Modern phytomedicine: turning medicinal plants into drugs
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Modern phytomedicine |b turning medicinal plants into drugs |c ed. by Iqbal Ahmad ... |
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| 264 | 1 | |a Weinheim |b Wiley-VCH |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 384 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst. |c 240 mm x 170 mm | ||
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| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Phytomedizin <Medizin> - Aufsatzsammlung | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Materia medica, Vegetable | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Phytotherapy |x methods | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plant Extracts |x therapeutic use | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Plants, Medicinal | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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Contents
Preface XV
List of Contributors XVII
1 Bioactive Phytocompounds: New Approaches in the Phytosciences 1
Ricardo Ramos Mendonga Filho
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Development of Fast Reliable Methods of Extraction
and High Throughoutput Screening (HTS) of Crude Plant Extracts:
New Challenges 3
1.3 Antimicrobial Bioactive Phytocompounds from Extraction
to Identification: Process Standardization 6
1.4 Problems Associated with the Efficacy, Stability and Quality Control
of Herbal Drugs Preparations 13
1.5 Novel Bioactive Phytocompounds Against Multidrug Resistant
Bacteria/Fungi: The Management of Infectious and Chronic
Diseases 17
1.6 Mode of Action of Bioactive Phytocompounds and their Interactions
with Macromolecules and Toxicity 18
1.7 Bioactive Phytocompounds and Future Perspectives 21
References 23
2 Quality Control, Screening, Toxicity, and Regulation
of Herbal Drugs 25
Wickramasinghe M. Bandaranayake
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Preparation of Herbal Drugs 29
2.3 Quality Control of Herbal Drugs 30
2.3.1 Parameters for Quality Control of Herbal Drugs 34
2.3.1.1 Microscopic Evaluation 34
2.3.1.2 Determination of Foreign Matter 34
2.3.1.3 Determination of Ash 35
2.3.1.4 Determination of Heavy Metals 35
Modern Phytomedicine. Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs
Edited by I. Ahmad, F. Aqil, and M. Owais
Copyright © 2006 WILEY VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 3 527 31530 6
VI I Contents
2.3.1.5 Determination of Microbial Contaminants and Aflatoxins 35
2.3.1.6 Determination of Pesticide Residues 36
2.3.1.7 Determination of Radioactive Contamination 37
2.3.1.8 Analytical Methods 37
2.3.1.9 Validation 38
2.4 Herbal Supplements 39
2.5 Adulteration of Herbal Drugs 40
2.6 Contamination of Herbal Drugs and Herb Drug Interactions 41
2.7 Toxicity of Herbal Drugs 43
2.8 Screening of Herbal Drugs 45
2.9 Labeling of Herbal Products 46
2.10 Policies and Regulations 47
2.11 Trends and Developments 49
2.12 Conclusions 50
References 53
3 Herbal Medicines: Prospects and Constraints 59
Iqbal Ahmad, Farrukh Aqil, Farah Ahmad,
and Mohammad Owais
3.1 Introduction 59
3.1.1 Traditional Systems of Medicine 61
3.1.1.1 Asian Medicinal System 61
3.1.1.2 European Herbalism 61
3.1.1.3 Neo Western Herbalism 61
3.1.2 Modern Phytomedicine 61
3.2 Prospects for Herbal Medicine 62
3.2.1 Indian System Based Herbal Medicine 64
3.2.2 Progress in the Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability
of Herbal Medicine 67
3.3 Constraints in Herbal Medicine 68
3.3.1 Reproducibility of Biological Activity of Herbal Extracts 68
3.3.2 Toxicity and Adverse Effects 68
3.3.3 Adulteration and Contamination 69
3.3.4 Herb Drug Interactions 69
3.3.5 Standardization 71
3.3.6 Regulatory Challenges of Asian Herbal Medicine 71
3.4 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for Herbal Medicine 72
3.5 Improving the Quality, Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicine 72
3.5.1 Quality Management 73
3.5.2 Encouraging Mediculture 73
3.5.3 Correct Identification of Plant Material 74
3.5.4 Minimizing Contamination in Herbal Medicine 74
3.6 Conclusions 74
Acknowledgments 75
References 76
Contents I VII
4 Bioactive Phytocompounds and Products Traditionally Used in japan 79
Jin ichi Sasaki
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 Garlic 80
4.2.1 Introduction 80
4.2.2 Biological Effect of Garlic 83
4.2.2.1 Antibacterial Effects 81
4.2.2.2 Anticoagulation Effects 84
4.2.2.3 Antioxidant Activity 86
4.2.2.4 Therapeutic Effects of Garlic Powder in the Organophosphate
Compound Poisoning Mouse as a Model of SARS 87
A3 Mushroom 87
4.3.1 Introduction 87
4.3.2 Biological Effects 88
4.3.2.1 Antitumor Activity 88
A.A Sweetcorn 92
A.A.I Introduction 92
4.4.2 Biological Effects 92
4.4.2.1 Antitumor Activity of Sweetcorn 92
4.5 Oil and Flavor of Tree Hiba (Japanese Cypress) (Hinokitiol) 94
4.5.1 Introduction 94
4.5.2 Biological Effects 94
4.6 Conclusions 95
Acknowledgments 96
References 96
5 Plant Extracts Used to Manage Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic
Infections in Southern Africa 97
J.N. Eloffand L.J. McGaw
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Biodiversity in Southern Africa 99
5.3 Use of Plants in Southern African Traditional Medicine 99
5.4 The Need for Anti Infective Agents 100
5.5 Selection of Plant Species to Investigate 100
5.5.1 Ethnobotanical Approach 101
5.5.2 Chemotaxonomy 101
5.5.3 Random Selection 101
5.6 Collecting, Drying, and Storage of Plant Material 102
5.7 Extraction of Plant Material 103
5.7.1 Which is the Best Extractant? 103
5.7.2 Extraction Period and Efficiency 104
5.7.3 Selective Extraction 104
5.7.4 Redissolving Extracts for Quantitative Data 105
5.7.5 Storage of Extracts 305
5.8 Evaluating Quantitative Antimicrobial Activity 105
VIII I Contents
5.9 Evaluating Qualitative Biological Activity 206
5.10 Expression of Results 107
5.11 Antibacterial Activity 108
5.12 Results on Antibacterial Activity Obtained with Members
of the Combretaceae 109
5.12.1 Introduction 109
5.12.2 Combretum eiythrophyllwn 109
5.12.3 Antibacterial Activity of Southern African Members
of the Combretaceae 109
5.12.4 Stability of Extracts 110
5.12.5 Anti Inflammatory Activity 110
5.12.6 Other Activities of Extracts of Combretum Species 111
5.127 Isolation and Biological Activity of Antibacterial Compounds
from C. erythrophyllum 111
5.12.8 Combretum woodii 111
5.12.9 Unpublished Work on Other Members of the Combretaceae 112
5.13 Antifungal Activity 112
5.14 Antiparasitic Activity 113
5.15 Other Anti Infective Research in South Africa 135
5.16 Cytotoxicity 115
5.17 Ethnoveterinary Research 116
5.18 Determining the in vivo Efficacy of Extracts
and Isolated Compounds 117
5.19 Conclusion 118
References 119
6 Biological and Toxicological Properties of Moroccan Plant Extracts:
Advances in Research 123
M. Larhsini
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 Ethnobotanic and Ethnopharmacology of Traditional Moroccan
Plants 125
6.2.1 Ethnobotanic Surveys 125
6.2.2 Biological Activities 126
6.2.2.1 Antimicrobial Properties 126
6.2.2.2 Antidiabetic Activity 128
6.2.2.3 Other Biological Activities 131
6.3 Toxicological As says 131
6.4 Conclusions 132
References 133
7 Anti MRSA and Anti VRE Activities of Phytoalexins and Phytoncides
Isolated from Tropical Plants 137
Yoshikazu Sakagami
7.1 Introduction 138
Contents IX
7.2 Phytoalexins and Phytoncides 139
7.3 Antibiotics 140
7.4 Bacteria and Broth 140
7.4.1 VRE 140
7.4.2 VSE 141
7.4.3 MRSA 141
7.4.4 MSSA 141
7.4.5 Broth 141
7.5 Isolation of Phytoalexins and Phytoncides 141
7.6 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 142
7.7 Synergism of Antibacterial Compounds with Commercially
Available Antibiotics 142
7.8 Antibacterial Activities 143
7.8.1 Sophoraflavanone G 143
7.8.2 Calozeyloxanthone 144
7.8.3 oc Mangostin 144
7.8.4 Gnemonol B and Gnetin E 145
7.8.5 Summary of MIC Values of Phytoalexin and Phytoncide
Against M RSA and VRE 146
7.9 Synergism Between the Test Compounds and Commercial Antibiotics
Against VRE, MRSA, VSE, and MSSA 147
7.9.1 Sophoraflavanone G 147
7.9.2 Calozeyloxanthone 148
7.9.3 cc Mangostin 148
7.9.4 Stilbene Oligomer 151
7.9.5 Summary of Synergistic Effects Between the Test Compounds
and the Commercial Antibiotics Against VRE and MRSA 153
References 154
8 Methods for Testing the Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts 157
Jenny M. Wilkinson
8.1 Introduction 157
8.2 Antibacterial Assays 158
8.2.1 Semi Solid Substrate Methods 161
8.2.1.1 Disk Diffusion Method 161
8.2.1.2 Agar Dilution Method 162
8.2.1.3 Broth Dilution Methods 163
8.2.1.4 Thin Layer Chromatography Bioautography 164
8.3 Antifungal Assays 165
8.4 In vivo Assessment of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity 166
8.5 Methods for Assessing Antiviral Activity 167
8.6 Screening of Plant Extracts for Antiparasitic Activity 167
8.7 Conclusions 168
References 169
xl Contents
9 Targeted Screening of Bioactive Plant Extracts and Phytocompounds
Against Problematic Groups of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria 173
Farrukh Aqil, Iqbal Ahmad, and Mohammad Owais
9.1 Introduction 174
9.1.1 Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria 174
9.1.2 Plants as a Source of Novel Bioactive Compounds 177
9.2 Approaches to Targeted Screening Against MDR Bacteria 179
9.2.1 MDR Efflux Pump Inhibitors from Plants 180
9.2.2 P Lactamase Inhibitors 181
9.2.3 Synergy Between Phytocompounds and Antibiotics 182
9.2.4 Targeting Virulence and Pathogenicity 185
9.2.5 Quorum Sensing Inhibitors 186
9.3 Other Potential Approaches 189
9.3.1 Targeting Gene Transfer Mechanisms 189
9.3.2 Targeting R Plasmid Elimination 190
9.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 191
Acknowledgments 192
References 193
10 Activity of Plant Extracts and Plant Derived Compounds against
Drug Resistant Microorganisms 199
Antonia Nostro
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 Plant Materials with General Antimicrobial Activity Including some
Drug Resistant Strains 200
10.3 Plant Materials with Specific Antimicrobial Activity Against Drug
Resistant Strains 201
10.3.1 Drug Resistant Gram Positive Bacteria 201
10.3.2 Drug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria 211
10.3.3 Other Drug Resistant Microorganisms 212
10.4 Plant Materials that Restore the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents
and/or Inhibit Drug Resistance Mechanisms 223
10.4.1 Other Mechanisms 225
10.5 Conclusions 226
References 226
11 An Alternative Holistic Medicinal Approach
to the Total Management of Hepatic Disorders:
A Novel Polyherbal Formulation 233
Mohammad Owais, Iqbal Ahmad, Shazia Khan, Umber Khan,
and Nadeem Ahmad
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 Conventional Medicines for Liver Disorders 236
11.3 Herbal Medicines Potential Therapeutic Agents with Minimal
Side Effects 237
Contents I XI
11.4 Contributions of Elementology to Potential Treatments for Hepatic
Disorders 240
11.5 Other Alternatives in Liver Therapy 242
11.6 Conclusions 242
References 243
12 Traditional Plants and Herbal Remedies Used in the Treatment
of Diarrheal Disease: Mode of Action, Quality, Efficacy,
and Safety Considerations 247
Enzo A. Palombo
12.1 Introduction 248
12.2 Methods Used in the Evaluation of Bioactivity
of Medicinal Plants 249
12.2.1 Antibacterial Activity 249
12.2.2 Antiprotozoal Activity 250
12.2.3 Antihelminthic Activity 250
12.2.4 Antiviral Activity 250
12.2.5 Antidiarrheal Activity 251
12.3 Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diarrhea
that Display Antimicrobial Activity 252
12.4 Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diarrhea
that Display Antidiarrheal Activity 255
12.5 Phytochemical Analysis, Identification of Active Plant Components,
and Mechanism of Action of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment
of Diarrhea 260
12.6 Quality, Efficacy, and Safety Considerations 263
12.7 Conclusions 266
Acknowledgments 267
References 267
13 Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity of Medicinal Plants 271
Javed Musarrat, Farrukh Aqil, and Iqbal Ahmad
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 Plants as Protective Agents Against DNA Damage 272
13.3 Antimutagenic Properties of Edible and Medicinal Plants 274
13.4 Mutagenicity of Plant Extracts and Phytocompounds 279
13.5 Janus Carcinogens and Mutagens 280
13.6 Chemical Nature of Phytoantimutagenic Compounds 281
13.6.1 Flavonoids 282
13.6.2 Phenolic Compounds 282
13.6.3 Coumarins 282
13.6.4 Diterpenoids 282
13.6.5 Organosulfur Compounds 283
13.7 Assays for Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity 283
13.8 Paradigms in Antimutagenicity Research 285
XIII Contents
13.9 Conclusions 285
References 286
14 Potential of Plant Derived Products in the Treatment
of Mycobacterial Infections 293
Deepa Bisht, Mohammad Owais, and K. Venkatesan
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Current Therapy of Tuberculosis and Leprosy 294
14.3 Need for Newer Antimycobacterial Drugs 295
14.4 Plant Extracts 295
14.5 Well Characterized Plant Derived Compounds 297
14.5.1 Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Fatty Acids and their Esters
and Simple Aromatics 297
14.5.2 Alkaloids 299
14.5.3 Phenolics and Acetogenic Quinones 302
14.5.4 Terpenes 304
14.5.5 Steroids 308
14.6 Conclusion 308
Acknowledgements 309
References 309
15 Ethnomedicinal Antivirals: Scope and Opportunity 313
Debprasad Chattopadhyay
15.1 Introduction 313
15.1.1 Ethnomedicines and Drug Discovery 314
15.1.2 Viruses: The Acellular Parasite of Cellular Hosts 315
15.1.2.1 Viral Infection Control 316
15.2 Antiviral Ethnomedicines Against Common Virus Families 316
15.3 Major Groups of Antivirals from Plants 321
15.3.1 Phenolics and Polyphenols 322
15.3.2 Coumarins 323
15.3.3 Quinones 324
15.3.4 Flavones, Flavonoids, and Flavonols 324
15.3.5 Tannins 327
15.3.6 Lignans 327
15.3.7 Terpenoids and Essential Oils 328
15.3.8 Alkaloids 329
15.3.9 Lectins, Polypeptides and Sugar Containing Compounds 330
15.4 Mixtures and Other Compounds 330
15.5 Experimental Approaches 331
15.5.1 In Vitro Efficacy 331
15.5.2 Clinical Trials in Humans 332
15.6 Future Prospects 334
15.7 Conclusions 334
Acknowledgments 335
References 335
Contents I XIII
16 Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytocompounds 341
Buket Cicioglu Andogan
16.1 Introduction 342
16.1.1 General Properties and Classification of Phytocompounds 342
16.2 Effect of Specific Medicinal Herbs on Immune System
and Immune Cells 343
16.3 General Properties of Echinacea Species 344
16.4 Effects of Echinacea Species on the Immune System
and Various Immune Cells 345
16.5 Asteraceae 349
16.6 Lithospermum erythrorhizon 351
16.7 Guarana 352
16.8 Side and Adverse Effects of Some Phytocompounds 352
16.9 Conclusion 353
References 354
17 Use of a Liposomal Delivery System for Herbal Based Therapeutics
(with a Focus on Clove Oil) 357
Nadeem Ahmad, MaroofAlam, Iqbal Ahmad, and Mohammad Owais
1. Introduction 357
17.1.1 Cinnamon Oil 359
17.1.2 Oregano Oil 359
17.1.3 Clove Oil 359
17.1.3.1 Composition of the Clove Oil Used 360
17.2 Rationale for Using Liposomized Formulation of Clove Oil 361
17.2.1 Advantageous Properties of Liposomes 362
17.3 Experiments Conducted to Develop Liposomal Clove Oil
Formulation 362
17.3.1 Determination of MIC of Clove Oil against Candida albicans 363
17.3.2 Determination of MIC of Clove Oil against Escherichia coli 363
17.3.3 In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Test Results 363
17.3.4 In Vitro Antifungal Activity Tests Results (Table 17.4) 364
17.3.5 In Vivo Antifungal Activity Test Results against Experimental Vaginal
Candidiasis 364
17.3.5.1 Evaluation of Efficacy of Liposomized Clove Oil 364
17.3.5.2 Evaluation of Route of Administration 365
17.4 Conclusions 366
References 366
Subject Index 369
|
| adam_txt |
|v
Contents
Preface XV
List of Contributors XVII
1 Bioactive Phytocompounds: New Approaches in the Phytosciences 1
Ricardo Ramos Mendonga Filho
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Development of Fast Reliable Methods of Extraction
and High Throughoutput Screening (HTS) of Crude Plant Extracts:
New Challenges 3
1.3 Antimicrobial Bioactive Phytocompounds from Extraction
to Identification: Process Standardization 6
1.4 Problems Associated with the Efficacy, Stability and Quality Control
of Herbal Drugs Preparations 13
1.5 Novel Bioactive Phytocompounds Against Multidrug Resistant
Bacteria/Fungi: The Management of Infectious and Chronic
Diseases 17
1.6 Mode of Action of Bioactive Phytocompounds and their Interactions
with Macromolecules and Toxicity 18
1.7 Bioactive Phytocompounds and Future Perspectives 21
References 23
2 Quality Control, Screening, Toxicity, and Regulation
of Herbal Drugs 25
Wickramasinghe M. Bandaranayake
2.1 Introduction 26
2.2 Preparation of Herbal Drugs 29
2.3 Quality Control of Herbal Drugs 30
2.3.1 Parameters for Quality Control of Herbal Drugs 34
2.3.1.1 Microscopic Evaluation 34
2.3.1.2 Determination of Foreign Matter 34
2.3.1.3 Determination of Ash 35
2.3.1.4 Determination of Heavy Metals 35
Modern Phytomedicine. Turning Medicinal Plants into Drugs
Edited by I. Ahmad, F. Aqil, and M. Owais
Copyright © 2006 WILEY VCH Verlag GmbH Co. KGaA, Weinheim
ISBN: 3 527 31530 6
VI I Contents
2.3.1.5 Determination of Microbial Contaminants and Aflatoxins 35
2.3.1.6 Determination of Pesticide Residues 36
2.3.1.7 Determination of Radioactive Contamination 37
2.3.1.8 Analytical Methods 37
2.3.1.9 Validation 38
2.4 Herbal Supplements 39
2.5 Adulteration of Herbal Drugs 40
2.6 Contamination of Herbal Drugs and Herb Drug Interactions 41
2.7 Toxicity of Herbal Drugs 43
2.8 Screening of Herbal Drugs 45
2.9 Labeling of Herbal Products 46
2.10 Policies and Regulations 47
2.11 Trends and Developments 49
2.12 Conclusions 50
References 53
3 Herbal Medicines: Prospects and Constraints 59
Iqbal Ahmad, Farrukh Aqil, Farah Ahmad,
and Mohammad Owais
3.1 Introduction 59
3.1.1 Traditional Systems of Medicine 61
3.1.1.1 Asian Medicinal System 61
3.1.1.2 European Herbalism 61
3.1.1.3 Neo Western Herbalism 61
3.1.2 Modern Phytomedicine 61
3.2 Prospects for Herbal Medicine 62
3.2.1 Indian System Based Herbal Medicine 64
3.2.2 Progress in the Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability
of Herbal Medicine 67
3.3 Constraints in Herbal Medicine 68
3.3.1 Reproducibility of Biological Activity of Herbal Extracts 68
3.3.2 Toxicity and Adverse Effects 68
3.3.3 Adulteration and Contamination 69
3.3.4 Herb Drug Interactions 69
3.3.5 Standardization 71
3.3.6 Regulatory Challenges of Asian Herbal Medicine 71
3.4 Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) for Herbal Medicine 72
3.5 Improving the Quality, Safety and Efficacy of Herbal Medicine 72
3.5.1 Quality Management 73
3.5.2 Encouraging Mediculture 73
3.5.3 Correct Identification of Plant Material 74
3.5.4 Minimizing Contamination in Herbal Medicine 74
3.6 Conclusions 74
Acknowledgments 75
References 76
Contents I VII
4 Bioactive Phytocompounds and Products Traditionally Used in japan 79
Jin ichi Sasaki
4.1 Introduction 80
4.2 Garlic 80
4.2.1 Introduction 80
4.2.2 Biological Effect of Garlic 83
4.2.2.1 Antibacterial Effects 81
4.2.2.2 Anticoagulation Effects 84
4.2.2.3 Antioxidant Activity 86
4.2.2.4 Therapeutic Effects of Garlic Powder in the Organophosphate
Compound Poisoning Mouse as a Model of SARS 87
A3 Mushroom 87
4.3.1 Introduction 87
4.3.2 Biological Effects 88
4.3.2.1 Antitumor Activity 88
A.A Sweetcorn 92
A.A.I Introduction 92
4.4.2 Biological Effects 92
4.4.2.1 Antitumor Activity of Sweetcorn 92
4.5 Oil and Flavor of Tree Hiba (Japanese Cypress) (Hinokitiol) 94
4.5.1 Introduction 94
4.5.2 Biological Effects 94
4.6 Conclusions 95
Acknowledgments 96
References 96
5 Plant Extracts Used to Manage Bacterial, Fungal, and Parasitic
Infections in Southern Africa 97
J.N. Eloffand L.J. McGaw
5.1 Introduction 98
5.2 Biodiversity in Southern Africa 99
5.3 Use of Plants in Southern African Traditional Medicine 99
5.4 The Need for Anti Infective Agents 100
5.5 Selection of Plant Species to Investigate 100
5.5.1 Ethnobotanical Approach 101
5.5.2 Chemotaxonomy 101
5.5.3 Random Selection 101
5.6 Collecting, Drying, and Storage of Plant Material 102
5.7 Extraction of Plant Material 103
5.7.1 Which is the Best Extractant? 103
5.7.2 Extraction Period and Efficiency 104
5.7.3 Selective Extraction 104
5.7.4 Redissolving Extracts for Quantitative Data 105
5.7.5 Storage of Extracts 305
5.8 Evaluating Quantitative Antimicrobial Activity 105
VIII I Contents
5.9 Evaluating Qualitative Biological Activity 206
5.10 Expression of Results 107
5.11 Antibacterial Activity 108
5.12 Results on Antibacterial Activity Obtained with Members
of the Combretaceae 109
5.12.1 Introduction 109
5.12.2 Combretum eiythrophyllwn 109
5.12.3 Antibacterial Activity of Southern African Members
of the Combretaceae 109
5.12.4 Stability of Extracts 110
5.12.5 Anti Inflammatory Activity 110
5.12.6 Other Activities of Extracts of Combretum Species 111
5.127 Isolation and Biological Activity of Antibacterial Compounds
from C. erythrophyllum 111
5.12.8 Combretum woodii 111
5.12.9 Unpublished Work on Other Members of the Combretaceae 112
5.13 Antifungal Activity 112
5.14 Antiparasitic Activity 113
5.15 Other Anti Infective Research in South Africa 135
5.16 Cytotoxicity 115
5.17 Ethnoveterinary Research 116
5.18 Determining the in vivo Efficacy of Extracts
and Isolated Compounds 117
5.19 Conclusion 118
References 119
6 Biological and Toxicological Properties of Moroccan Plant Extracts:
Advances in Research 123
M. Larhsini
6.1 Introduction 123
6.2 Ethnobotanic and Ethnopharmacology of Traditional Moroccan
Plants 125
6.2.1 Ethnobotanic Surveys 125
6.2.2 Biological Activities 126
6.2.2.1 Antimicrobial Properties 126
6.2.2.2 Antidiabetic Activity 128
6.2.2.3 Other Biological Activities 131
6.3 Toxicological As says 131
6.4 Conclusions 132
References 133
7 Anti MRSA and Anti VRE Activities of Phytoalexins and Phytoncides
Isolated from Tropical Plants 137
Yoshikazu Sakagami
7.1 Introduction 138
Contents IX
7.2 Phytoalexins and Phytoncides 139
7.3 Antibiotics 140
7.4 Bacteria and Broth 140
7.4.1 VRE 140
7.4.2 VSE 141
7.4.3 MRSA 141
7.4.4 MSSA 141
7.4.5 Broth 141
7.5 Isolation of Phytoalexins and Phytoncides 141
7.6 Minimum Inhibitory Concentration 142
7.7 Synergism of Antibacterial Compounds with Commercially
Available Antibiotics 142
7.8 Antibacterial Activities 143
7.8.1 Sophoraflavanone G 143
7.8.2 Calozeyloxanthone 144
7.8.3 oc Mangostin 144
7.8.4 Gnemonol B and Gnetin E 145
7.8.5 Summary of MIC Values of Phytoalexin and Phytoncide
Against M RSA and VRE 146
7.9 Synergism Between the Test Compounds and Commercial Antibiotics
Against VRE, MRSA, VSE, and MSSA 147
7.9.1 Sophoraflavanone G 147
7.9.2 Calozeyloxanthone 148
7.9.3 cc Mangostin 148
7.9.4 Stilbene Oligomer 151
7.9.5 Summary of Synergistic Effects Between the Test Compounds
and the Commercial Antibiotics Against VRE and MRSA 153
References 154
8 Methods for Testing the Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts 157
Jenny M. Wilkinson
8.1 Introduction 157
8.2 Antibacterial Assays 158
8.2.1 Semi Solid Substrate Methods 161
8.2.1.1 Disk Diffusion Method 161
8.2.1.2 Agar Dilution Method 162
8.2.1.3 Broth Dilution Methods 163
8.2.1.4 Thin Layer Chromatography Bioautography 164
8.3 Antifungal Assays 165
8.4 In vivo Assessment of Antibacterial and Antifungal Activity 166
8.5 Methods for Assessing Antiviral Activity 167
8.6 Screening of Plant Extracts for Antiparasitic Activity 167
8.7 Conclusions 168
References 169
xl Contents
9 Targeted Screening of Bioactive Plant Extracts and Phytocompounds
Against Problematic Groups of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria 173
Farrukh Aqil, Iqbal Ahmad, and Mohammad Owais
9.1 Introduction 174
9.1.1 Multiple Antibiotic Resistance in Bacteria 174
9.1.2 Plants as a Source of Novel Bioactive Compounds 177
9.2 Approaches to Targeted Screening Against MDR Bacteria 179
9.2.1 MDR Efflux Pump Inhibitors from Plants 180
9.2.2 P Lactamase Inhibitors 181
9.2.3 Synergy Between Phytocompounds and Antibiotics 182
9.2.4 Targeting Virulence and Pathogenicity 185
9.2.5 Quorum Sensing Inhibitors 186
9.3 Other Potential Approaches 189
9.3.1 Targeting Gene Transfer Mechanisms 189
9.3.2 Targeting R Plasmid Elimination 190
9.4 Conclusions and Future Directions 191
Acknowledgments 192
References 193
10 Activity of Plant Extracts and Plant Derived Compounds against
Drug Resistant Microorganisms 199
Antonia Nostro
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 Plant Materials with General Antimicrobial Activity Including some
Drug Resistant Strains 200
10.3 Plant Materials with Specific Antimicrobial Activity Against Drug
Resistant Strains 201
10.3.1 Drug Resistant Gram Positive Bacteria 201
10.3.2 Drug Resistant Gram Negative Bacteria 211
10.3.3 Other Drug Resistant Microorganisms 212
10.4 Plant Materials that Restore the Effectiveness of Antimicrobial Agents
and/or Inhibit Drug Resistance Mechanisms 223
10.4.1 Other Mechanisms 225
10.5 Conclusions 226
References 226
11 An Alternative Holistic Medicinal Approach
to the Total Management of Hepatic Disorders:
A Novel Polyherbal Formulation 233
Mohammad Owais, Iqbal Ahmad, Shazia Khan, Umber Khan,
and Nadeem Ahmad
11.1 Introduction 233
11.2 Conventional Medicines for Liver Disorders 236
11.3 Herbal Medicines Potential Therapeutic Agents with Minimal
Side Effects 237
Contents I XI
11.4 Contributions of Elementology to Potential Treatments for Hepatic
Disorders 240
11.5 Other Alternatives in Liver Therapy 242
11.6 Conclusions 242
References 243
12 Traditional Plants and Herbal Remedies Used in the Treatment
of Diarrheal Disease: Mode of Action, Quality, Efficacy,
and Safety Considerations 247
Enzo A. Palombo
12.1 Introduction 248
12.2 Methods Used in the Evaluation of Bioactivity
of Medicinal Plants 249
12.2.1 Antibacterial Activity 249
12.2.2 Antiprotozoal Activity 250
12.2.3 Antihelminthic Activity 250
12.2.4 Antiviral Activity 250
12.2.5 Antidiarrheal Activity 251
12.3 Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diarrhea
that Display Antimicrobial Activity 252
12.4 Traditional Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment of Diarrhea
that Display Antidiarrheal Activity 255
12.5 Phytochemical Analysis, Identification of Active Plant Components,
and Mechanism of Action of Medicinal Plants Used in the Treatment
of Diarrhea 260
12.6 Quality, Efficacy, and Safety Considerations 263
12.7 Conclusions 266
Acknowledgments 267
References 267
13 Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity of Medicinal Plants 271
Javed Musarrat, Farrukh Aqil, and Iqbal Ahmad
13.1 Introduction 271
13.2 Plants as Protective Agents Against DNA Damage 272
13.3 Antimutagenic Properties of Edible and Medicinal Plants 274
13.4 Mutagenicity of Plant Extracts and Phytocompounds 279
13.5 "Janus Carcinogens and Mutagens" 280
13.6 Chemical Nature of Phytoantimutagenic Compounds 281
13.6.1 Flavonoids 282
13.6.2 Phenolic Compounds 282
13.6.3 Coumarins 282
13.6.4 Diterpenoids 282
13.6.5 Organosulfur Compounds 283
13.7 Assays for Mutagenicity and Antimutagenicity 283
13.8 Paradigms in Antimutagenicity Research 285
XIII Contents
13.9 Conclusions 285
References 286
14 Potential of Plant Derived Products in the Treatment
of Mycobacterial Infections 293
Deepa Bisht, Mohammad Owais, and K. Venkatesan
14.1 Introduction 293
14.2 Current Therapy of Tuberculosis and Leprosy 294
14.3 Need for Newer Antimycobacterial Drugs 295
14.4 Plant Extracts 295
14.5 Well Characterized Plant Derived Compounds 297
14.5.1 Alkanes, Alkenes, Alkynes, Fatty Acids and their Esters
and Simple Aromatics 297
14.5.2 Alkaloids 299
14.5.3 Phenolics and Acetogenic Quinones 302
14.5.4 Terpenes 304
14.5.5 Steroids 308
14.6 Conclusion 308
Acknowledgements 309
References 309
15 Ethnomedicinal Antivirals: Scope and Opportunity 313
Debprasad Chattopadhyay
15.1 Introduction 313
15.1.1 Ethnomedicines and Drug Discovery 314
15.1.2 Viruses: The Acellular Parasite of Cellular Hosts 315
15.1.2.1 Viral Infection Control 316
15.2 Antiviral Ethnomedicines Against Common Virus Families 316
15.3 Major Groups of Antivirals from Plants 321
15.3.1 Phenolics and Polyphenols 322
15.3.2 Coumarins 323
15.3.3 Quinones 324
15.3.4 Flavones, Flavonoids, and Flavonols 324
15.3.5 Tannins 327
15.3.6 Lignans 327
15.3.7 Terpenoids and Essential Oils 328
15.3.8 Alkaloids 329
15.3.9 Lectins, Polypeptides and Sugar Containing Compounds 330
15.4 Mixtures and Other Compounds 330
15.5 Experimental Approaches 331
15.5.1 In Vitro Efficacy 331
15.5.2 Clinical Trials in Humans 332
15.6 Future Prospects 334
15.7 Conclusions 334
Acknowledgments 335
References 335
Contents I XIII
16 Immunomodulatory Effects of Phytocompounds 341
Buket Cicioglu Andogan
16.1 Introduction 342
16.1.1 General Properties and Classification of Phytocompounds 342
16.2 Effect of Specific Medicinal Herbs on Immune System
and Immune Cells 343
16.3 General Properties of Echinacea Species 344
16.4 Effects of Echinacea Species on the Immune System
and Various Immune Cells 345
16.5 Asteraceae 349
16.6 Lithospermum erythrorhizon 351
16.7 Guarana 352
16.8 Side and Adverse Effects of Some Phytocompounds 352
16.9 Conclusion 353
References 354
17 Use of a Liposomal Delivery System for Herbal Based Therapeutics
(with a Focus on Clove Oil) 357
Nadeem Ahmad, MaroofAlam, Iqbal Ahmad, and Mohammad Owais
\1.\ Introduction 357
17.1.1 Cinnamon Oil 359
17.1.2 Oregano Oil 359
17.1.3 Clove Oil 359
17.1.3.1 Composition of the Clove Oil Used 360
17.2 Rationale for Using Liposomized Formulation of Clove Oil 361
17.2.1 Advantageous Properties of Liposomes 362
17.3 Experiments Conducted to Develop Liposomal Clove Oil
Formulation 362
17.3.1 Determination of MIC of Clove Oil against Candida albicans 363
17.3.2 Determination of MIC of Clove Oil against Escherichia coli 363
17.3.3 In Vitro Antibacterial Activity Test Results 363
17.3.4 In Vitro Antifungal Activity Tests Results (Table 17.4) 364
17.3.5 In Vivo Antifungal Activity Test Results against Experimental Vaginal
Candidiasis 364
17.3.5.1 Evaluation of Efficacy of Liposomized Clove Oil 364
17.3.5.2 Evaluation of Route of Administration 365
17.4 Conclusions 366
References 366
Subject Index 369 |
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| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:12:49Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T21:00:01Z |
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| language | English |
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| spelling | Modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs ed. by Iqbal Ahmad ... 1. Aufl. Weinheim Wiley-VCH 2006 XIX, 384 S. Ill., graph. Darst. 240 mm x 170 mm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Phytomedizin <Medizin> - Aufsatzsammlung Materia medica, Vegetable Phytotherapy methods Plant Extracts therapeutic use Plants, Medicinal Phytomedizin Medizin (DE-588)4774268-9 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4143413-4 Aufsatzsammlung gnd-content Phytomedizin Medizin (DE-588)4774268-9 s DE-604 Ahmad, Iqbal Sonstige oth text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2786611&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015755186&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs Phytomedizin <Medizin> - Aufsatzsammlung Materia medica, Vegetable Phytotherapy methods Plant Extracts therapeutic use Plants, Medicinal Phytomedizin Medizin (DE-588)4774268-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4774268-9 (DE-588)4143413-4 |
| title | Modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs |
| title_auth | Modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs |
| title_exact_search | Modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs |
| title_full | Modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs ed. by Iqbal Ahmad ... |
| title_fullStr | Modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs ed. by Iqbal Ahmad ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | Modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs ed. by Iqbal Ahmad ... |
| title_short | Modern phytomedicine |
| title_sort | modern phytomedicine turning medicinal plants into drugs |
| title_sub | turning medicinal plants into drugs |
| topic | Phytomedizin <Medizin> - Aufsatzsammlung Materia medica, Vegetable Phytotherapy methods Plant Extracts therapeutic use Plants, Medicinal Phytomedizin Medizin (DE-588)4774268-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Phytomedizin <Medizin> - Aufsatzsammlung Materia medica, Vegetable Phytotherapy methods Plant Extracts therapeutic use Plants, Medicinal Phytomedizin Medizin Aufsatzsammlung |
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