in Supply Chain: Production Planning and Scheduling .149 6.1 Transforming Demand through Production Planning .149 6.1.1 Aggregate planning .151 6.1.2 Dimensions of aggregation planning .152 6.1.3 Planning alternatives .152 6.1.4 Planning strategies .153 6.2 Master Production Schedule .153 6.2.1 The basics of master production scheduling .153 6.2.2 Available to promise .158 6.2.3 Available to sell .158 6.2.4 e-Business solution - Global available to promise .158 6.3 Collaborative Planning .159 6.3.1 Overview of collaborative planning .159 6.3.2 Pull and push boundary in production planning .161 xviii Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices 6.3.3 Manufacturing flexibility .163 6.3.4 Synchronization - HP example .165 6.4 Demand Transformation .166 6.4.1 Enhancing value through demand transformation in supply chain .166 6.4.2 Demand transformation performance metrics .167 6.5 Summary .168 Questions for Pondering .169 Problems .169 References .170 7. Managing Inventories in Supply Chain .173 7.1 Brief History of Inventory Management .173 7.2 Inventory Concepts .175 7.2.1 Definition of inventory .175 7.2.2 Purpose of holding inventory .176 7.2.3 Inventory for independent and dependent demand .177 7.2.4 Inventory costs .178 7.2.5 The cost of inaccurate inventory .178 7.2.6 Inventory measures .180 7.3 Managing Inventory Cost - EOQ-Based Inventory Models .181 7.3.1 Economic order quantity .181 7.3.2 Inventory replenishment - Reorder point system .183 7.3.3 Inventory replenishment - Periodic review system .184 7.4 Improving Customer Service Level: Managing Safety Stock .185 7.4.1 Safety stock .185 7.4.2 Cycle service level .186 7.4.3 Fill rate .187 7.5 New Initiatives е -Business Initiatives for Inventory Management .191 7.5.1 Bullwhip effects and information sharing .191 7.5.2 Push-pull strategy in inventory management .192 7.5.3 Vendor managed inventory .193 7.5.4 Inventory reduction: Lean inventory systems .194 7.5.5 Issues related to information technology .196 7.6 Enhancing Value through Inventory Management in Supply Chain .197 7.7 Inventory Management Performance Metrics .198 Contents xix 7.8 Summary .199 Questions for Pondering .199 Problems .199 Supplement 7.1: Quantity Discount .202 Supplement 7.2: Risk Pooling .210 References .211 PART FOUR: TRANSPORTATION AND LOGISTICS Logistic Network and Distribution .215 8.1 Logistics in Supply Chain Management .215 8.1.1 Facility configuration of global supply chain .216 8.1.2 Reversed logistic network .218 8.2 Data for Logistic Network Planning .220 8.2.1 Data sources .220 8.2.2 Data check list .221 8.3 Techniques for Logistic Network Configuration .221 8.3.1 Optimization models .222 8.3.2 Computer simulation .222 8.3.3 Heuristics model .222 8.3.4 Expert systems and decision support systems .223 8.4 Facility Location and Configuration .223 8.4.1 Single facility location .223 8.4.1.1 The center of gravity method .223 8.4.1.2 The median method .228 8.4.2 Configure multiple facilities .230 8.5 Warehouse .235 8.5.1 Nature and importance of warehouse .235 8.5.2 Warehouse in supply chain .237 8.5.2.1 Public and private warehouse .237 8.5.2.2 Types of warehouse .239 8.5.3 Cross docking .239 8.6 Enhancing Value through Logistics Management in Supply Chain .240 8.7 Summary .240 Questions for Pondering .241 xx Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices Problems .241 References .243 9. Transportation Systems and e-Distribution .245 9.1 Transportation .245 9.1.1 Carriers .246 9.1.2 Shippers .247 9.2 Overview of Carrier Operations .247 9.2.1 Motor carrier .247 9.2.2 Railroads .249 9.2.3 Water carrier .250 9.2.4 Air carrier .251 9.2.5 Pipeline .251 9.2.6 Intermodal service .252 9.2.7 Shipping containers .253 9.3 The Network of Shipper and Carrier in е -Distribution. 254 9.3.1 Carrier side е -Distribution. 254 9.3.2 Shipper side е -Distribution. 255 9.3.3 The network of shipper and carrier in е -Distribution. 256 9.4 The Rise of Intermediaries in Transportation .257 9.4.1 The rise of intermediaries .257 9.4.2 Third party logistics in transportation service .258 9.4.3 Fourth party logistics in transportation service .259 9.5 Trade-off of Transportation and Inventory Costs .260 9.6 Vehicle Routing and Scheduling .262 9.6.1 Characteristics describing vehicle routing .264 9.6.2 Solution procedure for vehicle routing and scheduling .264 9.6.3 е -Business tools for creating routes .270 9.7 Railway Freight Car Scheduling .270 9.7.1 Railway system .271 9.7.2 Characteristics describing railway freight scheduling .271 9.8 Enhancing Value through Transportation .273 9.9 Summary .274 Questions for Pondering .274 Problems .275 References .277 Appendix 1: World Container Ports: Top 25 2001-2003 .278 Appendix 2: Airport Cargo Loading & Unloading: Top 25 2001-2003 .279 Contents xxi PART FIVE: e-BUSINESS SOLUTIONS 10. е -Business Solutions: The Enabler of Global Supply Chain .283 10.1 e-Business Solutions: The Enabler of Global Supply Chain .283 10.1.1 Global supply chain .283 10.1.2 е -Solution outsourcing: A perceivable trend .284 10.2 Enterprise Information Systems (EIS) .285 10.2.1 Business process re-engineering: The foundation for implementing EIS.286 10.2.2 Legacy systems .287 10.2.3 Client / server technology .288 10.2.4 Major modules of EIS systems .289 10.2.5 Major EIS systems vendors .290 10.2.6 Small and mid-size EIS market .292 10.3 Customer Relation Management (CRM) .293 10.3.1 CRM's relation to supply chain management .293 10.3.2 CRM implementation .294 10.4 Other е -Business Solutions .295 10.4.1 Collaborative planning, forecasting, and replenishment (CPFR) .296 10.4.2 е -Hub . 297 10.4.3 Electronic product code: radio frequency ID (RFID) .298 10.4.4 Global available-to-promise (GATP) .299 10.4.5 Vendor managed inventory (VMI) .300 10.4.6 Cross docking .301 10.4.7 Geographic information systems (GIS) .301 10.5 Technology Standardization of е -Business . 302 10.5.1 Electronic data interchange (EDI) .302 10.5.2 Extensible markup language (XML) .303 10.6 Enhancing Value through е -Business Applications .304 10.7 Summary .305 Questions for Pondering .305 References .306 11. Business Intelligence in Supply Chain Management: Data, Information, and Knowledge .307 11.1 Business Intelligence .307 1 1.1.1 Business intelligence definition .307 Supply Chain Management: Concepts, Techniques, and Practices 11.1.2 Business intelligence value chain .308 11.2 The Value of Business Intelligence .311 11.2.1 Bullwhip effects .311 11.2.2 Effects ofinformation flow on material flow .312 11.3 Data, Information, and Knowledge in Supply Chain Management .313 11.3.1 Data collection and organization .313 11.3.2 Information extraction .314 11.3.3 Knowledge management .316 11.4 Business Intelligence Methodology .316 11.4.1 Data warehousing .316 11.4.2 Data mining .317 11.5 Enhancing Value through Knowledge Managing in Supply Chain .318 11.6 Summary .319 Questions for Pondering .319 References .320 Appendix 3: Data Mining and Warehousing Tools and Vendors .321 PART SIX: SUPPLY CHAIN PERFORMANCE AND EVALUATION 12. Performance Measures: From Order Winning to Order Fulfillment .325 12.1 Introduction .325 12.2 Order Winning in Supply Chain .325 12.2.1 Identify and capture the right customers .325 12.2.2 Create a customer-responsive supply chain .326 12.3 Fulfillng Orders in Supply Chain .327 12.3.1 Creating a collaborative, flexible and cost-efficient order fulfillment process .327 12.3.2 Choosing the right technology to support supply chain operations .328 12.3.3 Fulfilling customer orders in supply chain .329 12.4 Financial Measurement .329 12.4.1 Inventory measures .330 12.4.2 Relationship of supply chain variables to income statement .330 Contents xxiii 12.4.3 The shortcomings of financial performance .332 12.5 The Supply Chain Operations Reference Model (SCOR) .333 12.6 The Balanced Scorecard .335 12.7 The Future of Supply Chain Management .336 Questions for Pondering .338 References .338 Subject Index .339 Company Index .345
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spellingShingle	Li, Ling Supply Chain Management concepts, techniques and practices ; enhancing value through collaboration Supply Chain Management (DE-588)4684051-5 gnd
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title	Supply Chain Management concepts, techniques and practices ; enhancing value through collaboration
title_auth	Supply Chain Management concepts, techniques and practices ; enhancing value through collaboration
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title_full_unstemmed	Supply Chain Management concepts, techniques and practices ; enhancing value through collaboration by Ling Li
title_short	Supply Chain Management
title_sort	supply chain management concepts techniques and practices enhancing value through collaboration
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