Our social world: introduction to sociology
Gespeichert in:
Hauptverfasser: | , |
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Format: | Buch |
Sprache: | English |
Veröffentlicht: |
Thousand Oaks [u.a.]
Pine Forge Press
2007
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Schlagworte: | |
Online-Zugang: | Publisher description Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references (p. 517-541) and index |
Beschreibung: | xxviii, 562 p. zahlr. Ill., graf. Darst., Kt. 28 cm |
ISBN: | 9781412937061 141293706X |
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100 | 1 | |a Ballantine, Jeanne H. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
245 | 1 | 0 | |a Our social world |b introduction to sociology |c Jeanne H. Ballantine ; Keith A. Roberts |
264 | 1 | |a Thousand Oaks [u.a.] |b Pine Forge Press |c 2007 | |
300 | |a xxviii, 562 p. |b zahlr. Ill., graf. Darst., Kt. |c 28 cm | ||
336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
500 | |a Includes bibliographical references (p. 517-541) and index | ||
650 | 4 | |a Sociology | |
650 | 4 | |a Sociology |v Cross-cultural studies | |
650 | 0 | 7 | |a Soziologie |0 (DE-588)4077624-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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700 | 1 | |a Roberts, Keith A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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adam_text | Preface xix
How to Make This Book Work for You xxi
To the Instructor xxiv
Acknowledgments xxvii
PART I: Understanding Our Social World: The Scientific Study of Society 1
Chapter 1 Sociology: A Unique Way to View the World 2
Chapter 2 Examining the Social World: How Do We Know? 26
PART II: Social Structure, Processes, and Control 57
Chapter 3 Culture and Society: Hardware and Software of Our Social World 58
Chapter 4 Socialization: Becoming Human and Humane 92
Chapter 5 Interaction, Croups, and Organizations: Connections that Work 120
Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control:
Slckos, Perverts, Freaks, and Folks Like Us 154
PART III: Inequality 189
Chapter 7 Stratification: Rich and Famous—or Rags and Famine? 190
Chapter 8 Race and Ethnic Croup Stratification: Beyond We and They 220
Chapter 9 Gender Stratification: She/He—Who Goes First? 254
PART IV: Institutions 289
Chapter 10 Family: Partner Taking, People Making, and Contract Breaking 290
Chapter 11 Education: What Are We Learning? 322
Chapter 12 Religion: The Meaning of Sacred Meaning 362
Chapter 13 Medicine: An Anatomy of Health and Illness 396
PART V: Social Dynamics 433
Chapter 14 Population and Urbanization: Living on Spaceship Earth 434
Chapter 15 The Process of Change: Can We Make a Difference? 480
References 517
Photo Credits for Chapter Openers 542
Glossary/Index 543
Chapter P (website) Political Systems: Penetrating Power
Preface xlx
How to Make This Book Work for You xxi
To the Instructor xxiv
Acknowledgments xxvli
PART I: Understanding Our
Social World: The Scientific
Study of Society 1
Chapter 1 • Sociology:
A Unique Way to View the World 2
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 5
Assumptions Underlying Sociology 5
Sociology versus Common Sense 7
Commonsense Beliefs and Social Science Findings 8
The Sociological Perspective
and the Sociological Imagination 10
Questions Sociologists Ask—and Don t Ask 10
The Applied Sociologist at Work:
The Study of Society and the Practice of Sociology:
Ruth Pickard and Daryl Poole 12
The Social Sciences: A Comparison 13
WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY ... AND WHAT DO
SOCIOLOGISTS DO? 14
How Do We Know? Burnouts and
Jocks in a Public High School 15
What Employers Want 16
What Sociologists Do 16
THE SOCIAL WORLD MODEL 17
Social Units and Social Structure 18
Social Processes 18
The Environment 19
Studying the Social World: Levels of Analysis 19
Micro Level Analysis 20
Meso Level Analysis 20
Macro Level Analysis 20
The Social World Model and This Book 23
Sociology around the World:
Tunisian Village Meets the Modern World 24
So What? 25
DETAILED CONTENTS
Chapter 2 • Examining the Social
World: How Do We Know? 26
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE 29
Early Sociological Thought 29
Conditions Leading to Modern Sociology 30
Assumptions of Science 32
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH AND SOCIAL THEORY 34
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 35
HOW SOCIOLOGISTS STUDY THE SOCIAL WORLD 36
Planning a Research Study 36
Designing the Research Method 38
Selecting a Sample 40
How Do We Know? The Hull House Circle 41
Sociology in Your Social World:
How to Read a Research Table 42
Analyzing the Data and Drawing Conclusions 43
Applied Sociology 43
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH 43
SOCIOLOGY S MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 44
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Reporting Research:
A Social Scientist Meets the Press: Alan McEvoy 45
Micro to Meso Level Theories 47
Symbolic Interactionism 47
Rational Choice Theory 48
Meso and Macro Level Theories 49
Structural Functional Theory 49
Conflict Theory 51
Feminist Sociological Theory 53
Multi Level Analysis: Max Weber s Contributions 54
Using Different Theoretical Perspectives 55
So What? 56
PART II: Social Structure,
Processes, and Control 57
Chapter 3 • Society and Culture:
Hardware and Software of
Our Social World 58
SOCIETY: THE HARDWARE 61
Evolution of Societies 61
Types of Societies 63
Hunter Catherer Societies 63
Herding and Horticultural Societies 64
Agricultural Societies 65
Industrial Societies 66
Postindustrial or Information Societies 66
CULTURE: THE SOFTWARE 68
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Creativity, Community,
and Applied Sociology: Richard Florida 69
The Study of Culture 70
Real and Ideal Culture 70
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity 70
Sociology around the World: Evolutionary Cuisine 73
SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND OUR SOCIAL WORLD 74
Microcultures: Micro Level Analysis 74
Subculture and Countercultures: Meso Level Analysis 75
Macro Level Analysis 77
National Society and Culture 77
Global Society and Culture 78
THE COMPONENTS OF CULTURE 78
Material Culture: The Artifacts of Life 78
Sociology around the World:
Life and Death in a Guatemalan Village 79
Nonmaterial Culture: Beliefs, Values, Rules, and Language 80
CULTURAL THEORY AT THE MICRO LEVEL 86
Symbolic Interaction Theory 86
CULTURAL THEORIES AT
THE MESO AND MACRO LEVELS 87
Structural Functional Theory 87
Conflict Theory 87
POLICY AND CULTURAL CHANCE 88
THE FIT BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 89
So What? 90
Chapter 4 • Socialization:
Becoming Human and Humane 92
NATURE AND NURTURE 94
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION 95
Isolated and Abused Children 95
SOCIALIZATION AND THE SOCIAL WORLD 96
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF:
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 98
The Looking Glass Self and Taking the Role of the Other 98
Sociology in Your Social World:
Black Men and Public Space 100
Parts of the Self 101
Stages in the Development of the Self 102
The Self and Connections to the Meso Level 103
SOCIALIZATION THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE 104
The Process of Resocialization 108
The Applied Sociologist at Work: The Process of
Resocialization: Maria Lamb 109
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION:
THE MICRO MESO CONNECTION 110
How Do We Know? Gender Socialization in
American Public Schools 111
Sociology in Your Social World: Formal and Informal Agents of
Socialization: A Comparison of Schooling and Television 112
Families: Micro Level Socializing Agents 112
Social Class: Meso Level Socialization 113
Electronic Media: Meso Level Agents within the Home 114
SOCIALIZATION AND MACRO LEVEL ISSUES 115
Transnationalism and Sense of Self 115
Heterogeneous Societies and Effect on Self versus Other 115
Global Events and Personal Identity 115
POLICY AND PRACTICE 116
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Evaluating Socialization for
Young Children: Joyce lutcovich 117
So What? 117
Chapter 5 • Interaction,
Groups, and Organizations:
Connections that Work 120
NETWORKS AND CONNECTIONS
IN OUR SOCIAL WORLD 122
How Do We Know? Studying Degrees of Separation 123
Family and Friends: Micro Level Networks 124
Meso and Macro Level Networks 124
THE PROCESS OF INTERACTION:
CONNECTIONS AT THE MICRO LEVEL 125
The Elements of Social Interaction 125
Sociology in Your Social World: Antioch College Sexual Conduct
Policy 128
Theoretical Perspectives on the Interaction Process 130
Rational Choice Theory 130
Symbolic Interactionism 131
Ethnomethodology 131
Dramaturgy 131
Social Status: The Link to Croups 132
The Relationship between Status and Role 133
Photo Essay: Work Status and Roles around the World 134
Role Strain and Role Conflict 135
GROUPS IN OUR SOCIAL WORLD:
THE MICRO MESO CONNECTION 136
The Importance of Croups for the Individual 137
Anomie and Types of Suicide 13 7
Types of Croups 139
ORGANIZATIONS AND BUREAUCRACIES:
THE MESO MACRO CONNECTION 142
The Evolution of Modern Organizations 142
Characteristics of Modern Organizations 143
Characteristics of Bureaucracy 144
Sociology in Your Social World: Bowling Alone:
Individualism versus Sense of Community 145
Individuals in Bureaucracies 146
Sociology around the World: The McDonaldization of Society 147
Problems in Bureaucracies 148
NATIONAL AND GLOBAL NETWORKS:
THE MACRO LEVEL 149
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Using Sociology in International
Travel and Intercultural Education: Elise Roberts 150
POLICY ISSUES: WOMEN AND GLOBALIZATION 151
So What? 152
Chapter 6 • Deviance and
Social Control: Sickos, Perverts,
Freaks, and Folks Like Us 154
WHAT IS DEVIANCE? 156
Sociology in Your Social World: Who Is Deviant? 157
Misconceptions about Deviance 159
WHAT CAUSES DEVIANT BEHAVIOR?
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 161
Micro Level Explanations of Deviance:
Rational Choice and Interaction Theories 161
Social Control Theory and Rational Choice 161
Differential Association Theory 163
Labeling Theory 164
How Do We Know? Witch Hunts
in the Puritan Colonies 165
Meso and Macro Level Explanations of Deviance:
Structural Functional and Conflict Theories 167
Anomie and Social Disorganization 167
Strain Theory 168
Conflict Theory 168
Feminist Theory 170
Sociology around the World:
Blaming the Victim: An Extreme Case 171
CRIME AND INDIVIDUALS:
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 172
Predatory or Street Crimes 172
Crimes without Victims 173
Hate Crimes 174
How Much Crime Is There? 175
CRIME AND ORGANIZATIONS:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 176
Crimes Involving Organizations and Institutions 176
Organized Crime 176
Occupational Crime 176
NATIONAL ISSUES AND GLOBAL COMPARISONS:
MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 178
Cross National Comparison of Crimes 179
Global Crimes 180
CONTROLLING CRIME:
POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 181
Dealing with Crime: The Criminal Justice Process 181
Prisons and jails 182
The Functions and Effectiveness of Prisons 183
Alternatives to Prison 186
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Reducing Recidivism by
Increasing Social Capital: James Faulkner 187
So What? 188
PART III: Inequality 189
Chapter 7 • Stratification: Rich and
Famous—or Rags and Famine? 190
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 193
Micro Level Prestige and Influence 193
Meso Level Access to Resources 194
Macro Level Factors Influencing Stratification 194
THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF STRATIFICATION 195
Micro Level Theory 195
Symbolic Interaction 195
Meso and Macro Level Theories 196
Structural Functional Theory 196
Conflict Theory 197
The Evolutionary Theory of Stratification: A Synthesis 199
INDIVIDUALS SOCIAL STATUS: THE MICRO LEVEL 199
Individual Life Chances and Lifestyles 200
Education 200
Health, Social Conditions, and Life Expectancy 200
Family Life and Child Rearing Patterns 201
Lifestyles 202
Attitudes toward Achievement 202
Religious Membership 202
Political Behavior 202
SOCIAL MOBILITY:
THE MICRO MESO CONNECTION 202
Types of Social Mobility 203
Factors Affecting Mobility 203
Socialization 203
Education, Skills, and Social Ties 203
Occupational Structure and Economic Vitality 203
Population Trends 204
Gender and Ethnicity 204
The Interdependent Global Market and International Events 204
Is There a Land of Opportunity ? Cross Cultural Mobility 205
What Are Your Chances for Mobility? 205
MAJOR STRATIFICATION SYSTEMS:
MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 206
Ascribed Status: Caste and Estate Systems 207
Sociology in Your Social World: Nickel and Dimed 207
Sociology around the World: The Outcasts of India 208
Achieved Status: Social Class Systems 209
Property, Power, and Prestige 209
The Economic Factor 210
The Power Factor 210
The Prestige Factor 211
Social Classes in the United States 211
POVERTY: MULTI LEVEL
DETERMINANTS AND POLICY 212
How Do We Know? Growing Up Poor 213
Eliminating Poverty: Some Policy Considerations 214
Workfare and Other Aid Programs 214
Sociology in Your Social World: The Functions of Poverty 215
NATIONAL AND GLOBAL DIGITAL DIVIDE:
MACRO LEVEL STRATIFICATION 215
The Applied Sociologist at Work
The Applied Research Center: Kenneth Nybetg 216
The Global Digital Divide and Policy 217
Chapter 8 • Race and
Ethnic Group Stratification:
Beyond We and They 220
WHAT CHARACTERIZES RACE
AND ETHNIC GROUPS? 224
Minority Croups 224
The Concept of Race 225
Origins of the Concept of Race 225
Sociology in Your Social World:
Historical Attempts to Define Race 226
Social Construction of Race: Symbolic Interaction Analysis 227
The Significance of Race versus Class 228
Ethnic Croups 229
PREJUDICE AND RACISM: MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 230
Prejudice 230
Photo Essay: Prejudice and Discrimination against Japanese
Americans 232
The Nature of Prejudice 233
Explanations of Prejudice 233
Racism 234
DISCRIMINATION: MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 235
DOMINANT AND MINORITY CROUP CONTACT:
MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 238
How Do We Know? A Piece of the Pie 239
Theoretical Explanations of
Dominant Minority Group Relations 242
Conflict Theory 242
Structural Functional Theory 243
THE EFFECTS OF PREJUDICE,
RACISM, AND DISCRIMINATION 244
The Costs of Racism 244
Minority Reactions to Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 245
POLICIES GOVERNING MINORITY AND
DOMINANT GROUP RELATIONS 246
Policies to Reduce Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination 247
Individual or Small Croup Therapy 247
Group Contact 247
Institutional and Societal
Strategies to Improve Croup Relations 248
Affirmative Action 249
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Reducing Racism in a Racial
Tinderbox: Rachel Ernst 250
Sociology in Your Social World: Preference Policies at the
University of Michigan 251
Nonviolent Resistance: Institutional
and Societal Policy for Change 252
Global Movements for Human Rights 253
So What? 253
Chapter 9 • Gender Stratification:
She/He—Who Goes First? 254
SEX, GENDER, AND THE
STRATIFICATION SYSTEM 256
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 257
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality at the Micro Level 259
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality at the Meso Level 259
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality at the Macro Level 260
Sociology around the World:
Micro Credits and Empowerment of Women 261
GENDER SOCIALIZATION: MICRO AND
MESO LEVEL ANALYSES 264
Stages in Gender Socialization 264
Infancy 264
Childhood 264
How Do We Know? The Boy Code 265
Meso Level Agents of Gender Socialization 266
Corporations 266
Mass Media 268
Educational Systems 269
Religious Beliefs 270
GENDER STRATIFICATION:
MESO AND MACRO LEVEL PROCESSES 272
Gendered Organizations 272
Institutionalized Gender Discrimination 272
Gender Differences in Internet Use 274
GENDER STRATIFICATION:
MICRO TO MACRO LEVEL THEORIES 274
Symbolic Interactionism: Micro Level Analysis 275
Structural Functional and Conflict Theories:
Meso and Macro Level Analyses 276
Structural Functional Theory 276
Conflict Theory 277
Feminist Theory 277
Sociology in Your Social World:
Rape and the Victims of Rape 279
Class, Race, and Gender 280
GENDER AND MINORITY GROUP STATUS 280
Women as a Minority 280
Gender, Homosexuality, and Minority Status 281
Sociology around the World: North African Women in France:
The Intersection of Class, Race, and Gender 282
COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES
OF GENDER STRATIFICATION 282
Psychological and Social Consequences of
Gender Stratification: Micro Level Implications 283
Superwoman Image 283
Beauty Image 283
Societal Costs and Consequences of Gender Stratification:
Meso and Macro Level Implications 284
CHANGING GENDER STRATIFICATION
AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 284
The Applied Sociologist at Work:
Women and Violence: Kloanor l.yon 286
So What? 287
Part IV: Institutions 289
Chapter 10 • Family:
Partner Taking, People Making,
and Contract Breaking 290
WHAT IS A FAMILY? 292
Sociology in Your Social World: The Ideal Family 293
Photo Essay: Family Interactions 294
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FAMILY 295
Micro Level Theories of Family and
the Meso Level Connection 295
Rational Choice or Exchange Theory 295
Symbolic Interaction Theory 296
Meso and Micro Level Theories of the Family 297
Structural Functional Theory 297
Sexual Regulation 297
Reproduction and Replacement 298
Socialization 298
Emotional Support and Protection 298
Status Assignment 298
Economic Support 298
Changing Family functions 299
Sociology around the World:
Body Mutilation for Marriage 300
Conflict Theory 300
Feminist Theory 301
FAMILY DYNAMICS:
MICRO LEVEL PROCESSES 302
Mate Selection: How Do New Families Start? 302
Norms Governing Choice of Marriage Partners:
Societal Rules and Intimate Choices 302
Finding a Mate 303
Arranged Marriages 303
Free Choice and Romantic Love 303
Who Holds the Power? Authority Relations
in Marriage 305
Decision Making in Marriage 305
Who Does the Housework? 305
How Do We Know? Marital Adjustment
and Marriages that Last 306
THE FAMILY AS AN INSTITUTION:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 307
Marriage and Family Structure:
The Components of Family as an Institution 307
Types of Marriages 307
Extended and Nuclear Families 308
The Economic Institution and the Family 309
Poverty and Families in the United States 309
Dual Worker Families 310
NATIONAL AND GLOBAL
FAMILY ISSUES: MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 311
Teen Pregnancies and Their Consequences 311
Cohabitation 312
Homosexual Relationships and Civil Unions 313
Sociology in Your Social World:
Cohabiting: Facts and Fiction 314
Divorce—Contract Breaking 315
Divorce and Its Social Consequences 316
Global Family Patterns and Policies 317
MARRIAGE, DIVORCE,
AND SOCIAL POLICIES 318
Sociology around the World: Cross Cultural Differences in
Family Dissolution 314
The Applied Sociologist at Work:
Covenant Marriage: Steven 1.. Nock 320
So What? 321
Chapter 11 • Education:
What Are We Learning? 322
STATE OF THE WORLD S EDUCATION:
AN OVERVIEW 324
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION 326
Education and Individuals: Micro Level Theories 326
Social Interaction within the Classroom:
Symbolic Interaction Perspective 326
Making Choices in Educational Settings:
Rational Choice Theory 327
Why Societies Have Education
Systems: Macro Level Theories 328
The Purposes of Education: Functionalist Perspective 328
Socialization: Teaching Children to
Be Productive Members of Society 328
Selecting and Training Individuals for
Positions in Society 329
Promoting Change and Innovation 329
Enhancing Personal and Social Development 330
Latent Functions of Education 330
Stratification and Education: Conflict Perspective 331
WHO DOES WHAT? MICRO LEVEL INTERACTIONS
IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 331
Who Does What? Statuses and Roles
in the Educational System 332
Students and the Peer Culture of Schools 332
Photo Essay: Student Roles 333
Sociology in Your Social World: Where the Boys Are 335
Teachers: The Front Line 336
Photo Essay: Teacher Roles 337
Administrators: The Managers of the School System 338
The Informal System: What Really Happens inside Schools? 339
Educational Climate of Schools 339
Value Climate of Schools 340
Sociology in Your Social World: Sources of Teacher
Expectations 342
Power dynamics and Coping Strategies in the Classroom 342
AFTER THE SCHOOL BELL RINCS:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 343
Formal Education Systems 344
The Bureaucratic School Structure 343
Education and the Social Institution of Family 345
Goals: What and Whose? 346
Decision Making at the Meso Level 347
Local Level Influences 347
National Level Influences 348
IS EDUCATION THE ROAD TO OPPORTUNITY?
STRATIFICATION AT THE MACRO LEVEL 348
Can Schools Bring about Equality in Societies? 348
The Coleman Report 349
The jencks Study 349
Who Gets Ahead and Why? The Role of Education in
Stratification 349
How Do We Know? Life and Learning in Magnet Schools 350
Early Childhood Education and Opportunity 351
Sources of Inequality 351
Testing 351
Tracking or Streaming 351
School Funding 352
Public and Private Schools 353
EDUCATIONAL TRENDS AND SOCIAL POLICY ISSUES 354
Education of Girls 354
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Government Comprehension
and Planning in Education: Carl Schmitt 355
Educational Policies in the United States 355
Global Issues in Education 356
The Future of Education in the Global System 357
Sociology in Your Social World: Internet Technology and the
Virtual University 359
So What? 359
Chapter 12 • Religion:
The Meaning of Sacred Meaning 362
WHAT DOES RELIGION DO FOR US? 364
Components of Religion 364
Meaning System 365
Belonging System 365
Structural System 366
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Research for Religious
Organizations: C. Kirk Hadaway 367
HOW DO INDIVIDUALS BECOME RELIGIOUS?
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 367
Symbols and the Creation of Meaning:
A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 369
A Rational Choice Perspective 372
RELIGION AND MODERN LIFE:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 373
Religion and Other Social Institutions 373
Religion and Family 374
Religion and Politics: Theocracies and Civil Religion 374
Religion and the Economy:
The Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 376
Types of Religious Associations 377
The Ecdesia 377
Denominations 378
Sects 378
New Religious Movements (NRMs) or Cults 380
Sociology in Your Social World: Heaven s Gate 381
RELIGION IN SOCIETY: MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 382
The Contribution of Religion to Society:
A Functionalist Perspective 382
Social Cohesion 382
Legitimating Social Values and Norms 382
Social Change 382
How [lo We Know? Witchcraft in the United States .iHM
The Link between Religion and Stratification:
A Conflict Perspective 384
The Class Base of Religion 384
Racial Bias, Gender Prejudice, and Religion 385
RELIGION IN NORTH AMERICA 386
Is Religion Dying or Revitalizing? 386
The Process of Secularization 388
SOCIAL POLICY: THE HOMOSEXUALITY DEBATES 389
Photo Essay: Prayer in Schools? 390
RELIGION IN THE MODERN WORLD 392
Religion and Peace 392
Religion, Technology, and the World Wide Web 394
So What? 395
Chapter 13 • Medicine:
An Anatomy of Health
and Illness 396
WHY IS HEALTH A SOCIAL ISSUE? 398
The Micro Level 399
The Meso Level 399
The Macro Level 399
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON HEALTH AND ILLNESS 400
Micro Level Theoretical Perspectives 400
The Symbolic Interaction Perspective and Labeling Theory 400
Medicalization and Labeling 401
Meso and Macro Level Theoretical Perspectives 402
Sociology in Your Social World: Alcoholism and Policy 403
The Functionalist Perspective 403
The Conflict Perspective 404
Sociology around the World: Health Care: Cuba s Pride 405
Feminist Theory 406
THE STATUS AND ROLES OF THE SICK PERSON:
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 406
The Sick Role 407
Social Factors in Illness and Health 408
Cultural Belief Systems and Health 408
Croup Factors in Health Care 409
MODERN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 411
The Organization of Health Care Systems 411
Types of National Health Care Systems 411
Hospitals as Complex Organizations 413
Changing Professional Status of
Employees in the Health Care System 414
Photo Essay: Clothing and Status in the Hospital 415
HEALTH CARE AND POLICY ISSUES AT NATIONAL
AND GLOBAL LEVELS: MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 416
The Health Care System in the United States 416
Health Care Achievements 416
How Do We Know? Historical Content Analysis in Sociology:
The Social Transformation of American Medicine 417
Problems in the U.S. Health Care System 417
Access to Health Care 418
Health Care Cost and Funding 419
Lack of Health Care Security 420
Policy Issues and Social Reforms in the U.S. System 421
Thf Applied Sociologist at Work: Evaluating and Improving
Health Services: Harry I erlstadt 421
Sociology around the World: Comparing Health Care Systems:
The Canadian Model 423
Health Care around the Globe 424
Great Britain: Socialized Medicine 425
The People s Republic of China:
Medicine in a Communist State 425
Nicaragua: Revolutionary Changes 426
Globalization of Medical Problems 427
Globalization and the Mobility of Disease 428
Indigenous Medicine:
Traditional and Modem Medical Practices 430
So What? 431
Part V: Social Dynamics 433
Chapter 14 • Population and
Urbanization: Living on
Spaceship Earth 434
MACRO LEVEL PATTERNS IN
WORLD POPULATION GROWTH 438
Patterns of Population Growth over Time 438
Predictors of Population Growth 439
Explaining Population Patterns: Theoretical Explanations 442
Malthus s Theory of Population 442
Demographic Transition: Explaining Population Growth and
Expansion 444
Conflict Theorists Explanations of Population Growth 446
Policy Implications: Population Patterns and
Economic Development 446
INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES IN POPULATION
CHANGE: MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 447
Factors Affecting Fertility Rates 447
Economic Factors 448
Government Influence 448
Religious and Cultural Norms 450
Education 450
Mortality Rates and National Health Care Organizations 451
Sociology in Your Social World:
The Significance of the Baby Boom 452
Migration: Why and Where People Move 453
MICRO LEVEL POPULATION PATTERNS 456
Sociology in Your Social World: Population Pyramids and
Predicting Community Needs and Services 459
Photo Essay: World Cities 460
URBANIZATION: MOVEMENT
FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS 461
CITIES AS MICRO LEVEL LIVING ENVIRONMENTS 461
Sociology around the World: World Urbanization Trends 462
Life in the City 463
Urban Residential Patterns 463
Human Relationships in Cities 464
HOW DID CITIES EVOLVE? MESO LEVEL
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES 464
Theories of Urban Development 465
Types of Cities 466
Industrial Cities 466
Postindustrial Cities 467
Sociology around the World: City Planning in Prehistoric
Central America: Teotihuacan 469
Megacities 470
Global Urban Variations 470
URBAN PROBLEMS, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND
SOCIAL POLICY: MACRO LEVEL PERSPECTIVES 471
Rural Migrants and Overcrowding 471
Environment, Infrastructure, and Urban Ecosystems 472
Sociology around the World: Ring around the Rosey and
the Plague 474
Poverty in the World s Cities 474
Crime and Delinquency in the City 475
Urban Planners and Social Policy in the Global Social Worid 475
How Do We Know? Understanding Urban Homeless People 476
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Improving Quality of Life by
Transforming Community Structure: Jay Weinstein 477
So What? 478
Chapter 15 • The Process of Change:
Can We Make a Difference? 480
THE COMPLEXITY OF
CHANGE IN OUR SOCIAL WORLD 483
Change and Micro Level Analysis 484
Change at the Individual Level 484
Change at the Community Level 484
Change and Meso Level Analysis 485
Change at the Institutional Level 485
Change and Macro Level Analysis 486
Change at the Societal Level 486
Change in Clobal Systems 487
SOCIAL CHANCE: PROCESS AND THEORIES 488
The Process of Social Change 488
How Do We Know? Research on Disasters and Their
Aftermath 489
Theories of Social Change 491
Micro Level Theories of Change 491
Symbolic Interactionism 491
Sociology in Your Social World: Technology and Change:
The Automobile 493
Rational Choice 494
The Applied Sociologist at Work:
Participatory Action Research 495
Meso and Macro Level Theories of Change 495
Cyclical Theories 495
Social Evolutionary Theories 495
Functionalist Theories 496
Conflict Theories 496
World Systems Theory of Change 496
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR:
MICRO LEVEL BEHAVIOR AND CHANCE 498
Theories of Collective Behavior 499
Types of Collective Behavior 500
Sociology in Your Social World:
Exam Stories Put Truth to the Test 502
PLANNED CHANCE IN ORGANIZATIONS:
MESO LEVEL CHANCE 502
Planned Change in Organizations 503
The Applied Sociologist at Work: Local Community
Research Center: Stephen Steele 504
Models for Planning Organizational Change 504
The Process of Planned Change 505
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: MACRO LEVEL CHANCE 505
What Is a Social Movement? 506
Stages of Social Movements 506
Conditions for Social Movements 507
Types of Social Movements 508
Globalization and Social Movements 509
TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND CHANGE 512
Technology and Science 513
Technology and Change 514
Sociology in Your Social World: Making a Difference 515
So What? 515
References 517
Photo Credits for Chapter Openers 542
Glossary/Index 543
Additional Institutions
chapter is available on the
website. Co to:
www.pineforge.com/
ballantinestudy
Chapter P • Political Systems:
Penetrating Power
WHAT IS POWER?
POWER AND POLITICS AT VARIOUS LEVELS IN THE
SOCIAL WORLD
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND POWER
Legitimacy of Power: Micro Perspectives
Sociology in Your Social World: The Flag, Symbolism, and
Patriotism
Legitimacy, Authority, and Power:
Symbolic Interaction Theory
How Do Leaders Cain Legitimate Power?
Who Rules? Macro Perspectives
Pluralist Theory
Elite Theory
INDIVIDUALS, POLITICS, AND POWER:
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS
Participation in Democratic Processes
Ideology and Political Attitudes
Levels of Participation in Politics
POLITICAL SYSTEMS AS DISTRIBUTIONS
OF POWER WITHIN A NATION:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS
How Do We Know? Political Forces within a
National Organization: Case Study of the
United Steelworkers of America (USWA)
What Purposes Do Political Systems Serve?
Dominant Political Systems in the World Today
Authoritarian Systems
Sociology around the World: The Khmer Rouge Revolution:
A Totalitarian Regime
Democratic Systems
Variations in Political Systems
Political Parties in the United States
Functions of Political Parties
Political Parties and Economic Interests
Politics and the Economic Institution
Types of Economic Systems
Market Systems: Capitalism
Sociology in Your Social World: Capitalism, Growth, and
Standards of a Healthy Social System
Planned Systems
Democratic Socialism
NATIONAL AND GLOBAL SYSTEMS
OF GOVERNANCE AND POWER:
MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS
Power and the Nation State
Sociology in Your Social World:
The Internet and Democracy
Revolutions and Political Rebellions
Strain Theory
The Resource Mobilization Theory
The Political Processes Theory
Global Interdependences and Politics
Sociology around the World: Yugoslavia: Political Change and
Transformation
Global Conflict: Violence on the Global Scene
Sociology in Your Social World: Costs of War
Why Do Nations Go to War?
How Can Nations Avoid War?
Terrorism
Why Do Terrorists Commit Hostile Acts?
So What?
|
adam_txt |
Preface xix
How to Make This Book Work for You xxi
To the Instructor xxiv
Acknowledgments xxvii
PART I: Understanding Our Social World: The Scientific Study of Society 1
Chapter 1 Sociology: A Unique Way to View the World 2
Chapter 2 Examining the Social World: How Do We Know? 26
PART II: Social Structure, Processes, and Control 57
Chapter 3 Culture and Society: Hardware and Software of Our Social World 58
Chapter 4 Socialization: Becoming Human and Humane 92
Chapter 5 Interaction, Croups, and Organizations: Connections that Work 120
Chapter 6 Deviance and Social Control:
Slckos, Perverts, Freaks, and Folks Like Us 154
PART III: Inequality 189
Chapter 7 Stratification: Rich and Famous—or Rags and Famine? 190
Chapter 8 Race and Ethnic Croup Stratification: Beyond "We" and "They" 220
Chapter 9 Gender Stratification: She/He—Who Goes First? 254
PART IV: Institutions 289
Chapter 10 Family: Partner Taking, People Making, and Contract Breaking 290
Chapter 11 Education: What Are We Learning? 322
Chapter 12 Religion: The Meaning of Sacred Meaning 362
Chapter 13 Medicine: An Anatomy of Health and Illness 396
PART V: Social Dynamics 433
Chapter 14 Population and Urbanization: Living on Spaceship Earth 434
Chapter 15 The Process of Change: Can We Make a Difference? 480
References 517
Photo Credits for Chapter Openers 542
Glossary/Index 543
Chapter P (website) Political Systems: Penetrating Power
Preface xlx
How to Make This Book Work for You xxi
To the Instructor xxiv
Acknowledgments xxvli
PART I: Understanding Our
Social World: The Scientific
Study of Society 1
Chapter 1 • Sociology:
A Unique Way to View the World 2
WHAT IS SOCIOLOGY? 5
Assumptions Underlying Sociology 5
Sociology versus Common Sense 7
Commonsense Beliefs and Social Science Findings 8
The Sociological Perspective
and the Sociological Imagination 10
Questions Sociologists Ask—and Don't Ask 10
The Applied Sociologist at Work:
"The Study of Society and the Practice of Sociology:
Ruth Pickard and Daryl Poole" 12
The Social Sciences: A Comparison 13
WHY STUDY SOCIOLOGY . AND WHAT DO
SOCIOLOGISTS DO? 14
How Do We Know? "Burnouts and
Jocks in a Public High School" 15
What Employers Want 16
What Sociologists Do 16
THE SOCIAL WORLD MODEL 17
Social Units and Social Structure 18
Social Processes 18
The Environment 19
Studying the Social World: Levels of Analysis 19
Micro Level Analysis 20
Meso Level Analysis 20
Macro Level Analysis 20
The Social World Model and This Book 23
Sociology around the World:
"Tunisian Village Meets the Modern World" 24
So What? 25
DETAILED CONTENTS
Chapter 2 • Examining the Social
World: How Do We Know? 26
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIOLOGY AS A SCIENCE 29
Early Sociological Thought 29
Conditions Leading to Modern Sociology 30
Assumptions of Science 32
EMPIRICAL RESEARCH AND SOCIAL THEORY 34
Deductive and Inductive Reasoning 35
HOW SOCIOLOGISTS STUDY THE SOCIAL WORLD 36
Planning a Research Study 36
Designing the Research Method 38
Selecting a Sample 40
How Do We Know? "The Hull House Circle" 41
Sociology in Your Social World:
"How to Read a Research Table" 42
Analyzing the Data and Drawing Conclusions 43
Applied Sociology 43
ETHICAL ISSUES IN SOCIAL RESEARCH 43
SOCIOLOGY'S MAJOR THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 44
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Reporting Research:
A Social Scientist Meets the Press: Alan McEvoy" 45
Micro to Meso Level Theories 47
Symbolic Interactionism 47
Rational Choice Theory 48
Meso and Macro Level Theories 49
Structural Functional Theory 49
Conflict Theory 51
Feminist Sociological Theory 53
Multi Level Analysis: Max Weber's Contributions 54
Using Different Theoretical Perspectives 55
So What? 56
PART II: Social Structure,
Processes, and Control 57
Chapter 3 • Society and Culture:
Hardware and Software of
Our Social World 58
SOCIETY: THE HARDWARE 61
Evolution of Societies 61
Types of Societies 63
Hunter Catherer Societies 63
Herding and Horticultural Societies 64
Agricultural Societies 65
Industrial Societies 66
Postindustrial or Information Societies 66
CULTURE: THE SOFTWARE 68
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Creativity, Community,
and Applied Sociology: Richard Florida" 69
The Study of Culture 70
Real and Ideal Culture 70
Ethnocentrism and Cultural Relativity 70
Sociology around the World: "Evolutionary Cuisine" 73
SOCIETY, CULTURE, AND OUR SOCIAL WORLD 74
Microcultures: Micro Level Analysis 74
Subculture and Countercultures: Meso Level Analysis 75
Macro Level Analysis 77
National Society and Culture 77
Global Society and Culture 78
THE COMPONENTS OF CULTURE 78
Material Culture: The Artifacts of Life 78
Sociology around the World:
"Life and Death in a Guatemalan Village" 79
Nonmaterial Culture: Beliefs, Values, Rules, and Language 80
CULTURAL THEORY AT THE MICRO LEVEL 86
Symbolic Interaction Theory 86
CULTURAL THEORIES AT
THE MESO AND MACRO LEVELS 87
Structural Functional Theory 87
Conflict Theory 87
POLICY AND CULTURAL CHANCE 88
THE FIT BETWEEN HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE 89
So What? 90
Chapter 4 • Socialization:
Becoming Human and Humane 92
NATURE AND NURTURE 94
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIALIZATION 95
Isolated and Abused Children 95
SOCIALIZATION AND THE SOCIAL WORLD 96
DEVELOPMENT OF THE SELF:
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 98
The Looking Glass Self and Taking the Role of the Other 98
Sociology in Your Social World:
"Black Men and Public Space" 100
Parts of the Self 101
Stages in the Development of the Self 102
The Self and Connections to the Meso Level 103
SOCIALIZATION THROUGHOUT THE LIFE CYCLE 104
The Process of Resocialization 108
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "The Process of
Resocialization: Maria Lamb" 109
AGENTS OF SOCIALIZATION:
THE MICRO MESO CONNECTION 110
How Do We Know? "Gender Socialization in
American Public Schools" 111
Sociology in Your Social World: "Formal and Informal Agents of
Socialization: A Comparison of Schooling and Television" 112
Families: Micro Level Socializing Agents 112
Social Class: Meso Level Socialization 113
Electronic Media: Meso Level Agents within the Home 114
SOCIALIZATION AND MACRO LEVEL ISSUES 115
Transnationalism and Sense of Self 115
Heterogeneous Societies and Effect on Self versus "Other" 115
Global Events and Personal Identity 115
POLICY AND PRACTICE 116
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Evaluating Socialization for
Young Children: Joyce lutcovich " 117
So What? 117
Chapter 5 • Interaction,
Groups, and Organizations:
Connections that Work 120
NETWORKS AND CONNECTIONS
IN OUR SOCIAL WORLD 122
How Do We Know? "Studying Degrees of Separation" 123
Family and Friends: Micro Level Networks 124
Meso and Macro Level Networks 124
THE PROCESS OF INTERACTION:
CONNECTIONS AT THE MICRO LEVEL 125
The Elements of Social Interaction 125
Sociology in Your Social World: "Antioch College Sexual Conduct
Policy" 128
Theoretical Perspectives on the Interaction Process 130
Rational Choice Theory 130
Symbolic Interactionism 131
Ethnomethodology 131
Dramaturgy 131
Social Status: The Link to Croups 132
The Relationship between Status and Role 133
Photo Essay: Work Status and Roles around the World 134
Role Strain and Role Conflict 135
GROUPS IN OUR SOCIAL WORLD:
THE MICRO MESO CONNECTION 136
The Importance of Croups for the Individual 137
Anomie and Types of Suicide 13 7
Types of Croups 139
ORGANIZATIONS AND BUREAUCRACIES:
THE MESO MACRO CONNECTION 142
The Evolution of Modern Organizations 142
Characteristics of Modern Organizations 143
Characteristics of Bureaucracy 144
Sociology in Your Social World: "Bowling Alone:
Individualism versus Sense of Community" 145
Individuals in Bureaucracies 146
Sociology around the World: "The McDonaldization of Society" 147
Problems in Bureaucracies 148
NATIONAL AND GLOBAL NETWORKS:
THE MACRO LEVEL 149
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Using Sociology in International
Travel and Intercultural Education: Elise Roberts" 150
POLICY ISSUES: WOMEN AND GLOBALIZATION 151
So What? 152
Chapter 6 • Deviance and
Social Control: Sickos, Perverts,
Freaks, and Folks Like Us 154
WHAT IS DEVIANCE? 156
Sociology in Your Social World: "Who Is Deviant?" 157
Misconceptions about Deviance 159
WHAT CAUSES DEVIANT BEHAVIOR?
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES 161
Micro Level Explanations of Deviance:
Rational Choice and Interaction Theories 161
Social Control Theory and Rational Choice 161
Differential Association Theory 163
Labeling Theory 164
How Do We Know? "Witch Hunts
in the Puritan Colonies" 165
Meso and Macro Level Explanations of Deviance:
Structural Functional and Conflict Theories 167
Anomie and Social Disorganization 167
Strain Theory 168
Conflict Theory 168
Feminist Theory 170
Sociology around the World:
"Blaming the Victim: An Extreme Case" 171
CRIME AND INDIVIDUALS:
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 172
Predatory or Street Crimes 172
Crimes without Victims 173
Hate Crimes 174
How Much Crime Is There? 175
CRIME AND ORGANIZATIONS:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 176
Crimes Involving Organizations and Institutions 176
Organized Crime 176
Occupational Crime 176
NATIONAL ISSUES AND GLOBAL COMPARISONS:
MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 178
Cross National Comparison of Crimes 179
Global Crimes 180
CONTROLLING CRIME:
POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 181
Dealing with Crime: The Criminal Justice Process 181
Prisons and jails 182
The Functions and Effectiveness of Prisons 183
Alternatives to Prison 186
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Reducing Recidivism by
Increasing Social Capital: James Faulkner" 187
So What? 188
PART III: Inequality 189
Chapter 7 • Stratification: Rich and
Famous—or Rags and Famine? 190
THE IMPORTANCE OF SOCIAL STRATIFICATION 193
Micro Level Prestige and Influence 193
Meso Level Access to Resources 194
Macro Level Factors Influencing Stratification 194
THEORETICAL EXPLANATIONS OF STRATIFICATION 195
Micro Level Theory 195
Symbolic Interaction 195
Meso and Macro Level Theories 196
Structural Functional Theory 196
Conflict Theory 197
The Evolutionary Theory of Stratification: A Synthesis 199
INDIVIDUALS' SOCIAL STATUS: THE MICRO LEVEL 199
Individual Life Chances and Lifestyles 200
Education 200
Health, Social Conditions, and Life Expectancy 200
Family Life and Child Rearing Patterns 201
Lifestyles 202
Attitudes toward Achievement 202
Religious Membership 202
Political Behavior 202
SOCIAL MOBILITY:
THE MICRO MESO CONNECTION 202
Types of Social Mobility 203
Factors Affecting Mobility 203
Socialization 203
Education, Skills, and Social Ties 203
Occupational Structure and Economic Vitality 203
Population Trends 204
Gender and Ethnicity 204
The Interdependent Global Market and International Events 204
Is There a "Land of Opportunity"? Cross Cultural Mobility 205
What Are Your Chances for Mobility? 205
MAJOR STRATIFICATION SYSTEMS:
MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 206
Ascribed Status: Caste and Estate Systems 207
Sociology in Your Social World: "Nickel and Dimed" 207
Sociology around the World: "The Outcasts of India" 208
Achieved Status: Social Class Systems 209
Property, Power, and Prestige 209
The Economic Factor 210
The Power Factor 210
The Prestige Factor 211
Social Classes in the United States 211
POVERTY: MULTI LEVEL
DETERMINANTS AND POLICY 212
How Do We Know? "Growing Up Poor" 213
Eliminating Poverty: Some Policy Considerations 214
Workfare and Other Aid Programs 214
Sociology in Your Social World: "The Functions of Poverty" 215
NATIONAL AND GLOBAL DIGITAL DIVIDE:
MACRO LEVEL STRATIFICATION 215
The Applied Sociologist at Work
"The Applied Research Center: Kenneth Nybetg" 216
The Global "Digital Divide" and Policy 217
Chapter 8 • Race and
Ethnic Group Stratification:
Beyond "We" and "They" 220
WHAT CHARACTERIZES RACE
AND ETHNIC GROUPS? 224
Minority Croups 224
The Concept of Race 225
Origins of the Concept of Race 225
Sociology in Your Social World:
"Historical Attempts to Define Race" 226
Social Construction of Race: Symbolic Interaction Analysis 227
The Significance of Race versus Class 228
Ethnic Croups 229
PREJUDICE AND RACISM: MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 230
Prejudice 230
Photo Essay: Prejudice and Discrimination against Japanese
Americans 232
The Nature of Prejudice 233
Explanations of Prejudice 233
Racism 234
DISCRIMINATION: MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 235
DOMINANT AND MINORITY CROUP CONTACT:
MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 238
How Do We Know? "A Piece of the Pie" 239
Theoretical Explanations of
Dominant Minority Group Relations 242
Conflict Theory 242
Structural Functional Theory 243
THE EFFECTS OF PREJUDICE,
RACISM, AND DISCRIMINATION 244
The Costs of Racism 244
Minority Reactions to Prejudice, Discrimination, and Racism 245
POLICIES GOVERNING MINORITY AND
DOMINANT GROUP RELATIONS 246
Policies to Reduce Prejudice, Racism, and Discrimination 247
Individual or Small Croup Therapy 247
Group Contact 247
Institutional and Societal
Strategies to Improve Croup Relations 248
Affirmative Action 249
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Reducing Racism in a Racial
Tinderbox: Rachel Ernst" 250
Sociology in Your Social World: "Preference Policies at the
University of Michigan" 251
Nonviolent Resistance: Institutional
and Societal Policy for Change 252
Global Movements for Human Rights 253
So What? 253
Chapter 9 • Gender Stratification:
She/He—Who Goes First? 254
SEX, GENDER, AND THE
STRATIFICATION SYSTEM 256
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality 257
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality at the Micro Level 259
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality at the Meso Level 259
Sex, Gender, and Sexuality at the Macro Level 260
Sociology around the World:
"Micro Credits and Empowerment of Women" 261
GENDER SOCIALIZATION: MICRO AND
MESO LEVEL ANALYSES 264
Stages in Gender Socialization 264
Infancy 264
Childhood 264
How Do We Know? "The Boy Code" 265
Meso Level Agents of Gender Socialization 266
Corporations 266
Mass Media 268
Educational Systems 269
Religious Beliefs 270
GENDER STRATIFICATION:
MESO AND MACRO LEVEL PROCESSES 272
Gendered Organizations 272
Institutionalized Gender Discrimination 272
Gender Differences in Internet Use 274
GENDER STRATIFICATION:
MICRO TO MACRO LEVEL THEORIES 274
Symbolic Interactionism: Micro Level Analysis 275
Structural Functional and Conflict Theories:
Meso and Macro Level Analyses 276
Structural Functional Theory 276
Conflict Theory 277
Feminist Theory 277
Sociology in Your Social World:
"Rape and the Victims of Rape" 279
Class, Race, and Gender 280
GENDER AND MINORITY GROUP STATUS 280
Women as a Minority 280
Gender, Homosexuality, and Minority Status 281
Sociology around the World: "North African Women in France:
The Intersection of Class, Race, and Gender" 282
COSTS AND CONSEQUENCES
OF GENDER STRATIFICATION 282
Psychological and Social Consequences of
Gender Stratification: Micro Level Implications 283
Superwoman Image 283
Beauty Image 283
Societal Costs and Consequences of Gender Stratification:
Meso and Macro Level Implications 284
CHANGING GENDER STRATIFICATION
AND POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 284
The Applied Sociologist at Work:
"Women and Violence: Kloanor l.yon" 286
So What? 287
Part IV: Institutions 289
Chapter 10 • Family:
Partner Taking, People Making,
and Contract Breaking 290
WHAT IS A FAMILY? 292
Sociology in Your Social World: "The Ideal Family" 293
Photo Essay: Family Interactions 294
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON FAMILY 295
Micro Level Theories of Family and
the Meso Level Connection 295
Rational Choice or Exchange Theory 295
Symbolic Interaction Theory 296
Meso and Micro Level Theories of the Family 297
Structural Functional Theory 297
Sexual Regulation 297
Reproduction and Replacement 298
Socialization 298
Emotional Support and Protection 298
Status Assignment 298
Economic Support 298
Changing Family functions 299
Sociology around the World:
"Body Mutilation for Marriage" 300
Conflict Theory 300
Feminist Theory 301
FAMILY DYNAMICS:
MICRO LEVEL PROCESSES 302
Mate Selection: How Do New Families Start? 302
Norms Governing Choice of Marriage Partners:
Societal Rules and Intimate Choices 302
Finding a Mate 303
Arranged Marriages 303
Free Choice and Romantic Love 303
Who Holds the Power? Authority Relations
in Marriage 305
Decision Making in Marriage 305
Who Does the Housework? 305
How Do We Know? "Marital Adjustment
and Marriages that Last" 306
THE FAMILY AS AN INSTITUTION:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 307
Marriage and Family Structure:
The Components of Family as an Institution 307
Types of Marriages 307
Extended and Nuclear Families 308
The Economic Institution and the Family 309
Poverty and Families in the United States 309
Dual Worker Families 310
NATIONAL AND GLOBAL
FAMILY ISSUES: MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 311
Teen Pregnancies and Their Consequences 311
Cohabitation 312
Homosexual Relationships and Civil Unions 313
Sociology in Your Social World:
"Cohabiting: Facts and Fiction" 314
Divorce—Contract Breaking 315
Divorce and Its Social Consequences 316
Global Family Patterns and Policies 317
MARRIAGE, DIVORCE,
AND SOCIAL POLICIES 318
Sociology around the World: "Cross Cultural Differences in
Family Dissolution" 314
The Applied Sociologist at Work:
"Covenant Marriage: Steven 1. Nock" 320
So What? 321
Chapter 11 • Education:
What Are We Learning? 322
STATE OF THE WORLD'S EDUCATION:
AN OVERVIEW 324
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON EDUCATION 326
Education and Individuals: Micro Level Theories 326
Social Interaction within the Classroom:
Symbolic Interaction Perspective 326
Making Choices in Educational Settings:
Rational Choice Theory 327
Why Societies Have Education
Systems: Macro Level Theories 328
The Purposes of Education: Functionalist Perspective 328
Socialization: Teaching Children to
Be Productive Members of Society 328
Selecting and Training Individuals for
Positions in Society 329
Promoting Change and Innovation 329
Enhancing Personal and Social Development 330
Latent Functions of Education 330
Stratification and Education: Conflict Perspective 331
WHO DOES WHAT? MICRO LEVEL INTERACTIONS
IN EDUCATIONAL ORGANIZATIONS 331
Who Does What? Statuses and Roles
in the Educational System 332
Students and the Peer Culture of Schools 332
Photo Essay: Student Roles 333
Sociology in Your Social World: "Where the Boys Are" 335
Teachers: The Front Line 336
Photo Essay: Teacher Roles 337
Administrators: The Managers of the School System 338
The Informal System: What Really Happens inside Schools? 339
Educational Climate of Schools 339
Value Climate of Schools 340
Sociology in Your Social World: "Sources of Teacher
Expectations" 342
Power dynamics and Coping Strategies in the Classroom 342
AFTER THE SCHOOL BELL RINCS:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 343
Formal Education Systems 344
The Bureaucratic School Structure 343
Education and the Social Institution of Family 345
Goals: What and Whose? 346
Decision Making at the Meso Level 347
Local Level Influences 347
National Level Influences 348
IS EDUCATION THE ROAD TO OPPORTUNITY?
STRATIFICATION AT THE MACRO LEVEL 348
Can Schools Bring about Equality in Societies? 348
The Coleman Report 349
The jencks Study 349
Who Gets Ahead and Why? The Role of Education in
Stratification 349
How Do We Know? "Life and Learning in Magnet Schools" 350
Early Childhood Education and Opportunity 351
Sources of Inequality 351
Testing 351
Tracking or Streaming 351
School Funding 352
Public and Private Schools 353
EDUCATIONAL TRENDS AND SOCIAL POLICY ISSUES 354
Education of Girls 354
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Government Comprehension
and Planning in Education: Carl Schmitt" 355
Educational Policies in the United States 355
Global Issues in Education 356
The Future of Education in the Global System 357
Sociology in Your Social World: "Internet Technology and the
Virtual University" 359
So What? 359
Chapter 12 • Religion:
The Meaning of Sacred Meaning 362
WHAT DOES RELIGION DO FOR US? 364
Components of Religion 364
Meaning System 365
Belonging System 365
Structural System 366
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Research for Religious
Organizations: C. Kirk Hadaway" 367
HOW DO INDIVIDUALS BECOME RELIGIOUS?
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 367
Symbols and the Creation of Meaning:
A Symbolic Interactionist Perspective 369
A Rational Choice Perspective 372
RELIGION AND MODERN LIFE:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 373
Religion and Other Social Institutions 373
Religion and Family 374
Religion and Politics: Theocracies and Civil Religion 374
Religion and the Economy:
The Protestant Ethic and Capitalism 376
Types of Religious Associations 377
The Ecdesia 377
Denominations 378
Sects 378
New Religious Movements (NRMs) or Cults 380
Sociology in Your Social World: "Heaven's Gate" 381
RELIGION IN SOCIETY: MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 382
The Contribution of Religion to Society:
A Functionalist Perspective 382
Social Cohesion 382
Legitimating Social Values and Norms 382
Social Change 382
How [lo We Know? "Witchcraft in the United States" .iHM
The Link between Religion and Stratification:
A Conflict Perspective 384
The Class Base of Religion 384
Racial Bias, Gender Prejudice, and Religion 385
RELIGION IN NORTH AMERICA 386
Is Religion Dying or Revitalizing? 386
The Process of Secularization 388
SOCIAL POLICY: THE HOMOSEXUALITY DEBATES 389
Photo Essay: Prayer in Schools? 390
RELIGION IN THE MODERN WORLD 392
Religion and Peace 392
Religion, Technology, and the World Wide Web 394
So What? 395
Chapter 13 • Medicine:
An Anatomy of Health
and Illness 396
WHY IS HEALTH A SOCIAL ISSUE? 398
The Micro Level 399
The Meso Level 399
The Macro Level 399
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
ON HEALTH AND ILLNESS 400
Micro Level Theoretical Perspectives 400
The Symbolic Interaction Perspective and Labeling Theory 400
Medicalization and Labeling 401
Meso and Macro Level Theoretical Perspectives 402
Sociology in Your Social World: "Alcoholism and Policy" 403
The Functionalist Perspective 403
The Conflict Perspective 404
Sociology around the World: "Health Care: Cuba's Pride" 405
Feminist Theory 406
THE STATUS AND ROLES OF THE SICK PERSON:
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 406
The Sick Role 407
Social Factors in Illness and Health 408
Cultural Belief Systems and Health 408
Croup Factors in Health Care 409
MODERN HEALTH CARE SYSTEMS:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 411
The Organization of Health Care Systems 411
Types of National Health Care Systems 411
Hospitals as Complex Organizations 413
Changing Professional Status of
Employees in the Health Care System 414
Photo Essay: Clothing and Status in the Hospital 415
HEALTH CARE AND POLICY ISSUES AT NATIONAL
AND GLOBAL LEVELS: MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS 416
The Health Care System in the United States 416
Health Care Achievements 416
How Do We Know? "Historical Content Analysis in Sociology:
The Social Transformation of American Medicine" 417
Problems in the U.S. Health Care System 417
Access to Health Care 418
Health Care Cost and Funding 419
Lack of Health Care Security 420
Policy Issues and Social Reforms in the U.S. System 421
Thf Applied Sociologist at Work: "Evaluating and Improving
Health Services: Harry I'erlstadt" 421
Sociology around the World: "Comparing Health Care Systems:
The Canadian Model" 423
Health Care around the Globe 424
Great Britain: Socialized Medicine 425
The People's Republic of China:
Medicine in a Communist State 425
Nicaragua: Revolutionary Changes 426
Globalization of Medical Problems 427
Globalization and the Mobility of Disease 428
Indigenous Medicine:
Traditional and Modem Medical Practices 430
So What? 431
Part V: Social Dynamics 433
Chapter 14 • Population and
Urbanization: Living on
Spaceship Earth 434
MACRO LEVEL PATTERNS IN
WORLD POPULATION GROWTH 438
Patterns of Population Growth over Time 438
Predictors of Population Growth 439
Explaining Population Patterns: Theoretical Explanations 442
Malthus's Theory of Population 442
Demographic Transition: Explaining Population Growth and
Expansion 444
Conflict Theorists' Explanations of Population Growth 446
Policy Implications: Population Patterns and
Economic Development 446
INSTITUTIONAL INFLUENCES IN POPULATION
CHANGE: MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS 447
Factors Affecting Fertility Rates 447
Economic Factors 448
Government Influence 448
Religious and Cultural Norms 450
Education 450
Mortality Rates and National Health Care Organizations 451
Sociology in Your Social World:
"The Significance of the Baby Boom" 452
Migration: Why and Where People Move 453
MICRO LEVEL POPULATION PATTERNS 456
Sociology in Your Social World: "Population Pyramids and
Predicting Community Needs and Services" 459
Photo Essay: World Cities 460
URBANIZATION: MOVEMENT
FROM RURAL TO URBAN AREAS 461
CITIES AS MICRO LEVEL LIVING ENVIRONMENTS 461
Sociology around the World: "World Urbanization Trends" 462
Life in the City 463
Urban Residential Patterns 463
Human Relationships in Cities 464
HOW DID CITIES EVOLVE? MESO LEVEL
ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES 464
Theories of Urban Development 465
Types of Cities 466
Industrial Cities 466
Postindustrial Cities 467
Sociology around the World: "City Planning in Prehistoric
Central America: Teotihuacan" 469
Megacities 470
Global Urban Variations 470
URBAN PROBLEMS, THE ENVIRONMENT, AND
SOCIAL POLICY: MACRO LEVEL PERSPECTIVES 471
Rural Migrants and Overcrowding 471
Environment, Infrastructure, and Urban Ecosystems 472
Sociology around the World: "'Ring around the Rosey' and
the Plague" 474
Poverty in the World's Cities 474
Crime and Delinquency in the City 475
Urban Planners and Social Policy in the Global Social Worid 475
How Do We Know? "Understanding Urban Homeless People" 476
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Improving Quality of Life by
Transforming Community Structure: Jay Weinstein" 477
So What? 478
Chapter 15 • The Process of Change:
Can We Make a Difference? 480
THE COMPLEXITY OF
CHANGE IN OUR SOCIAL WORLD 483
Change and Micro Level Analysis 484
Change at the Individual Level 484
Change at the Community Level 484
Change and Meso Level Analysis 485
Change at the Institutional Level 485
Change and Macro Level Analysis 486
Change at the Societal Level 486
Change in Clobal Systems 487
SOCIAL CHANCE: PROCESS AND THEORIES 488
The Process of Social Change 488
How Do We Know? "Research on Disasters and Their
Aftermath" 489
Theories of Social Change 491
Micro Level Theories of Change 491
Symbolic Interactionism 491
Sociology in Your Social World: "Technology and Change:
The Automobile" 493
Rational Choice 494
The Applied Sociologist at Work:
"Participatory Action Research" 495
Meso and Macro Level Theories of Change 495
Cyclical Theories 495
Social Evolutionary Theories 495
Functionalist Theories 496
Conflict Theories 496
World Systems Theory of Change 496
COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR:
MICRO LEVEL BEHAVIOR AND CHANCE 498
Theories of Collective Behavior 499
Types of Collective Behavior 500
Sociology in Your Social World:
"Exam Stories Put Truth to the Test" 502
PLANNED CHANCE IN ORGANIZATIONS:
MESO LEVEL CHANCE 502
Planned Change in Organizations 503
The Applied Sociologist at Work: "Local Community
Research Center: Stephen Steele" 504
Models for Planning Organizational Change 504
The Process of Planned Change 505
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS: MACRO LEVEL CHANCE 505
What Is a Social Movement? 506
Stages of Social Movements 506
Conditions for Social Movements 507
Types of Social Movements 508
Globalization and Social Movements 509
TECHNOLOGY, ENVIRONMENT, AND CHANGE 512
Technology and Science 513
Technology and Change 514
Sociology in Your Social World: "Making a Difference" 515
So What? 515
References 517
Photo Credits for Chapter Openers 542
Glossary/Index 543
Additional "Institutions"
chapter is available on the
website. Co to:
www.pineforge.com/
ballantinestudy
Chapter P • Political Systems:
Penetrating Power
WHAT IS POWER?
POWER AND POLITICS AT VARIOUS LEVELS IN THE
SOCIAL WORLD
THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES ON
POLITICAL SYSTEMS AND POWER
Legitimacy of Power: Micro Perspectives
Sociology in Your Social World: "The Flag, Symbolism, and
Patriotism"
Legitimacy, Authority, and Power:
Symbolic Interaction Theory
How Do Leaders Cain Legitimate Power?
Who Rules? Macro Perspectives
Pluralist Theory
Elite Theory
INDIVIDUALS, POLITICS, AND POWER:
MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS
Participation in Democratic Processes
Ideology and Political Attitudes
Levels of Participation in Politics
POLITICAL SYSTEMS AS DISTRIBUTIONS
OF POWER WITHIN A NATION:
MESO LEVEL ANALYSIS
How Do We Know? "Political Forces within a
National Organization: Case Study of the
United Steelworkers of America (USWA)"
What Purposes Do Political Systems Serve?
Dominant Political Systems in the World Today
Authoritarian Systems
Sociology around the World: "The Khmer Rouge Revolution:
A Totalitarian Regime"
Democratic Systems
Variations in Political Systems
Political Parties in the United States
Functions of Political Parties
Political Parties and Economic Interests
Politics and the Economic Institution
Types of Economic Systems
Market Systems: Capitalism
Sociology in Your Social World: "Capitalism, Growth, and
Standards of a Healthy Social System"
Planned Systems
Democratic Socialism
NATIONAL AND GLOBAL SYSTEMS
OF GOVERNANCE AND POWER:
MACRO LEVEL ANALYSIS
Power and the Nation State
Sociology in Your Social World:
"The Internet and Democracy"
Revolutions and Political Rebellions
Strain Theory
The Resource Mobilization Theory
The Political Processes Theory
Global Interdependences and Politics
Sociology around the World: "Yugoslavia: Political Change and
Transformation"
Global Conflict: Violence on the Global Scene
Sociology in Your Social World: "Costs of War"
Why Do Nations Go to War?
How Can Nations Avoid War?
Terrorism
Why Do Terrorists Commit Hostile Acts?
So What? |
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author | Ballantine, Jeanne H. Roberts, Keith A. |
author_facet | Ballantine, Jeanne H. Roberts, Keith A. |
author_role | aut aut |
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dewey-search | 301 |
dewey-sort | 3301 |
dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
discipline | Soziologie |
discipline_str_mv | Soziologie |
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spelling | Ballantine, Jeanne H. Verfasser aut Our social world introduction to sociology Jeanne H. Ballantine ; Keith A. Roberts Thousand Oaks [u.a.] Pine Forge Press 2007 xxviii, 562 p. zahlr. Ill., graf. Darst., Kt. 28 cm txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references (p. 517-541) and index Sociology Sociology Cross-cultural studies Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4151278-9 Einführung gnd-content Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 s DE-604 Roberts, Keith A. Verfasser aut http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0703/2006033727-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0703/2006033727-t.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015744824&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
spellingShingle | Ballantine, Jeanne H. Roberts, Keith A. Our social world introduction to sociology Sociology Sociology Cross-cultural studies Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd |
subject_GND | (DE-588)4077624-4 (DE-588)4151278-9 |
title | Our social world introduction to sociology |
title_auth | Our social world introduction to sociology |
title_exact_search | Our social world introduction to sociology |
title_exact_search_txtP | Our social world introduction to sociology |
title_full | Our social world introduction to sociology Jeanne H. Ballantine ; Keith A. Roberts |
title_fullStr | Our social world introduction to sociology Jeanne H. Ballantine ; Keith A. Roberts |
title_full_unstemmed | Our social world introduction to sociology Jeanne H. Ballantine ; Keith A. Roberts |
title_short | Our social world |
title_sort | our social world introduction to sociology |
title_sub | introduction to sociology |
topic | Sociology Sociology Cross-cultural studies Soziologie (DE-588)4077624-4 gnd |
topic_facet | Sociology Sociology Cross-cultural studies Soziologie Einführung |
url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0703/2006033727-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0703/2006033727-t.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015744824&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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