Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Amsterdam [u.a.]
Elsevier
2007
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| Ausgabe: | 1. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes index |
| Beschreibung: | XXXV, 950 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 044453105X 9780444531056 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Eisler, Ronald |d 1932- |e Verfasser |0 (DE-588)109995937 |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals |c by Ronald Eisler |
| 246 | 1 | 3 | |a Encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals |
| 250 | |a 1. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Amsterdam [u.a.] |b Elsevier |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXXV, 950 S. |b graph. Darst. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Polluants persistants - Aspect de l'environnement | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Umwelt | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Persistent pollutants |x Environmental aspects | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Persistant pollutants |x Toxicology | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136668658139136 |
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| adam_text | LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Some properties of acrolein. 4
1.2 Proposed acrolein criteria for the protection of living resources and human health. 13
2.1 Proposed arsenic criteria for the protection of human health and selected natural 37
resources.
3.1 Some properties of atrazine. 46
4.1 Environmental sources of domestic boron. 61
4.2 Proposed boron criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 71
5.1 Cadmium burdens and residence times in the principal global reservoirs. 79
5.2 Proposed cadmium criteria for the protection of human health and natural resources. 88
6.1 Carbofuran and its degradation products, in mg/kg dry weight, in corn (Zea mays) 97
at silage stage (117 days) and at harvest (149 days) following application of
carbofuran (10%) granules at 5.41 kg/ha.
6.2 Effect of pH, soil type, and application rate on carbofuran degradation in soils. 99
7.1 Proposed chlordane criteria for protection of natural resources and human health. 125
8.1 Selected chlorpyrifos formulations and carriers. 130
8.2 Chemical and other properties of chlorpyrifos. 130
9.1 Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) values for hexavalent and 144
trivalent chromium to aquatic life based on life cycle or partial life cycle
exposures.
9.2 Proposed chromium criteria for the protection of human health and natural 157
resources.
10.1 Proposed copper criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 192
11.1 Some properties of potassium cyanide, hydrogen cyanide, and sodium cyanide. 204
11.2 Proposed free cyanide criteria for the protection of living resources and 227
human health.
13.1 Selected properties of diflubenzuron. 246
14.1 Chemical and physical properties of 2,3,7.8 TCDD. also known as CAS 263
Registry No. 1746 01 6.
14.2 Proposed 2,3,7,8 TCDD criteria for the protection of natural resources and 275
human health.
15.1 Chemical and other properties of famphur. 281
16.1 Chemical and other properties of fenvalerate. 295
16.2 Proposed fenvalerate criteria for the protection of natural resources and 309
human health.
List of Tables
17.1 U.S. gold production by state: 1995 vs. 2000. 320
17.2 Single oral dose toxicity of sodium cyanide fatal to 50% of selected birds 359
and mammals.
18.1 Estimated amounts of lead in global reservoirs. 380
18.2 Proposed lead criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 397
19.1 Proposed mercury criteria for the protection of selected natural resources. 484
19.2 Proposed mercury criteria for the protection of human health. 488
21.1 Proposed molybdenum criteria for the protection of living resources and human 529
health.
22.1 Nickel chronology. 534
22.2 World mine production of nickel. 535
22.3 Inventory of nickel in various global environmental compartments. 548
22.4 Proposed nickel criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 564
23.1 Chemical and other properties of paraquat. 576
23.2 Proposed paraquat criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 586
24.1 Chemical and other properties of pentachlorophenol (PCP). 592
24.2 Proposed pentachlorophenol (PCP) criteria for the protection of natural resources 602
and human health.
25.1 Estimated PCB loads in the global environment. 608
25.2 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): isomeric group, PCB number, structure, 609
and octanol water partition coefficients.
25.3 Proposed toxicity equivalency values (TEFs) relative to 2,3,7,8 TCDD of 614
non ortho, mono ortho, and di ortho planar PCBs.
25.4 Proposed PCB criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 639
26.1 Some physical and chemical properties of selected PAHs. 650
26.2 Major sources of PAHs in atmospheric and aquatic environments. 651
26.3 Proposed PAH criteria for the protection of human health and aquatic life. 669
27.1 New units for use with radiation and radioactivity. 683
27.2 Radionuclide concentrations in selected samples from the Pacific Proving Ground. 693
27.3 Selected fission products in the Chernobyl reactor core, and their estimated escape 697
into the environment.
27.4 Recommended radiological criteria for the protection of human health. 724
28.1 Toxicity of selenium salts to selected aquatic species. 746
28.2 Proposed criteria for prevention of selenium deficiency and for protection against 754
selenosis.
29.1 Proposed silver criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 779
30.1 Some properties of sodium monofluoroacetate. 789
31.1 Total tin flux to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. 815
31.2 Toxicity of selected diorganotin and triorganotin compounds to zoeae of the 818
marine mud crab (Rithropanopeus harrisii) exposed from hatching to age
14 days.
List of Tables
31.3 Proposed organotin criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 825
32.1 Proposed toxaphene criteria for the protection of natural resources and 838
human health.
33.1 Some properties of zinc, zinc chloride, and zinc sulfate. 844
33.2 Proposed zinc criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 878
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Proposed scheme for in vitro mammalian metabolism of acrolein and allyl 6
alcohol, a precursor of acrolein.
3.1 Structural formula of atrazine. 47
6.1 Structural formula of carbofuran. 96
7.1 Chemical structure of chlordane related compounds. 112
8.1 Structures of chlorpyrifos and some of its metabolites. 131
11.1 Summary of lethal and sublethal effects of free cyanide on freshwater fish. 219
12.1 Structural formula of diazinon. 234
13.1 Generalized degradation pattern for diflubenzuron. 247
14.1 Upper: Numbering system used for identification of individual PCDD isomers. 262
Lower: The isomer 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo /;«ra dioxin (2,3,7,8 TCDD).
15.1 Metabolic scheme for famphur in mammals. 282
16.1 Fenvalerate and its isomers. 296
20.1 Structural formula of mirex. 504
23.1 Structural formula of paraquat cation (upper) and of paraquat dichloride 574
salt (lower).
23.2 Proposed pathway of paraquat degradation by a bacterial isolate (upper) 579
and by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (lower).
24.1 Structural formula of pentachlorophenol (PCP). 591
24.2 Some impurities found in technical grade pentachlorophenol (PCP). 593
25.1 Structure of biphenyl. 608
25.2 Planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their derivatives. 616
26.1 Nomenclature of PAHs. 646
26.2 Ring structures of representative noncarcinogenic PAHs. 648
26.3 Ring structures of representative tumorigenic, co carcinogenic, and 649
carcinogenic PAHs.
26.4 The bay region dihydrodiol epoxide route of benzo[a]pyrene. 654
27.1 The spectrum of electromagnetic waves, showing relation between wavelength. 679
frequency, and energy.
27.2 The principal uranium 238 decay series, indicating major decay mode and 681
physical half time of persistence.
27.3 The three still existing natural decay series. 6,S2
27.4 Natural radiations in selected radiological domains. 684
27.5 Plutonium 239. 240 in environmental samples at Thule. Greenland, between 689
1970 and 1984, after a military accident in 1968.
27.6 Chernobyl air plume behavior and reported initial arrival times, of detectable 698
radioactivity.
List of Figures
27.7 Acute radiation dose range fatal to 50% (30 days postexposure) 711
of various taxonomic groups.
27.8 Relation between diet, metabolism, and body weight with half time retention of 713
longest lived component of cesium 137.
27.9 Survival time and associated mode of death of selected mammals after whole body 719
doses of gamma radiation.
27.10 Relation between body weight and radiation induced LD50 (30 days postexposure) 719
for selected mammals.
CONTENTS
Preface vii
About the Author ix
Books by Ronald Eisler xi
List of fables xiii
List of Figures xvii
1 Acrolein 1
1.1 Introduction I
1.2 Sources and Uses 1
1.2.1 Sources 1
1.2.2 Uses 3
1.3 Environmental Chemistry 3
1.3.1 Chemical Properties 4
1.3.2 Persistence 5
1.3.3 Metabolism 5
1.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 6
1.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 7
1.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 8
1.4.3 Birds l)
1.4.4 Mammals 10
1.5 Recommendations 12
1.6 Summary 14
2 Arsenic 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Sources, Fate, and Uses IS
2.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 20
2.4 Essentiality. Synergism, and Antagonism 23
2.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 24
2.5.1 Abiotic Materials 25
2.5.2 Biological Samples 26
2.6 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 28
2.6.1 Carcinogenesis. Mutagenesis. and Teratogenesis 28
2.6.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 29
2.6.3 Aquatic Biota 31
2.6.4 Birds 34
2.6.5 Mammals 34
2.7 Recommendations 36
2.8 Summary 42
3 Atrazine 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Environmental Chemistry 45
3.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 48
Contents
3.4 Effects 49
3.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 49
3.4.2 Aquatic Plants 51
3.4.3 Aquatic Animals 53
3.4.4 Birds 54
3.4.5 Mammals 54
3.5 Recommendations 55
3.6 Summary 56
4 Boron 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Environmental Chemistry 59
4.2.1 Sources and Uses 60
4.2.2 Chemical Properties 61
4.2.3 Mode of Action 62
4.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 64
4.3.1 Nonbiological Materials 64
4.3.2 Plants and Animals 64
4.4 Effects 65
4.4.1 Terrestrial Plants 66
4.4.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 67
4.4.3 Aquatic Organisms 67
4.4.4 Birds 68
4.4.5 Mammals 69
4.5 Recommendations 71
4.6 Summary 75
5 Cadmium 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Environmental Chemistry 77
5.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 78
5.4 Lethal Effects 81
5.5 Sublethal Effects 82
5.6 Bioaccumulation 85
5.7 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis 87
5.8 Recommendations 87
5.9 Summary 93
6 Carbofuran 95
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 Chemical Properties and Persistence 96
6.3 Lethal Effects 99
6.3.1 Aquatic Animals 100
6.3.2 Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants 100
6.3.3 Terrestrial Invertebrates 101
6.3.4 Birds and Mammals 101
6.4 Sublethal Effects 103
6.4.1 Terrestrial Invertebrates 104
6.4.2 Aquatic Biota 104
Contents
6.4.3 Birds 106
6.4.4 Mammals 106
6.5 Recommendations 108
6.6 Summary 109
7 Chlordane Ill
7.1 Introduction Ill
7.2 Chemical and Biochemical Properties Ill
7.3 Uses 115
7.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 115
7.4.1 Abiotic Materials 115
7.4.2 Terrestrial Crops 116
7.4.3 Aquatic Invertebrates 116
7.4.4 Fishes 117
7.4.5 Amphibians and Reptiles 118
7.4.6 Birds 118
7.4.7 Mammals 119
7.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 120
7.5.1 Terrestrial Invertebrates 120
7.5.2 Aquatic Biota 121
7.5.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 122
7.5.4 Birds 122
7.5.5 Mammals 123
7.6 Recommendations 125
7.7 Summary 127
8 Chlorpyrifos 129
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 Environmental Chemistry 129
8.3 Laboratory Investigations 132
8.3.1 Aquatic Organisms 132
8.3.2 Birds and Mammals 133
8.4 Field Investigations 134
8.5 Recommendations 135
8.6 Summary 135
9 Chromium 137
9.1 Introduction 137
9.2 Environmental Chemistry 137
9.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 140
9.4 Beneficial and Protective Properties 141
9.5 Lethal Effects 142
9.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 142
9.5.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 143
9.5.3 Mammals and Birds 143
9.6 Sublethal Effects 145
9.6.1 Aquatic Organisms: Freshwater 145
9.6.1.1 Bacteria 145
9.6.1.2 Algae and Macrophytes 145
Contents
9.6.1.3 Invertebrates 146
9.6.1.4 Fishes 146
9.6.2 Aquatic Organisms: Marine 147
9.6.2.1 Algae and Macrophytes 147
9.6.2.2 Mollusks 148
9.6.2.3 Nematodes 149
9.6.2.4 Crustaceans 149
9.6.2.5 Annelids 150
9.6.2.6 Echinoderms 151
9.6.2.7 Fishes 151
9.6.3 Birds 151
9.6.4 Mammals 152
9.7 Field Investigations 154
9.8 Recommendations 156
9.9 Summary 156
10 Copper 161
10.1 Introduction 161
10.2 Sources and Uses 161
10.2.1 Sources 162
10.2.2 Uses 162
10.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 164
10.3.1 Chemical Properties 164
10.3.2 Metabolism 166
10.3.2.1 Aquatic Organisms 166
10.3.2.2 Mammals 167
10.3.3 Interactions 169
10.3.3.1 Aluminum 169
10.3.3.2 Cadmium 169
10.3.3.3 Iron 170
10.3.3.4 Manganese 170
10.3.3.5 Molybdenum 170
10.3.3.6 Zinc 170
10.3.3.7 Other Inorganics 171
10.3.3.8 Organic Compounds 171
10.4 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity 172
10.4.1 Carcinogenicity 172
10.4.2 Mutagenicity 172
10.4.3 Teratogenicity 173
10.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 173
10.5.1 Abiotic Materials 174
10.5.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 175
10.5.3 Aquatic Organisms 175
10.5.4 Amphibians and Reptiles 178
10.5.5 Birds 178
10.5.6 Mammals 179
10.6 Copper Deficiency Effects 180
10.6.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 180
10.6.2 Aquatic Organisms 180
10.6.3 Birds and Mammals 180
Contents
10.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 182
10.7.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 183
10.7.2 Aquatic Organisms 184
10.7.2.1 Plants 184
10.7.2.2 Cnidarians 184
10.7.2.3 Mollusks 184
10.7.2.4 Arthropods 185
10.7.2.5 Annelids 186
10.7.2.6 Fishes 187
10.7.2.7 Integrated Studies 188
10.7.3 Birds 189
10.7.4 Mammals 189
10.8 Proposed Criteria and Recommendations 191
10.9 Summary 198
11 Cyanide 201
11.1 Introduction 201
11.2 Chemical Properties 203
11.3 Mode of Action 205
11.4 Clinical Features 207
11.5 Antidotes 208
11.6 Sources and Uses 209
11.7 Concentrations in Field Collections 213
11.8 Persistence in Water. Soil, and Air 214
11.9 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 215
11.9.1 Terrestrial Flora and Invertebrates 215
11.9.2 Aquatic Organisms 217
11.9.3 Birds 220
11.9.4 Mammals 222
11.10 Recommendations 227
11.11 Summary 231
12 Diazinon 233
12.1 Introduction 233
12.2 Environmental Chemistry 234
12.3 Lethal Effects 235
12.3.1 Aquatic Organisms 235
12.3.2 Birds . . . . 236
12.3.3 Mammals 237
12.3.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 237
12.4 Sublethal Effects 237
12.4.1 Aquatic Organisms 237
12.4.2 Birds . . . . 239
12.4.3 Mammals 239
12.4.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 240
12.5 Recommendations 241
12.6 Summary 242
Contents
13 Diflubenzuron 245
13.1 Introduction 245
13.2 Environmental Chemistry 245
13.2.1 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 246
13.2.2 Persistence in Soil and Water 247
13.3 Uses 248
13.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 249
13.4.1 Terrestrial Plants 249
13.4.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 250
13.4.3 Aquatic Organisms: Laboratory Studies 251
13.4.4 Aquatic Organisms: Field Studies 253
13.4.5 Birds 254
13.4.6 Mammals 255
13.5 Recommendations 257
13.6 Summary 258
14 Dioxins 261
14.1 Introduction 261
14.2 Environmental Chemistry 262
14.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 264
14.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 268
14.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 268
14.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 268
14.4.3 Birds 270
14.4.4 Mammals 271
14.5 Recommendations 274
14.6 Summary 278
15 Famphur 279
15.1 Introduction 279
15.2 Uses 279
15.3 Chemistry and Metabolism 280
15.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 283
15.4.1 Terrestrial Invertebrates 283
15.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 285
15.4.3 Birds 286
15.4.4 Mammals 288
15.5 Recommendations 289
15.6 Summary 290
16 Fenvalerate 293
16.1 Introduction 293
16.2 Environmental Chemistry 294
16.2.1 Chemical Properties 294
16.2.2 Uses 294
16.2.3 Persistence 297
16.3 Mode of Action 299
16.3.1 Types of Pyrethroids 299
16.3.2 Sodium Gating Kinetics 299
Contents
16.3.3 Metabolism 300
16.3.4 Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity, and Carcinogenicity 301
16.4 Effects 302
16.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 303
16.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 304
16.4.3 Birds 306
16.4.4 Mammals 307
16.5 Recommendations 308
16.6 Summary 311
17 Gold 313
17.1 Introduction 313
17.2 Geology, Sources, and Production 314
17.2.1 Geology 314
17.2.2 Sources and Production 316
17.2.2.1 Asia and Environs 317
17.2.2.2 Canada 317
17.2.2.3 Europe 317
17.2.2.4 Republic of South Africa (RSA) 318
17.2.2.5 South America 318
17.2.2.6 United States 318
17.3 Uses 320
17.3.1 Jewelry 320
17.3.2 Coinage 321
17.3.3 Electronics 321
17.3.4 Radiogold 321
17.3.5 Medicine 322
17.3.6 Dentistry 324
17.3.7 Others 324
17.4 Properties 324
17.4.1 Physical Properties 324
17.4.2 Chemical Properties 325
17.4.3 Biochemical Properties 327
17.5 Gold Concentrations in Field Collections 330
17.5.1 Abiotic Materials 330
17.5.2 Plants 332
17.5.3 Animals 332
17.6 Gold Effects on Plants and Animals 333
17.6.1 Aquatic Organisms 333
17.6.1.1 Monovalent Gold 333
17.6.1.2 Trivalent Gold 333
17.6.2 Laboratory Mammals 334
17.6.2.1 Metallic Gold 334
17.6.2.2 Monovalent Gold 335
17.6.2.3 Trivalent Gold 338
17.6.3 Accumulation 339
17.6.3.1 Microorganisms, Fungi, and Higher Plants 339
17.6.3.2 Aquatic Macrofauna 342
17.6.3.3 Animal Fibrous Proteins 342
Contents
17.7 Health Risks of Gold Miners 342
17.7.1 Australia 342
17.7.2 North America 343
17.7.3 South America 344
17.7.4 Europe 344
17.7.5 Africa 345
17.8 Human Sensitivity to Gold 348
17.8.1 Hypersensitivity 348
17.8.2 Teratogenicity and Carcinogenicity 350
17.8.3 Dental Aspects 350
17.9 Gold Mine Wastes 351
17.9.1 Acid Mine Drainage 351
17.9.2 Tailings 352
17.9.3 Arsenic 352
17.9.4 Mercury Hazards from Gold Mining 352
17.9.5 Cyanide Hazards to Plants and Animals from Gold Mining
and Related Water Issues 353
17.9.5.1 History of Cyanide Use in Gold Mining 353
17.9.5.2 Cyanide Hazards: Aquatic Ecosystems 356
17.9.5.3 Cyanide Hazards: Birds 358
17.9.5.4 Cyanide Hazards: Mammals 360
17.9.5.5 Cyanide Hazards: Terrestrial Flora 361
17.9.5.6 Cyanide Mitigation and Research Needs 361
17.9.5.7 Proposed Cyanide Criteria for the Protection of
Natural Resources and Human Health 362
17.9.5.8 Water Management Issues 362
17.9.5.9 Pit Lakes 364
17.9.5.10 Water Quality and Management Research Needs 365
17.10 Recommendations 365
17.11 Summary 368
18 Lead 371
18.1 Introduction 371
18.2 Sources and Uses 373
18.3 Chemical Properties 374
18.4 Mode of Action 376
18.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 379
18.5.1 Abiotic Materials 379
18.5.2 Fungi, Mosses, and Lichens 381
18.5.3 Terrestrial Plants 381
18.5.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 382
18.5.5 Aquatic Biota 382
18.5.6 Amphibians and Reptiles 383
18.5.7 Birds 383
18.5.8 Mammals 386
18.6 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 387
18.6.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 388
18.6.2 Aquatic Biota 389
18.6.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 392
Contents
18.6.4 Birds 392
18.6.5 Mammals 394
18.7 Recommendations 396
18.8 Summary 405
19 Mercury 407
19.1 Introduction 407
19.2 Mercury Uses and Sources 409
19.2.1 Uses 410
19.2.2 Sources 411
19.2.2.1 Natural Sources 411
19.2.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources 412
19.3 Properties 415
19.3.1 Physical Properties 415
19.3.2 Chemical Properties 415
19.3.3 Biological Properties 417
19.3.4 Biochemical Properties 418
19.3.5 Mercury Transport and Speciation 419
19.3.6 Mercury Measurement 421
19.4 Mercury Poisoning and Treatment 421
19.4.1 Poisoning 42!
19.4.1.1 Elemental Mercury 421
19.4.1.2 Inorganic Mercurials 422
19.4.1.2.1 Mercuric Mercury 422
19.4.1.2.2 Mercurous Mercury 423
19.4.1.3 Organomercurials 423
19.4.2 Mercury Treatment 424
19.5 Mercury Concentrations in Abiotic Materials 425
19.5.1 Air 426
19.5.2 Coal 426
19.5.3 Sediments 426
19.5.4 Sewage Sludge 427
19.5.5 Snow and Ice 427
19.5.6 Soils 427
19.5.7 Water 428
19.6 Mercury Concentrations in Plants and Animals 428
19.6.1 Algae and Macrophytes 429
19.6.2 Invertebrates . . . . 430
19.6.3 Elasmobranchs and Bony Fishes 430
19.6.4 Amphibians and Reptiles 434
19.6.5 Birds 435
19.6.6 Humans 439
19.6.7 Other Mammals 440
19.6.8 Integrated Collections 443
19.7 Lethal Effects of Mercurials 443
19.7.1 Aquatic Organisms 443
19.7.1.1 Invertebrates 443
19.7.1.2 Vertebrates 444
19.7.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 445
19.7.3 Reptiles 445
Contents
19.7.4 Birds 445
19.7.5 Mammals 446
19.8 Sublethal Effects 447
19.8.1 Carcinogenicity, Genotoxicity, and Teratogenicity 447
19.8.1.1 Carcinogenicity 448
19.8.1.2 Genotoxicity 448
19.8.1.3 Teratogenicity 448
19.8.2 Bacteria and Other Microorganisms 449
19.8.3 Terrestrial Plants 450
19.8.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 450
19.8.5 Aquatic Plants 451
19.8.6 Aquatic Animals 451
19.8.6.1 Invertebrates 452
19.8.6.1.1 Planarians 452
19.8.6.1.2 Coelenterates 452
19.8.6.1.3 Mollusks 452
19.8.6.1.4 Crustaceans 453
19.8.6.1.5 Annelids 455
19.8.6.1.6 Echinoderms 455
19.8.6.2 Vertebrates 455
19.8.6.2.1 Fishes 455
19.8.6.2.2 Amphibians 459
19.8.7 Birds 459
19.8.8 Mammals 462
19.9 Minamata 466
19.9.1 Minamata Disease 467
19.9.1.1 Human Health 467
19.9.1.2 Natural Resources 470
19.9.2 Mitigation 471
19.10 Mercury Hazards from Gold Mining 472
19.10.1 History 473
19.10.2 Brazil 475
19.10.2.1 Mercury Sources and Release Rates 475
19.10.2.2 Mercury Concentrations in Abiotic Materials and Biota . 477
19.10.2.3 Mitigation 480
19.10.3 The United States 481
19.11 Proposed Mercury Criteria for the Protection of Natural Resources
and Human Health 484
19.11.1 Agricultural Crops 492
19.11.2 Aquatic Life 493
19.11.3 Birds 494
19.11.4 Mammals 494
19.11.5 Human Health 495
19.12 Summary 497
20 Mirex 503
20.1 Introduction 503
20.2 Chemical Properties 503
20.3 Lethal Effects 504
20.3.1 Aquatic Organisms 504
20.3.2 Birds and Mammals 505
Contents
20.4 Sublethal Effects 505
20.4.1 Aquatic Organisms 505
20.4.2 Birds 506
20.4.3 Mammals 506
20.5 Bioaccumulation 507
20.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 507
20.5.2 Birds and Mammals 508
20.6 Mirex in the Southeastern U.S 509
20.7 Mirex in the Great Lakes 511
20.8 Mirex in Other Geographic Areas 513
20.9 Recommendations 514
20.10 Summary 516
21 Molybdenum 517
21.1 Introduction 517
21.2 Environmental Chemistry 517
21.2.1 Sources and Uses 518
21.2.2 Chemical Properties 518
21.2.3 Mode of Action 519
21.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 520
21.3.1 Nonbiological Samples 520
21.3.2 Biological Samples 52!
21.4 Effects 522
21.4.1 Terrestrial Plants 522
21.4.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 523
21.4.3 Aquatic Organisms 523
21.4.4 Birds 525
21.4.5 Mammals 525
21.5 Recommendations 528
21.6 Summary 531
22 Nickel 533
22.1 Introduction 533
22.2 Sources and Uses 534
22.2.1 Sources 535
22.2.2 Uses 536
22.3 Properties 537
22.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 537
22.3.2 Metabolism 538
22.3.3 Interactions 541
22.4 Carcinogenicity. Mutagenicity. and Teratogenicity 542
22.4.1 Carcinogenicity 543
22.4.2 Mutagenicity 546
22.4.3 Teratogenicity 546
22.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 548
22.5.1 Abiotic Materials 549
22.5.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 550
22.5.3 Aquatic Organisms 551
22.5.4 Amphibians 55]
22.5.5 Birds 552
Contents
22.5.6 Mammals 552
22.5.7 Integrated Studies 553
22.6 Nickel Deficiency Effects 554
22.6.1 Bacteria and Plants 554
22.6.2 Birds 555
22.6.3 Mammals 555
22.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 556
22.7.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 556
22.7.2 Aquatic Organisms 557
22.7.3 Birds 558
22.7.4 Mammals 558
22.8 Proposed Criteria and Recommendations 563
22.9 Summary 570
23 Paraquat 573
23.1 Introduction 573
23.2 Uses 574
23.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 574
23.4 Environmental Chemistry 575
23.4.1 Chemical Properties 575
23.4.2 Mode of Action 575
23.4.3 Fate in Soils and Water 578
23.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 579
23.5.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 580
23.5.2 Aquatic Organisms 582
23.5.3 Birds 583
23.5.4 Mammals 584
23.6 Recommendations 585
23.7 Summary 588
24 Pentachlorophenol 589
24.1 Introduction 589
24.2 Environmental Chemistry 590
24.2.1 Sources and Uses 590
24.2.2 Properties 591
24.2.3 Fate 593
24.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 595
24.4 Effects 596
24.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 596
24.4.2 Aquatic Biota 597
24.4.3 Birds 599
24.4.4 Mammals 599
24.5 Recommendations 601
24.6 Summary 606
25 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 607
25.1 Introduction 607
25.2 Sources and Uses 607
Contents
25.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 608
25.3.1 Physical Properties 612
25.3.2 Toxic Equivalency Factors 613
25.3.3 Structure Function Relations 614
25.3.4 Quantitation 615
25.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 620
25.4.1 Nonbiological Materials 620
25.4.2 Marine Mammals 623
25.4.3 Other Aquatic Organisms 625
25.4.4 Reptiles 630
25.4.5 Birds 630
25.4.6 Terrestrial Mammals 632
25.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 634
25.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 634
25.5.2 Birds 636
25.5.3 Mammals 637
25.6 Recommendations 639
25.7 Summary 643
26 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 645
26.1 Introduction 645
26.2 Environmental Chemistry, Sources, and Fate 646
26.2.1 Properties 646
26.2.2 Sources 647
26.2.3 Fate 651
26.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 654
26.3.1 Nonbiological Samples 655
26.3.2 Biological Samples 656
26.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 659
26.4.1 Fungi 659
26.4.2 Terrestrial Plants 659
26.4.3 Aquatic Biota 660
26.4.4 Amphibians and Reptiles 665
26.4.5 Birds 665
26.4.6 Mammals 666
26.5 Recommendations 669
26.6 Summary 675
27 Radiation 677
27.1 Introduction 677
27.2 Physical Properties of Radiation 678
27.2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 679
27.2.2 Radionuclides 679
27.2.3 Linear Energy Transfer 680
27.2.4 New Units of Measurement 680
27.3 Sources and Uses 680
27.3.1 Natural Radioactivity 681
27.3.2 Anthropogenic Radioactivity 683
27.3.3 Dispersion 687
Contents
21A Radionuclide Concentrations in Field Collections 688
27.4.1 Abiotic Materials 688
27.4.2 Aquatic Ecosystems 688
27.4.3 Birds 690
27.4.4 Mammals 691
27.5 Case Histories 692
27.5.1 Pacific Proving Grounds 693
27.5.2 Chernobyl 696
27.5.2.1 Local Effects 698
27.5.2.1.1 Acute Effects 699
27.5.2.1.2 Latent Effects: Humans 700
27.5.2.1.3 Latent Effects: Plants and Animals 701
27.5.2.2 Nonlocal Effects 704
27.5.2.2.1 Soil and Vegetation 704
27.5.2.2.2 Aquatic Life 705
27.5.2.2.3 Wildlife 706
27.5.2.2.4 Domestic Animals 708
27.6 Effects: Nonionizing Radiations 709
27.7 Effects: Ionizing Radiations 711
27.7.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 713
27.7.2 Aquatic Organisms 714
27.7.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 717
27.7.4 Birds 717
27.7.5 Mammals 718
27.7.5.1 Survival 718
27.7.5.2 Carcinogenicity 719
27.7.5.3 Mutagenicity 721
27.7.5.4 Organ and Tissue Damage 721
27.7.5.5 Behavior 722
27.7.5.6 Absorption and Assimilation 722
27.8 Proposed Criteria and Recommendations 723
27.9 Summary 730
28 Selenium 737
28.1 Introduction 737
28.2 Environmental Chemistry 738
28.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 740
28.4 Deficiency and Protective Effects 743
28.5 Lethal Effects 745
28.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 745
28.5.2 Mammals and Birds 747
28.6 Sublethal and Latent Effects 749
28.6.1 Aquatic Organisms 749
28.6.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 751
28.6.3 Birds 752
28.6.4 Mammals 752
28.7 Recommendations 753
28.8 Summary 759
Contents
29 Silver 761
29.1 Introduction 761
29.2 Sources and Uses 761
29.2.1 Sources 761
29.2.2 Uses 763
29.3 Properties 764
29.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 764
29.3.2 Metabolism 766
29.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 769
29.4.1 Abiotic Materials 769
29.4.2 Plants and Animals 770
29.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 772
29.5.1 Terrestrial Vegetation 772
29.5.2 Aquatic Organisms 772
29.5.3 Birds and Mammals 776
29.6 Recommendations 778
29.7 Summary 781
30 Sodium Monofluoroacetate 783
30.1 Introduction 783
30.2 Uses 784
30.2.1 Domestic Use 784
30.2.2 Nondomestic Use 786
30.3 Environmental Chemistry 788
30.3.1 Chemical Properties 789
30.3.2 Persistence 790
30.3.3 Metabolism 791
30.3.4 Antidotes 793
30.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 795
30.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 795
30.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 797
30.4.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 798
30.4.4 Birds 798
30.4.5 Mammals 801
30.5 Recommendations 805
30.6 Summary 807
31 Tin 809
31.1 Introduction 809
31.2 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 810
31.2.1 Inorganic Tin 810
31.2.2 Organotins 811
31.3 Sources and Uses 813
31.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 815
31.4.1 Abiotic Materials 815
31.4.2 Biological Samples 816
31.5 Effects . 817
31.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 817
31.5.2 Birds . . . . 821
Contents
31.5.3 Mammals 822
31.5.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 824
31.6 Recommendations 824
31.7 Summary 827
32 Toxaphene 829
32.1 Introduction 829
32.2 Environmental Chemistry 830
32.3 Concentrations in Field Populations 832
32.4 Lethal Effects 834
32.5 Sublethal Effects 835
32.6 Recommendations 837
32.7 Summary 839
33 Zinc 841
33.1 Introduction 841
33.2 Sources and Uses 842
33.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 843
33.3.1 Chemical Properties 843
33.3.2 Metabolism 845
33.3.3 Interactions 848
33.3.3.1 Cadmium 848
33.3.3.2 Copper 849
33.3.3.3 Lead 849
33.3.3.4 Nickel 850
33.3.3.5 Others 850
33.4 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity 851
33.4.1 Carcinogenicity 851
33.4.2 Mutagenicity 852
33.4.3 Teratogenicity 853
33.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 853
33.5.1 Abiotic Materials 853
33.5.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 854
33.5.3 Aquatic Organisms 855
33.5.4 Birds ... 857
33.5.5 Mammals 858
33.6 Zinc Deficiency Effects 860
33.6.1 Terrestrial Plants 860
33.6.2 Aquatic Organisms 860
33.6.3 Birds ... 861
33.6.4 Mammals 861
33.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 865
33.7.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 865
33.7.2 Aquatic Organisms 866
33.7.2.1 Alaae and Macrophytes 867
33.7.2.2 Mollusks 868
33.7.2.3 Arthropods 869
33.7.2.4 Annelids 871
33.7.2.5 Echinoderms 871
Contents
33.7.2.6 Fishes 872
33.7.2.7 Amphibians 874
33.7.3 Birds 874
33.7.4 Mammals 875
33.8 Recommendations 877
33.9 Summary 887
General Index 891
Species Index 933
|
| adam_txt |
LIST OF TABLES
1.1 Some properties of acrolein. 4
1.2 Proposed acrolein criteria for the protection of living resources and human health. 13
2.1 Proposed arsenic criteria for the protection of human health and selected natural 37
resources.
3.1 Some properties of atrazine. 46
4.1 Environmental sources of domestic boron. 61
4.2 Proposed boron criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 71
5.1 Cadmium burdens and residence times in the principal global reservoirs. 79
5.2 Proposed cadmium criteria for the protection of human health and natural resources. 88
6.1 Carbofuran and its degradation products, in mg/kg dry weight, in corn (Zea mays) 97
at silage stage (117 days) and at harvest (149 days) following application of
carbofuran (10%) granules at 5.41 kg/ha.
6.2 Effect of pH, soil type, and application rate on carbofuran degradation in soils. 99
7.1 Proposed chlordane criteria for protection of natural resources and human health. 125
8.1 Selected chlorpyrifos formulations and carriers. 130
8.2 Chemical and other properties of chlorpyrifos. 130
9.1 Maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) values for hexavalent and 144
trivalent chromium to aquatic life based on life cycle or partial life cycle
exposures.
9.2 Proposed chromium criteria for the protection of human health and natural 157
resources.
10.1 Proposed copper criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 192
11.1 Some properties of potassium cyanide, hydrogen cyanide, and sodium cyanide. 204
11.2 Proposed free cyanide criteria for the protection of living resources and 227
human health.
13.1 Selected properties of diflubenzuron. 246
14.1 Chemical and physical properties of 2,3,7.8 TCDD. also known as CAS 263
Registry No. 1746 01 6.
14.2 Proposed 2,3,7,8 TCDD criteria for the protection of natural resources and 275
human health.
15.1 Chemical and other properties of famphur. 281
16.1 Chemical and other properties of fenvalerate. 295
16.2 Proposed fenvalerate criteria for the protection of natural resources and 309
human health.
List of Tables
17.1 U.S. gold production by state: 1995 vs. 2000. 320
17.2 Single oral dose toxicity of sodium cyanide fatal to 50% of selected birds 359
and mammals.
18.1 Estimated amounts of lead in global reservoirs. 380
18.2 Proposed lead criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 397
19.1 Proposed mercury criteria for the protection of selected natural resources. 484
19.2 Proposed mercury criteria for the protection of human health. 488
21.1 Proposed molybdenum criteria for the protection of living resources and human 529
health.
22.1 Nickel chronology. 534
22.2 World mine production of nickel. 535
22.3 Inventory of nickel in various global environmental compartments. 548
22.4 Proposed nickel criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 564
23.1 Chemical and other properties of paraquat. 576
23.2 Proposed paraquat criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 586
24.1 Chemical and other properties of pentachlorophenol (PCP). 592
24.2 Proposed pentachlorophenol (PCP) criteria for the protection of natural resources 602
and human health.
25.1 Estimated PCB loads in the global environment. 608
25.2 Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs): isomeric group, PCB number, structure, 609
and octanol water partition coefficients.
25.3 Proposed toxicity equivalency values (TEFs) relative to 2,3,7,8 TCDD of 614
non ortho, mono ortho, and di ortho planar PCBs.
25.4 Proposed PCB criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 639
26.1 Some physical and chemical properties of selected PAHs. 650
26.2 Major sources of PAHs in atmospheric and aquatic environments. 651
26.3 Proposed PAH criteria for the protection of human health and aquatic life. 669
27.1 New units for use with radiation and radioactivity. 683
27.2 Radionuclide concentrations in selected samples from the Pacific Proving Ground. 693
27.3 Selected fission products in the Chernobyl reactor core, and their estimated escape 697
into the environment.
27.4 Recommended radiological criteria for the protection of human health. 724
28.1 Toxicity of selenium salts to selected aquatic species. 746
28.2 Proposed criteria for prevention of selenium deficiency and for protection against 754
selenosis.
29.1 Proposed silver criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 779
30.1 Some properties of sodium monofluoroacetate. 789
31.1 Total tin flux to the atmosphere and hydrosphere. 815
31.2 Toxicity of selected diorganotin and triorganotin compounds to zoeae of the 818
marine mud crab (Rithropanopeus harrisii) exposed from hatching to age
14 days.
List of Tables
31.3 Proposed organotin criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 825
32.1 Proposed toxaphene criteria for the protection of natural resources and 838
human health.
33.1 Some properties of zinc, zinc chloride, and zinc sulfate. 844
33.2 Proposed zinc criteria for the protection of natural resources and human health. 878
LIST OF FIGURES
1.1 Proposed scheme for in vitro mammalian metabolism of acrolein and allyl 6
alcohol, a precursor of acrolein.
3.1 Structural formula of atrazine. 47
6.1 Structural formula of carbofuran. 96
7.1 Chemical structure of chlordane related compounds. 112
8.1 Structures of chlorpyrifos and some of its metabolites. 131
11.1 Summary of lethal and sublethal effects of free cyanide on freshwater fish. 219
12.1 Structural formula of diazinon. 234
13.1 Generalized degradation pattern for diflubenzuron. 247
14.1 Upper: Numbering system used for identification of individual PCDD isomers. 262
Lower: The isomer 2,3,7,8 tetrachlorodibenzo /;«ra dioxin (2,3,7,8 TCDD).
15.1 Metabolic scheme for famphur in mammals. 282
16.1 Fenvalerate and its isomers. 296
20.1 Structural formula of mirex. 504
23.1 Structural formula of paraquat cation (upper) and of paraquat dichloride 574
salt (lower).
23.2 Proposed pathway of paraquat degradation by a bacterial isolate (upper) 579
and by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation (lower).
24.1 Structural formula of pentachlorophenol (PCP). 591
24.2 Some impurities found in technical grade pentachlorophenol (PCP). 593
25.1 Structure of biphenyl. 608
25.2 Planar polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and their derivatives. 616
26.1 Nomenclature of PAHs. 646
26.2 Ring structures of representative noncarcinogenic PAHs. 648
26.3 Ring structures of representative tumorigenic, co carcinogenic, and 649
carcinogenic PAHs.
26.4 The bay region dihydrodiol epoxide route of benzo[a]pyrene. 654
27.1 The spectrum of electromagnetic waves, showing relation between wavelength. 679
frequency, and energy.
27.2 The principal uranium 238 decay series, indicating major decay mode and 681
physical half time of persistence.
27.3 The three still existing natural decay series. 6,S2
27.4 Natural radiations in selected radiological domains. 684
27.5 Plutonium 239. 240 in environmental samples at Thule. Greenland, between 689
1970 and 1984, after a military accident in 1968.
27.6 Chernobyl air plume behavior and reported initial arrival times, of detectable 698
radioactivity.
List of Figures
27.7 Acute radiation dose range fatal to 50% (30 days postexposure) 711
of various taxonomic groups.
27.8 Relation between diet, metabolism, and body weight with half time retention of 713
longest lived component of cesium 137.
27.9 Survival time and associated mode of death of selected mammals after whole body 719
doses of gamma radiation.
27.10 Relation between body weight and radiation induced LD50 (30 days postexposure) 719
for selected mammals.
CONTENTS
Preface vii
About the Author ix
Books by Ronald Eisler xi
List of fables xiii
List of Figures xvii
1 Acrolein 1
1.1 Introduction I
1.2 Sources and Uses 1
1.2.1 Sources 1
1.2.2 Uses 3
1.3 Environmental Chemistry 3
1.3.1 Chemical Properties 4
1.3.2 Persistence 5
1.3.3 Metabolism 5
1.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 6
1.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 7
1.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 8
1.4.3 Birds l)
1.4.4 Mammals 10
1.5 Recommendations 12
1.6 Summary 14
2 Arsenic 17
2.1 Introduction 17
2.2 Sources, Fate, and Uses IS
2.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 20
2.4 Essentiality. Synergism, and Antagonism 23
2.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 24
2.5.1 Abiotic Materials 25
2.5.2 Biological Samples 26
2.6 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 28
2.6.1 Carcinogenesis. Mutagenesis. and Teratogenesis 28
2.6.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 29
2.6.3 Aquatic Biota 31
2.6.4 Birds 34
2.6.5 Mammals 34
2.7 Recommendations 36
2.8 Summary 42
3 Atrazine 45
3.1 Introduction 45
3.2 Environmental Chemistry 45
3.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 48
Contents
3.4 Effects 49
3.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 49
3.4.2 Aquatic Plants 51
3.4.3 Aquatic Animals 53
3.4.4 Birds 54
3.4.5 Mammals 54
3.5 Recommendations 55
3.6 Summary 56
4 Boron 59
4.1 Introduction 59
4.2 Environmental Chemistry 59
4.2.1 Sources and Uses 60
4.2.2 Chemical Properties 61
4.2.3 Mode of Action 62
4.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 64
4.3.1 Nonbiological Materials 64
4.3.2 Plants and Animals 64
4.4 Effects 65
4.4.1 Terrestrial Plants 66
4.4.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 67
4.4.3 Aquatic Organisms 67
4.4.4 Birds 68
4.4.5 Mammals 69
4.5 Recommendations 71
4.6 Summary 75
5 Cadmium 77
5.1 Introduction 77
5.2 Environmental Chemistry 77
5.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 78
5.4 Lethal Effects 81
5.5 Sublethal Effects 82
5.6 Bioaccumulation 85
5.7 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, and Carcinogenesis 87
5.8 Recommendations 87
5.9 Summary 93
6 Carbofuran 95
6.1 Introduction 95
6.2 Chemical Properties and Persistence 96
6.3 Lethal Effects 99
6.3.1 Aquatic Animals 100
6.3.2 Aquatic and Terrestrial Plants 100
6.3.3 Terrestrial Invertebrates 101
6.3.4 Birds and Mammals 101
6.4 Sublethal Effects 103
6.4.1 Terrestrial Invertebrates 104
6.4.2 Aquatic Biota 104
Contents
6.4.3 Birds 106
6.4.4 Mammals 106
6.5 Recommendations 108
6.6 Summary 109
7 Chlordane Ill
7.1 Introduction Ill
7.2 Chemical and Biochemical Properties Ill
7.3 Uses 115
7.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 115
7.4.1 Abiotic Materials 115
7.4.2 Terrestrial Crops 116
7.4.3 Aquatic Invertebrates 116
7.4.4 Fishes 117
7.4.5 Amphibians and Reptiles 118
7.4.6 Birds 118
7.4.7 Mammals 119
7.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 120
7.5.1 Terrestrial Invertebrates 120
7.5.2 Aquatic Biota 121
7.5.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 122
7.5.4 Birds 122
7.5.5 Mammals 123
7.6 Recommendations 125
7.7 Summary 127
8 Chlorpyrifos 129
8.1 Introduction 129
8.2 Environmental Chemistry 129
8.3 Laboratory Investigations 132
8.3.1 Aquatic Organisms 132
8.3.2 Birds and Mammals 133
8.4 Field Investigations 134
8.5 Recommendations 135
8.6 Summary 135
9 Chromium 137
9.1 Introduction 137
9.2 Environmental Chemistry 137
9.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 140
9.4 Beneficial and Protective Properties 141
9.5 Lethal Effects 142
9.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 142
9.5.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 143
9.5.3 Mammals and Birds 143
9.6 Sublethal Effects 145
9.6.1 Aquatic Organisms: Freshwater 145
9.6.1.1 Bacteria 145
9.6.1.2 Algae and Macrophytes 145
Contents
9.6.1.3 Invertebrates 146
9.6.1.4 Fishes 146
9.6.2 Aquatic Organisms: Marine 147
9.6.2.1 Algae and Macrophytes 147
9.6.2.2 Mollusks 148
9.6.2.3 Nematodes 149
9.6.2.4 Crustaceans 149
9.6.2.5 Annelids 150
9.6.2.6 Echinoderms 151
9.6.2.7 Fishes 151
9.6.3 Birds 151
9.6.4 Mammals 152
9.7 Field Investigations 154
9.8 Recommendations 156
9.9 Summary 156
10 Copper 161
10.1 Introduction 161
10.2 Sources and Uses 161
10.2.1 Sources 162
10.2.2 Uses 162
10.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 164
10.3.1 Chemical Properties 164
10.3.2 Metabolism 166
10.3.2.1 Aquatic Organisms 166
10.3.2.2 Mammals 167
10.3.3 Interactions 169
10.3.3.1 Aluminum 169
10.3.3.2 Cadmium 169
10.3.3.3 Iron 170
10.3.3.4 Manganese 170
10.3.3.5 Molybdenum 170
10.3.3.6 Zinc 170
10.3.3.7 Other Inorganics 171
10.3.3.8 Organic Compounds 171
10.4 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity 172
10.4.1 Carcinogenicity 172
10.4.2 Mutagenicity 172
10.4.3 Teratogenicity 173
10.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 173
10.5.1 Abiotic Materials 174
10.5.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 175
10.5.3 Aquatic Organisms 175
10.5.4 Amphibians and Reptiles 178
10.5.5 Birds 178
10.5.6 Mammals 179
10.6 Copper Deficiency Effects 180
10.6.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 180
10.6.2 Aquatic Organisms 180
10.6.3 Birds and Mammals 180
Contents
10.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 182
10.7.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 183
10.7.2 Aquatic Organisms 184
10.7.2.1 Plants 184
10.7.2.2 Cnidarians 184
10.7.2.3 Mollusks 184
10.7.2.4 Arthropods 185
10.7.2.5 Annelids 186
10.7.2.6 Fishes 187
10.7.2.7 Integrated Studies 188
10.7.3 Birds 189
10.7.4 Mammals 189
10.8 Proposed Criteria and Recommendations 191
10.9 Summary 198
11 Cyanide 201
11.1 Introduction 201
11.2 Chemical Properties 203
11.3 Mode of Action 205
11.4 Clinical Features 207
11.5 Antidotes 208
11.6 Sources and Uses 209
11.7 Concentrations in Field Collections 213
11.8 Persistence in Water. Soil, and Air 214
11.9 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 215
11.9.1 Terrestrial Flora and Invertebrates 215
11.9.2 Aquatic Organisms 217
11.9.3 Birds 220
11.9.4 Mammals 222
11.10 Recommendations 227
11.11 Summary 231
12 Diazinon 233
12.1 Introduction 233
12.2 Environmental Chemistry 234
12.3 Lethal Effects " 235
12.3.1 Aquatic Organisms 235
12.3.2 Birds . . .". 236
12.3.3 Mammals 237
12.3.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 237
12.4 Sublethal Effects 237
12.4.1 Aquatic Organisms 237
12.4.2 Birds . . .". 239
12.4.3 Mammals 239
12.4.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 240
12.5 Recommendations 241
12.6 Summary 242
Contents
13 Diflubenzuron 245
13.1 Introduction 245
13.2 Environmental Chemistry 245
13.2.1 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 246
13.2.2 Persistence in Soil and Water 247
13.3 Uses 248
13.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 249
13.4.1 Terrestrial Plants 249
13.4.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 250
13.4.3 Aquatic Organisms: Laboratory Studies 251
13.4.4 Aquatic Organisms: Field Studies 253
13.4.5 Birds 254
13.4.6 Mammals 255
13.5 Recommendations 257
13.6 Summary 258
14 Dioxins 261
14.1 Introduction 261
14.2 Environmental Chemistry 262
14.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 264
14.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 268
14.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 268
14.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 268
14.4.3 Birds 270
14.4.4 Mammals 271
14.5 Recommendations 274
14.6 Summary 278
15 Famphur 279
15.1 Introduction 279
15.2 Uses 279
15.3 Chemistry and Metabolism 280
15.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 283
15.4.1 Terrestrial Invertebrates 283
15.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 285
15.4.3 Birds 286
15.4.4 Mammals 288
15.5 Recommendations 289
15.6 Summary 290
16 Fenvalerate 293
16.1 Introduction 293
16.2 Environmental Chemistry 294
16.2.1 Chemical Properties 294
16.2.2 Uses 294
16.2.3 Persistence 297
16.3 Mode of Action 299
16.3.1 Types of Pyrethroids 299
16.3.2 Sodium Gating Kinetics 299
Contents
16.3.3 Metabolism 300
16.3.4 Mutagenicity, Teratogenicity, and Carcinogenicity 301
16.4 Effects 302
16.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 303
16.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 304
16.4.3 Birds 306
16.4.4 Mammals 307
16.5 Recommendations 308
16.6 Summary 311
17 Gold 313
17.1 Introduction 313
17.2 Geology, Sources, and Production 314
17.2.1 Geology 314
17.2.2 Sources and Production 316
17.2.2.1 Asia and Environs 317
17.2.2.2 Canada 317
17.2.2.3 Europe 317
17.2.2.4 Republic of South Africa (RSA) 318
17.2.2.5 South America 318
17.2.2.6 United States 318
17.3 Uses 320
17.3.1 Jewelry 320
17.3.2 Coinage 321
17.3.3 Electronics 321
17.3.4 Radiogold 321
17.3.5 Medicine 322
17.3.6 Dentistry 324
17.3.7 Others 324
17.4 Properties 324
17.4.1 Physical Properties 324
17.4.2 Chemical Properties 325
17.4.3 Biochemical Properties 327
17.5 Gold Concentrations in Field Collections 330
17.5.1 Abiotic Materials 330
17.5.2 Plants 332
17.5.3 Animals 332
17.6 Gold Effects on Plants and Animals 333
17.6.1 Aquatic Organisms 333
17.6.1.1 Monovalent Gold 333
17.6.1.2 Trivalent Gold 333
17.6.2 Laboratory Mammals 334
17.6.2.1 Metallic Gold 334
17.6.2.2 Monovalent Gold 335
17.6.2.3 Trivalent Gold 338
17.6.3 Accumulation 339
17.6.3.1 Microorganisms, Fungi, and Higher Plants 339
17.6.3.2 Aquatic Macrofauna 342
17.6.3.3 Animal Fibrous Proteins 342
Contents
17.7 Health Risks of Gold Miners 342
17.7.1 Australia 342
17.7.2 North America 343
17.7.3 South America 344
17.7.4 Europe 344
17.7.5 Africa 345
17.8 Human Sensitivity to Gold 348
17.8.1 Hypersensitivity 348
17.8.2 Teratogenicity and Carcinogenicity 350
17.8.3 Dental Aspects 350
17.9 Gold Mine Wastes 351
17.9.1 Acid Mine Drainage 351
17.9.2 Tailings 352
17.9.3 Arsenic 352
17.9.4 Mercury Hazards from Gold Mining 352
17.9.5 Cyanide Hazards to Plants and Animals from Gold Mining
and Related Water Issues 353
17.9.5.1 History of Cyanide Use in Gold Mining 353
17.9.5.2 Cyanide Hazards: Aquatic Ecosystems 356
17.9.5.3 Cyanide Hazards: Birds 358
17.9.5.4 Cyanide Hazards: Mammals 360
17.9.5.5 Cyanide Hazards: Terrestrial Flora 361
17.9.5.6 Cyanide Mitigation and Research Needs 361
17.9.5.7 Proposed Cyanide Criteria for the Protection of
Natural Resources and Human Health 362
17.9.5.8 Water Management Issues 362
17.9.5.9 Pit Lakes 364
17.9.5.10 Water Quality and Management Research Needs 365
17.10 Recommendations 365
17.11 Summary 368
18 Lead 371
18.1 Introduction 371
18.2 Sources and Uses 373
18.3 Chemical Properties 374
18.4 Mode of Action 376
18.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 379
18.5.1 Abiotic Materials 379
18.5.2 Fungi, Mosses, and Lichens 381
18.5.3 Terrestrial Plants 381
18.5.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 382
18.5.5 Aquatic Biota 382
18.5.6 Amphibians and Reptiles 383
18.5.7 Birds 383
18.5.8 Mammals 386
18.6 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 387
18.6.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 388
18.6.2 Aquatic Biota 389
18.6.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 392
Contents
18.6.4 Birds 392
18.6.5 Mammals 394
18.7 Recommendations 396
18.8 Summary 405
19 Mercury 407
19.1 Introduction 407
19.2 Mercury Uses and Sources 409
19.2.1 Uses 410
19.2.2 Sources 411
19.2.2.1 Natural Sources 411
19.2.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources 412
19.3 Properties 415
19.3.1 Physical Properties 415
19.3.2 Chemical Properties 415
19.3.3 Biological Properties 417
19.3.4 Biochemical Properties 418
19.3.5 Mercury Transport and Speciation 419
19.3.6 Mercury Measurement 421
19.4 Mercury Poisoning and Treatment 421
19.4.1 Poisoning 42!
19.4.1.1 Elemental Mercury 421
19.4.1.2 Inorganic Mercurials 422
19.4.1.2.1 Mercuric Mercury 422
19.4.1.2.2 Mercurous Mercury 423
19.4.1.3 Organomercurials 423
19.4.2 Mercury Treatment 424
19.5 Mercury Concentrations in Abiotic Materials 425
19.5.1 Air 426
19.5.2 Coal 426
19.5.3 Sediments 426
19.5.4 Sewage Sludge 427
19.5.5 Snow and Ice 427
19.5.6 Soils 427
19.5.7 Water 428
19.6 Mercury Concentrations in Plants and Animals 428
19.6.1 Algae and Macrophytes 429
19.6.2 Invertebrates . . . ." 430
19.6.3 Elasmobranchs and Bony Fishes 430
19.6.4 Amphibians and Reptiles 434
19.6.5 Birds 435
19.6.6 Humans 439
19.6.7 Other Mammals 440
19.6.8 Integrated Collections 443
19.7 Lethal Effects'of Mercurials 443
19.7.1 Aquatic Organisms 443
19.7.1.1 Invertebrates 443
19.7.1.2 Vertebrates 444
19.7.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 445
19.7.3 Reptiles 445
Contents
19.7.4 Birds 445
19.7.5 Mammals 446
19.8 Sublethal Effects 447
19.8.1 Carcinogenicity, Genotoxicity, and Teratogenicity 447
19.8.1.1 Carcinogenicity 448
19.8.1.2 Genotoxicity 448
19.8.1.3 Teratogenicity 448
19.8.2 Bacteria and Other Microorganisms 449
19.8.3 Terrestrial Plants 450
19.8.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 450
19.8.5 Aquatic Plants 451
19.8.6 Aquatic Animals 451
19.8.6.1 Invertebrates 452
19.8.6.1.1 Planarians 452
19.8.6.1.2 Coelenterates 452
19.8.6.1.3 Mollusks 452
19.8.6.1.4 Crustaceans 453
19.8.6.1.5 Annelids 455
19.8.6.1.6 Echinoderms 455
19.8.6.2 Vertebrates 455
19.8.6.2.1 Fishes 455
19.8.6.2.2 Amphibians 459
19.8.7 Birds 459
19.8.8 Mammals 462
19.9 Minamata 466
19.9.1 Minamata Disease 467
19.9.1.1 Human Health 467
19.9.1.2 Natural Resources 470
19.9.2 Mitigation 471
19.10 Mercury Hazards from Gold Mining 472
19.10.1 History 473
19.10.2 Brazil 475
19.10.2.1 Mercury Sources and Release Rates 475
19.10.2.2 Mercury Concentrations in Abiotic Materials and Biota . 477
19.10.2.3 Mitigation 480
19.10.3 The United States 481
19.11 Proposed Mercury Criteria for the Protection of Natural Resources
and Human Health 484
19.11.1 Agricultural Crops 492
19.11.2 Aquatic Life 493
19.11.3 Birds 494
19.11.4 Mammals 494
19.11.5 Human Health 495
19.12 Summary 497
20 Mirex 503
20.1 Introduction 503
20.2 Chemical Properties 503
20.3 Lethal Effects 504
20.3.1 Aquatic Organisms 504
20.3.2 Birds and Mammals 505
Contents
20.4 Sublethal Effects 505
20.4.1 Aquatic Organisms 505
20.4.2 Birds 506
20.4.3 Mammals 506
20.5 Bioaccumulation 507
20.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 507
20.5.2 Birds and Mammals 508
20.6 Mirex in the Southeastern U.S 509
20.7 Mirex in the Great Lakes 511
20.8 Mirex in Other Geographic Areas 513
20.9 Recommendations 514
20.10 Summary 516
21 Molybdenum 517
21.1 Introduction 517
21.2 Environmental Chemistry 517
21.2.1 Sources and Uses 518
21.2.2 Chemical Properties 518
21.2.3 Mode of Action 519
21.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 520
21.3.1 Nonbiological Samples 520
21.3.2 Biological Samples 52!
21.4 Effects 522
21.4.1 Terrestrial Plants 522
21.4.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 523
21.4.3 Aquatic Organisms 523
21.4.4 Birds 525
21.4.5 Mammals 525
21.5 Recommendations 528
21.6 Summary 531
22 Nickel 533
22.1 Introduction 533
22.2 Sources and Uses 534
22.2.1 Sources 535
22.2.2 Uses 536
22.3 Properties 537
22.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 537
22.3.2 Metabolism 538
22.3.3 Interactions 541
22.4 Carcinogenicity. Mutagenicity. and Teratogenicity 542
22.4.1 Carcinogenicity 543
22.4.2 Mutagenicity 546
22.4.3 Teratogenicity 546
22.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 548
22.5.1 Abiotic Materials 549
22.5.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 550
22.5.3 Aquatic Organisms 551
22.5.4 Amphibians 55]
22.5.5 Birds 552
Contents
22.5.6 Mammals 552
22.5.7 Integrated Studies 553
22.6 Nickel Deficiency Effects 554
22.6.1 Bacteria and Plants 554
22.6.2 Birds 555
22.6.3 Mammals 555
22.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 556
22.7.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 556
22.7.2 Aquatic Organisms 557
22.7.3 Birds 558
22.7.4 Mammals 558
22.8 Proposed Criteria and Recommendations 563
22.9 Summary 570
23 Paraquat 573
23.1 Introduction 573
23.2 Uses 574
23.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 574
23.4 Environmental Chemistry 575
23.4.1 Chemical Properties 575
23.4.2 Mode of Action 575
23.4.3 Fate in Soils and Water 578
23.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 579
23.5.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 580
23.5.2 Aquatic Organisms 582
23.5.3 Birds 583
23.5.4 Mammals 584
23.6 Recommendations 585
23.7 Summary 588
24 Pentachlorophenol 589
24.1 Introduction 589
24.2 Environmental Chemistry 590
24.2.1 Sources and Uses 590
24.2.2 Properties 591
24.2.3 Fate 593
24.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 595
24.4 Effects 596
24.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 596
24.4.2 Aquatic Biota 597
24.4.3 Birds 599
24.4.4 Mammals 599
24.5 Recommendations 601
24.6 Summary 606
25 Polychlorinated Biphenyls 607
25.1 Introduction 607
25.2 Sources and Uses 607
Contents
25.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 608
25.3.1 Physical Properties 612
25.3.2 Toxic Equivalency Factors 613
25.3.3 Structure Function Relations 614
25.3.4 Quantitation 615
25.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 620
25.4.1 Nonbiological Materials 620
25.4.2 Marine Mammals 623
25.4.3 Other Aquatic Organisms 625
25.4.4 Reptiles 630
25.4.5 Birds 630
25.4.6 Terrestrial Mammals 632
25.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 634
25.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 634
25.5.2 Birds 636
25.5.3 Mammals 637
25.6 Recommendations 639
25.7 Summary 643
26 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 645
26.1 Introduction 645
26.2 Environmental Chemistry, Sources, and Fate 646
26.2.1 Properties 646
26.2.2 Sources 647
26.2.3 Fate 651
26.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 654
26.3.1 Nonbiological Samples 655
26.3.2 Biological Samples 656
26.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 659
26.4.1 Fungi 659
26.4.2 Terrestrial Plants 659
26.4.3 Aquatic Biota 660
26.4.4 Amphibians and Reptiles 665
26.4.5 Birds 665
26.4.6 Mammals 666
26.5 Recommendations 669
26.6 Summary 675
27 Radiation 677
27.1 Introduction 677
27.2 Physical Properties of Radiation 678
27.2.1 Electromagnetic Spectrum 679
27.2.2 Radionuclides 679
27.2.3 Linear Energy Transfer 680
27.2.4 New Units of Measurement 680
27.3 Sources and Uses 680
27.3.1 Natural Radioactivity 681
27.3.2 Anthropogenic Radioactivity 683
27.3.3 Dispersion 687
Contents
21A Radionuclide Concentrations in Field Collections 688
27.4.1 Abiotic Materials 688
27.4.2 Aquatic Ecosystems 688
27.4.3 Birds 690
27.4.4 Mammals 691
27.5 Case Histories 692
27.5.1 Pacific Proving Grounds 693
27.5.2 Chernobyl 696
27.5.2.1 Local Effects 698
27.5.2.1.1 Acute Effects 699
27.5.2.1.2 Latent Effects: Humans 700
27.5.2.1.3 Latent Effects: Plants and Animals 701
27.5.2.2 Nonlocal Effects 704
27.5.2.2.1 Soil and Vegetation 704
27.5.2.2.2 Aquatic Life 705
27.5.2.2.3 Wildlife 706
27.5.2.2.4 Domestic Animals 708
27.6 Effects: Nonionizing Radiations 709
27.7 Effects: Ionizing Radiations 711
27.7.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 713
27.7.2 Aquatic Organisms 714
27.7.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 717
27.7.4 Birds 717
27.7.5 Mammals 718
27.7.5.1 Survival 718
27.7.5.2 Carcinogenicity 719
27.7.5.3 Mutagenicity 721
27.7.5.4 Organ and Tissue Damage 721
27.7.5.5 Behavior 722
27.7.5.6 Absorption and Assimilation 722
27.8 Proposed Criteria and Recommendations 723
27.9 Summary 730
28 Selenium 737
28.1 Introduction 737
28.2 Environmental Chemistry 738
28.3 Concentrations in Field Collections 740
28.4 Deficiency and Protective Effects 743
28.5 Lethal Effects 745
28.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 745
28.5.2 Mammals and Birds 747
28.6 Sublethal and Latent Effects 749
28.6.1 Aquatic Organisms 749
28.6.2 Terrestrial Invertebrates 751
28.6.3 Birds 752
28.6.4 Mammals 752
28.7 Recommendations 753
28.8 Summary 759
Contents
29 Silver 761
29.1 Introduction 761
29.2 Sources and Uses 761
29.2.1 Sources 761
29.2.2 Uses 763
29.3 Properties 764
29.3.1 Physical and Chemical Properties 764
29.3.2 Metabolism 766
29.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 769
29.4.1 Abiotic Materials 769
29.4.2 Plants and Animals 770
29.5 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 772
29.5.1 Terrestrial Vegetation 772
29.5.2 Aquatic Organisms 772
29.5.3 Birds and Mammals 776
29.6 Recommendations 778
29.7 Summary 781
30 Sodium Monofluoroacetate 783
30.1 Introduction 783
30.2 Uses 784
30.2.1 Domestic Use 784
30.2.2 Nondomestic Use 786
30.3 Environmental Chemistry 788
30.3.1 Chemical Properties 789
30.3.2 Persistence 790
30.3.3 Metabolism 791
30.3.4 Antidotes 793
30.4 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 795
30.4.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 795
30.4.2 Aquatic Organisms 797
30.4.3 Amphibians and Reptiles 798
30.4.4 Birds 798
30.4.5 Mammals 801
30.5 Recommendations 805
30.6 Summary 807
31 Tin 809
31.1 Introduction 809
31.2 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 810
31.2.1 Inorganic Tin 810
31.2.2 Organotins 811
31.3 Sources and Uses 813
31.4 Concentrations in Field Collections 815
31.4.1 Abiotic Materials 815
31.4.2 Biological Samples 816
31.5 Effects ." 817
31.5.1 Aquatic Organisms 817
31.5.2 Birds . . .". 821
Contents
31.5.3 Mammals 822
31.5.4 Terrestrial Invertebrates 824
31.6 Recommendations 824
31.7 Summary 827
32 Toxaphene 829
32.1 Introduction 829
32.2 Environmental Chemistry 830
32.3 Concentrations in Field Populations 832
32.4 Lethal Effects 834
32.5 Sublethal Effects 835
32.6 Recommendations 837
32.7 Summary 839
33 Zinc 841
33.1 Introduction 841
33.2 Sources and Uses 842
33.3 Chemical and Biochemical Properties 843
33.3.1 Chemical Properties 843
33.3.2 Metabolism 845
33.3.3 Interactions 848
33.3.3.1 Cadmium 848
33.3.3.2 Copper 849
33.3.3.3 Lead 849
33.3.3.4 Nickel 850
33.3.3.5 Others 850
33.4 Carcinogenicity, Mutagenicity, and Teratogenicity 851
33.4.1 Carcinogenicity 851
33.4.2 Mutagenicity 852
33.4.3 Teratogenicity 853
33.5 Concentrations in Field Collections 853
33.5.1 Abiotic Materials 853
33.5.2 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 854
33.5.3 Aquatic Organisms 855
33.5.4 Birds ." 857
33.5.5 Mammals 858
33.6 Zinc Deficiency Effects 860
33.6.1 Terrestrial Plants 860
33.6.2 Aquatic Organisms 860
33.6.3 Birds ." 861
33.6.4 Mammals 861
33.7 Lethal and Sublethal Effects 865
33.7.1 Terrestrial Plants and Invertebrates 865
33.7.2 Aquatic Organisms 866
33.7.2.1 Alaae and Macrophytes 867
33.7.2.2 Mollusks 868
33.7.2.3 Arthropods 869
33.7.2.4 Annelids 871
33.7.2.5 Echinoderms 871
Contents
33.7.2.6 Fishes 872
33.7.2.7 Amphibians 874
33.7.3 Birds 874
33.7.4 Mammals 875
33.8 Recommendations 877
33.9 Summary 887
General Index 891
Species Index 933 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Eisler, Ronald 1932- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)109995937 |
| author_facet | Eisler, Ronald 1932- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Eisler, Ronald 1932- |
| author_variant | r e re |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022550917 |
| callnumber-first | T - Technology |
| callnumber-label | TD196 |
| callnumber-raw | TD196.C45 |
| callnumber-search | TD196.C45 |
| callnumber-sort | TD 3196 C45 |
| callnumber-subject | TD - Environmental Technology |
| classification_rvk | AR 16000 AR 25100 RB 10115 RB 10585 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)166313973 (DE-599)OBVAC05968003 |
| dewey-full | 363.7384 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 363 - Other social problems and services |
| dewey-raw | 363.7384 |
| dewey-search | 363.7384 |
| dewey-sort | 3363.7384 |
| dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations |
| discipline | Allgemeines Soziologie Geographie |
| discipline_str_mv | Allgemeines Soziologie Geographie |
| edition | 1. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| genre_facet | Datensammlung Enzyklopädie |
| id | DE-604.BV022550917 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:13:29Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:00:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 044453105X 9780444531056 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015757230 |
| oclc_num | 166313973 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-1046 DE-12 DE-83 DE-11 |
| owner_facet | DE-1046 DE-12 DE-83 DE-11 |
| physical | XXXV, 950 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Eisler, Ronald 1932- Verfasser (DE-588)109995937 aut Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals by Ronald Eisler Encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals 1. ed. Amsterdam [u.a.] Elsevier 2007 XXXV, 950 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes index Polluants persistants - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Persistent pollutants Environmental aspects Persistant pollutants Toxicology Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4148875-1 Datensammlung gnd-content (DE-588)4014986-9 Enzyklopädie gnd-content Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 s DE-604 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015757230&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Eisler, Ronald 1932- Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals Polluants persistants - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Persistent pollutants Environmental aspects Persistant pollutants Toxicology Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4117281-4 (DE-588)4148875-1 (DE-588)4014986-9 |
| title | Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals |
| title_alt | Encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals |
| title_auth | Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals |
| title_exact_search | Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals |
| title_full | Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals by Ronald Eisler |
| title_fullStr | Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals by Ronald Eisler |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals by Ronald Eisler |
| title_short | Eisler's encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals |
| title_sort | eisler s encyclopedia of environmentally hazardous priority chemicals |
| topic | Polluants persistants - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Persistent pollutants Environmental aspects Persistant pollutants Toxicology Umweltchemikalie (DE-588)4117281-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Polluants persistants - Aspect de l'environnement Umwelt Persistent pollutants Environmental aspects Persistant pollutants Toxicology Umweltchemikalie Datensammlung Enzyklopädie |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015757230&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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