Pesticide chemistry: crop protection, public health, environmental safety
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Pesticide chemistry |b crop protection, public health, environmental safety |c [11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, August 6 - 11, 2006, Kobe, Japan]. Ed. by Hideo Ohkawa ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XL, 497 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 25 cm | ||
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| 700 | 1 | |a Ōkawa, Hideo |e Sonstige |4 oth | |
| 711 | 2 | |a International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry |n 11 |d 2006 |c Kōbe |j Sonstige |0 (DE-588)10172384-2 |4 oth | |
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IX
Contents
ľl*
lUPAC International
Congress of Pesticide Chemistry V
Preface
VII
List of Contributors
XXVII
I Keynote and Plenary Lectures
1
1
Challenges and Opportunities in Crop Production Over the Next Decade
3
James
С
Collins, Jr.
1.1
Meeting Society's Agricultural Needs
3
1.2
Global Trends and Uncertainties
3
1.3
Grain Stocks
5
1.4
Exchange Rates
6
1.5
Biofuels
8
1.6
Counterfeit Products
9
1.7
Product Commercialization
10
1.8
Convergence of Factors
11
2
Searching Environmentally Benign Methods for Pest Control:
Reflections of a Synthetic Chemist
13
Kenji Mori
2.1
Introduction
13
2.2
Pesticides and Our Daily Life
13
2.3
Contributions in Pesticides Discovery by Japanese Scientists
14
2.4
Natural Products Synthesis and Pesticide Science
16
2.5
Enantioselective Pheromone Synthesis and Pesticide Science
18
2.6
Conclusion
21
2.7
References
21
Pesticide Chemistry: Crop Protection. Public Health, Environmental Sajety
Edited by Hideo Ohkawa. Hisashi Miyagawa, and Philip W. Lee
Copyright
© 2007
WILEY-VCH
Verlag
GmbH
&
Co. KGaA,
Weinheim
ISBN:
978-3-527-31663-2
Χ Ι
Contents
3
The Current Status of Pesticide Management in China
23
Yong Zhen Yang
3.1
Introduction
23
3.2
The Current Direction of Pesticide R&D in China
23
3.2.1
The Status of Pesticide Production and Usage in China
24
3.2.2
Pesticide Regulation and Management Systems in China
24
3.3
China's Policies in Pesticide Regulation and Management
26
3.4
The Regulatory Infrastructure within China in the Regulation of
Pesticide
27
3.5
Key Administrative Actions on Pesticide Management
27
3.6
Future Direction of Pesticide Regulation in China
28
3.7
Conclusion
28
4
Pesticide Residues in Food and International Trade:
Regulation and Safety Considerations
29
Kenneth D. Racke
4.1
Introduction
29
4.2
Globalization of the Food Chain
30
4.3
Regulation of Pesticide Residues in Food
31
4.3.1
The World Food Code and Codex MRLs
31
4.3.2
U.S. Tolerances
33
4.3.3
Japan MRLs
33
4.3.4
EU
MRLs
34
4.4
Disharmonized MRLs, Monitoring, and Consumer Safety
35
4.5
Recent Trends
37
4.5.1
Improvements in the Codex Sytem
37
4.5.2
Regionalization of
MRL
Policies
37
4.5.3
Growth of Private Standards
38
4.5.4
Communication of
MRL
Information
38
4.5.5
Adoption of Practices to Preempt or Mitigate Residue Issues
39
4.6
Conclusion
40
4.7
Acknowledgments
40
4.8
References
41
5
Hunger and Malnutrition Amidst Plenty: What Must be Done?
43
Shivaji Pandey, Prabhu Pingali
5.1
Introduction
43
5.2
The Current Situation
44
5.3
What Must be Done?
46
5.3.1
National Commitment and Good Governance
46
5.3.2
Investment in Rural Infrastructure
47
5.3.3
Improving Irrigation Infrastructure
47
5.3.4
Improving Soil Fertility
47
5.3.5
Improved Agricultural Technologies
48
5.3.6
Energy Supply Needs to be Improved
48
Contents
XI
5.3.7
Development Assistance is Needed
49
5.3.8
Trade Helps Rural Poor
49
5.3.9
Implementing Policies that Promote Protection of Natural Resource
Base
50
5.3.10
Preparing for the Future
50
5.4
References
50
II New Chemistry
53
6
Modern Tools for Drug Discovery in Agricultural Research
55
Alexander Klausener, Klaus
Raming,
Klaus Stenzel
6.1
Introduction
55
6.2
Tools and Their Integration in the Drug Discovery Process
56
6.3
Mode of Action Elucidation
-
An Example for the Integration of New
Technologies
58
6.4
Conclusion
62
6.5
Acknowledgments
63
6.6
References
63
7
Target-Based Research: A Critical Review of Its Impact on Agrochemical
Invention, Focusing on Examples Drawn from Fungicides
65
StuartJ. Dunbar, AndrewJ.
Corran
7.1
Introduction
65
7.2
Selection of Targets for In Vitro Screening
66
7.3
Assay Design and Implementation
68
7.4
In Vitro to In Vivo Translation
70
7.5
Structure Based Design
72
7.6
Conclusion and a Forward Look
72
7.7
References
73
8
Virtual Screening in Crop Protection Research
77
Klaus-Jürgen Schleifer
8.1
Introduction
77
8.2
General Lead Identification Strategies
77
8.3
Virtual Screening Based on 1-D and 2-D Descriptors
78
8.4
Virtual Screening Based on
3-D
Descriptors
81
8.4.1
Ligand-Based Screening Strategies
81
8.4.2
Structure-Based Screening Strategies
83
8.5
Conclusion
87
8.6
References
87
XII
I Contents
9
Synthesis of Triazolop.S-cJpyrimidine Sulfonamides Leading to the
Discovery of Penoxsulam, a New Rice Herbicide
89
Timothy C.Johnson, Timothy P. Martin, Rick K. Mann
9.1
Introduction
89
9.2
Chemistry
89
9.3
Biology
93
9.4
Selection of Penoxsulam for Development
98
9.5
Conclusion
99
9.6
References
99
10
Discovery and
SAR
of Pinoxaden:
A New Broad Spectrum, Postemergence Cereal Herbicide
101
Michel Muehlebach, Hans-Ceorg Brunner,
Fredrik
Cederbaum,
Thomas Maetzke,
Rene Multi,
Anita Schnyder,
André
Stoller,
Sebastian
Wendeborn,
Jean Wenger, Peter Boutsalis, Derek Comes,
Adrian A.
Friedmann, Jutta
Clock,
Urs Hofer,
Stephen Hole,
Thierry Niderman, Marco
Quadranti
10.1
Introduction
201
10.2
Optimization Phase and Discovery of Pinoxaden
102
10.3
Chemistry
103
10.4
Mode of Action
105
10.5
Structure-Activity Relationships
105
10.6
Biological Performance
106
10.6.1
Grass Weed Spectrum
106
10.6.2
Crop Tolerance in Wheat and Barley
106
10.6.3
Adjuvant Effect-Adigor®
107
10.6.4
Introducing Axial®
108
10.7
Conclusion
109
10.8
Acknowledgments
209
10.9
References
209
11
Rynaxypyr™: A New Anthranilic Diamide Insecticide Acting at the
Ryanodine Receptor 111
George
P.
Lahm,
Thomas M. Stevenson, Thomas P. Selby,
John H. Freudenberger, Christine M.
Dubas,
Ben K. Smith, Daniel Cordova,
Lindsey Flexner, Christopher E. Clark, Cheryl
A. Bellin,
J.
Cary Hollingshaus
11.1
Introduction 111
11.2
Discovery of the Anthranilic Diamide Insecticides
2 22
11.3
Discovery of Rynaxypyr™
2 2 5
11.4
Biological Attributes
2 2 7
11.5
Toxicology
117
11.6
Mechanism of Action
2 28
11.7
Conclusion
2 29
11.8
Dedication
220
11.9
References
220
Contents XIII
12
Elucidation of the Mode of Action of Rynaxypyr™, a Selective Ryanodine
Receptor Activator
121
Daniel Cordova, Eric A.
Benner,
Matthew D.
Sacher,
JamesJ.
Rauh,
Jeffrey S.
Sopa,
George P.
Lahm,
Thomas P. Selby, Thomas M. Stevenson,
Lindsey Flexner, Timothy Caspar, James J.
Ragghianti,
Steve Cutteridge,
Daniel F. Rhoades, Lihong Wu, Rejane M. Smith, Yong Tao
12.1
Introduction
121
12.2
Symptomology Associated with Anthranilic Diamides
121
12.3
Rynaxypyr™ Stimulates Release of RyR-Mediated Internal Ca2+ Stores
122
12.4
Rynaxypyr™ Binds to a Unique Site on the RyR
123
12.5
Cloning and Expression of Pest Insect RyRs
124
12.6
Rynaxypyr™ is Highly Selective for Insect RyRs
124
12.7
Conclusion
125
12.8
References
125
13
Flubendiamide, a New Insecticide Characterized by Its Novel Chemistry and
Biology
127
Akira
Seo, Masanori
Tohnishi, Hayami Nakao, Takashi Furuya,
Hiroki
Kodarna,
Kenj'i Tsubata, Shinsuke Fujioka, Hiroshi
Kodarna,
Tetsuyoshi Nishimatsu, Takashi Hirooka
13.1
Introduction
127
13.2
Structure-Activity Relationship
128
13.2.1
Lead Generation
128
13.2.2
Lead Optimization
128
13.3
Chemistry
130
13.4
Mode of Action
132
13.5
Biological Profile
132
13.6
Toxicological Properties
134
13.7
Conclusion
135
13.8
Acknowledgments
135
13.9
References
135
14
Flubendiamide Stimulates Ca2+ Pump Activity Coupled to RyR-Mediated
Calcium Release in Lepidopterous Insects
137
Takao Masaki, Noriaki Yasokawa,
Ulrich Ebbinghaus-Kintscher,
Peter Luemmen
14.1
Introduction
137
14.2
Calcium Release Induced by Flubendiamide
138
14.3
Specific Stimulation of Ca2+Pump
138
14.4
Luminal Ca2+
Mediated Ca2+ Pump Stimulation
139
14.5
Conclusion
140
14.6
References
140
XIV Contents
15
Novel Arylpyrazole and Arylpyrimidine Anthranilic Diamide Insecticides
141
Thomas P. Selby, Kenneth A. Hughes,
George
P.
Lahm
15.1
Introduction
141
15.2
Synthesis of Anthranilic Diamides
142
15.3
I nsecticidal Activity
144
15.4
Conclusion
145
15.5
Acknowledgment
148
15.6
References
148
16
Metofluthrin: Novel Pyrethroid Insecticide and Innovative Mosquito Control
Agent
149
Yoshinori Shono, Kazuya Ujihara, Tomonori Iwasaki, Masayo
Sugano,
Tatsuya Mori, Tadahiro Matsunaga, Noritada Matsuo
16.1
Introduction
149
16.2
Discovery
149
16.3
Efficacy
152
16.3.1
Intrinsic Insecticidal Activity
152
16.3.2
Activity in Devices
153
16.3.2.1
Heated Formulations
153
16.3.2.2
Non-heated Formulations
155
16.4
Conclusion
158
16.5
Acknowledgment
158
16.6
References
158
17
Design and Structure-Activity Relationship of Novel Neonicotinoids
159
Xuhong Qian, Yanli Wang, Zhongzhen
Tian, Xusheng
Shao, Zhong Li,
Jinliang Shen, Qingchun Huang
17.1
Introduction
159
17.2
Selectivity Mechanism and Binding Model of Neonicotinoids
159
17.2.1
Bioinformatic Analysis
159
17.2.2
Ab initio
Quantum Chemical Calculation
161
17.3
Chemical Modification for
cis
Nitro
Configuration
265
17.3.1
Synthesis
165
17.3.2
Biological Activity
166
17.3.3
QSAR Analysis
167
17.4
Conclusion
168
17.5
References
J
68
18
Synthesis and Inhibitory Action of Novel Acetogenin Mimics
Alac-Acetogenins: A New Class of Inhibitors of Mitochondrial
N
ADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (Complex-I)
171
Hideto Miyoshi, Naoya Ichimaru, Masatoshi
Murai
18.1
Introduction
171
18.2
Mode of Action of Alac-Acetogenins
272
Contents
XV
18.3 SAR
of
Alac-Acetogenms 173
18.4
Conclusion
173
18.5
References
174
III Biology, Natural Products and Biotechnology
175
19
Plant Chemical Biology: Development of Small Active Molecules and Their
Application to Plant Physiology, Genetics, and Pesticide Science
177
Jadao
Asami, Nobutaka Kitahata,
Takeshi
Nakano
19.1
Introduction
177
19.2
Development of BR Biosynthesis Inhibitors
178
19.2.1
Assay Methods for BR Biosynthesis Inhibitors
179
19.2.2
Structure-Activity Relationship Study
180
19.2.3
Target Site(s) of BR Biosynthesis Inhibitor
180
19.2.4
Searching for Novel BR Biosynthesis Inhibitors
181
19.3
Functions of BRs in Plant Development Unveiled by
B R
Biosynthesis
Inhibitors
182
19.4
BR Biosynthesis Inhibitors as a Useful Screening Tool for BR
Signaling Mutants
183
19.5
Usefulness of Biosynthesis Inhibitors of Biologically Active Molecules
in Plant Biology
184
19.6
Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors Targeting g-cis-Epoxycarotenoid
Dioxygenase (NCED)
184
19.7
Conclusion
186
19.8
References
186
20
An Overview of
Biopesticides
and Transgenic Crops
189
Takashi Yamamoto, Jack Kiser
20.1
Introduction
189
20.2
Bacillus thuringiensis
190
20.3
Spray-On Bt Insecticide Formulations
190
20.4
Discovery of Multiple Toxins in One Bt Strain
191
20.5
Mode of Action of Bt Insecticidal Proteins
2 92
20.6
Transgenic Bt-Crops
193
20.7
Selection of Bt Genes for Transgenic Cotton
194
20.8
Corn Insect Pests and Bt Genes
J
95
20.9
Potential Issues of Bt-Crops
195
20.10
Insect Resistance to Bt
296
20.11
Resistance Mechanism
296
20.12
Resistance Management Program for Bt Transgenic Crops
297
20.13
Conclusion
297
20.14
References
298
XVI Contents
21
Essential Oil-Based Pesticides: New Insights from Old Chemistry
201
Murray B. Isman,
Cristina
M.
Machiai,
Saber Miresmailli, Luke D. Barnard
21.1
Introduction
201
21.2
Essential Oil Composition
201
21.3
Biological Activities of Essential Oils
202
21.3.1
Insecticidal/Deterrent Effects
203
21.3.2
Herbicidal Activity
205
21.3.3
Antimicrobial Activity
207
21.4
Challenges and Future Opportunities
208
21.5
Conclusion
208
21.6
References
209
22
Eco-Chemical Control of the Potato Cyst Nematode by a Hatching
Stimulator from Solanaceae Plants
211
Akio Fukuzawa
22.1
Introduction
211
22.2
Classification of Cyst Nematodes and Research History to Elucidate the
Naturally Occurring Hatching Stimulants
211
22.3
Involvement of Multiple Factors in Hatching Stimulation for Cyst
Nematodes
212
22
A Isolation of Hatching Stimulators and Stimulation Synergists in TRD
214
22.5
Application of TRD to Decrease
PCN
Density in Soil
214
22.6
References
215
23
Vector Competence of Japanese Mosquitoes for Dengue and West Nile
Viruses
217
Yuki Eshita, Tomohiko Takasaki, Ikuo Takashima, Narumon Komalamisra,
Hiroshi Ushijima, Ichiro Kurane
23.1
Introduction
217
23.2
Possible Vector of Japanese Mosquitoes Against Dengue Virus
217
23.2.1
Susceptibility of Orally Infected Japanese Mosquitoes
218
23.2.2
Transmission of Mouse-Adapted or Non-mouse Passaged Dengue
Viruses by the Japanese Mosquito Species
219
23.2.3
Further Analysis for Vector Mosquitoes to Dengue Viruses in Japan
220
23.3
Possible Vector of Japanese Mosquitoes Against West Nile Virus
221
23.3.1
Susceptibility of Japanese Mosquitoes AgainstWest Nile Virus
221
23.3.2
Transmission of Japanese Mosquitoes Against West Nile Virus
223
23.4
Conclusion
223
23.5
Acknowledgments
224
23.6
References
224
Contents XVII
24 Life Science Applications
of
Fukui
Functions
227
Michael
E.
Beck, Michael Schindler
24.1
Introduction
227
24.2
Theoretical Background
228
24.2.1
Some Results from Conceptual DFT
[19-23] 228
24.2.2
Why Fukui Functions May be Related to Sites of Metabolism
230
24.3
Methods
230
24.4
Example Applications
231
24.4.1
Parathion and Chlorpyrifos: Fukui Functions Related to Biotic
Degradation
231
24
A.I Selective Thionation of Emodepsid
233
24.4.3
Fukui Functions Reveal the Nature of the Reactive Species in
Cytocrome P450 Enzymes
234
24.5
Conclusion and Outlook
235
24.6
Acknowledgments
235
24.7
References
236
IV Formulation and Application Technology
239
25
Homogeneous Blends of Pesticide Granules
241
William
L
Geigle,
Luann
M. Pugh
25.1
Introduction
241
25.2
Granule Blend Products
242
25.2.1
General Theory of Segregation
242
25.2.2
Sampling of Granule Blends
242
25.2.3
Manufacture of Granule Blends
244
25.2.4
Regulatory Requirements for Granule Blends
244
25.2.5
Measurement of Homogeneity
245
25.2.6
Advantages of Granule Blends
246
25.3
Conclusion
246
25.4
References
247
26
Sprayable
Biopesticide
Formulations
249
Prem Warrior,
Bala
N.
Devketty
26.1
Introduction
249
26.2
The
Biopesticide
Market
250
26.3
Biological Pesticides
250
26.4
Factors Affecting
Biopesticide Use
251
26.4.1
The Living System
251
26.4.2
The Production System
252
26.4.3
Biological Activity
253
26.4.4
Stabilization
253
26.4.5
Quality Control
253
26.4.6
Deliver)'
254
XVIII
Contents
26.5
Role of
Formulations
in Sprayable
Biopesticides
254
26.6
Future Outlook
and Needs
256
26.7
References
257
V ModeofActionandIPM
259
27
Molecular Basis of Selectivity of Neonicotinoids
261
Kazuhiko Matsuda
27.1
Introduction
261
27.2
Interactions with Basic Residues Induce a Positive Charge in
Neonicotinoids which Mimics the Quaternary Ammonium of
Acerylcholine
261
21
.Ъ
Exploring Structural Features of nAChRs Contributing to the
Selectivity of Neonicotinoids Employing the a7 nAChR
263
27.4
Homology Modeling of nAChRs has Assisted in the Identification of
Key
Amino
Acid Residues Involved in the Selective Interactions with
Neonicotinoids of Heteromeric Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
265
27.5
Conclusion
268
27.6
Acknowledgments
269
27.7
References
269
28
Target-Site Resistance to Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Brown
Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens
271
Zewen Liu, Martin S. Williamson, StuartJ. Lansdell, Zhaojun Han,
Ian Denholm, Neil S. Millar
28.1
Introduction
271
28.2
Identification of Target-Site Resistance in Nilaparvata lugens
271
28.3
Characterization of a nAChR (Y151S) Mutation in
N.
lugens
272
28.4
Discussion
273
28.5
Conclusion
274
28.6
References
274
29
Qol Fungicides: Resistance Mechanisms and Its Practical Importance
275
Karl-Heinz
Kuck
29.1
Introduction
275
29.2
Resistance Risk Assessments Before Market Introduction
275
29.3
Resistance Mechanisms of Qol Fungicides in Field Isolates
276
29.3.1
Mutation Upstream Complex I
276
29.3.2
Metabolization by Fungal
Esterases
277
29.3.3
Target Mutation G143A
277
29.3.4
Target Mutation F129L
277
29.4
Practical Importance of Individual Resistance Mechanisms to Qols
278
Contents
XIX
29.5 Resistance Management 280
29.6
Perspectives
280
29.7
Conclusion
282
29.8
References
282
30
Chemical Genetic Approaches to Uncover New Sites of Pesticide Action
285
Terence A. Walsh
30.1
Introduction
285
30.2
The Chemical Genetic Approach
285
30.3
Components of a Chemical Genetic Process
287
30.3.1
Chemical Libraries
287
30.3.2
Phenotype Screens
287
30.3.3
Target Site Identification
288
30.4
Three Examples of Chemical Genetic Target Identification
288
30.4.1
NP-1, a Complex Natural Product
289
30.4.2
ATA-ľ,
a Bleaching Phenotype
290
30.4.3
DAS534, a Picolinate Auxin
291
30.5
Key Learnings
293
30.6
Conclusion
293
30.7
Acknowledgments
294
30.8
References
294
31
The History of Complex II Inhibitors and the Discovery of Penthiopyrad
295
Yuji Yanase, Yukihiro Yoshikawa, junro Kishi, Hiroyuki Katsuta
31.1
Introduction
295
31.2
Discovery of Penthiopyrad (MTF-753)
297
31.3
Biological Attributes
298
31.3.1
Target Site of Penthiopyrad
299
31.3.2
Mode of Action
299
31.3.3
Effect on Resistant Strains of Other Fungicides
300
31.3.4
The Risk of Occurrence of Resistance to Penthiopyrad
301
31.4
Conclusion
302
31.5
Acknowledgments
302
31.6
References
302
32
The Costs of DDT Resistance in
Drosophila
and Implications for Resistance
Management Strategies
305
Caroline McCart and Richard ffrench-Comtant
32.1
Introduction
305
32.2
Global Spread of DDT Resistance
305
32.3
Lack of Fitness Cost
307
32.4
Single Genes in the Field and Many in the Laboratory
309
32.5
Implications for Resistance Management
309
XX
Contents
32.6
Conclusion
310
32.7
References
311
VI Human Health and Food Safety
313
33
New Dimensions of Food Safety and Food Quality Research
315
James
N.
Seiber
33.1
Introduction
315
33.2
New Analytical Methods for Identification and Source Tracking
316
33.3
Methods for Reducing Aflatoxins in Foods
318
33.4
Molecular Biology and Food Safety
319
33.5
Healthy Food Constituents
320
33.6
Conclusion
321
33.7
References
321
34
Impact of Pesticide Residues on the Global Trade of Food and Feed in
Developing and Developed Countries
323
Jerry J. Baron, Robert E. Holm, Daniel L.
Kunkel,
Hong Chen
34.1
Introduction
323
34.2
Potential Solutions
324
34.2.1
The IR-4 Model and Other Minor Use Programs
325
34.2.2
Tools for Harmonization
326
34.2.2.1
Crop Grouping
326
34.2.2.2
Work Sharing
328
34.2.2.3
Rationalized Global Data Requirements
329
34.3
References
330
35
Pesticide Residue Assessment and
M
RL
Setting in China
331
Yibing He, Wencheng Song
35.1
Introduction
331
35.2
Regulations and National Standards for Pesticide Residue
Management in China
33
J
35.2.1
Key Components of Pesticide Management Regulation of China for
Pesticide Residue
331
35.2.2
Key Components of National Standards for Pesticide Residue
Management in China
332
35.3
Summary of Date Requirements of Pesticide Registration
332
35.4
Residue Data Requirements
333
35.4.1
The Protocol of Field Trials
333
35.4.2
Residue Analysis Method
333
35.4.3
Experimental Results
333
35.5
Procedures for Establishing MRLs and Setting Up PHI in China
334
35.6
Examples of
M
RL
Setting in China
335
35.7
Perspective
339
Contents
I
XXI
36
Harmonization of
ASEAN
MRLs, the Work towards Food Safety and Trade
Benefit
341
Nuansri Tayaputch
36.1
Introduction
341
36.2
Role of Codex MRLs in Regulating Food Quality
341
36.3
Pesticide Residues in Developing Countries
342
36.4
Issues on Minor Crops
343
36.5
The Work of ASEAN Expert Working Group on Pesticide Residues
343
36.6
Principles of Harmonization
344
36.7
Several Observations Made During the Process of Harmonization
from
1998
to
2005 345
36.8
Future Outlook
346
36.8.1
ASEAN MRLs with Quality Data Conducted at Regional Levels on
Tropical Crops Should be Established as International Standards
346
36.8.2
Member Countries Should Have Comprehensive Knowledge on MRLs'
Establishment Consistent with International Guidelines
346
36.9
Conclusion
347
36.10
References
347
37
Possible Models for Solutions to Unique Trade Issues Facing Developing
Countries
349
Cecilia P.
Gaston,
Arpad
Ambrus,
and Roberto
H.
González
37.1
Introduction
349
37.2
Possible Solution to the Lack of Analytical Facilities and Expertise on
Developing Data to Support Establishment of MRLs
350
37.3
A Solution to the Lack of MRLs on Spices
353
37.3.1
Rationale for an Alternative Approach to Setting MRLs for Spices
351
37.3.2
Codex MRLs for Spices
352
37.3.3
Codex MRLs for Dried Chili Peppers
352
3/
'A Difficulties of Complying with Unharmonized MRLs, Including
'Private' MRLs
355
37.4.1
Program to Facilitate Exports of Chilean Fruits
356
37.4.2
Generating Pre-Harvest Interval Data
356
37.4.3
An Example of a Supervised Trial Model in the "Pesticide Agenda"
357
37.5
Conclusion
357
37.6
References
358
38
Genetically Modified (CM) Food Safety
361
Gijs A. Kleter, Harry A.
Kuiper
38.1
Introduction
361
38.2
General Principles of GM Food Safety Assessment
362
38.3
General Data
364
38.4
Molecular Characterization of the Introduced
DNA 364
XXII Contents
38.5
Comparison of the GMO with a Conventional Counterpart
364
38.6
Potential
Toxicity
of Introduced Foreign Proteins
365
38.7
Potential
Toxicity
of the Whole Food
365
38.8
Potential Allergenicity of the Introduced Foreign Proteins
365
38.9
Potential Allergenicity of the Whole Food
366
38.10
Potential Horizontal Gene Transfer
366
38.11
Nutritional Characteristics
367
38.12
Potential Unintended Effects of the Genetic Modification
367
38.13
Pesticide Residues
369
38.14
Research into the Safety of GM Crops
369
38.15
Conclusion
370
38.16
Acknowledgment
370
38.17
References
370
39
Toxicology and Metabolism Relating to Human Occupational and
Residential Chemical Exposures
373
Robert I.
Krieger,
Jeff
Ή.
Driverjohn
H. Ross
39.1
Introduction
373
39.2
Pesticide Handlers
374
39.3
Harvesters of Treated Crops
376
39.4
Residents Indoors
376
39.5
Estimates of Human Exposure
377
39.6
Exposure
Biomonitoring
378
39.7
Conclusion
380
39.8
References
380
40
Bioavailability of Common Conjugates and Bound Residues
383
Michael W. Skidmore,Jill P.
Benner,
Cathy Chung Chun Lam,
James D. Booth, Terry Clark, AlexJ. Cledhill, Karen J. Roberts
40.1
Introduction
383
40.2
Literature Search
384
40.3
Experimental Phase
385
40.3.1
Conjugates
386
40.3.2
Chemical and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
386
40.3.3
Prediction of Permeability
388
40.3.4
Bound Residues
389
40.3.5
Characterization of the Bound Residues
390
40.3.6
Chemical and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
390
40.3.7
Bioavailability of Bound Residues
391
40.4
Conclusion
392
40.5
Acknowledgment
392
40.6
References
393
Contents XXIII
41 Multiresidue
Analysis of
500
Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products
Using GC/MS and LC/MS
395
Yumi Akiyama, Naoki Yoshioka, Tomofumi Matsuoka
41.1
Introduction
395
41.2
Multiple Residue Analysis
395
41.3
Monitoring Results
398
41.4
Conclusion
399
41.5
References
399
VII
Environmental Safety
401
42
Current
EU
Regulation in the Field of Ecotoxicology
403
Martin Streloke
42.1
Introduction
403
42.2
Regulatory Process
403
42.3
Standard Risk Assessment
404
42.4
Refined Risk Assessments
406
42.4.1
Refined Risk Assessments for Birds and Mammals
407
42.4.2
Persistent Compounds in Soil
407
42.4.3
Use of Probabilistic Risk Assessment Methods for Regulatory
Purposes
407
42.4.4
Microcosm/Mesocosm Testing with Aquatic Organisms
409
42.4.5
Data from Monitoring Studies
420
42.4.6
Endocrine Disruption
410
42.5
Risk Mitigation Measures
411
42.6
Conclusions
412
42.7
References
412
43
A State of the Art of Testing Methods for Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
in Fish and Daphnids
415
Satoshi Hagino
43.1
Introduction
415
43.2
Fish Testing Methods for Sex Hormones
415
43.3
S-rR Strain Medaka and Sex Reversal Test
426
43.4
Effects of Pesticides Listed in SPEED
'98 419
43.5
Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Endpoints
Selected
419
43.6
Consistency of the Results Obtained Between Sex Reversal Assay, PLC.
and FLC
421
43.7
Development of Test Method for Thyroid Hormone
422
43.8
Endocrine Disrupting Effect of
J H
Mimics to Daphnids
422
43.9
Conclusion
423
43.10
References
424
XXIV
I Contents
44
Pesticide Risk Evaluation for Birds and Mammals
-
Combining Data from Effect and Exposure Studies
425
Christian Wolf, Michael
Riffel, Jens Schabacker
44.1
Introduction
425
44.2
Principles of the Risk Assessment within the
EU 426
44.3
Refined Risk Assessment
426
АЛЛ
Higher-Tiered Studies
426
44.5
Case Study for Combining Effects and Exposure Studies
427
44.6
Conclusion
428
44.7
Reference
429
45
Bioassay for Persistent Organic Pollutants in Transgenic Plants
with Ah Receptor and
CUS
Reporter Genes
431
Hideyuki Inui, Keiko Cion, Yasushi Utani, Hideo Ohkawa
45.1
Introduction
431
45.2 Dioxins 432
45.3 Dioxin Bioassays 432
45.4
The AhR
433
45.5
POP Bioassay Using Transgenic Plants
435
45.6
Prospects
437
45.7
Acknowledgments
437
45.8
References
437
46
Recent Developments in QuEChERS Methodology for Pesticide Multiresidue
Analysis
439
Michelangelo Anastassiades, Ellen
Scherbaum, Bünyamin
Taşdelen,
Darinka
Štajnbaher
46.1
Introduction
439
46.2
Reagents
440
46.3
Apparatus
441
46.4
Procedure
442
46.5
Discussion
446
46.5.1
Improving the Recoveries of Certain Pesticides
446
46.5.2
Improving Selectivity
450
46.5.3
Expanding the Commodity Spectrum Covered by QuEChERS
453
46.6
Measurement
456
46.7
Validation
457
46.8
Conclusion
457
46.9
Acknowledgment
458
46.10
References
458
47
Summary of Scientific Programs in
11"1
IUPAC
International Congress of
Pesticide Chemistry
459
Hisashi Miyagawa, Isao Ueyama
47.1
Introduction
459
Contents XXV
47.2
Plenary Lectures
459
47.3
Session Lectures and Special Workshops
460
47.4
Poster Session
472
47.5
Luncheon and Evening Seminars
474
47.6
Other Scientific Programs
477
47.7
Acknowledgments
477
Appendix
479
Author Index
485
Subject Index
489 |
| adam_txt |
IX
Contents
ľl*
lUPAC International
Congress of Pesticide Chemistry V
Preface
VII
List of Contributors
XXVII
I Keynote and Plenary Lectures
1
1
Challenges and Opportunities in Crop Production Over the Next Decade
3
James
С
Collins, Jr.
1.1
Meeting Society's Agricultural Needs
3
1.2
Global Trends and Uncertainties
3
1.3
Grain Stocks
5
1.4
Exchange Rates
6
1.5
Biofuels
8
1.6
Counterfeit Products
9
1.7
Product Commercialization
10
1.8
Convergence of Factors
11
2
Searching Environmentally Benign Methods for Pest Control:
Reflections of a Synthetic Chemist
13
Kenji Mori
2.1
Introduction
13
2.2
Pesticides and Our Daily Life
13
2.3
Contributions in Pesticides Discovery by Japanese Scientists
14
2.4
Natural Products Synthesis and Pesticide Science
16
2.5
Enantioselective Pheromone Synthesis and Pesticide Science
18
2.6
Conclusion
21
2.7
References
21
Pesticide Chemistry: Crop Protection. Public Health, Environmental Sajety
Edited by Hideo Ohkawa. Hisashi Miyagawa, and Philip W. Lee
Copyright
© 2007
WILEY-VCH
Verlag
GmbH
&
Co. KGaA,
Weinheim
ISBN:
978-3-527-31663-2
Χ Ι
Contents
3
The Current Status of Pesticide Management in China
23
Yong Zhen Yang
3.1
Introduction
23
3.2
The Current Direction of Pesticide R&D in China
23
3.2.1
The Status of Pesticide Production and Usage in China
24
3.2.2
Pesticide Regulation and Management Systems in China
24
3.3
China's Policies in Pesticide Regulation and Management
26
3.4
The Regulatory Infrastructure within China in the Regulation of
Pesticide
27
3.5
Key Administrative Actions on Pesticide Management
27
3.6
Future Direction of Pesticide Regulation in China
28
3.7
Conclusion
28
4
Pesticide Residues in Food and International Trade:
Regulation and Safety Considerations
29
Kenneth D. Racke
4.1
Introduction
29
4.2
Globalization of the Food Chain
30
4.3
Regulation of Pesticide Residues in Food
31
4.3.1
The World Food Code and Codex MRLs
31
4.3.2
U.S. Tolerances
33
4.3.3
Japan MRLs
33
4.3.4
EU
MRLs
34
4.4
Disharmonized MRLs, Monitoring, and Consumer Safety
35
4.5
Recent Trends
37
4.5.1
Improvements in the Codex Sytem
37
4.5.2
Regionalization of
MRL
Policies
37
4.5.3
Growth of Private Standards
38
4.5.4
Communication of
MRL
Information
38
4.5.5
Adoption of Practices to Preempt or Mitigate Residue Issues
39
4.6
Conclusion
40
4.7
Acknowledgments
40
4.8
References
41
5
Hunger and Malnutrition Amidst Plenty: What Must be Done?
43
Shivaji Pandey, Prabhu Pingali
5.1
Introduction
43
5.2
The Current Situation
44
5.3
What Must be Done?
46
5.3.1
National Commitment and Good Governance
46
5.3.2
Investment in Rural Infrastructure
47
5.3.3
Improving Irrigation Infrastructure
47
5.3.4
Improving Soil Fertility
47
5.3.5
Improved Agricultural Technologies
48
5.3.6
Energy Supply Needs to be Improved
48
Contents
XI
5.3.7
Development Assistance is Needed
49
5.3.8
Trade Helps Rural Poor
49
5.3.9
Implementing Policies that Promote Protection of Natural Resource
Base
50
5.3.10
Preparing for the Future
50
5.4
References
50
II New Chemistry
53
6
Modern Tools for Drug Discovery in Agricultural Research
55
Alexander Klausener, Klaus
Raming,
Klaus Stenzel
6.1
Introduction
55
6.2
Tools and Their Integration in the Drug Discovery Process
56
6.3
Mode of Action Elucidation
-
An Example for the Integration of New
Technologies
58
6.4
Conclusion
62
6.5
Acknowledgments
63
6.6
References
63
7
Target-Based Research: A Critical Review of Its Impact on Agrochemical
Invention, Focusing on Examples Drawn from Fungicides
65
StuartJ. Dunbar, AndrewJ.
Corran
7.1
Introduction
65
7.2
Selection of Targets for In Vitro Screening
66
7.3
Assay Design and Implementation
68
7.4
In Vitro to In Vivo Translation
70
7.5
Structure Based Design
72
7.6
Conclusion and a Forward Look
72
7.7
References
73
8
Virtual Screening in Crop Protection Research
77
Klaus-Jürgen Schleifer
8.1
Introduction
77
8.2
General Lead Identification Strategies
77
8.3
Virtual Screening Based on 1-D and 2-D Descriptors
78
8.4
Virtual Screening Based on
3-D
Descriptors
81
8.4.1
Ligand-Based Screening Strategies
81
8.4.2
Structure-Based Screening Strategies
83
8.5
Conclusion
87
8.6
References
87
XII
I Contents
9
Synthesis of Triazolop.S-cJpyrimidine Sulfonamides Leading to the
Discovery of Penoxsulam, a New Rice Herbicide
89
Timothy C.Johnson, Timothy P. Martin, Rick K. Mann
9.1
Introduction
89
9.2
Chemistry
89
9.3
Biology
93
9.4
Selection of Penoxsulam for Development
98
9.5
Conclusion
99
9.6
References
99
10
Discovery and
SAR
of Pinoxaden:
A New Broad Spectrum, Postemergence Cereal Herbicide
101
Michel Muehlebach, Hans-Ceorg Brunner,
Fredrik
Cederbaum,
Thomas Maetzke,
Rene Multi,
Anita Schnyder,
André
Stoller,
Sebastian
Wendeborn,
Jean Wenger, Peter Boutsalis, Derek Comes,
Adrian A.
Friedmann, Jutta
Clock,
Urs Hofer,
Stephen Hole,
Thierry Niderman, Marco
Quadranti
10.1
Introduction
201
10.2
Optimization Phase and Discovery of Pinoxaden
102
10.3
Chemistry
103
10.4
Mode of Action
105
10.5
Structure-Activity Relationships
105
10.6
Biological Performance
106
10.6.1
Grass Weed Spectrum
106
10.6.2
Crop Tolerance in Wheat and Barley
106
10.6.3
Adjuvant Effect-Adigor®
107
10.6.4
Introducing Axial®
108
10.7
Conclusion
109
10.8
Acknowledgments
209
10.9
References
209
11
Rynaxypyr™: A New Anthranilic Diamide Insecticide Acting at the
Ryanodine Receptor 111
George
P.
Lahm,
Thomas M. Stevenson, Thomas P. Selby,
John H. Freudenberger, Christine M.
Dubas,
Ben K. Smith, Daniel Cordova,
Lindsey Flexner, Christopher E. Clark, Cheryl
A. Bellin,
J.
Cary Hollingshaus
11.1
Introduction 111
11.2
Discovery of the Anthranilic Diamide Insecticides
2 22
11.3
Discovery of Rynaxypyr™
2 2 5
11.4
Biological Attributes
2 2 7
11.5
Toxicology
117
11.6
Mechanism of Action
2 28
11.7
Conclusion
2 29
11.8
Dedication
220
11.9
References
220
Contents XIII
12
Elucidation of the Mode of Action of Rynaxypyr™, a Selective Ryanodine
Receptor Activator
121
Daniel Cordova, Eric A.
Benner,
Matthew D.
Sacher,
JamesJ.
Rauh,
Jeffrey S.
Sopa,
George P.
Lahm,
Thomas P. Selby, Thomas M. Stevenson,
Lindsey Flexner, Timothy Caspar, James J.
Ragghianti,
Steve Cutteridge,
Daniel F. Rhoades, Lihong Wu, Rejane M. Smith, Yong Tao
12.1
Introduction
121
12.2
Symptomology Associated with Anthranilic Diamides
121
12.3
Rynaxypyr™ Stimulates Release of RyR-Mediated Internal Ca2+ Stores
122
12.4
Rynaxypyr™ Binds to a Unique Site on the RyR
123
12.5
Cloning and Expression of Pest Insect RyRs
124
12.6
Rynaxypyr™ is Highly Selective for Insect RyRs
124
12.7
Conclusion
125
12.8
References
125
13
Flubendiamide, a New Insecticide Characterized by Its Novel Chemistry and
Biology
127
Akira
Seo, Masanori
Tohnishi, Hayami Nakao, Takashi Furuya,
Hiroki
Kodarna,
Kenj'i Tsubata, Shinsuke Fujioka, Hiroshi
Kodarna,
Tetsuyoshi Nishimatsu, Takashi Hirooka
13.1
Introduction
127
13.2
Structure-Activity Relationship
128
13.2.1
Lead Generation
128
13.2.2
Lead Optimization
128
13.3
Chemistry
130
13.4
Mode of Action
132
13.5
Biological Profile
132
13.6
Toxicological Properties
134
13.7
Conclusion
135
13.8
Acknowledgments
135
13.9
References
135
14
Flubendiamide Stimulates Ca2+ Pump Activity Coupled to RyR-Mediated
Calcium Release in Lepidopterous Insects
137
Takao Masaki, Noriaki Yasokawa,
Ulrich Ebbinghaus-Kintscher,
Peter Luemmen
14.1
Introduction
137
14.2
Calcium Release Induced by Flubendiamide
138
14.3
Specific Stimulation of Ca2+Pump
138
14.4
Luminal Ca2+
Mediated Ca2+ Pump Stimulation
139
14.5
Conclusion
140
14.6
References
140
XIV Contents
15
Novel Arylpyrazole and Arylpyrimidine Anthranilic Diamide Insecticides
141
Thomas P. Selby, Kenneth A. Hughes,
George
P.
Lahm
15.1
Introduction
141
15.2
Synthesis of Anthranilic Diamides
142
15.3
I nsecticidal Activity
144
15.4
Conclusion
145
15.5
Acknowledgment
148
15.6
References
148
16
Metofluthrin: Novel Pyrethroid Insecticide and Innovative Mosquito Control
Agent
149
Yoshinori Shono, Kazuya Ujihara, Tomonori Iwasaki, Masayo
Sugano,
Tatsuya Mori, Tadahiro Matsunaga, Noritada Matsuo
16.1
Introduction
149
16.2
Discovery
149
16.3
Efficacy
152
16.3.1
Intrinsic Insecticidal Activity
152
16.3.2
Activity in Devices
153
16.3.2.1
Heated Formulations
153
16.3.2.2
Non-heated Formulations
155
16.4
Conclusion
158
16.5
Acknowledgment
158
16.6
References
158
17
Design and Structure-Activity Relationship of Novel Neonicotinoids
159
Xuhong Qian, Yanli Wang, Zhongzhen
Tian, Xusheng
Shao, Zhong Li,
Jinliang Shen, Qingchun Huang
17.1
Introduction
159
17.2
Selectivity Mechanism and Binding Model of Neonicotinoids
159
17.2.1
Bioinformatic Analysis
159
17.2.2
Ab initio
Quantum Chemical Calculation
161
17.3
Chemical Modification for
cis
Nitro
Configuration
265
17.3.1
Synthesis
165
17.3.2
Biological Activity
166
17.3.3
QSAR Analysis
167
17.4
Conclusion
168
17.5
References
J
68
18
Synthesis and Inhibitory Action of Novel Acetogenin Mimics
Alac-Acetogenins: A New Class of Inhibitors of Mitochondrial
N
ADH-Ubiquinone Oxidoreductase (Complex-I)
171
Hideto Miyoshi, Naoya Ichimaru, Masatoshi
Murai
18.1
Introduction
171
18.2
Mode of Action of Alac-Acetogenins
272
Contents
XV
18.3 SAR
of
Alac-Acetogenms 173
18.4
Conclusion
173
18.5
References
174
III Biology, Natural Products and Biotechnology
175
19
Plant Chemical Biology: Development of Small Active Molecules and Their
Application to Plant Physiology, Genetics, and Pesticide Science
177
Jadao
Asami, Nobutaka Kitahata,
Takeshi
Nakano
19.1
Introduction
177
19.2
Development of BR Biosynthesis Inhibitors
178
19.2.1
Assay Methods for BR Biosynthesis Inhibitors
179
19.2.2
Structure-Activity Relationship Study
180
19.2.3
Target Site(s) of BR Biosynthesis Inhibitor
180
19.2.4
Searching for Novel BR Biosynthesis Inhibitors
181
19.3
Functions of BRs in Plant Development Unveiled by
B R
Biosynthesis
Inhibitors
182
19.4
BR Biosynthesis Inhibitors as a Useful Screening Tool for BR
Signaling Mutants
183
19.5
Usefulness of Biosynthesis Inhibitors of Biologically Active Molecules
in Plant Biology
184
19.6
Abscisic Acid Biosynthesis Inhibitors Targeting g-cis-Epoxycarotenoid
Dioxygenase (NCED)
184
19.7
Conclusion
186
19.8
References
186
20
An Overview of
Biopesticides
and Transgenic Crops
189
Takashi Yamamoto, Jack Kiser
20.1
Introduction
189
20.2
Bacillus thuringiensis
190
20.3
Spray-On Bt Insecticide Formulations
190
20.4
Discovery of Multiple Toxins in One Bt Strain
191
20.5
Mode of Action of Bt Insecticidal Proteins
2 92
20.6
Transgenic Bt-Crops
193
20.7
Selection of Bt Genes for Transgenic Cotton
194
20.8
Corn Insect Pests and Bt Genes
J
95
20.9
Potential Issues of Bt-Crops
195
20.10
Insect Resistance to Bt
296
20.11
Resistance Mechanism
296
20.12
Resistance Management Program for Bt Transgenic Crops
297
20.13
Conclusion
297
20.14
References
298
XVI Contents
21
Essential Oil-Based Pesticides: New Insights from Old Chemistry
201
Murray B. Isman,
Cristina
M.
Machiai,
Saber Miresmailli, Luke D. Barnard
21.1
Introduction
201
21.2
Essential Oil Composition
201
21.3
Biological Activities of Essential Oils
202
21.3.1
Insecticidal/Deterrent Effects
203
21.3.2
Herbicidal Activity
205
21.3.3
Antimicrobial Activity
207
21.4
Challenges and Future Opportunities
208
21.5
Conclusion
208
21.6
References
209
22
Eco-Chemical Control of the Potato Cyst Nematode by a Hatching
Stimulator from Solanaceae Plants
211
Akio Fukuzawa
22.1
Introduction
211
22.2
Classification of Cyst Nematodes and Research History to Elucidate the
Naturally Occurring Hatching Stimulants
211
22.3
Involvement of Multiple Factors in Hatching Stimulation for Cyst
Nematodes
212
22
A Isolation of Hatching Stimulators and Stimulation Synergists in TRD
214
22.5
Application of TRD to Decrease
PCN
Density in Soil
214
22.6
References
215
23
Vector Competence of Japanese Mosquitoes for Dengue and West Nile
Viruses
217
Yuki Eshita, Tomohiko Takasaki, Ikuo Takashima, Narumon Komalamisra,
Hiroshi Ushijima, Ichiro Kurane
23.1
Introduction
217
23.2
Possible Vector of Japanese Mosquitoes Against Dengue Virus
217
23.2.1
Susceptibility of Orally Infected Japanese Mosquitoes
218
23.2.2
Transmission of Mouse-Adapted or Non-mouse Passaged Dengue
Viruses by the Japanese Mosquito Species
219
23.2.3
Further Analysis for Vector Mosquitoes to Dengue Viruses in Japan
220
23.3
Possible Vector of Japanese Mosquitoes Against West Nile Virus
221
23.3.1
Susceptibility of Japanese Mosquitoes AgainstWest Nile Virus
221
23.3.2
Transmission of Japanese Mosquitoes Against West Nile Virus
223
23.4
Conclusion
223
23.5
Acknowledgments
224
23.6
References
224
Contents XVII
24 Life Science Applications
of
Fukui
Functions
227
Michael
E.
Beck, Michael Schindler
24.1
Introduction
227
24.2
Theoretical Background
228
24.2.1
Some Results from Conceptual DFT
[19-23] 228
24.2.2
Why Fukui Functions May be Related to Sites of Metabolism
230
24.3
Methods
230
24.4
Example Applications
231
24.4.1
Parathion and Chlorpyrifos: Fukui Functions Related to Biotic
Degradation
231
24
A.I Selective Thionation of Emodepsid
233
24.4.3
Fukui Functions Reveal the Nature of the Reactive Species in
Cytocrome P450 Enzymes
234
24.5
Conclusion and Outlook
235
24.6
Acknowledgments
235
24.7
References
236
IV Formulation and Application Technology
239
25
Homogeneous Blends of Pesticide Granules
241
William
L
Geigle,
Luann
M. Pugh
25.1
Introduction
241
25.2
Granule Blend Products
242
25.2.1
General Theory of Segregation
242
25.2.2
Sampling of Granule Blends
242
25.2.3
Manufacture of Granule Blends
244
25.2.4
Regulatory Requirements for Granule Blends
244
25.2.5
Measurement of Homogeneity
245
25.2.6
Advantages of Granule Blends
246
25.3
Conclusion
246
25.4
References
247
26
Sprayable
Biopesticide
Formulations
249
Prem Warrior,
Bala
N.
Devketty
26.1
Introduction
249
26.2
The
Biopesticide
Market
250
26.3
Biological Pesticides
250
26.4
Factors Affecting
Biopesticide Use
251
26.4.1
The Living System
251
26.4.2
The Production System
252
26.4.3
Biological Activity
253
26.4.4
Stabilization
253
26.4.5
Quality Control
253
26.4.6
Deliver)'
254
XVIII
Contents
26.5
Role of
Formulations
in Sprayable
Biopesticides
254
26.6
Future Outlook
and Needs
256
26.7
References
257
V ModeofActionandIPM
259
27
Molecular Basis of Selectivity of Neonicotinoids
261
Kazuhiko Matsuda
27.1
Introduction
261
27.2
Interactions with Basic Residues Induce a Positive Charge in
Neonicotinoids which Mimics the Quaternary Ammonium of
Acerylcholine
261
21
.Ъ
Exploring Structural Features of nAChRs Contributing to the
Selectivity of Neonicotinoids Employing the a7 nAChR
263
27.4
Homology Modeling of nAChRs has Assisted in the Identification of
Key
Amino
Acid Residues Involved in the Selective Interactions with
Neonicotinoids of Heteromeric Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
265
27.5
Conclusion
268
27.6
Acknowledgments
269
27.7
References
269
28
Target-Site Resistance to Neonicotinoid Insecticides in the Brown
Planthopper Nilaparvata lugens
271
Zewen Liu, Martin S. Williamson, StuartJ. Lansdell, Zhaojun Han,
Ian Denholm, Neil S. Millar
28.1
Introduction
271
28.2
Identification of Target-Site Resistance in Nilaparvata lugens
271
28.3
Characterization of a nAChR (Y151S) Mutation in
N.
lugens
272
28.4
Discussion
273
28.5
Conclusion
274
28.6
References
274
29
Qol Fungicides: Resistance Mechanisms and Its Practical Importance
275
Karl-Heinz
Kuck
29.1
Introduction
275
29.2
Resistance Risk Assessments Before Market Introduction
275
29.3
Resistance Mechanisms of Qol Fungicides in Field Isolates
276
29.3.1
Mutation Upstream Complex I
276
29.3.2
Metabolization by Fungal
Esterases
277
29.3.3
Target Mutation G143A
277
29.3.4
Target Mutation F129L
277
29.4
Practical Importance of Individual Resistance Mechanisms to Qols
278
Contents
XIX
29.5 Resistance Management 280
29.6
Perspectives
280
29.7
Conclusion
282
29.8
References
282
30
Chemical Genetic Approaches to Uncover New Sites of Pesticide Action
285
Terence A. Walsh
30.1
Introduction
285
30.2
The Chemical Genetic Approach
285
30.3
Components of a Chemical Genetic Process
287
30.3.1
Chemical Libraries
287
30.3.2
Phenotype Screens
287
30.3.3
Target Site Identification
288
30.4
Three Examples of Chemical Genetic Target Identification
288
30.4.1
NP-1, a Complex Natural Product
289
30.4.2
ATA-ľ,
a Bleaching Phenotype
290
30.4.3
DAS534, a Picolinate Auxin
291
30.5
Key Learnings
293
30.6
Conclusion
293
30.7
Acknowledgments
294
30.8
References
294
31
The History of Complex II Inhibitors and the Discovery of Penthiopyrad
295
Yuji Yanase, Yukihiro Yoshikawa, junro Kishi, Hiroyuki Katsuta
31.1
Introduction
295
31.2
Discovery of Penthiopyrad (MTF-753)
297
31.3
Biological Attributes
298
31.3.1
Target Site of Penthiopyrad
299
31.3.2
Mode of Action
299
31.3.3
Effect on Resistant Strains of Other Fungicides
300
31.3.4
The Risk of Occurrence of Resistance to Penthiopyrad
301
31.4
Conclusion
302
31.5
Acknowledgments
302
31.6
References
302
32
The Costs of DDT Resistance in
Drosophila
and Implications for Resistance
Management Strategies
305
Caroline McCart and Richard ffrench-Comtant
32.1
Introduction
305
32.2
Global Spread of DDT Resistance
305
32.3
Lack of Fitness Cost
307
32.4
Single Genes in the Field and Many in the Laboratory
309
32.5
Implications for Resistance Management
309
XX
Contents
32.6
Conclusion
310
32.7
References
311
VI Human Health and Food Safety
313
33
New Dimensions of Food Safety and Food Quality Research
315
James
N.
Seiber
33.1
Introduction
315
33.2
New Analytical Methods for Identification and Source Tracking
316
33.3
Methods for Reducing Aflatoxins in Foods
318
33.4
Molecular Biology and Food Safety
319
33.5
Healthy Food Constituents
320
33.6
Conclusion
321
33.7
References
321
34
Impact of Pesticide Residues on the Global Trade of Food and Feed in
Developing and Developed Countries
323
Jerry J. Baron, Robert E. Holm, Daniel L.
Kunkel,
Hong Chen
34.1
Introduction
323
34.2
Potential Solutions
324
34.2.1
The IR-4 Model and Other Minor Use Programs
325
34.2.2
Tools for Harmonization
326
34.2.2.1
Crop Grouping
326
34.2.2.2
Work Sharing
328
34.2.2.3
Rationalized Global Data Requirements
329
34.3
References
330
35
Pesticide Residue Assessment and
M
RL
Setting in China
331
Yibing He, Wencheng Song
35.1
Introduction
331
35.2
Regulations and National Standards for Pesticide Residue
Management in China
33
J
35.2.1
Key Components of Pesticide Management Regulation of China for
Pesticide Residue
331
35.2.2
Key Components of National Standards for Pesticide Residue
Management in China
332
35.3
Summary of Date Requirements of Pesticide Registration
332
35.4
Residue Data Requirements
333
35.4.1
The Protocol of Field Trials
333
35.4.2
Residue Analysis Method
333
35.4.3
Experimental Results
333
35.5
Procedures for Establishing MRLs and Setting Up PHI in China
334
35.6
Examples of
M
RL
Setting in China
335
35.7
Perspective
339
Contents
I
XXI
36
Harmonization of
ASEAN
MRLs, the Work towards Food Safety and Trade
Benefit
341
Nuansri Tayaputch
36.1
Introduction
341
36.2
Role of Codex MRLs in Regulating Food Quality
341
36.3
Pesticide Residues in Developing Countries
342
36.4
Issues on Minor Crops
343
36.5
The Work of ASEAN Expert Working Group on Pesticide Residues
343
36.6
Principles of Harmonization
344
36.7
Several Observations Made During the Process of Harmonization
from
1998
to
2005 345
36.8
Future Outlook
346
36.8.1
ASEAN MRLs with Quality Data Conducted at Regional Levels on
Tropical Crops Should be Established as International Standards
346
36.8.2
Member Countries Should Have Comprehensive Knowledge on MRLs'
Establishment Consistent with International Guidelines
346
36.9
Conclusion
347
36.10
References
347
37
Possible Models for Solutions to Unique Trade Issues Facing Developing
Countries
349
Cecilia P.
Gaston,
Arpad
Ambrus,
and Roberto
H.
González
37.1
Introduction
349
37.2
Possible Solution to the Lack of Analytical Facilities and Expertise on
Developing Data to Support Establishment of MRLs
350
37.3
A Solution to the Lack of MRLs on Spices
353
37.3.1
Rationale for an Alternative Approach to Setting MRLs for Spices
351
37.3.2
Codex MRLs for Spices
352
37.3.3
Codex MRLs for Dried Chili Peppers
352
3/
'A Difficulties of Complying with Unharmonized MRLs, Including
'Private' MRLs
355
37.4.1
Program to Facilitate Exports of Chilean Fruits
356
37.4.2
Generating Pre-Harvest Interval Data
356
37.4.3
An Example of a Supervised Trial Model in the "Pesticide Agenda"
357
37.5
Conclusion
357
37.6
References
358
38
Genetically Modified (CM) Food Safety
361
Gijs A. Kleter, Harry A.
Kuiper
38.1
Introduction
361
38.2
General Principles of GM Food Safety Assessment
362
38.3
General Data
364
38.4
Molecular Characterization of the Introduced
DNA 364
XXII Contents
38.5
Comparison of the GMO with a Conventional Counterpart
364
38.6
Potential
Toxicity
of Introduced Foreign Proteins
365
38.7
Potential
Toxicity
of the Whole Food
365
38.8
Potential Allergenicity of the Introduced Foreign Proteins
365
38.9
Potential Allergenicity of the Whole Food
366
38.10
Potential Horizontal Gene Transfer
366
38.11
Nutritional Characteristics
367
38.12
Potential Unintended Effects of the Genetic Modification
367
38.13
Pesticide Residues
369
38.14
Research into the Safety of GM Crops
369
38.15
Conclusion
370
38.16
Acknowledgment
370
38.17
References
370
39
Toxicology and Metabolism Relating to Human Occupational and
Residential Chemical Exposures
373
Robert I.
Krieger,
Jeff
Ή.
Driverjohn
H. Ross
39.1
Introduction
373
39.2
Pesticide Handlers
374
39.3
Harvesters of Treated Crops
376
39.4
Residents Indoors
376
39.5
Estimates of Human Exposure
377
39.6
Exposure
Biomonitoring
378
39.7
Conclusion
380
39.8
References
380
40
Bioavailability of Common Conjugates and Bound Residues
383
Michael W. Skidmore,Jill P.
Benner,
Cathy Chung Chun Lam,
James D. Booth, Terry Clark, AlexJ. Cledhill, Karen J. Roberts
40.1
Introduction
383
40.2
Literature Search
384
40.3
Experimental Phase
385
40.3.1
Conjugates
386
40.3.2
Chemical and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
386
40.3.3
Prediction of Permeability
388
40.3.4
Bound Residues
389
40.3.5
Characterization of the Bound Residues
390
40.3.6
Chemical and Enzymatic Hydrolysis
390
40.3.7
Bioavailability of Bound Residues
391
40.4
Conclusion
392
40.5
Acknowledgment
392
40.6
References
393
Contents XXIII
41 Multiresidue
Analysis of
500
Pesticide Residues in Agricultural Products
Using GC/MS and LC/MS
395
Yumi Akiyama, Naoki Yoshioka, Tomofumi Matsuoka
41.1
Introduction
395
41.2
Multiple Residue Analysis
395
41.3
Monitoring Results
398
41.4
Conclusion
399
41.5
References
399
VII
Environmental Safety
401
42
Current
EU
Regulation in the Field of Ecotoxicology
403
Martin Streloke
42.1
Introduction
403
42.2
Regulatory Process
403
42.3
Standard Risk Assessment
404
42.4
Refined Risk Assessments
406
42.4.1
Refined Risk Assessments for Birds and Mammals
407
42.4.2
Persistent Compounds in Soil
407
42.4.3
Use of Probabilistic Risk Assessment Methods for Regulatory
Purposes
407
42.4.4
Microcosm/Mesocosm Testing with Aquatic Organisms
409
42.4.5
Data from Monitoring Studies
420
42.4.6
Endocrine Disruption
410
42.5
Risk Mitigation Measures
411
42.6
Conclusions
412
42.7
References
412
43
A State of the Art of Testing Methods for Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals
in Fish and Daphnids
415
Satoshi Hagino
43.1
Introduction
415
43.2
Fish Testing Methods for Sex Hormones
415
43.3
S-rR Strain Medaka and Sex Reversal Test
426
43.4
Effects of Pesticides Listed in SPEED
'98 419
43.5
Advantages and Disadvantages of the
Endpoints
Selected
419
43.6
Consistency of the Results Obtained Between Sex Reversal Assay, PLC.
and FLC
421
43.7
Development of Test Method for Thyroid Hormone
422
43.8
Endocrine Disrupting Effect of
J H
Mimics to Daphnids
422
43.9
Conclusion
423
43.10
References
424
XXIV
I Contents
44
Pesticide Risk Evaluation for Birds and Mammals
-
Combining Data from Effect and Exposure Studies
425
Christian Wolf, Michael
Riffel, Jens Schabacker
44.1
Introduction
425
44.2
Principles of the Risk Assessment within the
EU 426
44.3
Refined Risk Assessment
426
АЛЛ
Higher-Tiered Studies
426
44.5
Case Study for Combining Effects and Exposure Studies
427
44.6
Conclusion
428
44.7
Reference
429
45
Bioassay for Persistent Organic Pollutants in Transgenic Plants
with Ah Receptor and
CUS
Reporter Genes
431
Hideyuki Inui, Keiko Cion, Yasushi Utani, Hideo Ohkawa
45.1
Introduction
431
45.2 Dioxins 432
45.3 Dioxin Bioassays 432
45.4
The AhR
433
45.5
POP Bioassay Using Transgenic Plants
435
45.6
Prospects
437
45.7
Acknowledgments
437
45.8
References
437
46
Recent Developments in QuEChERS Methodology for Pesticide Multiresidue
Analysis
439
Michelangelo Anastassiades, Ellen
Scherbaum, Bünyamin
Taşdelen,
Darinka
Štajnbaher
46.1
Introduction
439
46.2
Reagents
440
46.3
Apparatus
441
46.4
Procedure
442
46.5
Discussion
446
46.5.1
Improving the Recoveries of Certain Pesticides
446
46.5.2
Improving Selectivity
450
46.5.3
Expanding the Commodity Spectrum Covered by QuEChERS
453
46.6
Measurement
456
46.7
Validation
457
46.8
Conclusion
457
46.9
Acknowledgment
458
46.10
References
458
47
Summary of Scientific Programs in
11"1
IUPAC
International Congress of
Pesticide Chemistry
459
Hisashi Miyagawa, Isao Ueyama
47.1
Introduction
459
Contents XXV
47.2
Plenary Lectures
459
47.3
Session Lectures and Special Workshops
460
47.4
Poster Session
472
47.5
Luncheon and Evening Seminars
474
47.6
Other Scientific Programs
477
47.7
Acknowledgments
477
Appendix
479
Author Index
485
Subject Index
489 |
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| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022616780 |
| classification_tum | LAN 240f CIT 880f |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)315272302 (DE-599)DNB983498822 |
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| dewey-sort | 3577.279 |
| dewey-tens | 570 - Biology |
| discipline | Biologie Agrarwissenschaft Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Pflanzenbau |
| discipline_str_mv | Biologie Agrarwissenschaft Chemie-Ingenieurwesen Pflanzenbau |
| format | Conference Proceeding Book |
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| genre | (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2006 Kobe gnd-content |
| genre_facet | Konferenzschrift 2006 Kobe |
| id | DE-604.BV022616780 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:18:27Z |
| indexdate | 2024-09-06T00:14:53Z |
| institution | BVB |
| institution_GND | (DE-588)10172384-2 |
| isbn | 9783527316632 3527316639 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015822906 |
| oclc_num | 315272302 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| owner_facet | DE-91G DE-BY-TUM |
| physical | XL, 497 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Wiley-VCH |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Pesticide chemistry crop protection, public health, environmental safety [11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, August 6 - 11, 2006, Kobe, Japan]. Ed. by Hideo Ohkawa ... Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2007 XL, 497 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 25 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)1071861417 Konferenzschrift 2006 Kobe gnd-content Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 s b DE-604 Ōkawa, Hideo Sonstige oth International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry 11 2006 Kōbe Sonstige (DE-588)10172384-2 oth text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2930692&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext Digitalisierung TU Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015822906&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Pesticide chemistry crop protection, public health, environmental safety Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4137948-2 (DE-588)1071861417 |
| title | Pesticide chemistry crop protection, public health, environmental safety |
| title_auth | Pesticide chemistry crop protection, public health, environmental safety |
| title_exact_search | Pesticide chemistry crop protection, public health, environmental safety |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Pesticide chemistry crop protection, public health, environmental safety |
| title_full | Pesticide chemistry crop protection, public health, environmental safety [11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, August 6 - 11, 2006, Kobe, Japan]. Ed. by Hideo Ohkawa ... |
| title_fullStr | Pesticide chemistry crop protection, public health, environmental safety [11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, August 6 - 11, 2006, Kobe, Japan]. Ed. by Hideo Ohkawa ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Pesticide chemistry crop protection, public health, environmental safety [11th IUPAC International Congress of Pesticide Chemistry, August 6 - 11, 2006, Kobe, Japan]. Ed. by Hideo Ohkawa ... |
| title_short | Pesticide chemistry |
| title_sort | pesticide chemistry crop protection public health environmental safety |
| title_sub | crop protection, public health, environmental safety |
| topic | Pestizid (DE-588)4137948-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Pestizid Konferenzschrift 2006 Kobe |
| url | http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2930692&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015822906&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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