Technology transfer for the ozone layer: lessons for climate change
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
London [u.a.]
Earthscan
2007
|
| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | "Sequel and complement to Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History." Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXVIII, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1844074730 9781844074730 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 100 | 1 | |a Andersen, Stephen O. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Technology transfer for the ozone layer |b lessons for climate change |c Stephen O. Andersen, K. Madhava Sarma and Kristen Taddonio |
| 250 | |a 1. publ. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a London [u.a.] |b Earthscan |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXVIII, 418 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a "Sequel and complement to Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History." | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Agujero de ozono - Prevención | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Couche d'ozone - Réduction - Histoire - 20e siècle | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Substances qui appauvrissent la couche d'ozone | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Transferencia de tecnología | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Transfert de technologie | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ozone-depleting substances | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Ozone layer depletion |x Prevention |x History |y 20th century | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Technology transfer | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Technologietransfer |0 (DE-588)4059277-7 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Klimaschutz |0 (DE-588)7547705-1 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Ozonloch |0 (DE-588)4220886-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Umwelttechnik |0 (DE-588)4061650-2 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 689 | 0 | 0 | |a Ozonloch |0 (DE-588)4220886-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 1 | |a Klimaschutz |0 (DE-588)7547705-1 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 2 | |a Umwelttechnik |0 (DE-588)4061650-2 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Technologietransfer |0 (DE-588)4059277-7 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |C b |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Sarma, K. Madhava |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Taddonio, Kristen N. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007021491.html |3 Table of contents only | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015757153&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| 999 | |a oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015757153 | ||
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136668550135808 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents
List of figures, tables and boxes xii
About the authors xvi
Foreword by Monique Barbut xix
Preface by Achim Steiner xxi
Acknowledgements xxiv
Introduction by Marco Gonzalez xxvii
1 Prologue 1
2 Contours of technology transfer 5
Introduction 5
Technology transfer as a positive measure 5
What is technology transfer? 5
Early lessons in technology transfer 7
Pathways and stakeholders 11
Facilitating technology transfer for environmental protection:
Theory and observations 17
Conclusion 21
3 Background of the ozone and climate agreements 23
The science of ozone depletion 23
The increasing use of ozone depleting substances 27
Governments and UNEP respond to the scientific findings on ODSs 28
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,
1987 29
The role of the Multilateral Fund 31
The role of the Global Environment Facility 33
Results of Protocol implementation 34
Status of the ozone layer today 34
The science of climate change 35
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
of 1992 38
The Kyoto Protocol 39
Climate protection from the ODS phaseout 41
4 Technology change in developed countries 45
Introduction 45
Cooperation in industrialized countries set the stage for worldwide
technology cooperation under the Montreal Protocol 45
viii Technology Transfer for the O^one Layer
Industry and military motivations for leadership on ozone protection 49
Commercialization of alternatives 50
Cost of the ODS phaseout was less than predicted 71
Conclusion 71
5 Military and space agency leadership to protect the ozone layer 73
The history of the use of ODSs by military and space agencies 73
Military motivation for leadership 78
Early military leadership 79
Military technical leadership 83
Military contribution to the phaseout of ozone depleting
electronics and aerospace solvents 89
Application of aerospace technology to solve ODS elimination
challenges — A ten year quest 92
Military leadership in the phaseout of ozone depleting refrigerants 96
Vintaging 97
Essential use exemptions 99
Halon banks 99
The role of government agencies as customers and market leaders 100
The challenge for governments 101
Workshops by NATO 102
Useful phaseout strategies adopted 103
Conclusion 104
6 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in foams 105
Introduction 105
A brief history of ODS foam 105
Technical description of foam design, manufacturing and use 106
Early voluntary phaseout of polystyrene rigid foam 107
Factors that influenced choice of technologies 107
Sustainability, suitability and the environmental properties of
alternative technologies 115
Technologies selected in developing countries 117
Technologies selected in countries with economies in transition 120
Specific experiences with alternative technologies 121
Conclusion 129
7 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in refrigeration and
air conditioning 131
Difficult decisions: The history of refrigerant choice 131
Refrigeration and air conditioning: Technical options and choices
for the CFC phaseout 138
Current status of each refrigeration sector 140
What technologies did CEIT and developing country enterprises
select, and why? 146
Conclusion 152
Contents ix
8 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in aerosol products 155
Background and introduction 155
Not in kind alternatives to aerosol products 156
Examples of aerosol products that contained CFC propellants and
alternatives for each application 159
The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel and its Technical
Options Committees 165
Aerosol products technology transfer by the MLF 165
Aerosol products technology choices by CEITs in GEF projects 169
Sterilants and miscellaneous CFC uses 172
Lessons learned from MLF technology transfer activities 173
Conclusion 174
9 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in fire protection 175
History of halons as fire extinguishing agents 175
Types of halon alternatives for total flooding and local application
systems 177
Types of halon alternatives for portable extinguishers 178
Evaluation by the MLF of the halon phaseout in developing countries 179
Halon banking, recovery and recycling 182
Halon phaseout and management in CEITs 184
Conclusion 187
10 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in solvents 189
Introduction and history of the use of ODSs as solvents 189
Technical options for phasing out ozone depleting solvents 191
Solvent technology choices made in CEITs and developing countries 202
Examples of specific technologies implemented in CEITs and
developing countries 205
Solvent technology cooperation outside the funding mechanism 213
Conclusion 213
11 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in pest control 215
Melanie Alilkr andMart a Pi^ano
Introduction 215
Montreal Protocol controls 215
Major uses of methyl bromide 217
Identification of alternative technologies and major challenges 219
Types of technologies adopted 220
Technology transfer and change in developed countries 225
Technology transfer and change in CEITs and developing countries 238
Additional activities that affected technology transfer and change 244
Experiences and barriers in technology transfer projects 247
Remaining challenges 250
Factors that assisted adoption of alternative technologies 251
Conclusion 252
x Technology Transfer for the O^one Layer
12 Barriers to technology transfer faced by CEITs and
developing countries 255
Introduction 255
Technology transfer priorities: Outcomes of the 1992 Earth
Summit and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development 255
Technology transfer problems that arose during the implementation
of the Montreal Protocol 257
What experience shows about actual barriers to technology transfer 266
Conclusion 268
13 Awareness and capacity building 269
Rajendra Shende and Tilman Hert^
Introduction 269
Technology transfer and capacity building 269
Awareness raising 275
Information exchange 276
Training and networking 277
Institutional strengthening 278
Strategic reorientation of OzonAction to facilitate the technology
transfer: CAP (Compliance Assistance Programme) 279
Case studies of technology transfer enabling tools in action 282
Lessons learned 284
OzonAction pointers for other multilateral environmental
agreements 285
Case study: Greenpeace s pioneering advocacy of natural refrigerants 286
Conclusion 292
14 Lessons 293
Introduction 293
Lesson 1: Act now 297
Lesson 2: Develop visionary technology assessment 300
Lesson 3: Encourage leadership by multinational and domestic
enterprises 303
Lesson 4: Identify and involve all stakeholders, and develop local
and international partnerships 304
Lesson 5: Raise awareness 306
Lesson 6: Require country programmes from each developing
country, with specific voluntary goals towards green growth 307
Lesson 7: Empower the financial mechanism to be a proactive
instrument for technology transfer 310
Lesson 8: Create focal points and networks 313
Lesson 9: Develop and implement training programmes 314
Lesson 10: Use regulations and policies to promote technology
transfer 315
Lesson 11: Remove legal and institutional barriers and improve
systems of governance 318
Contents xi
Lesson 12: Use public procurement to promote alternatives 319
Conclusion 319
Appendix 1 Control measures of the Montreal Protocol 323
Appendix 2 Idicative list of categories of incremental costs 327
Appendix 3 List of project completion reports studied 329
Appendix 4 A technology transfer agreement 335
Appendix 5 List of military ODS management andphaseout initiatives in the US 340
Appendix 6 Useful websites for information on military phaseout 343
Appendix 7 O^one and climate protection awards won by military organisations 345
Notes 351
List of acronyms and abbreviations 379
Glossary 385
About the contributors 393
Index 403
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
Figures
2.1 Factors that lead enterprises to adopt or reject new technologies 15
3.1 Effect of each Montreal Protocol control measure 42
3.2 Effective stratospheric chlorine 42
3.3 Radiative forcing of ODSs and CO2 43
3.4 Emissions of ODSs and CO2 43
4.1 European Community HCFC consumption 60
5.1 Comparison of the ozone depletion potential (ODP) of halons
andCFC 12 75
5.2 NASA s reusable solid rocket motor ODS elimination programme
overview 92
5.3 Total solid rocket motor TCA usage/reduction history 93
6.1 Foam technology innovation 111
6.2 Ozone depletion potential tonnes phased out by alternative
foam blowing technologies 118
6.3 Evolution of foam technology choice in developing countries 119
6.4 Technology selection and project size 119
7.1 Refrigerant choice in MLF projects 146
10.1 Consumption reduction approved and number of enterprises using
ozone depleting solvents 204
11.1 Example of equipment used for applying alternative pesticide
products via modified drip irrigation systems in Italy 221
11.2 Production of carnation flowers in bags filled with local substrate
materials in Kenya 222
11.3 National methyl bromide consumption in the US, the EC, Japan
and Israel, 1991 2007 225
11.4 EC consumption of methyl bromide, indicating limits established
by the Montreal Protocol and EC regulations, 1991 2005 235
11.5 Nominated and authorized methyl bromide consumption for
CUEs in the EC, 2005 2007 236
11.6 An example of public information materials 243
13.1 Regional breakdown of country programmes prepared with
assistance from UNEP 274
13.2 Regional networking map 278
hist of Figures, Tables and Boxes xiii
Tables
2.1 Similarities and differences between environmental technology
and other technologies 10
2.2 Stakeholders 16
3.1 Ozone depleting substances and sectors where used 27
4.1 Industry motivation to speed protection of the ozone layer 50
6.1 Uses of ODSs in foams 107
6.2 MLF cost effectiveness thresholds 112
7.1 Flammable and toxic refrigerants in use before CFCs 132
7.2 Refrigerant choices to replace CFCs, 1990 2005 139
7.3 Environmental impacts and atmospheric lifetimes of selected
refrigerants 140
8.1 Some examples of substitutes for ODS aerosol products 157
8.2 Costs of transfer of patented MDI technologies 163
10.1 Advantages and disadvantages of alternatives to CTC, CFC 113
andTCA 192
10.2 Solvents selected to replace CFC 113, TC A and CTC in China 203
11.1 Main uses of methyl bromide pesticide products (fumigant) 218
14.1 Comparison of the technical assessment bodies for the Montreal
Protocol and the UNFCCC 302
Boxes
2.1 Technology transfer in the Montreal Protocol, UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol 6
2.2 Definitions of technology transfer 7
2.3 From technology transfer to technological learning and capabilities 8
2.4 Stages of technology transfer 11
3.1 The dual benefit of the Montreal Protocol: Ozone and climate
protection 42
4.1 Development of HCFC 225 47
4.2 Crisis and opportunity for Daikin 49
4.3 Creativity and challenge: The Seiko Epson saga for protection of
the ozone layer 51
4.4 Japanese support for phaseout of ODSs in small and medium sized
enterprises 56
4.5 European Union leadership on HCFCs 58
4.6 Governmental support for ODS phaseout in Japan 61
4.7 The first voluntary national sector phaseout 62
4.8 Technology transfer for household refrigerators in Thailand 63
4.9 Industrial cooperation on phasing out ODSs in Japan 67
4.10 Japanese support the total ODS phaseout by CEITs and
developing countries 68
4.11 Japanese leadership in training CEITs and developing country
experts 69
xiv Technology Transfer for the O^one l^ayer
4.12 The Montreal Protocol Partnership Strategy is alive and well in
climate protection 70
5.1 Specific applications for some halons 76
5.2 Halon use in aircraft, ships and other vehicles 76
5.3 Military use of ozone depleting solvents 77
5.4 The challenge of finding replacements 78
5.5 Perspective on the need for early action to phase out halons and
ODSs 79
5.6 Decisive action by the US DoD 80
5.7 Dedication to fire protection and ozone protection 81
5.8 US military transfer of halon recovery and recycling technology 84
5.9 Halon usage and management in India s aviation seector 87
5.10 NASA leadership to eliminate ozone depleting solvents 91
5.11 Eliminating ODSs in solid rocket motors 95
5.12 Eliminating ODSs from the processes used to manufacture Space
Shuttle solid rocket motors 96
5.13 The CFC phaseout leads to superior technology 97
5.14 The US Department of Defense ODS Reserve 100
5.15 US Navy clearinghouse helps to coordinate ODS phaseout 102
5.16 Ozone and climate protection conferences 103
6.1 The US EPA Energy STAR™ and High GWP Partnerships grew
out of Montreal Protocol cooperation 108
6.2 The EU green leadership 109
6.3 Technology change in the Japanese foam industry 109
6.4 Technology change in the domestic refrigerator and freezer industry 111
6.5 The TEAP Foams TOC 116
6.6 Quotes from the project completion reports of the GEF and
MLF illustrating the reactions to LCD foam technology 125
6.7 Quotes from the project completion reports of the MLF illustrating
the reactions to water foam technology 126
7.1 Coca Cola s impact in India 135
7.2 The first Japanese manufacturer of HFC 134a automotive
air conditioners 136
7.3 History of the birth of non CFC refrigerators in Japan 137
7.4 Case study of Matsushita supported by Greenpeace Japan 138
7.5 The birth of ozone and climate friendly refrigerators in Japan 141
7.6 Using life cycle climate performance to assess and minimize climate
impacts of ODS substitutes and alternatives 144
7.7 Reasons why enterprises were unlikely to revert to ODSs after
switching to HFC 134a: Explanations offered in MLF project
completion reports 148
8.1 Phaseout of CFC MDIs in Japan 161
8.2 Conversion in India 170
8.3 Case study: Phasing out CFCs in the aerosol sector in Russia 171
9.1 Study of halon recovery and regeneration in Hungary 185
10.1 Japanese development of HFE (hydrofluoroether) 196
10.2 Industry leadership in Japan for phasing out TCA 197
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xv
10.3 Ozone safe technical preferences for metal cleaning 198
10.4 Overcoming technical difficulties at Tsvetotron Brest, Belarus 207
10.5 Japan/India bilateral CTC phaseout project 212
11.1 Rapid adoption of not in kind technology:
Example of tobacco seedlings 223
11.2 Technical leadership by post harvest fumigation enterprises 226
11.3 Technical leadership by soil fumigation enterprises 227
11.4 Information dissemination in Italy 228
11.5 Technology transfer activities and levies in Australia 230
11.6 Technology transfer and regulatory activities in Japan 231
11.7 Impact of agricultural production standards in Almeria, Spain 232
11.8 Early phaseout of methyl bromide in soil sector in The Netherlands 233
11.9 Early action for ozone protection in Denmark 234
11.10 Policy driving change: Fumigation of homes in California 234
11.11 Policy led technology change in the European Community 235
11.12 Technology transfer in Argentina and Brazil 241
11.13 National plans and policy development in CEITs 242
11.14 Technology transfer activities in Jordan 245
11.15 Technology transfer in China s strawberry sector 246
12.1 Intellectual property and access to technology 256
12.2 Quotes from project completion reports indicating intellectual
property rights related problems 263
12.3 South Korea intellectual property rights case study 264
12.4 Lessons learned by implementing agencies 267
13.1 The 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 270
13.2 Partnership changing the world through well defined technology
transfer mechanisms: The Asia—Pacific experience 271
13.3 UNEP s instrumental role in raising awareness about the
importance of ozone layer protection 275
13.4 Websites for ozone protection partnerships and programmes 276
13.5 Examples of enabling tools for the aerosol sector 280
14.1 The lessons 320
|
| adam_txt |
Contents
List of figures, tables and boxes xii
About the authors xvi
Foreword by Monique Barbut xix
Preface by Achim Steiner xxi
Acknowledgements xxiv
Introduction by Marco Gonzalez xxvii
1 Prologue 1
2 Contours of technology transfer 5
Introduction 5
Technology transfer as a positive measure 5
What is technology transfer? 5
Early lessons in technology transfer 7
Pathways and stakeholders 11
Facilitating technology transfer for environmental protection:
Theory and observations 17
Conclusion 21
3 Background of the ozone and climate agreements 23
The science of ozone depletion 23
The increasing use of ozone depleting substances 27
Governments and UNEP respond to the scientific findings on ODSs 28
The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer,
1987 ' 29
The role of the Multilateral Fund 31
The role of the Global Environment Facility 33
Results of Protocol implementation 34
Status of the ozone layer today 34
The science of climate change 35
The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
of 1992 38
The Kyoto Protocol 39
Climate protection from the ODS phaseout 41
4 Technology change in developed countries 45
Introduction 45
Cooperation in industrialized countries set the stage for worldwide
technology cooperation under the Montreal Protocol 45
viii Technology Transfer for the O^one Layer
Industry and military motivations for leadership on ozone protection 49
Commercialization of alternatives 50
Cost of the ODS phaseout was less than predicted 71
Conclusion 71
5 Military and space agency leadership to protect the ozone layer 73
The history of the use of ODSs by military and space agencies 73
Military motivation for leadership 78
Early military leadership 79
Military technical leadership 83
Military contribution to the phaseout of ozone depleting
electronics and aerospace solvents 89
Application of aerospace technology to solve ODS elimination
challenges — A ten year quest 92
Military leadership in the phaseout of ozone depleting refrigerants 96
Vintaging 97
Essential use exemptions 99
Halon banks 99
The role of government agencies as customers and market leaders 100
The challenge for governments 101
Workshops by NATO 102
Useful phaseout strategies adopted 103
Conclusion 104
6 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in foams 105
Introduction 105
A brief history of ODS foam 105
Technical description of foam design, manufacturing and use 106
Early voluntary phaseout of polystyrene rigid foam 107
Factors that influenced choice of technologies 107
Sustainability, suitability and the environmental properties of
alternative technologies 115
Technologies selected in developing countries 117
Technologies selected in countries with economies in transition 120
Specific experiences with alternative technologies 121
Conclusion 129
7 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in refrigeration and
air conditioning 131
Difficult decisions: The history of refrigerant choice 131
Refrigeration and air conditioning: Technical options and choices
for the CFC phaseout 138
Current status of each refrigeration sector 140
What technologies did CEIT and developing country enterprises
select, and why? 146
Conclusion 152
Contents ix
8 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in aerosol products 155
Background and introduction 155
Not in kind alternatives to aerosol products 156
Examples of aerosol products that contained CFC propellants and
alternatives for each application 159
The Technology and Economic Assessment Panel and its Technical
Options Committees 165
Aerosol products technology transfer by the MLF 165
Aerosol products technology choices by CEITs in GEF projects 169
Sterilants and miscellaneous CFC uses 172
Lessons learned from MLF technology transfer activities 173
Conclusion 174
9 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in fire protection 175
History of halons as fire extinguishing agents 175
Types of halon alternatives for total flooding and local application
systems 177
Types of halon alternatives for portable extinguishers 178
Evaluation by the MLF of the halon phaseout in developing countries 179
Halon banking, recovery and recycling 182
Halon phaseout and management in CEITs 184
Conclusion 187
10 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in solvents 189
Introduction and history of the use of ODSs as solvents 189
Technical options for phasing out ozone depleting solvents 191
Solvent technology choices made in CEITs and developing countries 202
Examples of specific technologies implemented in CEITs and
developing countries 205
Solvent technology cooperation outside the funding mechanism 213
Conclusion 213
11 Technology transfer to phase out ODSs in pest control 215
Melanie Alilkr andMart a Pi^ano
Introduction 215
Montreal Protocol controls 215
Major uses of methyl bromide 217
Identification of alternative technologies and major challenges 219
Types of technologies adopted 220
Technology transfer and change in developed countries 225
Technology transfer and change in CEITs and developing countries 238
Additional activities that affected technology transfer and change 244
Experiences and barriers in technology transfer projects 247
Remaining challenges 250
Factors that assisted adoption of alternative technologies 251
Conclusion 252
x Technology Transfer for the O^one Layer
12 Barriers to technology transfer faced by CEITs and
developing countries 255
Introduction 255
Technology transfer priorities: Outcomes of the 1992 Earth
Summit and the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development 255
Technology transfer problems that arose during the implementation
of the Montreal Protocol 257
What experience shows about actual barriers to technology transfer 266
Conclusion 268
13 Awareness and capacity building 269
Rajendra Shende and Tilman Hert^
Introduction 269
Technology transfer and capacity building 269
Awareness raising 275
Information exchange 276
Training and networking 277
Institutional strengthening 278
Strategic reorientation of OzonAction to facilitate the technology
transfer: CAP (Compliance Assistance Programme) 279
Case studies of technology transfer enabling tools in action 282
Lessons learned 284
OzonAction pointers for other multilateral environmental
agreements 285
Case study: Greenpeace's pioneering advocacy of natural refrigerants 286
Conclusion 292
14 Lessons 293
Introduction 293
Lesson 1: Act now 297
Lesson 2: Develop visionary technology assessment 300
Lesson 3: Encourage leadership by multinational and domestic
enterprises 303
Lesson 4: Identify and involve all stakeholders, and develop local
and international partnerships 304
Lesson 5: Raise awareness 306
Lesson 6: Require country programmes from each developing
country, with specific voluntary goals towards green growth 307
Lesson 7: Empower the financial mechanism to be a proactive
instrument for technology transfer 310
Lesson 8: Create focal points and networks 313
Lesson 9: Develop and implement training programmes 314
Lesson 10: Use regulations and policies to promote technology
transfer 315
Lesson 11: Remove legal and institutional barriers and improve
systems of governance 318
Contents xi
Lesson 12: Use public procurement to promote alternatives 319
Conclusion 319
Appendix 1 Control measures of the Montreal Protocol 323
Appendix 2 Idicative list of categories of incremental costs 327
Appendix 3 List of project completion reports studied 329
Appendix 4 A technology transfer agreement 335
Appendix 5 List of military ODS management andphaseout initiatives in the US 340
Appendix 6 Useful websites for information on military phaseout 343
Appendix 7 O^one and climate protection awards won by military organisations 345
Notes 351
List of acronyms and abbreviations 379
Glossary 385
About the contributors 393
Index 403
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes
Figures
2.1 Factors that lead enterprises to adopt or reject new technologies 15
3.1 Effect of each Montreal Protocol control measure 42
3.2 Effective stratospheric chlorine 42
3.3 Radiative forcing of ODSs and CO2 43
3.4 Emissions of ODSs and CO2 43
4.1 European Community HCFC consumption 60
5.1 Comparison of the ozone depletion potential (ODP) of halons
andCFC 12 75
5.2 NASA's reusable solid rocket motor ODS elimination programme
overview 92
5.3 Total solid rocket motor TCA usage/reduction history 93
6.1 Foam technology innovation 111
6.2 Ozone depletion potential tonnes phased out by alternative
foam blowing technologies 118
6.3 Evolution of foam technology choice in developing countries 119
6.4 Technology selection and project size 119
7.1 Refrigerant choice in MLF projects 146
10.1 Consumption reduction approved and number of enterprises using
ozone depleting solvents 204
11.1 Example of equipment used for applying alternative pesticide
products via modified drip irrigation systems in Italy 221
11.2 Production of carnation flowers in bags filled with local substrate
materials in Kenya 222
11.3 National methyl bromide consumption in the US, the EC, Japan
and Israel, 1991 2007 225
11.4 EC consumption of methyl bromide, indicating limits established
by the Montreal Protocol and EC regulations, 1991 2005 235
11.5 Nominated and authorized methyl bromide consumption for
CUEs in the EC, 2005 2007 236
11.6 An example of public information materials 243
13.1 Regional breakdown of country programmes prepared with
assistance from UNEP 274
13.2 Regional networking map 278
hist of Figures, Tables and Boxes xiii
Tables
2.1 Similarities and differences between environmental technology
and other technologies 10
2.2 Stakeholders 16
3.1 Ozone depleting substances and sectors where used 27
4.1 Industry motivation to speed protection of the ozone layer 50
6.1 Uses of ODSs in foams 107
6.2 MLF cost effectiveness thresholds 112
7.1 Flammable and toxic refrigerants in use before CFCs 132
7.2 Refrigerant choices to replace CFCs, 1990 2005 139
7.3 Environmental impacts and atmospheric lifetimes of selected
refrigerants 140
8.1 Some examples of substitutes for ODS aerosol products 157
8.2 Costs of transfer of patented MDI technologies 163
10.1 Advantages and disadvantages of alternatives to CTC, CFC 113
andTCA 192
10.2 Solvents selected to replace CFC 113, TC A and CTC in China 203
11.1 Main uses of methyl bromide pesticide products (fumigant) 218
14.1 Comparison of the technical assessment bodies for the Montreal
Protocol and the UNFCCC 302
Boxes
2.1 Technology transfer in the Montreal Protocol, UN Framework
Convention on Climate Change and Kyoto Protocol 6
2.2 Definitions of technology transfer 7
2.3 From technology transfer to technological learning and capabilities 8
2.4 Stages of technology transfer 11
3.1 The dual benefit of the Montreal Protocol: Ozone and climate
protection 42
4.1 Development of HCFC 225 47
4.2 Crisis and opportunity for Daikin 49
4.3 Creativity and challenge: The Seiko Epson saga for protection of
the ozone layer 51
4.4 Japanese support for phaseout of ODSs in small and medium sized
enterprises 56
4.5 European Union leadership on HCFCs 58
4.6 Governmental support for ODS phaseout in Japan 61
4.7 The first voluntary national sector phaseout 62
4.8 Technology transfer for household refrigerators in Thailand 63
4.9 Industrial cooperation on phasing out ODSs in Japan 67
4.10 Japanese support the total ODS phaseout by CEITs and
developing countries 68
4.11 Japanese leadership in training CEITs and developing country
experts 69
xiv Technology Transfer for the O^one l^ayer
4.12 The Montreal Protocol Partnership Strategy is alive and well in
climate protection 70
5.1 Specific applications for some halons 76
5.2 Halon use in aircraft, ships and other vehicles 76
5.3 Military use of ozone depleting solvents 77
5.4 The challenge of finding replacements 78
5.5 Perspective on the need for early action to phase out halons and
ODSs 79
5.6 Decisive action by the US DoD 80
5.7 Dedication to fire protection and ozone protection 81
5.8 US military transfer of halon recovery and recycling technology 84
5.9 Halon usage and management in India's aviation seector 87
5.10 NASA leadership to eliminate ozone depleting solvents 91
5.11 Eliminating ODSs in solid rocket motors 95
5.12 Eliminating ODSs from the processes used to manufacture Space
Shuttle solid rocket motors 96
5.13 The CFC phaseout leads to superior technology 97
5.14 The US Department of Defense ODS Reserve 100
5.15 US Navy clearinghouse helps to coordinate ODS phaseout 102
5.16 Ozone and climate protection conferences 103
6.1 The US EPA Energy STAR™ and High GWP Partnerships grew
out of Montreal Protocol cooperation 108
6.2 The EU green leadership 109
6.3 Technology change in the Japanese foam industry 109
6.4 Technology change in the domestic refrigerator and freezer industry 111
6.5 The TEAP Foams TOC 116
6.6 Quotes from the project completion reports of the GEF and
MLF illustrating the reactions to LCD foam technology 125
6.7 Quotes from the project completion reports of the MLF illustrating
the reactions to water foam technology 126
7.1 Coca Cola's impact in India 135
7.2 The first Japanese manufacturer of HFC 134a automotive
air conditioners 136
7.3 History of the birth of non CFC refrigerators in Japan 137
7.4 Case study of Matsushita supported by Greenpeace Japan 138
7.5 The birth of ozone and climate friendly refrigerators in Japan 141
7.6 Using life cycle climate performance to assess and minimize climate
impacts of ODS substitutes and alternatives 144
7.7 Reasons why enterprises were unlikely to revert to ODSs after
switching to HFC 134a: Explanations offered in MLF project
completion reports 148
8.1 Phaseout of CFC MDIs in Japan 161
8.2 Conversion in India 170
8.3 Case study: Phasing out CFCs in the aerosol sector in Russia 171
9.1 Study of halon recovery and regeneration in Hungary 185
10.1 Japanese development of HFE (hydrofluoroether) 196
10.2 Industry leadership in Japan for phasing out TCA 197
List of Figures, Tables and Boxes xv
10.3 Ozone safe technical preferences for metal cleaning 198
10.4 Overcoming technical difficulties at Tsvetotron Brest, Belarus 207
10.5 Japan/India bilateral CTC phaseout project 212
11.1 Rapid adoption of not in kind technology:
Example of tobacco seedlings 223
11.2 Technical leadership by post harvest fumigation enterprises 226
11.3 Technical leadership by soil fumigation enterprises 227
11.4 Information dissemination in Italy 228
11.5 Technology transfer activities and levies in Australia 230
11.6 Technology transfer and regulatory activities in Japan 231
11.7 Impact of agricultural production standards in Almeria, Spain 232
11.8 Early phaseout of methyl bromide in soil sector in The Netherlands 233
11.9 Early action for ozone protection in Denmark 234
11.10 Policy driving change: Fumigation of homes in California 234
11.11 Policy led technology change in the European Community 235
11.12 Technology transfer in Argentina and Brazil 241
11.13 National plans and policy development in CEITs 242
11.14 Technology transfer activities in Jordan 245
11.15 Technology transfer in China's strawberry sector 246
12.1 Intellectual property and access to technology 256
12.2 Quotes from project completion reports indicating intellectual
property rights related problems 263
12.3 South Korea intellectual property rights case study 264
12.4 Lessons learned by implementing agencies 267
13.1 The 1992 Rio Declaration on Environment and Development 270
13.2 Partnership changing the world through well defined technology
transfer mechanisms: The Asia—Pacific experience 271
13.3 UNEP's instrumental role in raising awareness about the
importance of ozone layer protection 275
13.4 Websites for ozone protection partnerships and programmes 276
13.5 Examples of enabling tools for the aerosol sector 280
14.1 The lessons 320 |
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| author | Andersen, Stephen O. Sarma, K. Madhava Taddonio, Kristen N. |
| author_facet | Andersen, Stephen O. Sarma, K. Madhava Taddonio, Kristen N. |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Andersen, Stephen O. |
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| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022550834 |
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| callnumber-subject | TD - Environmental Technology |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)137222817 (DE-599)DNB 2007021491 |
| dewey-full | 363.738/75526 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 363 - Other social problems and services |
| dewey-raw | 363.738/75526 |
| dewey-search | 363.738/75526 |
| dewey-sort | 3363.738 575526 |
| dewey-tens | 360 - Social problems and services; associations |
| discipline | Soziologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Soziologie |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 |
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| id | DE-604.BV022550834 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:13:28Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:00:04Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1844074730 9781844074730 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007021491 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015757153 |
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| physical | XXVIII, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| spelling | Andersen, Stephen O. Verfasser aut Technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change Stephen O. Andersen, K. Madhava Sarma and Kristen Taddonio 1. publ. London [u.a.] Earthscan 2007 XXVIII, 418 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier "Sequel and complement to Protecting the Ozone Layer: The United Nations History." Includes bibliographical references and index Geschichte 1900-2000 Agujero de ozono - Prevención Couche d'ozone - Réduction - Histoire - 20e siècle Substances qui appauvrissent la couche d'ozone Transferencia de tecnología Transfert de technologie Geschichte Ozone-depleting substances Ozone layer depletion Prevention History 20th century Technology transfer Technologietransfer (DE-588)4059277-7 gnd rswk-swf Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 gnd rswk-swf Ozonloch (DE-588)4220886-5 gnd rswk-swf Umwelttechnik (DE-588)4061650-2 gnd rswk-swf Ozonloch (DE-588)4220886-5 s Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 s Umwelttechnik (DE-588)4061650-2 s Technologietransfer (DE-588)4059277-7 s b DE-604 Sarma, K. Madhava Verfasser aut Taddonio, Kristen N. Verfasser aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007021491.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015757153&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Andersen, Stephen O. Sarma, K. Madhava Taddonio, Kristen N. Technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change Agujero de ozono - Prevención Couche d'ozone - Réduction - Histoire - 20e siècle Substances qui appauvrissent la couche d'ozone Transferencia de tecnología Transfert de technologie Geschichte Ozone-depleting substances Ozone layer depletion Prevention History 20th century Technology transfer Technologietransfer (DE-588)4059277-7 gnd Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 gnd Ozonloch (DE-588)4220886-5 gnd Umwelttechnik (DE-588)4061650-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4059277-7 (DE-588)7547705-1 (DE-588)4220886-5 (DE-588)4061650-2 |
| title | Technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change |
| title_auth | Technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change |
| title_exact_search | Technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change |
| title_full | Technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change Stephen O. Andersen, K. Madhava Sarma and Kristen Taddonio |
| title_fullStr | Technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change Stephen O. Andersen, K. Madhava Sarma and Kristen Taddonio |
| title_full_unstemmed | Technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change Stephen O. Andersen, K. Madhava Sarma and Kristen Taddonio |
| title_short | Technology transfer for the ozone layer |
| title_sort | technology transfer for the ozone layer lessons for climate change |
| title_sub | lessons for climate change |
| topic | Agujero de ozono - Prevención Couche d'ozone - Réduction - Histoire - 20e siècle Substances qui appauvrissent la couche d'ozone Transferencia de tecnología Transfert de technologie Geschichte Ozone-depleting substances Ozone layer depletion Prevention History 20th century Technology transfer Technologietransfer (DE-588)4059277-7 gnd Klimaschutz (DE-588)7547705-1 gnd Ozonloch (DE-588)4220886-5 gnd Umwelttechnik (DE-588)4061650-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Agujero de ozono - Prevención Couche d'ozone - Réduction - Histoire - 20e siècle Substances qui appauvrissent la couche d'ozone Transferencia de tecnología Transfert de technologie Geschichte Ozone-depleting substances Ozone layer depletion Prevention History 20th century Technology transfer Technologietransfer Klimaschutz Ozonloch Umwelttechnik |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0718/2007021491.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015757153&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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