Bankruptcy and debtor / creditor: examples and explanations
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York, NY
Aspen Publ.
2006
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| Ausgabe: | 4. ed. |
| Schriftenreihe: | Examples & explanations
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes index. |
| Beschreibung: | XXIX, 598 S. Ill. 26 cm |
| ISBN: | 9780735561847 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Bankruptcy and debtor / creditor |b examples and explanations |c Brian A. Blum |
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| 264 | 1 | |a New York, NY |b Aspen Publ. |c 2006 | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS XI
PREFACE XXV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII
SPECIAL NOTICE XXIX
1. THE FORMATION AND FRAMEWORK OF THE DEBTOR/CREDITOR
RELATIONSHIP AND AN INTRODUCTION TO UNSECURED DEBT 1
2. SECURED DEBT AND PRIORITIES 7
3. DEBT COLLECTION UNDER STATE LAW 35
4. FRAUDULENT TRANSFERS 73
5. THE NATURE, SOURCE, AND POLICIES OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 87
6. PARTICIPANTS IN THE BANKRUPTCY CASE 109
7. BANKRUPTCY JURISDICTION, THE POWERS OF THE BANKRUPTCY
COURT, AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 127
8. DEBTOR ELIGIBILITY AND THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF
BANKRUPTCY RELIEF 177
9. THE COMMENCEMENT AND DISMISSAL OF THE
BANKRUPTCY CASE 201
10. THE AUTOMATIC STAY 237
11. RELIEF FROM STAY AND ADEQUATE PROTECTION 259
12. PROPERTY OF THE ESTATE 281
13. EXEMPTIONS, REDEMPTION, AND REAFFIRMATION 295
14. THE TRUSTEE S AVOIDANCE POWERS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
AND POLICIES 323
15. THE TRUSTEE S AVOIDANCE POWERS: UNPERFECTED INTERESTS
AND STATUTORY LIENS 333
16. THE AVOIDANCE OF PREFERENCES, SETOFF, FRAUDULENT
TRANSFERS, AND POSTPETITION TRANSFERS 347
17. THE TRUSTEE S POWER TO DEAL WITH ESTATE PROPERTY AND
TO OBTAIN CREDIT 381
18. EXECUTORY CONTRACTS AND UNEXPIRED LEASES 399
19. CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE 415
^ THE CHAPTER 13 PLAN 449
21. TFHE CHAPTER 11 PLAN 487
227 THE DEBTOR S DISCHARGE 519
APPENDIX 555
GLOSSARY 561
INDEX 585
CONTENTS
PREFACE XXV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII
SPECIAL NOTICE XXIX
1. THE FORMATION AND FRAMEWORK OF THE DEBTOR/CREDITOR
RELATIONSHIP AND AN INTRODUCTION TO UNSECURED DEBT 1
§1.1 DEBTORS AND CREDITORS 2
§1.2 STATE LAW AND FEDERAL LAW: AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE 2
§1.3 FORMATION AND PLANNING CONCERNS 3
§1.4 THE ENFORCEMENT OF UNSECURED DEBT*AN OVERVIEW 5
2. SECURED DEBT AND PRIORITIES 7
§2.1 DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY 7
§2.1.1 DEFINITION 7
§2.1.2 TERMINOLOGY 8
§2.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEBT AND THE COLLATERAL 8
§2.2.1 THE LINK BETWEEN THE DEBT AND THE
COLLATERAL 8
§2.2.2 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PERSONAL LIABILITY
AND THE CHARGE ON THE PROPERTY 9
§2.2.3 NONCONTEMPORANEOUS CREATION OF THE DEBT
AND THE LIEN 9
§2.2.4 AFTER-ACQUIRED COLLATERAL 10
§2.2.5 PURCHASE MONEY SECURITY INTERESTS 11
§2.3 THE CREATION OF A LIEN 11
§2.3.1 ATTACHMENT 12
§2.3.2 PERFECTION 12
§2.3.3 SUMMARY 12
§2.4 THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF LIEN 13
§2.4.1 CONSENSUAL LIENS 13
§2.4.2 JUDICIAL LIENS 13
§2.4.3 STATUTORY LIENS 14
§2.4.4 COMMON LAW LIENS 15
§2.4.5 EQUITABLE LIENS 16
§2.5 THE EFFECT OF A VALID LIEN 17
XI
CONTENTS
§2.5.1 AGAINST THE DEBTOR AND SUBSEQUENT
TRANSFEREES 17
§2.5.2 ON PREEXISTING THIRD-PARTY INTERESTS IN THE
PROPERTY 17
§2.5.3 OVERSECURED AND UNDERSECURED DEBT 18
§2.6 ENFORCEMENT OF THE LIEN 18
§2.6.1 SEIZURE OF THE PROPERTY 19
§2.6.2 APPLICATION OF THE PROPERTY IN SATISFACTION
OF THE DEBT 19
§2.7 PRIORITIES AMONG LIENS AND OTHER INTERESTS 21
§2.7.1 THE FUNCTION OF PRIORITY RULES 21
§2.7.2 THE GENERAL RULE OF PRIORITY 22
§2.7.3 DEPARTURES FROM THE FIRST-IN-TIME RULE FOR
THE PROTECTION OF CERTAIN SUBSEQUENT
LIENHOLDERS 23
§2.7.4 PRIORITIES BETWEEN LIENS AND OTHER INTERESTS IN
THE PROPERTY 23
§2.7.5 A SUMMARY OF THE ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED
IN DEALING WITH PRIORITIES 24
3. DEBT COLLECTION UNDER STATE LAW 35
§3.1 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON DEBT COLLECTION BY
JUDICIAL PROCESS AT STATE LAW 35
§3.2 EXECUTABLE PROPERTY AND LEVY 36
§3.2.1 EXECUTABLE PROPERTY 36
§3.2.2 LEVY 39
§3.3 JUDICIAL PREJUDGMENT REMEDIES 40
§3.3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO ALL
PREJUDGMENT REMEDIES 40
§3.3.2 DUE PROCESS IN PREJUDGMENT REMEDIES 41
§3.3.3 ATTACHMENT 43
§3.3.4 PREJUDGMENT GARNISHMENT 47
§3.3.5 PREJUDGMENT REPLEVIN OR CLAIM AND
DELIVERY 48
§3.3.6 RECEIVERSHIP 50
§3.3.7 INJUNCTIONS 51
§3.3.8 LISPENDENS 52
§3.4 THE JUDGMENT AND ITS ENFORCEMENT 52
§3.4.1 JUDGMENT BY DEFAULT OR CONFESSION 52
§3.4.2 THE DURATION OF THE JUDGMENT 53
§3.4.3 THE JUDGMENT LIEN 54
§3.4.4 THE ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS IN
OTHER STATES 55
§3.5 EXECUTION 56
CONTENTS
§3.6 GARNISHMENT 59
§3.7 PROCEEDINGS IN AID OF EXECUTION 60
§3.8 BANKRUPTCY AND THE STATE LAW COLLECTION PROCESS 60
§3.9 STATE LAW INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS 61
§3.9.1 INTRODUCTION TO STATE LAW INSOLVENCY
PROCEEDINGS 61
§3.9.2 COMPOSITIONS AND EXTENSIONS 62
§3.9.3 ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE BENEFIT OF CREDITORS 64
4. FRAUDULENT TRANSFERS 73
§4.1 BACKGROUND*THE BASIS AND PURPOSE OF FRAUDULENT
TRANSFER LAW 73
§4.2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE AVOIDANCE SUIT 74
§4.3 ACTUAL FRAUD 75
§4.3.1 DISHONEST INTENT 75
§4.3.2 PROOF OF FRAUD * BADGES OF FRAUD 75
§4.4 CONSTRUCTIVE FRAUD 76
§4.4.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 76
§4.4.2 REASONABLE EQUIVALENCE IN VALUE 77
§4.4.3 FINANCIAL CONDITION 78
§4.5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GROUNDS OF CONSTRUCTIVE
FRAUD AND ACTUAL FRAUD 79
§4.6 THE REMEDY OF AVOIDANCE AND THE RIGHTS OF THE
TRANSFEREE 80
§4.7 FRAUDULENT TRANSFER LAW AND LEVERAGED BUYOUTS 81
§4.7.1 WHAT IS A LEVERAGED BUYOUT? 81
§4.7.2 THE APPLICATION OF FRAUDULENT TRANSFER
LAW TO LBOS 82
5. THE NATURE, SOURCE, AND POLICIES OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 87
§5.1 WHAT IS BANKRUPTCY? 87
§5.2 THE FEDERAL NATURE OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 88
§5.2.1 THE FEDERAL POWER OVER BANKRUPTCY 88
§5.2.2 BANKRUPTCY LAW AND NONBANKRUPTCY LAW 88
§5.3 UNIFORMITY IN BANKRUPTCY LAW 89
§5.4 THE STATUTORY SOURCE OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 91
§5.4.1 FEDERAL BANKRUPTCY LEGISLATION 91
§5.4.2 THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE
CODE 94
§5.4.3 THE BANKRUPTCY RULES 94
§5.4.4 OTHER FEDERAL STATUTES APPLICABLE IN
BANKRUPTCY 95
§5.5 THE POLICIES OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 95
§5.5.1 INTRODUCTION 95
CONTENTS
§5.5.2 THE GOALS AND POLICIES OF BANKRUPTCY 97
6. PARTICIPANTS IN THE BANKRUPTCY CASE 109
§6.1 THE BANKRUPTCY COURT 109
§6.2 THE TRUSTEE 109
§6.3 THE U.S. TRUSTEE 112
§6.4 THE DEBTOR 113
§6.5 CREDITORS AND CREDITORS COMMITTEES 114
§6.6 ATTORNEYS AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL CONSULTANTS 115
§6.7 DEBT RELIEF AGENCIES 116
§6.8 OTHER PARTICIPANTS 118
§6.9 ISSUES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS 119
7. BANKRUPTCY JURISDICTION, THE POWERS OF THE BANKRUPTCY
COURT, AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 127
§7.1 INTRODUCTION 127
§7.2 DISTRICT COURT JURISDICTION OVER BANKRUPTCY 127
§7.2.1 PERSONAL JURISDICTION 128
§7.2.2 SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION 128
§7.2.3 THE PURPOSE OF §1334 132
§7.3 THE EXERCISE OF BANKRUPTCY JURISDICTION BY BANKRUPTCY
COURTS 133
§7.3.1 JURISDICTION PRIOR TO 1978 133
§7.3.2 THE BANKRUPTCY REFORM ACT OF 1978 134
§7.3.3 1984 REFORMS 135
§7.3.4 NEW PROPOSALS FOR CHANGE 136
§7.3.5 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM 137
§7.3.6 A SUMMARY OF THE OPERATION OF §157 AND ITS
CONSTITUTIONALITY 140
§7.4 THE JURY TRIAL IN BANKRUPTCY 141
§7.4.1 AN OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM 141
§7.4.2 PROCEEDINGS IN WHICH A PARTY IS ENTITLED TO A
JURY TRIAL 142
§7.4.3 THE POWER OF BANKRUPTCY COURTS TO CONDUCT
JURY TRIALS 144
§7.5 THE INJUNCTIVE, CONTEMPT, AND SANCTIONING POWERS
OF THE BANKRUPTCY COURT 145
§7.5.1 INJUNCTIONS 145
§7.5.2 CONTEMPT OF COURT 147
§7.5.3 SANCTIONS FOR IMPROPER CONDUCT 148
§7.6 APPEALS FROM THE BANKRUPTCY COURT 148
§7.6.1 THE APPELLATE STRUCTURE IN GENERAL 148
§7.6.2 BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANELS 149
§7.7 ABSTENTION 150
CONTENTS
§7.7.1 INTRODUCTION 150
§7.7.2 ABSTENTION UNDER §305 OF THE CODE 150
§7.7.3 ABSTENTION UNDER 28 U.S.C. §1334(C) 151
§7.8 REMOVAL AND REMAND UNDER 28 U.S.C. §1452 152
§7.9 SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 153
§7.9.1 BACKGROUND AND THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF
SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 153
§7.9.2 THE SCOPE OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 154
§7.9.3 THE STATUTORY ABROGATION OF SOVEREIGN
IMMUNITY UNDER §106(A) 156
§7.9.4 WAIVER OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY BY CONSENT
AND BY THE FILING OF A PROOF OF CLAIM UNDER
§106(B) 161
§7.9.5 SETOFF OF CLAIMS BY AND AGAINST A
GOVERNMENTAL UNIT UNDER §106(C) 163
8. DEBTOR ELIGIBILITY AND THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF
BANKRUPTCY RELIEF 177
§8.1 INTRODUCTION 177
§8.2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN LIQUIDATION
AND REHABILITATION 177
§8.2.1 LIQUIDATION 177
§8.2.2 REHABILITATION BANKRUPTCY 178
§8.2.3 A PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE DISTINCTION
BETWEEN LIQUIDATION AND REHABILITATION 179
§8.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEBTOR 180
§8.3.1 INDIVIDUALS, PARTNERSHIPS, AND CORPORATIONS 180
§8.3.2 CONSUMER AND BUSINESS DEBTORS 181
§8.3.3 FAMILY FARMERS AND FISHERMAN 183
§8.4 DEBTOR ELIGIBILITY 183
§8.4.1 THE GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 184
§8.4.2 ELIGIBILITY FOR RELIEF UNDER EACH OF THE
SEPARATE CHAPTERS 187
§8.5 CHOICE OF RELIEF 190
§8.6 CONVERSION FROM ONE CHAPTER TO ANOTHER 191
9. THE COMMENCEMENT AND DISMISSAL OF THE BANKRUPTCY CASE 201
§9.1 INTRODUCTION 201
§9.2 VENUE 202
§9.3 THE VOLUNTARY CASE 203
§9.4 THE VOLUNTARY PETITION AS AN ORDER FOR RELIEF 204
§9.5 JOINT CASES, JOINTLY ADMINISTERED CASES, AND
CONSOLIDATION 205
§9.5.1 JOINT CASES 205
CONTENTS
§9.5.2 JOINT ADMINISTRATION 206
§9.5.3 CONSOLIDATION OF CASES 206
§9.6 INVOLUNTARY CASES 208
§9.6.1 INTRODUCTION 208
§9.6.2 QUALIFICATIONS FOR FILING UNDER
§§303(A), (B), AND (C) 209
§9.6.3 PROCEDURES FROM THE FILING OF THE PETITION
TO THE ORDER FOR RELIEF 212
§9.6.4 THE GROUNDS FOR RELIEF 213
§9.6.5 THE EFFECT AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE ORDER
FOR RELIEF IN AN INVOLUNTARY CASE 215
§9.7 GENERAL GROUNDS FOR DISMISSAL OF A BANKRUPTCY
CASE *VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL, CAUSE, AND IMPROPER
DEBTOR CONDUCT 216
§9.8 DISMISSAL OF A CH. 7 CONSUMER CASE ON GROUNDS
OF ABUSE 217
§9.8.1 THE APPLICATION OF §707(B) TO INDIVIDUALS
WHOSE DEBTS ARE PRIMARILY CONSUMER
DEBTS 217
§9.8.2 THE BACKGROUND TO BAPCPA S
AMENDMENT OF §707(B): SUBSTANTIAL
ABUSE AND THE NATIONAL BANKRUPTCY
REVIEW COMMISSION 218
§9.8.3 OVERVIEW OF THE BAPCPA AMENDMENTS 219
§9.8.4 THE APPLICATION OF §707(B) WHERE THE
DEBTOR EARNS LESS THAN THE MEDIAN
FAMILY INCOME * §§707(B)(6) AND (7) 220
§9.8.5 THE FINDING OF ABUSE WHERE THE PRESUMPTION
OF ABUSE DOES NOT APPLY 222
§9.8.6 THE FORMULA IN §707(B)(2) TO DETERMINE
IF THE PRESUMPTION OF ABUSE APPLIES 222
§9.8.7 REBUTTAL OF THE PRESUMPTION OF ABUSE 226
§9.8.8 SANCTIONS 226
§9.9 THE CREDITORS MEETING 227
10. THE AUTOMATIC STAY 237
§10.1 INTRODUCTION 237
§10.2 THE PURPOSE OF THE AUTOMATIC STAY 237
§10.3 THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE STAY 238
§10.4 THE RANGE OF THE STAY: §§362(A) AND (B) 240
§10.4.1 ACTIVITY INCLUDED IN THE STAY *§362(A) 240
§10.4.2 ACTIVITY EXCLUDED FROM THE STAY* §362(B) 241
§10.5 TERMINATION OF THE STAY 243
§10.6 THE EFFECT OF THE STAY ON LIMITATION PERIODS *§108 245
CONTENTS
§10.7 THE EFFECT OF VIOLATING THE STAY 246
11. RELIEF FROM STAY AND ADEQUATE PROTECTION 259
§11.1 INTRODUCTION 259
§11.2 THE PROCEDURE FOR RELIEF FROM STAY 259
§11.3 FORMS OF RELIEF 260
§11.4 GROUNDS FOR RELIEF 261
§11.4.1 RELIEF FROM STAY FOR CAUSE (§362(D)(L)) 262
§11.4.2 RELIEF FROM STAY OF ACTS AGAINST PROPERTY
ON THE GROUND THAT THE DEBTOR HAS NO
EQUITY IN THE PROPERTY AND THE PROPERTY
IS NOT NECESSARY TO AN EFFECTIVE
REORGANIZATION (§362(D)(2)) 262
§11.4.3 SINGLE ASSET REAL ESTATE CASES 265
§11.4.4 IN RENT RELIEF RELATING TO REAL PROPERTY
COLLATERAL 266
§11.5 LACK OF ADEQUATE PROTECTION AS CAUSE FOR RELIEF
FROM STAY UNDER §362(D)( 1) 266
§11.5.1 THE INTERESTS ENTITLED TO ADEQUATE
PROTECTION 266
§11.5.2 THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE NEED
FOR ADEQUATE PROTECTION ARISES 267
§11.5.3 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING
THE NEED FOR ADEQUATE PROTECTION 269
§11.5.4 THE MEANS AND METHOD OF FURNISHING
ADEQUATE PROTECTION 270
§11.5.5 THE FAILURE OF ADEQUATE PROTECTION:
SUPERPRIORITY UNDER §507(B) 272
12. PROPERTY OF THE ESTATE 281
§12.1 THE CREATION OF THE BANKRUPTCY ESTATE AND
DEBTOR S NEW ESTATE 281
§12.2 THE COMPOSITION OF THE ESTATE 283
§12.2.1 LEGAL AND EQUITABLE INTERESTS OF THE
DEBTOR AT THE TIME OF THE PETITION 283
§12.2.2 PROPERTY ACQUIRED AFTER THE FILING OF THE
PETITION 284
§12.3 THE TRUSTEE S POWER TO COMPEL DELIVERY OF PROPERTY
OF THE ESTATE ( TURNOVER ) 286
§12.4 ABANDONMENT OF PROPERTY BY THE TRUSTEE 287
13. EXEMPTIONS, REDEMPTION, AND REAFFIRMATION 295
§13.1 THE CONCEPT OF EXEMPTIONS 295
§13.2 EXEMPTIONS APPLICABLE IN BANKRUPTCY CASES 296
XVLL
CONTENTS
§13.2.1 UNIFORMITY OF EXEMPTIONS * STATE
OPT-OUT 296
§13.2.2 DETERMINING WHICH STATE S LAW GOVERNS
EXEMPTIONS * THE DEBTOR S DOMICILE 297
§13.2.3 CONTROLS ON ABUSE OF THE HOMESTEAD
EXEMPTION 298
§13.3 THE NATURE OF EXEMPT PROPERTY 300
§13.4 THE PROCEDURE FOR CLAIMING EXEMPTIONS 301
§13.5 THE DEBTOR S POWER TO AVOID CERTAIN INTERESTS THAT
IMPAIR EXEMPTIONS 301
§13.5.1 GENERAL SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE DEBTOR S
AVOIDANCE POWER 301
§13.5.2 JUDICIAL LIENS 302
§13.5.3 AVOIDABLE NONPOSSESSORY, NONPURCHASE-
MONEY SECURITY INTERESTS 302
§13.5.4 AVOIDANCE TO THE EXTENT OF IMPAIRMENT 303
§13.5.5 A STATE CANNOT OVERRIDE THE AVOIDANCE
POWER IN ITS OPT-OUT STATUTE 304
§13.5.6 HOW IMPAIRMENT IS MEASURED 304
§13.6 THE INDIVIDUAL DEBTOR S REDEMPTION RIGHT IN
CH. 7 CASES 307
§13.7 REAFFIRMATION 308
§13.7.1 THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF REAFFIRMATION 308
§13.7.2 THE REAFFIRMATION OF SECURED DEBT AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO REDEMPTION 311
§13.7.3 THE REAFFIRMATION OF UNSECURED DEBT 312
§13.8 THE CH. 7 DEBTOR S RETENTION OF THE COLLATERAL
UNDER THE ORIGINAL CONTRACT * THE RIDE-THROUGH 312
14. THE TRUSTEE S AVOIDANCE POWERS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
AND POLICIES 323
§14.1 INTRODUCTION 323
§14.2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE AVOIDANCE PROVISIONS 324
§14.3 APPLICABILITY OF THE AVOIDANCE POWERS IN LIQUIDATION
AND REHABILITATION CASES 325
§14.4 EXERCISE OF THE AVOIDANCE POWER BY A DEBTOR IN
POSSESSION OR OTHER PARTIES 326
§14.5 THE AVOIDANCE SUIT AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF A
JUDGMENT OF AVOIDANCE 326
§14.6 PRESERVATION OF THE TRANSFER FOR THE BENEFIT OF
THE ESTATE 328
§14.7 THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS AND REACH-BACK
PROVISIONS 328
CONTENTS
§14.8 THE GENERAL PURPOSE AND GOALS OF THE AVOIDANCE
POWERS 329
15. THE TRUSTEE S AVOIDANCE POWERS: UNPERFECTED INTERESTS
AND STATUTORY LIENS 333
§15.1 THE AVOIDANCE OF UNPERFECTED INTERESTS UNDER §544 333
§15.1.1 INTRODUCTION 333
§15.1.2 THE TRUSTEE S STATUS AS A HYPOTHETICAL LIEN
CREDITOR, EXECUTION CREDITOR, OR BONA FIDE
PURCHASER OF REAL PROPERTY UNDER §544(A) 334
§15.1.3 THE TRUSTEE S STATUS AS SUCCESSOR TO AN
ACTUAL UNSECURED CREDITOR UNDER §544(B) 335
§15.2 THE AVOIDANCE OF STATUTORY LIENS UNDER §545 337
§15.3 THE EFFECT OF §546 ON THE TRUSTEE S AVOIDANCE
RIGHTS UNDER §§544 AND 545 338
§15.3.1 THE PRESERVATION OF NONBANKRUPTCY
BACKDATING RULES BY §546(B) 338
§15.3.2 THE PRESERVATION OF THE SELLER S RECLAMATION
RIGHTS BY §546(C) 339
16. THE AVOIDANCE OF PREFERENCES, SETOFF, FRAUDULENT
TRANSFERS, AND POSTPETITION TRANSFERS 347
§16.1 PREFERENTIAL TRANSFERS UNDER §547 347
§16.1.1 INTRODUCTION 347
§16.1.2 THE ELEMENTS OF §547(B) 348
§16.1.3 THE TIMING OF THE TRANSFER 351
§16.1.4 EXCEPTIONS TO AVOIDANCE UNDER §547(C) 352
§16.2 SETOFF UNDER §553 360
§16.3 FRAUDULENT TRANSFERS UNDER §548 362
§16.4 POSTPETITION TRANSFERS UNDER §549 365
17. THE TRUSTEE S POWER TO DEAL WITH ESTATE PROPERTY AND TO
OBTAIN CREDIT 381
§17.1 INTRODUCTION 381
§17.2 THE USE, SALE, OR LEASE OF ESTATE PROPERTY UNDER §363 382
§17.2.1 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ORDINARY AND
EXTRAORDINARY TRANSACTIONS 382
§17.2.2 THE APPROVAL OF TRANSACTIONS OUTSIDE
THE ORDINARY COURSE OF BUSINESS UNDER
§363(B)(L) 384
§17.2.3 THE PROTECTION OF INTERESTS IN PROPERTY
THAT IS TO BE USED, SOLD, OR LEASED 384
XIX
CONTENTS
§17.2.4 INSOLVENCY OR BANKRUPTCY CLAUSES IN
PREPETITION CONTRACTS OR NONBANKRUPTCY
LAW 385
§17.2.5 RESTRICTIONS ON DEALING WITH CASH
COLLATERAL 386
§17.3 POSTPETITION CREDIT UNDER §364 387
§17.3.1 THE RATIONALE OF §364 387
§17.3.2 THE CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS PERMITTED BY
§364 388
§17.3.3 CROSS-COLLATERALIZATION 389
§17.3.4 PROTECTION ON APPEAL 390
18. EXECUTORY CONTRACTS AND UNEXPIRED LEASES 399
§18.1 INTRODUCTION 399
§18.2 THE MEANING OF EXECUTORY CONTRACT AND
UNEXPIRED LEASE 400
§18.3 THE SPECIAL TREATMENT OF SELECTED TRANSACTIONS 401
§18.4 THE ESTATE S RIGHT TO ASSUME OR REJECT EXECUTORY
CONTRACTS 401
§18.5 THE PROCEDURE AND STANDARDS FOR ASSUMPTION
OR REJECTION 403
§18.6 INTERIM PERFORMANCE 403
§18.7 THE ASSUMPTION OF CONTRACTS IN DEFAULT 404
§18.8 NONASSUMABLE CONTRACTS 405
§18.8.1 CONTRACTS THAT ARE NOT ASSIGNABLE IN
NONBANKRUPTCY LAW 405
§18.8.2 LOAN AND FINANCING TRANSACTIONS 406
§18.9 BANKRUPTCY TERMINATION OR IPSO FACTO CLAUSES 406
§18.10 POSTPETITION TERMINATION BY THE OTHER PARTY
ON GROUNDS OTHER THAN AN IPSO FACTO CLAUSE 407
§18.11 PROBLEMS OF REJECTION IN PARTIALLY EXECUTED
CONTRACTS 408
§18.12 ASSIGNMENT 409
19. CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE 415
§19.1 INTRODUCTION 415
§19.2 WHAT IS A CLAIM? 415
§19.2.1 THE DEFINITION OF CLAIM 415
§19.2.2 UNLIQUIDATED, CONTINGENT, UNMATURED,
AND DISPUTED CLAIMS 416
§19.2.3 PREPETITION AND POSTPETITION DEBTS 416
§19.2.4 CLAIMS AGAINST THE DEBTOR S PROPERTY 417
§19.3 THE ESTIMATION OF CONTINGENT AND UNLIQUIDATED
CLAIMS 418
CONTENTS
§19.4 THE PROOF AND ALLOWANCE OF CLAIMS 419
§19.5 INTEREST ON CLAIMS 420
§19.6 CLAIM CLASSIFICATION AND PRIORITIES 421
§19.6.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 421
§19.6.2 THE ORDER OF DISTRIBUTION 422
§19.6.3 SECURED CLAIMS 422
§19.6.4 PRIORITY CLAIMS 428
§19.6.5 GENERAL UNSECURED CLAIMS AND LOWER
CLASSES 434
§19.7 SUBORDINATION AND RECHARACTERIZATION OF CLAIMS 434
§19.7.1 CONSENSUAL SUBORDINATION 435
§19.7.2 EQUITABLE SUBORDINATION 435
§19.7.3 RECHARACTERIZATION 436
20. THE CHAPTER 13 PLAN 449
§20.1 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW 449
§20.2 OUTLINE OF THE CH. 13 PROCEEDINGS 451
§20.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PLAN AND THE PREREQUISITES FOR
CONFIRMATION 453
§20.4 THE FUNDING OF THE PLAN AND THE DEBTOR S OBLIGATION
TO MAKE PAYMENTS 456
§20.5 THE LENGTH OF THE PLAN 456
§20.6 GOOD FAITH 457
§20.7 THE CLASSIFICATION OF CLAIMS AND THE STANDARDS
APPLICABLE TO EACH CLASS 459
§20.7.1 SECURED CLAIMS 459
§20.7.2 PRIORITY CLAIMS 461
§20.7.3 UNSECURED CLAIMS 462
§20.8 THE MODIFICATION OF A CLAIMANT S RIGHTS AND THE
CURE OF DEFAULT 470
§20.8.1 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL NOTE ON CURE 470
§20.8.2 THE MODIFICATION AND CURE OF CLAIMS
OTHER THAN SPECIALLY PROTECTED HOME
MORTGAGES
471
§20.8.3 THE SPECIAL TREATMENT OF CLAIMS SECURED
ONLY BY A SECURITY INTEREST IN REAL PROPERTY
THAT IS THE DEBTOR S PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE 471
§20.9 LONG-TERM DEBT 473
§20.10 MODIFICATION OF A CONFIRMED PLAN 474
21. THE CHAPTER 11 PLAN 487
§21.1 INTRODUCTION TO CH. 11 AND ITS DEBTORS 487
§21.1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 487
CONTENTS
§21.1.2 ELIGIBILITY FOR CH. 11 AND DISTINCTIONS
BETWEEN CH. 11 DEBTORS, PARTICULARLY
INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES 487
§21.2 THE PURPOSE OF A CH. 11 CASE 491
§21.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF NEGOTIATION AND BUSINESS
JUDGMENT IN A CH. 11 CASE 492
§21.4 OUTLINE OF THE CH. 11 CASE 493
§21.4.1 COMMENCEMENT OF THE CASE 493
§21.4.2 THE ROLES OF THE DEBTOR IN POSSESSION,
- CREDITORS, AND INTEREST HOLDERS 494
§21.4.3 THE FORMULATION OF THE PLAN BY THE
DEBTOR OR OTHER PARTIES IN INTEREST 496
§21.4.4 DISCLOSURE 498
§21.4.5 VOTING ON THE PLAN 499
§21.4.6 CONFIRMATION 500
§21.4.7 MODIFICATION OF THE PLAN 500
§21.4.8 THE EFFECT OF CONFIRMATION 501
--§21.4.9 CONSUMMATION OF THE PLAN 502
§21.5 PREPACKAGED PLANS 502
§21.6 THE CONTENT OF THE PLAN 503
§21.6.1 OVERVIEW 503
§21.6.2 THE MANDATORY PROVISIONS UNDER §1123(A) 504
§21.6.3 PERMISSIVE PROVISIONS UNDER §1123(B) 508
§21.7 CONFIRMATION REQUIREMENTS 508
§21.7.1 OVERVIEW 508
§21.7.2 CONFIRMATION UNDER §1129(A) 509
§21.7.3 CONFIRMATION UNDER §1129(B) 512
§21.7.4 UNDERSECURED CREDITORS AND §1111 (B) 516
22. THE DEBTOR S DISCHARGE 519
§22.1 INTRODUCTION 519
§22.2 THE SCOPE OF THE DISCHARGE 520
§22.3 THE EFFECT OF THE DISCHARGE 521
§22.4 WAIVER OF THE DISCHARGE AND REAFFIRMATION OF
THE DEBT 523
§22.5 THE CH. 7 DISCHARGE 523
§22.5.1 PROCEDURE AND SCOPE 523
§22.5.2 DENIAL OF THE DISCHARGE UNDER §727 524
§22.5.3 REVOCATION OF THE DISCHARGE 526
§22.5.4 EXCLUSIONS FROM THE CH. 7 DISCHARGE
BY §523 526
§22.5.5 THE DISCHARGE OF NONDISCHARGEABLE DEBTS
IN A SUBSEQUENT CASE 537
§22.6 THE CH. 11 DISCHARGE 537
CONTENTS
§22.7 THE CH. 13 DISCHARGE 538
§22.7.1 PROCEDURE AND SCOPE 538
§22.7.2 PRECONDITIONS TO THE GRANT OF THE CH. 13
DISCHARGE 539
§22.7.3 EXCLUSIONS FROM THE CH. 13 DISCHARGE 539
§22.7.4 DISCHARGE IN SUCCESSIVE CASES 542
§22.7.5 WAIVER OR REVOCATION OF THE CH. 13
DISCHARGE 543
§22.7.6 THE HARDSHIP DISCHARGE 543
§22.8 THE CH. 12 DISCHARGE 543
APPENDIX 555
GLOSSARY 561
INDEX 585
XXLLL
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SUMMARY OF CONTENTS
CONTENTS XI
PREFACE XXV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII
SPECIAL NOTICE XXIX
1. THE FORMATION AND FRAMEWORK OF THE DEBTOR/CREDITOR
RELATIONSHIP AND AN INTRODUCTION TO UNSECURED DEBT 1
2. SECURED DEBT AND PRIORITIES 7
3. DEBT COLLECTION UNDER STATE LAW 35
4. FRAUDULENT TRANSFERS 73
5. THE NATURE, SOURCE, AND POLICIES OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 87
6. PARTICIPANTS IN THE BANKRUPTCY CASE 109
7. BANKRUPTCY JURISDICTION, THE POWERS OF THE BANKRUPTCY
COURT, AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 127
8. DEBTOR ELIGIBILITY AND THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF
BANKRUPTCY RELIEF 177
9. THE COMMENCEMENT AND DISMISSAL OF THE
BANKRUPTCY CASE 201
10. THE AUTOMATIC STAY 237
11. RELIEF FROM STAY AND ADEQUATE PROTECTION 259
12. PROPERTY OF THE ESTATE 281
13. EXEMPTIONS, REDEMPTION, AND REAFFIRMATION 295
14. THE TRUSTEE'S AVOIDANCE POWERS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
AND POLICIES 323
15. THE TRUSTEE'S AVOIDANCE POWERS: UNPERFECTED INTERESTS
AND STATUTORY LIENS 333
16. THE AVOIDANCE OF PREFERENCES, SETOFF, FRAUDULENT
TRANSFERS, AND POSTPETITION TRANSFERS 347
17. THE TRUSTEE'S POWER TO DEAL WITH ESTATE PROPERTY AND
TO OBTAIN CREDIT 381
18. EXECUTORY CONTRACTS AND UNEXPIRED LEASES 399
19. CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE 415
^ THE CHAPTER 13 PLAN 449
21. "TFHE CHAPTER 11 PLAN 487
227 "THE DEBTOR'S DISCHARGE 519
APPENDIX 555
GLOSSARY 561
INDEX 585
CONTENTS
PREFACE XXV
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS XXVII
SPECIAL NOTICE XXIX
1. THE FORMATION AND FRAMEWORK OF THE DEBTOR/CREDITOR
RELATIONSHIP AND AN INTRODUCTION TO UNSECURED DEBT 1
§1.1 DEBTORS AND CREDITORS 2
§1.2 STATE LAW AND FEDERAL LAW: AN INTRODUCTORY NOTE 2
§1.3 FORMATION AND PLANNING CONCERNS 3
§1.4 THE ENFORCEMENT OF UNSECURED DEBT*AN OVERVIEW 5
2. SECURED DEBT AND PRIORITIES 7
§2.1 DEFINITION AND TERMINOLOGY 7
§2.1.1 DEFINITION 7
§2.1.2 TERMINOLOGY 8
§2.2 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE DEBT AND THE COLLATERAL 8
§2.2.1 THE LINK BETWEEN THE DEBT AND THE
COLLATERAL 8
§2.2.2 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN PERSONAL LIABILITY
AND THE CHARGE ON THE PROPERTY 9
§2.2.3 NONCONTEMPORANEOUS CREATION OF THE DEBT
AND THE LIEN 9
§2.2.4 AFTER-ACQUIRED COLLATERAL 10
§2.2.5 PURCHASE MONEY SECURITY INTERESTS 11
§2.3 THE CREATION OF A LIEN 11
§2.3.1 ATTACHMENT 12
§2.3.2 PERFECTION 12
§2.3.3 SUMMARY 12
§2.4 THE DIFFERENT CATEGORIES OF LIEN 13
§2.4.1 CONSENSUAL LIENS 13
§2.4.2 JUDICIAL LIENS 13
§2.4.3 STATUTORY LIENS 14
§2.4.4 COMMON LAW LIENS 15
§2.4.5 EQUITABLE LIENS 16
§2.5 THE EFFECT OF A VALID LIEN 17
XI
CONTENTS
§2.5.1 AGAINST THE DEBTOR AND SUBSEQUENT
TRANSFEREES 17
§2.5.2 ON PREEXISTING THIRD-PARTY INTERESTS IN THE
PROPERTY 17
§2.5.3 OVERSECURED AND UNDERSECURED DEBT 18
§2.6 ENFORCEMENT OF THE LIEN 18
§2.6.1 SEIZURE OF THE PROPERTY 19
§2.6.2 APPLICATION OF THE PROPERTY IN SATISFACTION
OF THE DEBT 19
§2.7 PRIORITIES AMONG LIENS AND OTHER INTERESTS 21
§2.7.1 THE FUNCTION OF PRIORITY RULES 21
§2.7.2 THE GENERAL RULE OF PRIORITY 22
§2.7.3 DEPARTURES FROM THE FIRST-IN-TIME RULE FOR
THE PROTECTION OF CERTAIN SUBSEQUENT
LIENHOLDERS 23
§2.7.4 PRIORITIES BETWEEN LIENS AND OTHER INTERESTS IN
THE PROPERTY 23
§2.7.5 A SUMMARY OF THE ISSUES TO BE CONSIDERED
IN DEALING WITH PRIORITIES 24
3. DEBT COLLECTION UNDER STATE LAW 35
§3.1 PRELIMINARY OBSERVATIONS ON DEBT COLLECTION BY
JUDICIAL PROCESS AT STATE LAW 35
§3.2 EXECUTABLE PROPERTY AND LEVY 36
§3.2.1 EXECUTABLE PROPERTY 36
§3.2.2 LEVY 39
§3.3 JUDICIAL PREJUDGMENT REMEDIES 40
§3.3.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO ALL
PREJUDGMENT REMEDIES 40
§3.3.2 DUE PROCESS IN PREJUDGMENT REMEDIES 41
§3.3.3 ATTACHMENT 43
§3.3.4 PREJUDGMENT GARNISHMENT 47
§3.3.5 PREJUDGMENT REPLEVIN OR CLAIM AND
DELIVERY 48
§3.3.6 RECEIVERSHIP 50
§3.3.7 INJUNCTIONS 51
§3.3.8 LISPENDENS 52
§3.4 THE JUDGMENT AND ITS ENFORCEMENT 52
§3.4.1 JUDGMENT BY DEFAULT OR CONFESSION 52
§3.4.2 THE DURATION OF THE JUDGMENT 53
§3.4.3 THE JUDGMENT LIEN 54
§3.4.4 THE ENFORCEMENT OF JUDGMENTS IN
OTHER STATES 55
§3.5 EXECUTION 56
CONTENTS
§3.6 GARNISHMENT 59
§3.7 PROCEEDINGS IN AID OF EXECUTION 60
§3.8 BANKRUPTCY AND THE STATE LAW COLLECTION PROCESS 60
§3.9 STATE LAW INSOLVENCY PROCEEDINGS 61
§3.9.1 INTRODUCTION TO STATE LAW INSOLVENCY
PROCEEDINGS 61
§3.9.2 COMPOSITIONS AND EXTENSIONS 62
§3.9.3 ASSIGNMENTS FOR THE BENEFIT OF CREDITORS 64
4. FRAUDULENT TRANSFERS 73
§4.1 BACKGROUND*THE BASIS AND PURPOSE OF FRAUDULENT
TRANSFER LAW 73
§4.2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE AVOIDANCE SUIT 74
§4.3 ACTUAL FRAUD 75
§4.3.1 DISHONEST INTENT 75
§4.3.2 PROOF OF FRAUD * BADGES OF FRAUD 75
§4.4 CONSTRUCTIVE FRAUD 76
§4.4.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 76
§4.4.2 REASONABLE EQUIVALENCE IN VALUE 77
§4.4.3 FINANCIAL CONDITION 78
§4.5 THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE GROUNDS OF CONSTRUCTIVE
FRAUD AND ACTUAL FRAUD 79
§4.6 THE REMEDY OF AVOIDANCE AND THE RIGHTS OF THE
TRANSFEREE 80
§4.7 FRAUDULENT TRANSFER LAW AND LEVERAGED BUYOUTS 81
§4.7.1 WHAT IS A LEVERAGED BUYOUT? 81
§4.7.2 THE APPLICATION OF FRAUDULENT TRANSFER
LAW TO LBOS 82
5. THE NATURE, SOURCE, AND POLICIES OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 87
§5.1 WHAT IS BANKRUPTCY? 87
§5.2 THE FEDERAL NATURE OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 88
§5.2.1 THE FEDERAL POWER OVER BANKRUPTCY 88
§5.2.2 BANKRUPTCY LAW AND NONBANKRUPTCY LAW 88
§5.3 UNIFORMITY IN BANKRUPTCY LAW 89
§5.4 THE STATUTORY SOURCE OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 91
§5.4.1 FEDERAL BANKRUPTCY LEGISLATION 91
§5.4.2 THE STRUCTURE AND ORGANIZATION OF THE
CODE 94
§5.4.3 THE BANKRUPTCY RULES 94
§5.4.4 OTHER FEDERAL STATUTES APPLICABLE IN
BANKRUPTCY 95
§5.5 THE POLICIES OF BANKRUPTCY LAW 95
§5.5.1 INTRODUCTION 95
CONTENTS
§5.5.2 THE GOALS AND POLICIES OF BANKRUPTCY 97
6. PARTICIPANTS IN THE BANKRUPTCY CASE 109
§6.1 THE BANKRUPTCY COURT 109
§6.2 THE TRUSTEE 109
§6.3 THE U.S. TRUSTEE 112
§6.4 THE DEBTOR 113
§6.5 CREDITORS AND CREDITORS' COMMITTEES 114
§6.6 ATTORNEYS AND OTHER PROFESSIONAL CONSULTANTS 115
§6.7 DEBT RELIEF AGENCIES 116
§6.8 OTHER PARTICIPANTS 118
§6.9 ISSUES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS 119
7. BANKRUPTCY JURISDICTION, THE POWERS OF THE BANKRUPTCY
COURT, AND SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 127
§7.1 INTRODUCTION 127
§7.2 DISTRICT COURT JURISDICTION OVER BANKRUPTCY 127
§7.2.1 PERSONAL JURISDICTION 128
§7.2.2 SUBJECT MATTER JURISDICTION 128
§7.2.3 THE PURPOSE OF §1334 132
§7.3 THE EXERCISE OF BANKRUPTCY JURISDICTION BY BANKRUPTCY
COURTS 133
§7.3.1 JURISDICTION PRIOR TO 1978 133
§7.3.2 THE BANKRUPTCY REFORM ACT OF 1978 134
§7.3.3 1984 REFORMS 135
§7.3.4 NEW PROPOSALS FOR CHANGE 136
§7.3.5 AN OVERVIEW OF THE CURRENT SYSTEM 137
§7.3.6 A SUMMARY OF THE OPERATION OF §157 AND ITS
CONSTITUTIONALITY 140
§7.4 THE JURY TRIAL IN BANKRUPTCY 141
§7.4.1 AN OUTLINE OF THE PROBLEM 141
§7.4.2 PROCEEDINGS IN WHICH A PARTY IS ENTITLED TO A
JURY TRIAL 142
§7.4.3 THE POWER OF BANKRUPTCY COURTS TO CONDUCT
JURY TRIALS 144
§7.5 THE INJUNCTIVE, CONTEMPT, AND SANCTIONING POWERS
OF THE BANKRUPTCY COURT 145
§7.5.1 INJUNCTIONS 145
§7.5.2 CONTEMPT OF COURT 147
§7.5.3 SANCTIONS FOR IMPROPER CONDUCT 148
§7.6 APPEALS FROM THE BANKRUPTCY COURT 148
§7.6.1 THE APPELLATE STRUCTURE IN GENERAL 148
§7.6.2 BANKRUPTCY APPELLATE PANELS 149
§7.7 ABSTENTION 150
CONTENTS
§7.7.1 INTRODUCTION 150
§7.7.2 ABSTENTION UNDER §305 OF THE CODE 150
§7.7.3 ABSTENTION UNDER 28 U.S.C. §1334(C) 151
§7.8 REMOVAL AND REMAND UNDER 28 U.S.C. §1452 152
§7.9 SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 153
§7.9.1 BACKGROUND AND THE GENERAL PRINCIPLE OF
SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 153
§7.9.2 THE SCOPE OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY 154
§7.9.3 THE STATUTORY ABROGATION OF SOVEREIGN
IMMUNITY UNDER §106(A) 156
§7.9.4 WAIVER OF SOVEREIGN IMMUNITY BY CONSENT
AND BY THE FILING OF A PROOF OF CLAIM UNDER
§106(B) 161
§7.9.5 SETOFF OF CLAIMS BY AND AGAINST A
GOVERNMENTAL UNIT UNDER §106(C) 163
8. DEBTOR ELIGIBILITY AND THE DIFFERENT FORMS OF
BANKRUPTCY RELIEF 177
§8.1 INTRODUCTION 177
§8.2 AN OVERVIEW OF THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN LIQUIDATION
AND REHABILITATION 177
§8.2.1 LIQUIDATION 177
§8.2.2 REHABILITATION BANKRUPTCY 178
§8.2.3 A PRACTICAL PERSPECTIVE ON THE DISTINCTION
BETWEEN LIQUIDATION AND REHABILITATION 179
§8.3 DIFFERENT TYPES OF DEBTOR 180
§8.3.1 INDIVIDUALS, PARTNERSHIPS, AND CORPORATIONS 180
§8.3.2 CONSUMER AND BUSINESS DEBTORS 181
§8.3.3 FAMILY FARMERS AND FISHERMAN 183
§8.4 DEBTOR ELIGIBILITY 183
§8.4.1 THE GENERAL QUALIFICATIONS AND LIMITATIONS 184
§8.4.2 ELIGIBILITY FOR RELIEF UNDER EACH OF THE
SEPARATE CHAPTERS 187
§8.5 CHOICE OF RELIEF 190
§8.6 CONVERSION FROM ONE CHAPTER TO ANOTHER 191
9. THE COMMENCEMENT AND DISMISSAL OF THE BANKRUPTCY CASE 201
§9.1 INTRODUCTION 201
§9.2 VENUE 202
§9.3 THE VOLUNTARY CASE 203
§9.4 THE VOLUNTARY PETITION AS AN ORDER FOR RELIEF 204
§9.5 JOINT CASES, JOINTLY ADMINISTERED CASES, AND
CONSOLIDATION 205
§9.5.1 JOINT CASES 205
CONTENTS
§9.5.2 JOINT ADMINISTRATION 206
§9.5.3 CONSOLIDATION OF CASES 206
§9.6 INVOLUNTARY CASES 208
§9.6.1 INTRODUCTION 208
§9.6.2 QUALIFICATIONS FOR FILING UNDER
§§303(A), (B), AND (C) 209
§9.6.3 PROCEDURES FROM THE FILING OF THE PETITION
TO THE ORDER FOR RELIEF 212
§9.6.4 THE GROUNDS FOR RELIEF 213
§9.6.5 THE EFFECT AND CONSEQUENCES OF THE ORDER
FOR RELIEF IN AN INVOLUNTARY CASE 215
§9.7 GENERAL GROUNDS FOR DISMISSAL OF A BANKRUPTCY
CASE *VOLUNTARY DISMISSAL, CAUSE, AND IMPROPER
DEBTOR CONDUCT 216
§9.8 DISMISSAL OF A CH. 7 CONSUMER CASE ON GROUNDS
OF ABUSE 217
§9.8.1 THE APPLICATION OF §707(B) TO "INDIVIDUALS
WHOSE DEBTS ARE PRIMARILY CONSUMER
DEBTS" 217
§9.8.2 THE BACKGROUND TO BAPCPA'S
AMENDMENT OF §707(B): "SUBSTANTIAL
ABUSE" AND THE NATIONAL BANKRUPTCY
REVIEW COMMISSION 218
§9.8.3 OVERVIEW OF THE BAPCPA AMENDMENTS 219
§9.8.4 THE APPLICATION OF §707(B) WHERE THE
DEBTOR EARNS LESS THAN THE MEDIAN
FAMILY INCOME * §§707(B)(6) AND (7) 220
§9.8.5 THE FINDING OF ABUSE WHERE THE PRESUMPTION
OF ABUSE DOES NOT APPLY 222
§9.8.6 THE FORMULA IN §707(B)(2) TO DETERMINE
IF THE PRESUMPTION OF ABUSE APPLIES 222
§9.8.7 REBUTTAL OF THE PRESUMPTION OF ABUSE 226
§9.8.8 SANCTIONS 226
§9.9 THE CREDITORS' MEETING 227
10. THE AUTOMATIC STAY 237
§10.1 INTRODUCTION 237
§10.2 THE PURPOSE OF THE AUTOMATIC STAY 237
§10.3 THE NATURE AND SCOPE OF THE STAY 238
§10.4 THE RANGE OF THE STAY: §§362(A) AND (B) 240
§10.4.1 ACTIVITY INCLUDED IN THE STAY *§362(A) 240
§10.4.2 ACTIVITY EXCLUDED FROM THE STAY* §362(B) 241
§10.5 TERMINATION OF THE STAY 243
§10.6 THE EFFECT OF THE STAY ON LIMITATION PERIODS *§108 245
CONTENTS
§10.7 THE EFFECT OF VIOLATING THE STAY 246
11. RELIEF FROM STAY AND ADEQUATE PROTECTION 259
§11.1 INTRODUCTION 259
§11.2 THE PROCEDURE FOR RELIEF FROM STAY 259
§11.3 FORMS OF RELIEF 260
§11.4 GROUNDS FOR RELIEF 261
§11.4.1 RELIEF FROM STAY FOR CAUSE (§362(D)(L)) 262
§11.4.2 RELIEF FROM STAY OF ACTS AGAINST PROPERTY
ON THE GROUND THAT THE DEBTOR HAS NO
EQUITY IN THE PROPERTY AND THE PROPERTY
IS NOT NECESSARY TO AN EFFECTIVE
REORGANIZATION (§362(D)(2)) 262
§11.4.3 SINGLE ASSET REAL ESTATE CASES 265
§11.4.4 IN RENT RELIEF RELATING TO REAL PROPERTY
COLLATERAL 266
§11.5 LACK OF ADEQUATE PROTECTION AS CAUSE FOR RELIEF
FROM STAY UNDER §362(D)( 1) 266
§11.5.1 THE INTERESTS ENTITLED TO ADEQUATE
PROTECTION 266
§11.5.2 THE CIRCUMSTANCES UNDER WHICH THE NEED
FOR ADEQUATE PROTECTION ARISES 267
§11.5.3 FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED IN DETERMINING
THE NEED FOR ADEQUATE PROTECTION 269
§11.5.4 THE MEANS AND METHOD OF FURNISHING
ADEQUATE PROTECTION 270
§11.5.5 THE FAILURE OF ADEQUATE PROTECTION:
SUPERPRIORITY UNDER §507(B) 272
12. PROPERTY OF THE ESTATE 281
§12.1 THE CREATION OF THE BANKRUPTCY ESTATE AND
DEBTOR'S NEW ESTATE 281
§12.2 THE COMPOSITION OF THE ESTATE 283
§12.2.1 LEGAL AND EQUITABLE INTERESTS OF THE
DEBTOR AT THE TIME OF THE PETITION 283
§12.2.2 PROPERTY ACQUIRED AFTER THE FILING OF THE
PETITION 284
§12.3 THE TRUSTEE'S POWER TO COMPEL DELIVERY OF PROPERTY
OF THE ESTATE ("TURNOVER") 286
§12.4 ABANDONMENT OF PROPERTY BY THE TRUSTEE 287
13. EXEMPTIONS, REDEMPTION, AND REAFFIRMATION 295
§13.1 THE CONCEPT OF EXEMPTIONS 295
§13.2 EXEMPTIONS APPLICABLE IN BANKRUPTCY CASES 296
XVLL
CONTENTS
§13.2.1 UNIFORMITY OF EXEMPTIONS * STATE
"OPT-OUT" 296
§13.2.2 DETERMINING WHICH STATE'S LAW GOVERNS
EXEMPTIONS * THE DEBTOR'S DOMICILE 297
§13.2.3 CONTROLS ON ABUSE OF THE HOMESTEAD
EXEMPTION 298
§13.3 THE NATURE OF EXEMPT PROPERTY 300
§13.4 THE PROCEDURE FOR CLAIMING EXEMPTIONS 301
§13.5 THE DEBTOR'S POWER TO AVOID CERTAIN INTERESTS THAT
IMPAIR EXEMPTIONS 301
§13.5.1 GENERAL SCOPE AND PURPOSE OF THE DEBTOR'S
AVOIDANCE POWER 301
§13.5.2 JUDICIAL LIENS 302
§13.5.3 AVOIDABLE NONPOSSESSORY, NONPURCHASE-
MONEY SECURITY INTERESTS 302
§13.5.4 AVOIDANCE "TO THE EXTENT" OF IMPAIRMENT 303
§13.5.5 A STATE CANNOT OVERRIDE THE AVOIDANCE
POWER IN ITS "OPT-OUT" STATUTE 304
§13.5.6 HOW IMPAIRMENT IS MEASURED 304
§13.6 THE INDIVIDUAL DEBTOR'S REDEMPTION RIGHT IN
CH. 7 CASES 307
§13.7 REAFFIRMATION 308
§13.7.1 THE GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF REAFFIRMATION 308
§13.7.2 THE REAFFIRMATION OF SECURED DEBT AS AN
ALTERNATIVE TO REDEMPTION 311
§13.7.3 THE REAFFIRMATION OF UNSECURED DEBT 312
§13.8 THE CH. 7 DEBTOR'S RETENTION OF THE COLLATERAL
UNDER THE ORIGINAL CONTRACT * THE "RIDE-THROUGH" 312
14. THE TRUSTEE'S AVOIDANCE POWERS: GENERAL PRINCIPLES
AND POLICIES 323
§14.1 INTRODUCTION 323
§14.2 THE STRUCTURE OF THE AVOIDANCE PROVISIONS 324
§14.3 APPLICABILITY OF THE AVOIDANCE POWERS IN LIQUIDATION
AND REHABILITATION CASES 325
§14.4 EXERCISE OF THE AVOIDANCE POWER BY A DEBTOR IN
POSSESSION OR OTHER PARTIES 326
§14.5 THE AVOIDANCE SUIT AND THE ENFORCEMENT OF A
JUDGMENT OF AVOIDANCE 326
§14.6 PRESERVATION OF THE TRANSFER FOR THE BENEFIT OF
THE ESTATE 328
§14.7 THE STATUTE OF LIMITATIONS AND "REACH-BACK"
PROVISIONS 328
CONTENTS
§14.8 THE GENERAL PURPOSE AND GOALS OF THE AVOIDANCE
POWERS 329
15. THE TRUSTEE'S AVOIDANCE POWERS: UNPERFECTED INTERESTS
AND STATUTORY LIENS 333
§15.1 THE AVOIDANCE OF UNPERFECTED INTERESTS UNDER §544 333
§15.1.1 INTRODUCTION 333
§15.1.2 THE TRUSTEE'S STATUS AS A HYPOTHETICAL LIEN
CREDITOR, EXECUTION CREDITOR, OR BONA FIDE
PURCHASER OF REAL PROPERTY UNDER §544(A) 334
§15.1.3 THE TRUSTEE'S STATUS AS SUCCESSOR TO AN
ACTUAL UNSECURED CREDITOR UNDER §544(B) 335
§15.2 THE AVOIDANCE OF STATUTORY LIENS UNDER §545 337
§15.3 THE EFFECT OF §546 ON THE TRUSTEE'S AVOIDANCE
RIGHTS UNDER §§544 AND 545 338
§15.3.1 THE PRESERVATION OF NONBANKRUPTCY
BACKDATING RULES BY §546(B) 338
§15.3.2 THE PRESERVATION OF THE SELLER'S RECLAMATION
RIGHTS BY §546(C) 339
16. THE AVOIDANCE OF PREFERENCES, SETOFF, FRAUDULENT
TRANSFERS, AND POSTPETITION TRANSFERS 347
§16.1 PREFERENTIAL TRANSFERS UNDER §547 347
§16.1.1 INTRODUCTION 347
§16.1.2 THE ELEMENTS OF §547(B) 348
§16.1.3 THE TIMING OF THE TRANSFER 351
§16.1.4 EXCEPTIONS TO AVOIDANCE UNDER §547(C) 352
§16.2 SETOFF UNDER §553 360
§16.3 FRAUDULENT TRANSFERS UNDER §548 362
§16.4 POSTPETITION TRANSFERS UNDER §549 365
17. THE TRUSTEE'S POWER TO DEAL WITH ESTATE PROPERTY AND TO
OBTAIN CREDIT 381
§17.1 INTRODUCTION 381
§17.2 THE USE, SALE, OR LEASE OF ESTATE PROPERTY UNDER §363 382
§17.2.1 THE DISTINCTION BETWEEN ORDINARY AND
EXTRAORDINARY TRANSACTIONS 382
§17.2.2 THE APPROVAL OF TRANSACTIONS OUTSIDE
THE ORDINARY COURSE OF BUSINESS UNDER
§363(B)(L) 384
§17.2.3 THE PROTECTION OF INTERESTS IN PROPERTY
THAT IS TO BE USED, SOLD, OR LEASED 384
XIX
CONTENTS
§17.2.4 INSOLVENCY OR BANKRUPTCY CLAUSES IN
PREPETITION CONTRACTS OR NONBANKRUPTCY
LAW 385
§17.2.5 RESTRICTIONS ON DEALING WITH CASH
COLLATERAL 386
§17.3 POSTPETITION CREDIT UNDER §364 387
§17.3.1 THE RATIONALE OF §364 387
§17.3.2 THE CREDIT ARRANGEMENTS PERMITTED BY
§364 388
§17.3.3 CROSS-COLLATERALIZATION 389
§17.3.4 PROTECTION ON APPEAL 390
18. EXECUTORY CONTRACTS AND UNEXPIRED LEASES 399
§18.1 INTRODUCTION 399
§18.2 THE MEANING OF "EXECUTORY CONTRACT" AND
"UNEXPIRED LEASE" 400
§18.3 THE SPECIAL TREATMENT OF SELECTED TRANSACTIONS 401
§18.4 THE ESTATE'S RIGHT TO ASSUME OR REJECT EXECUTORY
CONTRACTS 401
§18.5 THE PROCEDURE AND STANDARDS FOR ASSUMPTION
OR REJECTION 403
§18.6 INTERIM PERFORMANCE 403
§18.7 THE ASSUMPTION OF CONTRACTS IN DEFAULT 404
§18.8 NONASSUMABLE CONTRACTS 405
§18.8.1 CONTRACTS THAT ARE NOT ASSIGNABLE IN
NONBANKRUPTCY LAW 405
§18.8.2 LOAN AND FINANCING TRANSACTIONS 406
§18.9 BANKRUPTCY TERMINATION OR IPSO FACTO CLAUSES 406
§18.10 POSTPETITION TERMINATION BY THE OTHER PARTY
ON GROUNDS OTHER THAN AN IPSO FACTO CLAUSE 407
§18.11 PROBLEMS OF REJECTION IN PARTIALLY EXECUTED
CONTRACTS 408
§18.12 ASSIGNMENT 409
19. CLAIMS AGAINST THE ESTATE 415
§19.1 INTRODUCTION 415
§19.2 WHAT IS A CLAIM? 415
§19.2.1 THE DEFINITION OF "CLAIM" 415
§19.2.2 UNLIQUIDATED, CONTINGENT, UNMATURED,
AND DISPUTED CLAIMS 416
§19.2.3 PREPETITION AND POSTPETITION DEBTS 416
§19.2.4 CLAIMS AGAINST THE DEBTOR'S PROPERTY 417
§19.3 THE ESTIMATION OF CONTINGENT AND UNLIQUIDATED
CLAIMS 418
CONTENTS
§19.4 THE PROOF AND ALLOWANCE OF CLAIMS 419
§19.5 INTEREST ON CLAIMS 420
§19.6 CLAIM CLASSIFICATION AND PRIORITIES 421
§19.6.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 421
§19.6.2 THE ORDER OF DISTRIBUTION 422
§19.6.3 SECURED CLAIMS 422
§19.6.4 PRIORITY CLAIMS 428
§19.6.5 GENERAL UNSECURED CLAIMS AND LOWER
CLASSES 434
§19.7 SUBORDINATION AND RECHARACTERIZATION OF CLAIMS 434
§19.7.1 CONSENSUAL SUBORDINATION 435
§19.7.2 EQUITABLE SUBORDINATION 435
§19.7.3 RECHARACTERIZATION 436
20. THE CHAPTER 13 PLAN 449
§20.1 INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW 449
§20.2 OUTLINE OF THE CH. 13 PROCEEDINGS 451
§20.3 OVERVIEW OF THE PLAN AND THE PREREQUISITES FOR
CONFIRMATION 453
§20.4 THE FUNDING OF THE PLAN AND THE DEBTOR'S OBLIGATION
TO MAKE PAYMENTS 456
§20.5 THE LENGTH OF THE PLAN 456
§20.6 GOOD FAITH 457
§20.7 THE CLASSIFICATION OF CLAIMS AND THE STANDARDS
APPLICABLE TO EACH CLASS 459
§20.7.1 SECURED CLAIMS 459
§20.7.2 PRIORITY CLAIMS 461
§20.7.3 UNSECURED CLAIMS 462
§20.8 THE MODIFICATION OF A CLAIMANT'S RIGHTS AND THE
CURE OF DEFAULT 470
§20.8.1 INTRODUCTION AND GENERAL NOTE ON CURE 470
§20.8.2 THE MODIFICATION AND CURE OF CLAIMS
OTHER THAN SPECIALLY PROTECTED HOME
MORTGAGES
471
§20.8.3 THE SPECIAL TREATMENT OF CLAIMS SECURED
ONLY BY A SECURITY INTEREST IN REAL PROPERTY
THAT IS THE DEBTOR'S PRINCIPAL RESIDENCE 471
§20.9 LONG-TERM DEBT 473
§20.10 MODIFICATION OF A CONFIRMED PLAN 474
21. THE CHAPTER 11 PLAN 487
§21.1 INTRODUCTION TO CH. 11 AND ITS DEBTORS 487
§21.1.1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 487
CONTENTS
§21.1.2 ELIGIBILITY FOR CH. 11 AND DISTINCTIONS
BETWEEN CH. 11 DEBTORS, PARTICULARLY
INDIVIDUALS AND SMALL BUSINESSES 487
§21.2 THE PURPOSE OF A CH. 11 CASE 491
§21.3 THE IMPORTANCE OF NEGOTIATION AND BUSINESS
JUDGMENT IN A CH. 11 CASE 492
§21.4 OUTLINE OF THE CH. 11 CASE 493
§21.4.1 COMMENCEMENT OF THE CASE 493
§21.4.2 THE ROLES OF THE DEBTOR IN POSSESSION,
- CREDITORS, AND INTEREST HOLDERS 494
§21.4.3 THE FORMULATION OF THE PLAN BY THE
DEBTOR OR OTHER PARTIES IN INTEREST 496
§21.4.4 DISCLOSURE 498
§21.4.5 VOTING ON THE PLAN 499
§21.4.6 CONFIRMATION 500
§21.4.7 MODIFICATION OF THE PLAN 500
§21.4.8 THE EFFECT OF CONFIRMATION 501
--§21.4.9 CONSUMMATION OF THE PLAN 502
§21.5 PREPACKAGED PLANS 502
§21.6 THE CONTENT OF THE PLAN 503
§21.6.1 OVERVIEW 503
§21.6.2 THE MANDATORY PROVISIONS UNDER §1123(A) 504
§21.6.3 PERMISSIVE PROVISIONS UNDER §1123(B) 508
§21.7 CONFIRMATION REQUIREMENTS 508
§21.7.1 OVERVIEW 508
§21.7.2 CONFIRMATION UNDER §1129(A) 509
§21.7.3 CONFIRMATION UNDER §1129(B) 512
§21.7.4 UNDERSECURED CREDITORS AND §1111 (B) 516
22. THE DEBTOR'S DISCHARGE 519
§22.1 INTRODUCTION 519
§22.2 THE SCOPE OF THE DISCHARGE 520
§22.3 THE EFFECT OF THE DISCHARGE 521
§22.4 WAIVER OF THE DISCHARGE AND REAFFIRMATION OF
THE DEBT 523
§22.5 THE CH. 7 DISCHARGE 523
§22.5.1 PROCEDURE AND SCOPE 523
§22.5.2 DENIAL OF THE DISCHARGE UNDER §727 524
§22.5.3 REVOCATION OF THE DISCHARGE 526
§22.5.4 EXCLUSIONS FROM THE CH. 7 DISCHARGE
BY §523 526
§22.5.5 THE DISCHARGE OF NONDISCHARGEABLE DEBTS
IN A SUBSEQUENT CASE 537
§22.6 THE CH. 11 DISCHARGE 537
CONTENTS
§22.7 THE CH. 13 DISCHARGE 538
§22.7.1 PROCEDURE AND SCOPE 538
§22.7.2 PRECONDITIONS TO THE GRANT OF THE CH. 13
DISCHARGE 539
§22.7.3 EXCLUSIONS FROM THE CH. 13 DISCHARGE 539
§22.7.4 DISCHARGE IN SUCCESSIVE CASES 542
§22.7.5 WAIVER OR REVOCATION OF THE CH. 13
DISCHARGE 543
§22.7.6 THE HARDSHIP DISCHARGE 543
§22.8 THE CH. 12 DISCHARGE 543
APPENDIX 555
GLOSSARY 561
INDEX 585
XXLLL |
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| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:01:49Z |
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