Handbook on urban sustainability:
Gespeichert in:
| Format: | Buch |
|---|---|
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Dordrecht
Springer
2007
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltstext Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Literaturangaben Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXVII, 804 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| ISBN: | 1402053509 9781402053504 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Handbook on urban sustainability |c ed. by Nolberto Munier |
| 264 | 1 | |a Dordrecht |b Springer |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXVII, 804 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |c 24 cm | ||
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| 500 | |a Literaturangaben | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Nachhaltigkeit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Urban ecology | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sustainable development | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
PREFACE
THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF CITIES AND REGIONS:
COMPARING RESOURCE AVAILABILITY WITH RESOURCE
DEMAND Mathis Wackernagel, Justin Kitzes, Dan Moran,
Steven Goldfinger and Mary Thomas 1
I. Why track resource consumption and natural capital? 2
II. Ecological Footprint accounts: capturing human demand on nature 2
III. Ecological Footprint results 5
IV. Overshoot and ecological deficit 9
V. Applications of Ecological Footprint accounts 10
Municipal applications 11
National and regional applications 12
International applications 14
VI. An indicator for 'strong' and 'weak' sustainability 14
VII. What's in it for local governments? 15
INTRODUCTION Nolberto Munier 17
The purpose of this book 20
Internet references for the Introduction 33
CHAPTER 1
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS OF URBAN
SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS Nolberto Munier 35
1.1 Cities' origins and evolution 35
v
vi Table of Contents
1.2 The city as a system 38
1.3 The city and the environment 39
1.4 Nature's closed cycles 42
1.5 Society and the open path 43
1.6 Urban systems 44
1.7 The city and its region 56
1.8 Current status of urban infrastructure 57
1.9 Definition of strategic planning 59
1.10 City evaluation 60
1.11 Qualitative city assets and resources inventory 61
1.12 City needs (quantitative and qualitative) inventory 63
1.13 Characteristics of the city 63
1.14 Process for a sustainable city 81
1.15 Planning and prioritization of activities for a sustainable future 81
1.16 Monitoring 82
Internet references for Chapter 1 86
Bibliography 88
CHAPTER 2
URBAN SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Alfonso de Esteban Alonso,
Javier Curiel Diaz, Salvador Perello Oliver 89
2.1 Introduction 89
2.2 The concept of urban social sustainability 90
2.3 Social sustainability and immigration 94
2.4 Degradation and spatial segregation 95
2.5 Cultural integration vs. spatial segregation 96
2.6 The city of women 98
2.7 Access of women to housing 100
2.8 Women in the process of urban planning 101
Table of Contents vii
2.9 The role of infrastructure in the city as it applies to women 102
2.10 Collective facility from the gender perspective 106
2.11 Urban sustainability and quality of life 108
Bibliography 113
CHAPTER 3
THE CITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT Nolberto Munier 121
3.1 Introduction 121
3.2 The city and its region 123
3.3 Economic growth vs. sustainable development 124
3.4 Carrying capacity 129
3.5 Urban ecology 131
3.6 Material flows in a sustainable city 136
3.7 Indicators 141
3.8 Multipliers 144
3.9 The appraisal of present day conditions 145
3.10 The analysis of new projects 151
3.11 Selection of projects 155
3.12 Monitoring 164
Internet references for Chapter 3 168
Bibliography 169
CHAPTER 4
ECONOMY OF THE CITY AND ITS REGION Alfonso de Esteban
Alonso, Javier Curiel Diaz, Salvador Perello Oliver 171
4.1 Introduction 171
4.2 Sustainability problems in metropolitan areas 172
4.2.1 The policies of urban sustainability 174
4.2.2 The use of indicators 175
i
viii Table of Contents
4.3 Community facilities 178
4.3.1 Typology of services 179
4.3.2 Estimate of needs: Facilities standards 180
4.3.3 Differentiation of standards based on population
characteristics 181
4.3.4 Areas of influence 183
4.3.5 The objectives of the facilities policy 183
4.4 Urban vulnerability 184
4.4.1 Urban degradation 184
4.4.2 The urban renovation 186
4.4.3 Levels of vulnerability 187
4.5 Conclusions 190
Bibliography 191
CHAPTER 5
IMPROVING LIVES OF SLUM DWELLERS: CHALLENGES AND
STRATEGIES Vinay D. hall and Somik V. Lall 195
5.1 Slums and slum dwellers 195
5.2 Slum formation in Indian cities 205
5.3 Policies and interventions 210
5.3.1 Policy environment and the planning process 212
5.3.1.1 Overview 212
5.3.1.2 Planning and policy initiatives 213
5.3.1.3 Alternative strategies Relocation (sites and services)
and upgrading in situ 215
5.4 The Indian context 217
5.5 Specific interventions 220
5.5.1 Sites and services 220
5.5.2 Environmental improvement of urban slums (EIUS) 221
5.5.3 Integrated approach 224
Table of Contents ix
5.6 Mumbai transfer of development rights (TDR) Initiative 226
5.7 Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) 227
5.8 Titling and tenure security 228
5.9 Mobility out of slums 231
5.10 Where do we go from here? 234
5.10.1 Lessons learnt 234
5.10.2 A slum management policy 235
5.10.3 Road map for a slum management policy 237
Bibliography 239
CHAPTER 6
PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
Ronald Morrison 245
6.1 The role of planning in environmental sustainability: The balance
of demographic, economic and spatial growth of the city 245
6.1.1 Sustainable development and planning in the urban context 245
6.1.2 Population, economic, and spatial growth of the city 247
6.1.3 Difference between sprawl and suburban growth 249
6.2 Traditional land use planning 250
6.2.1 Municipal planning frameworks and processes 250
6.2.2 Approaches to planning for sustainable development
'Smart Growth' 252
6.3 Revitalization of the inner core and urban waterfronts
Brownfields redevelopment 253
6.3.1 Lands renewal in urban systems 253
6.3.2 Brownfields opportunities and challenges 253
6.4 Preservation of biophysical attributes of the urban environment 258
6.4.1 The greening of urban environments 258
6.4.2 Ecosystem approach for planning sustainable environments 261
6.5 Planning instruments for environmental sustainability 268
i
x Table of Contents
6.5.1 Environmental assessment 268
6.5.2 Environmental management systems 271
6.6 Summary 274
Internet references for Chapter 6 277
Bibliography 280
CHAPTER 7
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
ASSET MANAGEMENT Dana J. Vanier 283
7.1 Sustainable municipal structure 283
7.2 Deteriorating municipal infrastructure 284
7.3 What is municipal infrastructure asset management? 285
7.4 Definitions 286
7.4.1 Why municipal infrastructure asset management? 287
7.4.2 What is the state of municipal infrastructure asset
management? 290
7.4.3 How can municipal infrastructure be sustainable? 291
7.5 Six simple questions with six difficult answers 292
7.5.1 What do you own? 292
7.5.1.1 Inventory systems 293
7.5.1.2 Where is it? 294
7.5.2 What is it worth? 295
7.5.3 What is deferred? 297
7.5.4 What is the condition? 298
7.5.5 What is the remaining service life? 301
7.5.6 What do you fix first? 304
7.6 Municipal infrastructure asset management plan 308
7.7 Conclusions 309
Internet references for Chapter 7 309
Bibliography 311
Table of Contents xi
CHAPTER 8
URBAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KhaledA. Nigim 315
8.1 Introduction 315
8.2 Electricity consumption in cities 316
8.3 How is electricity produced, supplied and traded? 317
8.4 How does a supplier sustain power delivery to the consumer? 322
8.5 Implications of total dependence of using fossil fuel sources
to generate electricity 323
8.6 Practical measures to effectively meet the electricity demand
of cities 325
8.6.1 Entity: The electricity suppliers (Providers) 326
8.6.2 Entity: The electricity consumers 329
8.6.3 Entity: The government and energy regulatory bodies 333
8.7 Projected impacts on the environment and cities' electricity
supply when implementing alternatives 334
8.8 Energy resource attributes 335
8.9 Introduction to urban energy management, modeling, policies and
indicators 337
8.9.1 Energy modeling and indicators 337
8.9.2 Basic energy and environment related policy frameworks 340
8.9.3 Policy implementation 342
8.10 Case studies 343
Internet references for Chapter 8 348
References and useful Web links 349
Bibliography 351
CHAPTER 9
URBAN TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT
Todd Alexander Litman 353
9.1 Defining sustainable transportation 353
9.2 Sustainable transport planning 354
xii Table of Contents
9.3 Transportation and land use 356
9.4 The optimal level of mobility 357
9.5 Sustainable transportation indicators 359
9.5.1 Conventional transport indicators 360
9.5.2 Basic sustainability indicators 360
9.5.3 Comprehensive sustainable transportation indicators 361
9.6 Urban transport management solutions 363
9.7 Transportation planning and funding reforms 363
9.8 Eliminating oil production subsides 364
9.9 Revenue neutral tax shifting 364
9.10 Roadway cost recovery 365
9.11 Road pricing 365
9.12 Distance based vehicle fees 366
9.12.1 Pay as you drive insurance 366
9.12.2 Mileage based registration fees 366
9.12.3 Mileage based vehicle purchase taxes 367
9.12.4 Mileage based vehicle lease fees 367
9.12.5 Weight distance fees 367
9.12.6 Mileage based emission fees 367
9.13 Improve public transit services 368
9.14 Reform motor carrier regulations for competition and efficiency 368
9.15 Encourage ridesharing 369
9.16 Freight transport management 369
9.17 Improve walking and cycling conditions 369
9.18 Mobility management marketing 370
9.19 Transportation management programs 371
9.20 Commute trip reduction programs 371
9.21 Commuter financial incentives 371
9.22 Transportation management associations 372
Table of Contents xiii
9.23 Smart land use 372
9.24 School and campus transport management 374
9.25 Carsharing 374
9.26 Traffic calming 375
9.27 Case studies 375
9.28 Summary 380
Internet references for Chapter 9 381
Bibliography 385
CHAPTER 10
ENERGY USE AND URBAN BUILDINGS Ray Cole 389
10.1 Introduction 389
10.1.1 Values and shared goals 392
10.1.2 Technological capability 392
10.1.3 Urban buildings 393
10.2 A context for urban buildings 394
10.2.1 Global influences 394
10.2.2 Modernism 395
10.2.3 Globalization 395
10.2.4 Standardization 395
10.2.5 Legal and regulatory context 396
10.2.6 Physical Context 398
10.3 Environmental issues 400
10.3.1 Global issues 400
10.3.1.1 Human health 402
10.3.2 Green building 402
10.3.2.1 Green buildings as products 403
10.3.2.2 Green building as process 404
10.3.3 Building environmental assessment methods 405
xiv Table of Contents
10.4 Building environmental strategies 406
10.4.1 Mechanically and naturally conditioned approaches 406
10.4.1.1 Mechanical conditioning 407
10.4.1.2 Natural conditioning 409
10.4.1.3 Mixed Mode 410
10.4.2 Natural lighting 411
10.4.2.1 Traditional 'daylighting' techniques 412
10.4.2.2 Reflective systems 413
10.4.2.3 Lighting control strategy 414
10.4.3 Skin dominated or internal load dominated systems 414
10.4.4 Comfort expectations 416
10.4.5 Technological complexity 418
10.4.5.1 Matching technological complexity and management 418
10.4.5.2 User controls 419
10.4.6 Building size and form 420
10.4.6.1 Programmatic requirements 420
10.4.7 Intensity of use 421
10.4.8 Building life 422
10.5 Energy use in buildings 424
10.5.1 Building energy performance indicators 424
10.5.2 Life Cycle energy use 426
10.5.3 Commuting and travel energy use 431
10.5.3.1 Access to public transit 432
10.5.3.2 Alternative work arrangements 432
10.5.3.3 Environmental assessment of services 433
10.6 Future of urban buildings 434
10.6.1 Changing values and expectations 434
10.6.1.1 Technological advance: Redefining the notion of limits. 435
10.6.1.2 Global instability: An emerging context of security 436
Table of Contents xv
10.6.1.3 Green Building to Sustainable Building 437
Bibliography 438
CHAPTER 11
AN EXAMPLE OF CREATION OF SELF MANAGED CITIES
Walter Smith Cavalie 443
11.1 Introduction 443
11.2 Brief history of Villa El Salvador 444
11.3 Management of the community problems 446
11.3.1 Urban organization 446
11.3.2 Consultant's office and support for the building of houses 447
11.3.3 Attention to basic services 449
11.3.3.1 Water and wastewater services 449
11.3.3.2 Garbage collection 450
11.3.4 Electrification 451
11.3.5 Programs for trees planting 451
11.3.6 Citizen participation 452
11.3.7 Creation of job sources: The industrial park 454
11.3.8 Urban property registration 456
11.3.9 The problem of transportation 457
11.3.10 Education 457
11.4 Concrete results of the integral development plan of
Villa El Salvador 458
11.5 Learned lessons 458
11.5.1 Participative democracy 458
11.5.2 Gambling on the small and medium company 459
11.5.3 City Hall administration 460
11.5.4 Experience transfer to other communities 460
Internet references for Chapter 11 460
Appendix 464
xvi Table of Contents
11.A.1 Some data about Peru 464
11.A.2 Social and economic characteristics of Peru and Lima 464
11.A.3 District of Villa El Salvador 466
CHAPTER 12
URBAN WASTES MANAGEMENT Nolberto Munier 469
12.1 Introduction 469
12.2 Solid waste generation 470
12.3 Waste of water 473
12.4 Methods for waste disposal 476
12.4.1 Landfills 477
12.4.2 Incinerators 482
12.4.3 Wastewater treatment plants 484
12.5 Solutions proposed to reduce waste production 486
12.6 Planning waste reduction 495
12.7 The intelligent hierarchy 500
12.8 The intelligent hierarchy in industry 502
12.9 Recycling, a joint effort 504
12.10 Waste of energy 505
12.11 Conclusion 507
Internet references for Chapter 12 509
CHAPTER 13
WATER IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Maurits Ertsen andFrans van de Ven 511
13.1 Introduction 511
13.1.1 Water and cities 512
13.2 Three issues in urbanization in lowlands / river deltas 514
13.3 The urban water system 518
Table of Contents xvii
13.3.1 The physical system 519
13.3.2 The social system 522
13.4 Operation of urban water systems: quantitative issues 523
13.5 Operation of urban water systems: qualitative issues 526
13.6 Case study I: Solving water quantity problems differently 529
13.6.1 Spread discharge storage 532
13.6.2 Spread infiltration facilities 534
13.6.3 Combining infiltration and drainage: the vegetated swale 536
13.7 Integrated planning and design of urban water systems 541
13.8 Case study II: Integrated planning in Surabaya, Indonesia 545
13.9 Inspiration from the Netherlands 551
13.10 Planning processes in the Netherlands 557
13.11 Concluding remarks 564
Bibliography 564
CHAPTER 14
NATURAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Michela Tiboni 567
14.1 Hazard, vulnerability and exposure: some definitions 567
14.1.1 Hazard 570
14.1.2 Vulnerability 572
14.1.3 Exposure 574
14.1.4 Natural and anthropic components for different
types of disasters 576
14.1.5 Perception of risk and socially acceptable risk level 577
14.2 The role of planning in reducing environmental risk 581
14.2.1 From post event intervention to risk reduction planning:
how to evaluate the consequences on the environment
of human activities 581
14.2.2 Structural and non structural intervention for
mitigation of damage deriving from natural disasters 582
xviii Table of Contents
14.2.3 Long term prevention 585
14.2.4 Prevention for the middle and short terms 586
14.2.5 Analysis phase: How to build risk maps by
using a Geographic Information System 588
14.2.6 Planning phase: how to build a plan for risk mitigation 589
14.3 Risk management: land use dynamics and environmental hazards . 592
14.3.1 Planning actions for reducing the potential losses
for existing and for new development area 592
14.4 Case study: An example of prior evaluation of the
effects of planning choices on flooding 598
14.5 Summary 602
Bibliography 604
CHAPTER 15
URBAN RECONSTRUCTION Mohamed Ziara 607
15.1 Reconstruction and sustainability 607
15.2 Causes and nature of destruction 608
15.2.1 Sudden destruction 608
15.2.2 Progressive deterioration 610
15.3 Objectives of reconstruction 612
15.3.1 Obj ectives of reconstruction after sudden destruction 612
15.3.2 Objectives of reconstruction after progressive destruction 613
15.3.3 Reconstruction deliverables 614
15.3.3.1 Achieving greater social justice 614
15.3.3.2 Economic development and sustainable employment 614
15.3.3.3 Developing financially responsible programs 614
15.3.3.4 Environment protection 615
15.3.4 Reconstruction challenges 615
15.4 Services reconstruction identification and needs 616
15.4.1 Infrastructure needs 616
Table of Contents xix
15.4.2 Housing needs 618
15.4.3 Need of public and commercial activities 619
15.5 Required resources for the reconstruction 620
15.5.1 Required resources immediately after destruction 620
15.5.2 Required resources for reconstruction 620
15.5.3 Financing the reconstruction 621
15.5.4 Need for external resources 621
15.5.5 Role of official and private sector 622
15.5.6 Budget process and financial management 623
15.5.6.1 Importance 623
15.5.6.2 Budget process 624
15.6 Construction industry 625
15.6.1 The role of construction industry in socio economic
development 625
15.6.2 Rehabilitation of structures 626
15.7 Cost of housing 629
15.7.1 Lifecycle cost of housing 629
15.7.2 Cost influencing factors 630
15.7.2.1 Land 630
15.7.2.2 Building materials 630
15.7.2.3 Labor 631
15.7.2.4 Infrastructure 631
15.7.2.5 Planning and design 631
15.7.2.6 Regulations 632
15.7.2.7 Costs of financing and sales 632
15.7.3 General criteria for reducing the cost of
reconstructed houses 633
15.8 Planning for reconstruction 634
15.8.1 Difficulties and limitations 634
15.8.2 Multiple criteria decision analytical techniques 636
xx Table of Contents
15.8.3 Multiple criteria decision problems 639
15.8.3.1 Multiple objective programming problems 639
15.8.3.2 Multiple attribute problems 640
15.8.4 Classes of solution methodology 640
15.8.4.1 Scoring methods 641
15.8.4.2 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 641
15.9 Methodology for reducing the reconstruction cost of housing 641
15.9.1 Methodology outline 641
15.9.2 Methodology steps 642
15.9.2.1 Step 1: Definition of scenarios for resource use 642
15.9.2.2 Step 2: Assessment of desirability of identified
scenarios 645
15.9.2.3 Step 3: Assessment of implementation suitability 646
15.9.2.4 Step 4: Development of weight factors for identified
scenarios 647
15.9.2.5 Step 5: Selection of optimal scenario using
decision analysis 647
15.9.3 Decision analysis 647
15.9.3.1 Decision variables 648
15.9.3.2 Objectives of decision analysis 649
15.9.3.3 Decision outcomes 649
15.9.3.4 Associated probabilities and consequence 650
15.9.3.5 Decision trees 650
15.9.4 Information needs 651
15.9.5 Optimal scenario 653
15.9.6 Concluding remarks 655
15.10 Reconstruction of prioritized infrastructure projects 656
15.10.1 Background 656
15.10.2 A risk informed decision making approach using AHP 656
15.10.3 Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) 657
Table of Contents xxi
15.10.3.1 Steps of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 657
15.10.3.2 Numeric example 661
15.11 Case study 665
15.11.1 Utilities and public services 667
15.11.2 Education 668
15.11.3 Basic health 668
15.11.4 The reconstruction planning process 669
15.11.4.1 Situation before Oslo Agreement 669
15.11.4.2 Situation after Oslo Agreement up to 2000 669
15.11.4.3 Situation after the second Intifada 670
15.11.5 Donor contribution 671
15.11.6 Palestinian development plan (PDP) 674
15.11.7 Reconstruction planning process in Palestine 674
15.11.8 Coordination mechanism of donor aid 675
15.12 Concluding remarks 675
15.A Outcomes with probability distributions 679
15.B Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) calculation 679
15.B.1 Calculation of priority vector 680
15.B.2 Computation of ICI 680
Bibliography 681
CHAPTER 16
ROAD MAP TO URBAN SUSTAINABILITY
AND DECISION MAKING Nolberto Munier 687
16.1 Introduction 687
16.2 Establishing the road map 688
A.I Preparing the statement of intent by Municipal Council 689
A.2 Designing and planning of Sustainability Council 691
A.3 Selecting goals 693
xxii Table of Contents
A.4 Determining goal scopes 695
B.I Determining our advantages and disadvantages 702
B.2 Profiling the kind of city we have 703
B.3 Taking advantage of city strengths 723
B.4 Identify unsustainable practices and barriers to implementation 729
B.5 Determining projects, plans, programs 731
B.6 Looking for opportunities 732
B.7 Selecting Council programs 734
C.I Preparing the master plan including list of projects 738
C.2 Selecting projects and time framing their execution 740
C.3 Monitoring 740
16.3 Conclusion 740
Internet references for Chapter 16 741
Bibliography 742
CHAPTER 17
PROCESS FOR IMPLEMENTING A MUNICIPAL
SUSTAINABILITY PLAN £ awa./. Vernier 743
17.1 Introduction 743
17.2 Steps towards implementing a Sustainability Plan 743
17.2.1 Municipal Council develops Statement of Intent 744
17.2.2 Management Team proposes a Sustainability Council 746
17.2.3 Promoting the Sustainability Council 747
17.2.4 Sustainability Council develops and proposes
Sustainability Plan 747
17.2.5 The Sustainability Council identifies overall goals 748
17.2.6 Sustainability Council selects Sustainability Alternatives 749
17.2.7 Sustainability Council identifies sustainability assets
and liabilities 750
Table of Contents xxiii
17.2.8 Sustainability Council identifies regulatory support (rates,
environmental taxes, charges, and levies) 752
17.2.9 Sustainability Council develops Sustainability
Education Plan 753
17.2.10 Sustainability Council selects indicators to evaluate goal
attainment 753
17.2.11 Sustainability Council selects metrics for Life Cycle Cost
Analysis 755
17.2.12 Sustainability Council selects implementation projects 755
17.2.13 Sustainability Council develops and recommends
budget for Sustainability Plan 756
17.2.14 Municipal Council approves the Sustainability Plan 756
17.2.15 Sustainability/Municipal Council monitors and validates
sustainability plan 757
17.3 Case studies in the selection of sustainability initiatives 757
17.3.1 General Sustainability Plan case study 758
17.4 Summary 764
Internet references for Chapter 17 764
Bibliography 765
GLOSSARY 767
INDEX 779
COLOUR PLATES 789 |
| adam_txt |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CONTRIBUTORS xxv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xxvii
PREFACE
THE ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT OF CITIES AND REGIONS:
COMPARING RESOURCE AVAILABILITY WITH RESOURCE
DEMAND Mathis Wackernagel, Justin Kitzes, Dan Moran,
Steven Goldfinger and Mary Thomas 1
I. Why track resource consumption and natural capital? 2
II. Ecological Footprint accounts: capturing human demand on nature 2
III. Ecological Footprint results 5
IV. Overshoot and ecological deficit 9
V. Applications of Ecological Footprint accounts 10
Municipal applications 11
National and regional applications 12
International applications 14
VI. An indicator for 'strong' and 'weak' sustainability 14
VII. What's in it for local governments? 15
INTRODUCTION Nolberto Munier 17
The purpose of this book 20
Internet references for the Introduction 33
CHAPTER 1
CHARACTERISTICS AND ANALYSIS OF URBAN
SUSTAINABLE SYSTEMS Nolberto Munier 35
1.1 Cities' origins and evolution 35
v
vi Table of Contents
1.2 The city as a system 38
1.3 The city and the environment 39
1.4 Nature's closed cycles 42
1.5 Society and the open path 43
1.6 Urban systems 44
1.7 The city and its region 56
1.8 Current status of urban infrastructure 57
1.9 Definition of strategic planning 59
1.10 City evaluation 60
1.11 Qualitative city assets and resources inventory 61
1.12 City needs (quantitative and qualitative) inventory 63
1.13 Characteristics of the city 63
1.14 Process for a sustainable city 81
1.15 Planning and prioritization of activities for a sustainable future 81
1.16 Monitoring 82
Internet references for Chapter 1 86
Bibliography 88
CHAPTER 2
URBAN SOCIAL SUSTAINABILITY Alfonso de Esteban Alonso,
Javier Curiel Diaz, Salvador Perello Oliver 89
2.1 Introduction 89
2.2 The concept of urban social sustainability 90
2.3 Social sustainability and immigration 94
2.4 Degradation and spatial segregation 95
2.5 Cultural integration vs. spatial segregation 96
2.6 The city of women 98
2.7 Access of women to housing 100
2.8 Women in the process of urban planning 101
Table of Contents vii
2.9 The role of infrastructure in the city as it applies to women 102
2.10 Collective facility from the gender perspective 106
2.11 Urban sustainability and quality of life 108
Bibliography 113
CHAPTER 3
THE CITY AND ITS ENVIRONMENT Nolberto Munier 121
3.1 Introduction 121
3.2 The city and its region 123
3.3 Economic growth vs. sustainable development 124
3.4 Carrying capacity 129
3.5 Urban ecology 131
3.6 Material flows in a sustainable city 136
3.7 Indicators 141
3.8 Multipliers 144
3.9 The appraisal of present day conditions 145
3.10 The analysis of new projects 151
3.11 Selection of projects 155
3.12 Monitoring 164
Internet references for Chapter 3 168
Bibliography 169
CHAPTER 4
ECONOMY OF THE CITY AND ITS REGION Alfonso de Esteban
Alonso, Javier Curiel Diaz, Salvador Perello Oliver 171
4.1 Introduction 171
4.2 Sustainability problems in metropolitan areas 172
4.2.1 The policies of urban sustainability 174
4.2.2 The use of indicators 175
i
viii Table of Contents
4.3 Community facilities 178
4.3.1 Typology of services 179
4.3.2 Estimate of needs: Facilities standards 180
4.3.3 Differentiation of standards based on population
characteristics 181
4.3.4 Areas of influence 183
4.3.5 The objectives of the facilities policy 183
4.4 Urban vulnerability 184
4.4.1 Urban degradation 184
4.4.2 The urban renovation 186
4.4.3 Levels of vulnerability 187
4.5 Conclusions 190
Bibliography 191
CHAPTER 5
IMPROVING LIVES OF SLUM DWELLERS: CHALLENGES AND
STRATEGIES Vinay D. hall and Somik V. Lall 195
5.1 Slums and slum dwellers 195
5.2 Slum formation in Indian cities 205
5.3 Policies and interventions 210
5.3.1 Policy environment and the planning process 212
5.3.1.1 Overview 212
5.3.1.2 Planning and policy initiatives 213
5.3.1.3 Alternative strategies Relocation (sites and services)
and upgrading in situ 215
5.4 The Indian context 217
5.5 Specific interventions 220
5.5.1 Sites and services 220
5.5.2 Environmental improvement of urban slums (EIUS) 221
5.5.3 Integrated approach 224
Table of Contents ix
5.6 Mumbai transfer of development rights (TDR) Initiative 226
5.7 Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) 227
5.8 Titling and tenure security 228
5.9 Mobility out of slums 231
5.10 Where do we go from here? 234
5.10.1 Lessons learnt 234
5.10.2 A slum management policy 235
5.10.3 Road map for a slum management policy 237
Bibliography 239
CHAPTER 6
PLANNING FOR SUSTAINABLE URBAN ENVIRONMENTS
Ronald Morrison 245
6.1 The role of planning in environmental sustainability: The balance
of demographic, economic and spatial growth of the city 245
6.1.1 Sustainable development and planning in the urban context 245
6.1.2 Population, economic, and spatial growth of the city 247
6.1.3 Difference between sprawl and suburban growth 249
6.2 Traditional land use planning 250
6.2.1 Municipal planning frameworks and processes 250
6.2.2 Approaches to planning for sustainable development
'Smart Growth' 252
6.3 Revitalization of the inner core and urban waterfronts
Brownfields redevelopment 253
6.3.1 Lands renewal in urban systems 253
6.3.2 Brownfields opportunities and challenges 253
6.4 Preservation of biophysical attributes of the urban environment 258
6.4.1 The greening of urban environments 258
6.4.2 Ecosystem approach for planning sustainable environments 261
6.5 Planning instruments for environmental sustainability 268
i
x Table of Contents
6.5.1 Environmental assessment 268
6.5.2 Environmental management systems 271
6.6 Summary 274
Internet references for Chapter 6 277
Bibliography 280
CHAPTER 7
TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE
ASSET MANAGEMENT Dana J. Vanier 283
7.1 Sustainable municipal structure 283
7.2 Deteriorating municipal infrastructure 284
7.3 What is municipal infrastructure asset management? 285
7.4 Definitions 286
7.4.1 Why municipal infrastructure asset management? 287
7.4.2 What is the state of municipal infrastructure asset
management? 290
7.4.3 How can municipal infrastructure be sustainable? 291
7.5 Six simple questions with six difficult answers 292
7.5.1 What do you own? 292
7.5.1.1 Inventory systems 293
7.5.1.2 Where is it? 294
7.5.2 What is it worth? 295
7.5.3 What is deferred? 297
7.5.4 What is the condition? 298
7.5.5 What is the remaining service life? 301
7.5.6 What do you fix first? 304
7.6 Municipal infrastructure asset management plan 308
7.7 Conclusions 309
Internet references for Chapter 7 309
Bibliography 311
Table of Contents xi
CHAPTER 8
URBAN ENERGY MANAGEMENT KhaledA. Nigim 315
8.1 Introduction 315
8.2 Electricity consumption in cities 316
8.3 How is electricity produced, supplied and traded? 317
8.4 How does a supplier sustain power delivery to the consumer? 322
8.5 Implications of total dependence of using fossil fuel sources
to generate electricity 323
8.6 Practical measures to effectively meet the electricity demand
of cities 325
8.6.1 Entity: The electricity suppliers (Providers) 326
8.6.2 Entity: The electricity consumers 329
8.6.3 Entity: The government and energy regulatory bodies 333
8.7 Projected impacts on the environment and cities' electricity
supply when implementing alternatives 334
8.8 Energy resource attributes 335
8.9 Introduction to urban energy management, modeling, policies and
indicators 337
8.9.1 Energy modeling and indicators 337
8.9.2 Basic energy and environment related policy frameworks 340
8.9.3 Policy implementation 342
8.10 Case studies 343
Internet references for Chapter 8 348
References and useful Web links 349
Bibliography 351
CHAPTER 9
URBAN TRANSPORTATION MANAGEMENT
Todd Alexander Litman 353
9.1 Defining sustainable transportation 353
9.2 Sustainable transport planning 354
xii Table of Contents
9.3 Transportation and land use 356
9.4 The optimal level of mobility 357
9.5 Sustainable transportation indicators 359
9.5.1 Conventional transport indicators 360
9.5.2 Basic sustainability indicators 360
9.5.3 Comprehensive sustainable transportation indicators 361
9.6 Urban transport management solutions 363
9.7 Transportation planning and funding reforms 363
9.8 Eliminating oil production subsides 364
9.9 Revenue neutral tax shifting 364
9.10 Roadway cost recovery 365
9.11 Road pricing 365
9.12 Distance based vehicle fees 366
9.12.1 Pay as you drive insurance 366
9.12.2 Mileage based registration fees 366
9.12.3 Mileage based vehicle purchase taxes 367
9.12.4 Mileage based vehicle lease fees 367
9.12.5 Weight distance fees 367
9.12.6 Mileage based emission fees 367
9.13 Improve public transit services 368
9.14 Reform motor carrier regulations for competition and efficiency 368
9.15 Encourage ridesharing 369
9.16 Freight transport management 369
9.17 Improve walking and cycling conditions 369
9.18 Mobility management marketing 370
9.19 Transportation management programs 371
9.20 Commute trip reduction programs 371
9.21 Commuter financial incentives 371
9.22 Transportation management associations 372
Table of Contents xiii
9.23 Smart land use 372
9.24 School and campus transport management 374
9.25 Carsharing 374
9.26 Traffic calming 375
9.27 Case studies 375
9.28 Summary 380
Internet references for Chapter 9 381
Bibliography 385
CHAPTER 10
ENERGY USE AND URBAN BUILDINGS Ray Cole 389
10.1 Introduction 389
10.1.1 Values and shared goals 392
10.1.2 Technological capability 392
10.1.3 Urban buildings 393
10.2 A context for urban buildings 394
10.2.1 Global influences 394
10.2.2 Modernism 395
10.2.3 Globalization 395
10.2.4 Standardization 395
10.2.5 Legal and regulatory context 396
10.2.6 Physical Context 398
10.3 Environmental issues 400
10.3.1 Global issues 400
10.3.1.1 Human health 402
10.3.2 Green building 402
10.3.2.1 Green buildings as products 403
10.3.2.2 Green building as process 404
10.3.3 Building environmental assessment methods 405
xiv Table of Contents
10.4 Building environmental strategies 406
10.4.1 Mechanically and naturally conditioned approaches 406
10.4.1.1 Mechanical conditioning 407
10.4.1.2 Natural conditioning 409
10.4.1.3 Mixed Mode 410
10.4.2 Natural lighting 411
10.4.2.1 Traditional 'daylighting' techniques 412
10.4.2.2 Reflective systems 413
10.4.2.3 Lighting control strategy 414
10.4.3 Skin dominated or internal load dominated systems 414
10.4.4 Comfort expectations 416
10.4.5 Technological complexity 418
10.4.5.1 Matching technological complexity and management 418
10.4.5.2 User controls 419
10.4.6 Building size and form 420
10.4.6.1 Programmatic requirements 420
10.4.7 Intensity of use 421
10.4.8 Building life 422
10.5 Energy use in buildings 424
10.5.1 Building energy performance indicators 424
10.5.2 Life Cycle energy use 426
10.5.3 Commuting and travel energy use 431
10.5.3.1 Access to public transit 432
10.5.3.2 Alternative work arrangements 432
10.5.3.3 Environmental assessment of services 433
10.6 Future of urban buildings 434
10.6.1 Changing values and expectations 434
10.6.1.1 Technological advance: Redefining the notion of limits. 435
10.6.1.2 Global instability: An emerging context of security 436
Table of Contents xv
10.6.1.3 Green Building to Sustainable Building 437
Bibliography 438
CHAPTER 11
AN EXAMPLE OF CREATION OF SELF MANAGED CITIES
Walter Smith Cavalie 443
11.1 Introduction 443
11.2 Brief history of Villa El Salvador 444
11.3 Management of the community problems 446
11.3.1 Urban organization 446
11.3.2 Consultant's office and support for the building of houses 447
11.3.3 Attention to basic services 449
11.3.3.1 Water and wastewater services 449
11.3.3.2 Garbage collection 450
11.3.4 Electrification 451
11.3.5 Programs for trees planting 451
11.3.6 Citizen participation 452
11.3.7 Creation of job sources: The industrial park 454
11.3.8 Urban property registration 456
11.3.9 The problem of transportation 457
11.3.10 Education 457
11.4 Concrete results of the integral development plan of
Villa El Salvador 458
11.5 Learned lessons 458
11.5.1 Participative democracy 458
11.5.2 Gambling on the small and medium company 459
11.5.3 City Hall administration 460
11.5.4 Experience transfer to other communities 460
Internet references for Chapter 11 460
Appendix 464
xvi Table of Contents
11.A.1 Some data about Peru 464
11.A.2 Social and economic characteristics of Peru and Lima 464
11.A.3 District of Villa El Salvador 466
CHAPTER 12
URBAN WASTES MANAGEMENT Nolberto Munier 469
12.1 Introduction 469
12.2 Solid waste generation 470
12.3 Waste of water 473
12.4 Methods for waste disposal 476
12.4.1 Landfills 477
12.4.2 Incinerators 482
12.4.3 Wastewater treatment plants 484
12.5 Solutions proposed to reduce waste production 486
12.6 Planning waste reduction 495
12.7 The intelligent hierarchy 500
12.8 The intelligent hierarchy in industry 502
12.9 Recycling, a joint effort 504
12.10 Waste of energy 505
12.11 Conclusion 507
Internet references for Chapter 12 509
CHAPTER 13
WATER IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Maurits Ertsen andFrans van de Ven 511
13.1 Introduction 511
13.1.1 Water and cities 512
13.2 Three issues in urbanization in lowlands / river deltas 514
13.3 The urban water system 518
Table of Contents xvii
13.3.1 The physical system 519
13.3.2 The social system 522
13.4 Operation of urban water systems: quantitative issues 523
13.5 Operation of urban water systems: qualitative issues 526
13.6 Case study I: Solving water quantity problems differently 529
13.6.1 Spread discharge storage 532
13.6.2 Spread infiltration facilities 534
13.6.3 Combining infiltration and drainage: the vegetated swale 536
13.7 Integrated planning and design of urban water systems 541
13.8 Case study II: Integrated planning in Surabaya, Indonesia 545
13.9 Inspiration from the Netherlands 551
13.10 Planning processes in the Netherlands 557
13.11 Concluding remarks 564
Bibliography 564
CHAPTER 14
NATURAL RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
Michela Tiboni 567
14.1 Hazard, vulnerability and exposure: some definitions 567
14.1.1 Hazard 570
14.1.2 Vulnerability 572
14.1.3 Exposure 574
14.1.4 Natural and anthropic components for different
types of disasters 576
14.1.5 Perception of risk and socially acceptable risk level 577
14.2 The role of planning in reducing environmental risk 581
14.2.1 From post event intervention to risk reduction planning:
how to evaluate the consequences on the environment
of human activities 581
14.2.2 Structural and non structural intervention for
mitigation of damage deriving from natural disasters 582
xviii Table of Contents
14.2.3 Long term prevention 585
14.2.4 Prevention for the middle and short terms 586
14.2.5 Analysis phase: How to build risk maps by
using a Geographic Information System 588
14.2.6 Planning phase: how to build a plan for risk mitigation 589
14.3 Risk management: land use dynamics and environmental hazards . 592
14.3.1 Planning actions for reducing the potential losses
for existing and for new development area 592
14.4 Case study: An example of prior evaluation of the
effects of planning choices on flooding 598
14.5 Summary 602
Bibliography 604
CHAPTER 15
URBAN RECONSTRUCTION Mohamed Ziara 607
15.1 Reconstruction and sustainability 607
15.2 Causes and nature of destruction 608
15.2.1 Sudden destruction 608
15.2.2 Progressive deterioration 610
15.3 Objectives of reconstruction 612
15.3.1 Obj ectives of reconstruction after sudden destruction 612
15.3.2 Objectives of reconstruction after progressive destruction 613
15.3.3 Reconstruction deliverables 614
15.3.3.1 Achieving greater social justice 614
15.3.3.2 Economic development and sustainable employment 614
15.3.3.3 Developing financially responsible programs 614
15.3.3.4 Environment protection 615
15.3.4 Reconstruction challenges 615
15.4 Services reconstruction identification and needs 616
15.4.1 Infrastructure needs 616
Table of Contents xix
15.4.2 Housing needs 618
15.4.3 Need of public and commercial activities 619
15.5 Required resources for the reconstruction 620
15.5.1 Required resources immediately after destruction 620
15.5.2 Required resources for reconstruction 620
15.5.3 Financing the reconstruction 621
15.5.4 Need for external resources 621
15.5.5 Role of official and private sector 622
15.5.6 Budget process and financial management 623
15.5.6.1 Importance 623
15.5.6.2 Budget process 624
15.6 Construction industry 625
15.6.1 The role of construction industry in socio economic
development 625
15.6.2 Rehabilitation of structures 626
15.7 Cost of housing 629
15.7.1 Lifecycle cost of housing 629
15.7.2 Cost influencing factors 630
15.7.2.1 Land 630
15.7.2.2 Building materials 630
15.7.2.3 Labor 631
15.7.2.4 Infrastructure 631
15.7.2.5 Planning and design 631
15.7.2.6 Regulations 632
15.7.2.7 Costs of financing and sales 632
15.7.3 General criteria for reducing the cost of
reconstructed houses 633
15.8 Planning for reconstruction 634
15.8.1 Difficulties and limitations 634
15.8.2 Multiple criteria decision analytical techniques 636
xx Table of Contents
15.8.3 Multiple criteria decision problems 639
15.8.3.1 Multiple objective programming problems 639
15.8.3.2 Multiple attribute problems 640
15.8.4 Classes of solution methodology 640
15.8.4.1 Scoring methods 641
15.8.4.2 Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 641
15.9 Methodology for reducing the reconstruction cost of housing 641
15.9.1 Methodology outline 641
15.9.2 Methodology steps 642
15.9.2.1 Step 1: Definition of scenarios for resource use 642
15.9.2.2 Step 2: Assessment of desirability of identified
scenarios 645
15.9.2.3 Step 3: Assessment of implementation suitability 646
15.9.2.4 Step 4: Development of weight factors for identified
scenarios 647
15.9.2.5 Step 5: Selection of optimal scenario using
decision analysis 647
15.9.3 Decision analysis 647
15.9.3.1 Decision variables 648
15.9.3.2 Objectives of decision analysis 649
15.9.3.3 Decision outcomes 649
15.9.3.4 Associated probabilities and consequence 650
15.9.3.5 Decision trees 650
15.9.4 Information needs 651
15.9.5 Optimal scenario 653
15.9.6 Concluding remarks 655
15.10 Reconstruction of prioritized infrastructure projects 656
15.10.1 Background 656
15.10.2 A risk informed decision making approach using AHP 656
15.10.3 Analytical hierarchy process (AHP) 657
Table of Contents xxi
15.10.3.1 Steps of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) 657
15.10.3.2 Numeric example 661
15.11 Case study 665
15.11.1 Utilities and public services 667
15.11.2 Education 668
15.11.3 Basic health 668
15.11.4 The reconstruction planning process 669
15.11.4.1 Situation before Oslo Agreement 669
15.11.4.2 Situation after Oslo Agreement up to 2000 669
15.11.4.3 Situation after the second Intifada 670
15.11.5 Donor contribution 671
15.11.6 Palestinian development plan (PDP) 674
15.11.7 Reconstruction planning process in Palestine 674
15.11.8 Coordination mechanism of donor aid 675
15.12 Concluding remarks 675
15.A Outcomes with probability distributions 679
15.B Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) calculation 679
15.B.1 Calculation of priority vector 680
15.B.2 Computation of ICI 680
Bibliography 681
CHAPTER 16
ROAD MAP TO URBAN SUSTAINABILITY
AND DECISION MAKING Nolberto Munier 687
16.1 Introduction 687
16.2 Establishing the road map 688
A.I Preparing the statement of intent by Municipal Council 689
A.2 Designing and planning of Sustainability Council 691
A.3 Selecting goals 693
xxii Table of Contents
A.4 Determining goal scopes 695
B.I Determining our advantages and disadvantages 702
B.2 Profiling the kind of city we have 703
B.3 Taking advantage of city strengths 723
B.4 Identify unsustainable practices and barriers to implementation 729
B.5 Determining projects, plans, programs 731
B.6 Looking for opportunities 732
B.7 Selecting Council programs 734
C.I Preparing the master plan including list of projects 738
C.2 Selecting projects and time framing their execution 740
C.3 Monitoring 740
16.3 Conclusion 740
Internet references for Chapter 16 741
Bibliography 742
CHAPTER 17
PROCESS FOR IMPLEMENTING A MUNICIPAL
SUSTAINABILITY PLAN £ awa./. Vernier 743
17.1 Introduction 743
17.2 Steps towards implementing a Sustainability Plan 743
17.2.1 Municipal Council develops Statement of Intent 744
17.2.2 Management Team proposes a Sustainability Council 746
17.2.3 Promoting the Sustainability Council 747
17.2.4 Sustainability Council develops and proposes
Sustainability Plan 747
17.2.5 The Sustainability Council identifies overall goals 748
17.2.6 Sustainability Council selects Sustainability Alternatives 749
17.2.7 Sustainability Council identifies sustainability assets
and liabilities 750
Table of Contents xxiii
17.2.8 Sustainability Council identifies regulatory support (rates,
environmental taxes, charges, and levies) 752
17.2.9 Sustainability Council develops Sustainability
Education Plan 753
17.2.10 Sustainability Council selects indicators to evaluate goal
attainment 753
17.2.11 Sustainability Council selects metrics for Life Cycle Cost
Analysis 755
17.2.12 Sustainability Council selects implementation projects 755
17.2.13 Sustainability Council develops and recommends
budget for Sustainability Plan 756
17.2.14 Municipal Council approves the Sustainability Plan 756
17.2.15 Sustainability/Municipal Council monitors and validates
sustainability plan 757
17.3 Case studies in the selection of sustainability initiatives 757
17.3.1 General Sustainability Plan case study 758
17.4 Summary 764
Internet references for Chapter 17 764
Bibliography 765
GLOSSARY 767
INDEX 779
COLOUR PLATES 789 |
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| id | DE-604.BV022545104 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T18:11:37Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T09:21:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1402053509 9781402053504 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2007416625 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015751491 |
| oclc_num | 74650694 |
| open_access_boolean | |
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| physical | XXVII, 804 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm |
| publishDate | 2007 |
| publishDateSearch | 2007 |
| publishDateSort | 2007 |
| publisher | Springer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Handbook on urban sustainability ed. by Nolberto Munier Dordrecht Springer 2007 XXVII, 804 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. 24 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Literaturangaben Includes bibliographical references and index Nachhaltigkeit Urban ecology Sustainable development Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd rswk-swf Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd rswk-swf Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 s Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 s DE-604 Munier, Nolberto Sonstige (DE-588)1126511641 oth text/html http://deposit.dnb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2840630&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm Inhaltstext HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015751491&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Handbook on urban sustainability Nachhaltigkeit Urban ecology Sustainable development Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4056754-0 (DE-588)4326464-5 |
| title | Handbook on urban sustainability |
| title_auth | Handbook on urban sustainability |
| title_exact_search | Handbook on urban sustainability |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Handbook on urban sustainability |
| title_full | Handbook on urban sustainability ed. by Nolberto Munier |
| title_fullStr | Handbook on urban sustainability ed. by Nolberto Munier |
| title_full_unstemmed | Handbook on urban sustainability ed. by Nolberto Munier |
| title_short | Handbook on urban sustainability |
| title_sort | handbook on urban sustainability |
| topic | Nachhaltigkeit Urban ecology Sustainable development Stadtplanung (DE-588)4056754-0 gnd Nachhaltigkeit (DE-588)4326464-5 gnd |
| topic_facet | Nachhaltigkeit Urban ecology Sustainable development Stadtplanung |
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