Hazardous materials characterization: evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Hoboken, NJ
Wiley-Interscience
2006
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Publisher description Contributor biographical information Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | xxvii, 350 p. ill. |
| ISBN: | 9780471462576 0471462578 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a Shafer, Donald A. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Hazardous materials characterization |b evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations |c Donald A. Shafer |
| 264 | 1 | |a Hoboken, NJ |b Wiley-Interscience |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a xxvii, 350 p. |b ill. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 650 | 4 | |a Substances dangereuses - Accidents - Gestion | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures - Droit | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hazardous substances |x Accidents |x Management | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Hazardous substances |x Safety measures | |
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| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0653/2005028949-b.html |3 Contributor biographical information | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
1 REGULATORY CONTROL OF DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES 1
Regulatory Control the Code of Federal Regulations, 3
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 4
I. EPA: Clean Water Act, 5
II. Clean Air Act (CAA), 5
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS),
National Emission Standards For Hazardous Air Pollutants, 6
Major Provisions of the Clean Air Act, 6
III. Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 7
Public Water Management, 7
IV. Hazardous Waste Management Resource Conservation And Recovery
Act(RCRA), 7
A. Major Elements Of RCRA Regulations, 7
B. Key RCRA Definitions, 8
C. Hazardous Waste Identification, 8
D. Reportable Quantities (RQ), 9
E. Characterization of Hazardous Wastes, 9
F. Hazardous Waste Management Requirement, 10
Regulatory Agency NotificationvlO
Hazardous Waste Permits (40 CFR 270), 10
Hazardous Waste Tracking, 10
Hazardous Waste Reporting (40 CFR 262 265), 10
Record Keeping (262 265), 10
xii CONTENTS
V. SuperfundActs, 10
CERCLA, 11
Superfixnd Amendment And Reauthorization Act (SARA), 11
Title I, 11
Title II, 12
VI. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know (EPCRA), 12
Emergency Planning and Notification, 12
Reporting and Notification, 13
Comprehensive Emergency Response Plans, 13
VII. Pollution Prevention Act, 13
Pollution Prevention Ethic, 13
VIII. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), 14
Safety and Health Standards, 14
WhoIsNIOSH?, 14
OSH A Requirements for Employers, 14
1. Examples of Considerations for Evaluating Safe Work Places, 14
2. OSHA Enforcement, 16
3. OSHA Hazard Communication Program, 16
Key Elements of HAZCOMM, 16
4. Informing Workers About Workplace Hazards, 17
2 PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY 19
Safe Work Practices, 19
OSHA Self Evaluation, 19
Regulatory Programs Pertaining to Hazardous Materials Work Sites, 20
Considerations for Safe Work Practices, 21
Communicating Hazards Information, 22
Employee Right to Know, 22
Community Right to Know, 22
Walking and Working Surfaces, 23
Overhead and Underground Utilities, 23
Electrical Safety, 23
Tools and Heavy Equipment, 24
CONTENTS xiii
Protection from Hazardous Energy, 24
Lifting and Repetitive Motions, 25
Human Blood and Body Fluids, 26
Biohazards, 27
Hazardous Materials Spills and Releases, 27
Recognizing Hazards, 29
Site Specific Health and Safety Plans (HASP), 29
Recognizing Hazards Related to Dangerous Materials, 30
Chemical Hazard Communication Program, 30
Community Right to Know, 32
What Are Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Issues, 32
Recognition of Chemical Hazards in Shipping and Handling, 34
Hazard Recognition Summary, 34
Hazard Recognition Discussion, 38
Physical and Site Hazards, 38
Personal Health Status, 38
Improper Personal Protection, 38
Lack of Oxygen, 39
Too Much Oxygen, 39
Space Configuration, 39
Site Configuration and Layout, 39
Environmental Hazards, 39
Equipment Operation, 40
Improperly Maintained Worksites, 40
Defective Materials and Structural Integrity, 40
Walking and Working Surfaces—Slip, Trip, and Fall Prevention, 41
Overhead Activities, 41
Improper Lifting and Ergonomics Practices, 41
Electrical Hazards, 41
Ventilation and Noise Hazards, 41
Pneumatic and Fluid Pressure Hazards, 42
Temperature Extremes, 42
Acts of Terrorism and Sabotage, 42
xiv CONTENTS
Noncompliance with Regulatory Standards, 42
Improper Management Practices, Improper Work Practices, and Improper
Standard Operating Procedures, 43
Lack of Discipline and Training, 43
About Training, 43
Personal Protection, 45
PPE Hazard Assessment, 45
PPE Training, 45
Head Protection, 45
Selection of Head Protection, 46
Eye and Face Protection, 46
Hearing Protection, 47
Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC), 47
PPE Selection, 47
Conditions Requiring Special Personal Protective Equipment, 48
Levels of Protection, 49
Flash Protective Suits, 50
Respiratory Protection, 51
Respiratory Protection Program, 51
Kinds of Respirators, 51
Standard Operating Procedures, 55
Safety and Health Management Program, 55
A. Purpose and Scope, 55
B. Applicability, 55
C. Reference, 55
D. General, 55
E. Management Leadership and Employee Participation, 56
F. Employee Participation, 56
G Hazard Identification and Assessment, 57
H. Hazard Prevention and Control, 57
I. Information and Training, 58
J. Evaluation of Program Effectiveness, 58
K. Multi Employer Workplace or Worksite, 59
CONTENTS xv
L. Responsibilities, 59
3 DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES 61
Properties of Dangerous Substances, 61
Material Forms, 62
Corrosive Hazards, 63
What About pH?, 64
Corrosive Hazards—Volatility and Reactivity, 65
Reducing Hazardous Properties of Corrosive Substances, 65
Electronic Charges and Energies of Attraction The Glue That Holds
Everything Together, 66
Acids, 66
About Acid pH, 66
Alkali, 67
About Alkali pH, 67
What about Neutralization?, 67
Neutralize Using a Weak Opposite, 68
Neutralizing Hydrochloric Acid (H+ Cl ) (pH ranges less than 2), 68
Neutralizing Caustic Soda (NaOH) (pH greater than 12.5), 69
Ignitable Hazards, 69
Percent to PPM, 70
Vapor Pressure, 70
Vapor Density and Inadequate Ventilation, 71
Toxic and Health Hazards, 71
Human Health Considerations, 72
Critical Competencies, 73
Health Conditions Related to Dangerous Substance Exposure, 73
Irritation, 74
Synergism, 74
Sensitization, 74
Asphyxiation, 74
Respiratory Paralysis, 75
Systemic Poisoning, 75
xvi CONTENTS
Mutagenesis, 75
Teratogenicity, 76
Carcinogenesis, 76
Systemic Toxicity, 77
Organ Systems, 77
Toxic Substances, 78
Typical Pesticides, 78
Insecticides, 78
Herbicides, 79
Fungicides, 80
Rodenticides, 80
Futnigants, 80
Metals, 81
Solvents, 81
Animal and Insect Toxins, 81
Plant Toxins, 82
Reactive Hazards, 82
Unstable Substances, 82
Monomers, 83
Organic Peroxides, 83
Water Reactives, 84
Alkali Metals, 84
Alkaline Earth Metals, 84
Hydrides, 84
Carbides, 85
Nitrides, 85
Phosphides, 85
Inorganic Chlorides, 85
Peroxides, 85
Other Significant Water Reactives, 86
Air Reactives, 86
Biological Hazards, 86
Considerable Sources of Biohazards, 87
CONTENTS xvii
Blood and Body Fluids, 87
Animals, 88
Dusts and Spores, 88
Radiation Hazards, 88
Non Ionizing Radiation Hazards, 89
Ionizing Radiation Hazards, 89
Exposure to Radiation, 89
Acute Exposures to Radiation, 90
Chronic Exposures to Radiation, 90
4 HAZARDS CHARACTERIZATION AND SITE EVALUATION 91
The Professional, 92
Site Categorization, 92
Someone Must Take Charge, 92
Routine Site Categorization Activities, 93
Off Site Survey, Audit, and Evaluation Activities, 93
On Site Survey, Audit, and Evaluation Activities, 94
Reconnaissance Personnel, 94
Second Entry Personnel, 95
Value of Documentation, 95
Acceptable Site Characterization Documents, 96
Site Sampling Personal Sampling, 96
Sampling Techniques, 97
Air Sampling, 98
About Air Monitoring Equipment, 98
Oxygen and Combustible Gas Indicators (CGIs), 98
Toxic Atmosphere Indicat, 99
Photo Ionization Detectors (PIDs), 99
Flame Ionization Detectors (FIDs), 100
Aerosol Monitoring Devices, 100
Radiation Monitoring Devices, 101
Materials Sampling, 101
Sampling Plan, 102
xviii CONTENTS
Sample Collection Specifics, 103
Sample Records, Chain of Custody (Also Called Chain of Evidence) 103
Risk Assessment, 104
Elements of Risk Assessment, 104
Environmental Health and Safety Site Hazards Evaluation Checklist, 106
Hazardous Materials Communication Site Evaluation Checklist, 111
Respiratory Protection Hazards Evaluation Checklist for APR Respirator, 115
Confined Space Entry Hazard Evaluation Checklist, 116
Ventilation Hazards Evaluation Checklist, 117
5 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCIES 119
The Best Time to Plan for an Emergency Is Before One Occurs, 119
About HAZWOPER, 121
Emergency Planning, 122
Contingency, 123
Elements of Incident Response, 123
Correlation Between Emergency Action and Emergency Response
Plans, 123
Emergency Response (ER) Plans, 124
The Emergency Response Triad of Importance, 124
Site Specific Emergency Response Plans, 125
Emergency Personnel, 125
On Site Personnel, 126
On Site Emergency Response Team Leadership, 126
Incident Commander (IC) or Senior Response Official (SRO), 126
Incident Closure, 128
About Emergency Responders: On Site Emergency Team Training, 129
Community emergency teams, 129
Classification and Duties of Emergency Response Personnel, 130
First Responder Awareness Level, 130
First Responder Operations Level, 130
First Responder Technician Level, 131
First Responder Specialist Level, 131
CONTENTS xix
Incident Commander or Senior Response Official, 132
Incident Management, 133
Incident Commander, 135
Incident Response Procedures, 135
Guide 1.0 General HAZMAT Incident Response, 136
Guide 2.0 Response Guidelines, 137
Personal Protection, 137
Additional Considerations, 137
Guide 2.2 Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda (50%), 138
Personal Protection, 138
Additional Considerations, 138
Guide 2.3 Diesel Fuel, Fuel Oil #2, 139
Personal Protection, 139
Additional Considerations, 139
Guide 2.4 Epichlorohydrin, 140
Personal Protection, 140
Additional Considerations, 140
Guide 2.5 Ferric Chloride Solutions, 141
Personal Protection, 141
Additional Considerations, 141
Guide 2.6 Gasolines, 142
Personal Protection, 142
Additional Considerations, 142
Guide 2.7 Hydrochloric Acid (33% solution), 143
Personal Protection, 143
Additional Considerations, 143
Guide 2.8 Hydrogen Peroxide (35% solution), 144
Personal Protection, 144
Additional Considerations, 144
Guide 2.9 Phosphorus oxychloride, 145
Personal Protection, 145
Additional Considerations, 145
Guide 2.10 Propylene Oxide, 146
xx CONTENTS
Personal Protection, 146
Additional Considerations, 146
Guide 2. II Sodium Hypochlorite, 147
Personal Protection, 147
Additional Considerations, 147
Guide 2.12 Sodium Bisulfite (40% Solution), 148
Personal Protection, 148
Additional Considerations, 148
Guide 2.13 Sulfiiric Acid (93%), 149
Personal Protection, 149
Additional Considerations, 149
Appendix, 150
Sample Emergency Plans, 150
Definition of Emergency, 150
General Procedure, 150
Responsibilities Under This Plan, 150
Evacuation, 154
Supervisors, 154
Any Company Employees and Contractors, 154
1 A. Emergency Procedures, 155
1A.2 Emergency Evacuation Drills, 156
In Company Emergency Response Team, 156
1B. Emergency Procedures, 156
1B.2 General Chemical Spill Response Procedure, 157
1B.3 General Response to an Earthquake, 157
1B.4 General Response to Tornado, 158
1B.5 Emergency Notification Procedures, 158
Death or Multiple Injuries, 158
Hazardous Substance Spills or Releases, 159
Threats of Terrorism, 159
Training and Participation, 160
CONTENTS xxi
6 CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES 161
What Are Corrosive Hazards?, 161
About Corrosive Liquids, 162
About Corrosive Solids, 162
About Corrosive Gases, 163
Use of Corrosive Materials, 163
Protection from Corrosive Hazards, 164
Ventilation, 164
Personal Protection, 165
Corrosive Hazard Protective Measure Checklist, 166
Corrosive Air Contaminants, 168
Health Effects from Corrosive Substances, 168
Monitoring Potentials for Corrosive Exposure, 169
Safe Handling of Corrosives, 169
Common Sense Procedures for Handling Corrosives, 170
Corrosive Substance Storage, 171
Bulk Storage of Corrosive Substances, 172
Emergency Planning and Spill Response for Corrosive Substances, 173
Sample Guide for: Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda (50%), 174
Personal Protection, 174
Additional Considerations, 174
Sample Guide for: Sulfuric Acid (93%), 175
Personal Protection, 175
Additional Considerations, 175
Acids, Anhydrides and Alkali, 176
Safety Considerations, 176
Health Considerations, 176
First Aid for Corrosive Exposures, 177
First Aid SOPs for Corrosive Exposure, 177
7 IGNITABLE SUBSTANCES 183
Characteristics of Ignitable Hazardous Substances, 183
Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 183
xxii CONTENTS
Other Considerations for Ignitable Liquids, 184
Ignitable Liquid Hazards Considerations, 185
Ignitable Liquid Specifics, 185
Combustible Liquids, 185
Flammable Liquids, 190
Ignitable Liquid Storage, 190
Storage Specifics, 190
Should plastic containers be used to store ignitable liquids?, 191
Criteria for Ignitable Liquid Storage Cabinets, 191
Ignitable Substance Authorized Storage Rooms, 191
Storage Room Rating and Capacity, 192
Electrical Wiring, 193
Ventilation and Air Quality, 193
Solvent Room Storage, 193
Damaged Containers or Leakage, 194
General Purpose Public Warehouses, 194
Ignitable Substance Safety, 195
Storage Reminder, 195
Containers and Cabinets, 195
Safe Handling Reminder, 196
Ignitable Solids, 196
Catalytic Ignition, 197
Pyrophoric Substances, 197
Another Thought About Ignitable Solids, 197
About Dusts, 198
About Fumes, 198
About Vapors, 198
Solid, Liquid, or Gas, 199
About Mist, 199
About Ignitability and Explosives, 199
CONTENTS xxiii
High Explosives, 200
Low Explosives, 200
Energies of Ignitability, 200
Decomposition, 200
Hazardous Polymerization, 201
8 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS 203
Paradigms of Human Health Hazards, 203
Characterization and Assignment of Health Hazard Status, 204
Category 1—Urgent Public Health Hazards, 205
Category 2—Public Health Hazard, 205
Category 3—Indeterminate Public Health Hazard, 206
Safety and Health Considerations, 206
Lingering Community and Industrial Health Concerns, 210
What About Mercury (Hg)?, 210
What about Chromium (Cr) Exposure?, 211
Environmental Health Concerns—Protect the Children, 212
Asbestos Induced Cancer, 212
Asthma Concerns, 214
Toxic Chemicals, Biocides, and Pesticides, 214
Radon Gas Hazards, 215
Tobacco Smoke, 215
Protect Children from Lead, 215
Hazards from Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, 216
Water Contamination, 216
9 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS 239
Characterization of Biohazards, 239
Further Characterization, 240
Affected Populations, 240
Occupational Exposure to Biohazards, 240
Virus Exposures, 243
Bacterial Exposures, 243
xxiv CONTENTS
Fungal Exposures, 244
Pathogenic Parasites, 244
Selected Biohazard Specifics, 245
Anthrax, 245
Influenza vs. Avian Flu, 246
Avian Bird Virus Genetic Variation, 247
Blood Borne Pathogens, 247
AIDS, 248
Botulism Genus Clostridium, 249
Food Borne Diseases (Food Poisoning), 250
Hantavirus, 251
Legionnaires Disease, 251
Plague, 252
Smallpox, 252
Tularemia, 253
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF), 253
10 DISASTER SITE WORK 255
Disaster, 256
Putting Disaster Sites Back to Normal, 256
Disaster Site Workers—Individual Preparation, 256
What Happens When Your Work Comes to an End?, 257
Disaster Site Cleanup Abatement of Waterborne Biological Hazards, 258
Water Damage Classifications, 259
Type A.I Clean Water, 259
Type A.2 Contaminated Water, 259
Type B Hazardous Water, 260
Microbial Contamination Characterization, 260
Initial Evaluations, 261
Follow Safe Prudent Work Practices, 262
Site Inspection Checklists for Moisture Sources, Biohazards, and Other
Hazards, 263
Personal Protective Equipment for Site Workers, 265
CONTENTS xxv
Classification, 265
OSHA Level D Standard Worker Protection Equipment, 265
OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard Guidelines, 265
OSHA Level C Total Coverage PPE, Air Purified Respirator, 266
OSHA Level B Total Coverage PPE, Supplied Air Respirator, 266
OSHA Level A Total Encapsulation Personal Protection, 266
Materials Supplies, 267
Cleaners and Disinfectants, 267
Equipment and Tools, 268
Air Moving Equipment, 269
Dehumidifiers, 269
Other Drying Equipment, 269
Detection and Monitoring Equipment, 269
Microbiological Testing, 270
Mold Sampling, 271
Typical Sampling Methods Conducted for Direct Examination, 271
About Sampling, 271
Locations for Air Samples, 272
Lab Reports, 272
Interpretation of Microbial Testing, 273
Other Situations, 273
Take a Common Sense Approach, 274
Biohazard Abatement Plans Include, 274
Considerations for Water Damage Evaluators, Inspectors, and Project
Managers, 275
Type A. 1 Clean Water Intrusion, 276
Type A.2 or Type B Contaminated Water Intrusion, 276
Levels of Contamination, 277
Water Damage Mitigation Checklists, 277
Water Damage Clean up Examples, 279
Clean Up Type A.2 Type B Water Damage, 280
Mold Spore Forming Biohazard Contamination Abatement Plans, 281
Containment Considerations, 282
xxvi CONTENTS
Cleaning Considerations, 284
Level 1 Contamination Abatement Plans, 284
Level 2 Contamination Abatement Plans, 285
Level 3 Contamination Abatement Plans, 286
Level 4 Contamination Abatement Plans, 287
Level 5 Level 6 HVAC Contamination Abatement Guidelines, 287
Example Sequence for Cleaning and Decontaminating HVAC Systems, 288
References, 289
11 CHARACTERIZATION OF CBRNE TERRORIST THREATS AND
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD) 293
Disaster and Terrorism, 293
Considerations for Emergency Responders and Disaster Site Workers, 294
What are CBRNE Agents?, 294
Chemical Characterization for CBRNE, 296
Sources of Chemical CBRNE May Include, 296
TICS Common Toxic Industrial Chemicals, 296
The Release of Nerve Agents, 298
Blister Agents, 298
Blood Agents, 299
Warning Signs for the Presence of Blood Agents, 299
Choking Pulmonary Agents, 299
Warning Signs for the Presence of Choking Agents, 299
Irritants—Substances Used in Riot Control, 300
Warning Signs for the Presence of Irritating Agents, 300
Biological Characterization for CBRNE, 300
Significant Biological Disaster—Is It Imminent?, 301
How Are Biological Agents Detected, Confirmed, and Quantified?, 301
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Characterize Potential
Biological Hazard Agents, 302
Category A Biohazards, 302
Category B Biohazards, 302
Category C Biohazards, 302
Characterization of Chemical Biological (CBRNE) Agents, 303
CONTENTS xxvii
Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICS), 303
Biological Hazards, 308
Characterization of Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive CBRNE
Agents, 308
Radiological Dispersion Devices Dirty Bombs , 315
What are Radiological Sources?, 315
How Can Dangerous Radiological Products be Obtained Illegally?, 316
What is the Value of Using Radiological Dispersal Devices for
Terrorism?, 316
Considerations about Radiological Agents, 316
Nuclear Bombs and Explosives, 319
Common Nuclear Weapons That Have Been Developed, 320
Characteristics of Nuclear Bombs, 320
Dirty Bomb—Considered to be a Nuclear Weapon? No., 320
Modern Thermonuclear Weapons, 321
The Neutron Bomb, an Enhanced Radiation Weapon, 321
What Happens During a Nuclear Explosion?, 321
Four Characterizations of Energy Released During a Nuclear Event, 322
Conventional Explosives vs. Nuclear Explosives, 322
Blast Effects or Air Bursts, 322
Electromagnetic Thermal Radiation (ETR), 323
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP), 323
Radiation, 323
Nuclear Fallout, 324
Conclusion, 324
Acknowledgement, 325
GLQK MIX VJ,
INDEX 345
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
1 REGULATORY CONTROL OF DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES 1
Regulatory Control the Code of Federal Regulations, 3
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 4
I. EPA: Clean Water Act, 5
II. Clean Air Act (CAA), 5
National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS),
National Emission Standards For Hazardous Air Pollutants, 6
Major Provisions of the Clean Air Act, 6
III. Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA), 7
Public Water Management, 7
IV. Hazardous Waste Management Resource Conservation And Recovery
Act(RCRA), 7
A. Major Elements Of RCRA Regulations, 7
B. Key RCRA Definitions, 8
C. Hazardous Waste Identification, 8
D. Reportable Quantities (RQ), 9
E. Characterization of Hazardous Wastes, 9
F. Hazardous Waste Management Requirement, 10
Regulatory Agency NotificationvlO
Hazardous Waste Permits (40 CFR 270), 10
Hazardous Waste Tracking, 10
Hazardous Waste Reporting (40 CFR 262 265), 10
Record Keeping (262 265), 10
xii CONTENTS
V. SuperfundActs, 10
CERCLA, 11
Superfixnd Amendment And Reauthorization Act (SARA), 11
Title I, 11
Title II, 12
VI. Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know (EPCRA), 12
Emergency Planning and Notification, 12
Reporting and Notification, 13
Comprehensive Emergency Response Plans, 13
VII. Pollution Prevention Act, 13
Pollution Prevention Ethic, 13
VIII. Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSH Act), 14
Safety and Health Standards, 14
WhoIsNIOSH?, 14
OSH A Requirements for Employers, 14
1. Examples of Considerations for Evaluating Safe Work Places, 14
2. OSHA Enforcement, 16
3. OSHA Hazard Communication Program, 16
Key Elements of HAZCOMM, 16
4. Informing Workers About Workplace Hazards, 17
2 PRINCIPLES OF SAFETY 19
Safe Work Practices, 19
OSHA Self Evaluation, 19
Regulatory Programs Pertaining to Hazardous Materials Work Sites, 20
Considerations for Safe Work Practices, 21
Communicating Hazards Information, 22
Employee Right to Know, 22
Community Right to Know, 22
Walking and Working Surfaces, 23
Overhead and Underground Utilities, 23
Electrical Safety, 23
Tools and Heavy Equipment, 24
CONTENTS xiii
Protection from Hazardous Energy, 24
Lifting and Repetitive Motions, 25
Human Blood and Body Fluids, 26
Biohazards, 27
Hazardous Materials Spills and Releases, 27
Recognizing Hazards, 29
Site Specific Health and Safety Plans (HASP), 29
Recognizing Hazards Related to Dangerous Materials, 30
Chemical Hazard Communication Program, 30
Community Right to Know, 32
What Are Emergency Planning and Community Right to Know Issues, 32
Recognition of Chemical Hazards in Shipping and Handling, 34
Hazard Recognition Summary, 34
Hazard Recognition Discussion, 38
Physical and Site Hazards, 38
Personal Health Status, 38
Improper Personal Protection, 38
Lack of Oxygen, 39
Too Much Oxygen, 39
Space Configuration, 39
Site Configuration and Layout, 39
Environmental Hazards, 39
Equipment Operation, 40
Improperly Maintained Worksites, 40
Defective Materials and Structural Integrity, 40
Walking and Working Surfaces—Slip, Trip, and Fall Prevention, 41
Overhead Activities, 41
Improper Lifting and Ergonomics Practices, 41
Electrical Hazards, 41
Ventilation and Noise Hazards, 41
Pneumatic and Fluid Pressure Hazards, 42
Temperature Extremes, 42
Acts of Terrorism and Sabotage, 42
xiv CONTENTS
Noncompliance with Regulatory Standards, 42
Improper Management Practices, Improper Work Practices, and Improper
Standard Operating Procedures, 43
Lack of Discipline and Training, 43
About Training, 43
Personal Protection, 45
PPE Hazard Assessment, 45
PPE Training, 45
Head Protection, 45
Selection of Head Protection, 46
Eye and Face Protection, 46
Hearing Protection, 47
Chemical Protective Clothing (CPC), 47
PPE Selection, 47
Conditions Requiring Special Personal Protective Equipment, 48
Levels of Protection, 49
Flash Protective Suits, 50
Respiratory Protection, 51
Respiratory Protection Program, 51
Kinds of Respirators, 51
Standard Operating Procedures, 55
Safety and Health Management Program, 55
A. Purpose and Scope, 55
B. Applicability, 55
C. Reference, 55
D. General, 55
E. Management Leadership and Employee Participation, 56
F. Employee Participation, 56
G Hazard Identification and Assessment, 57
H. Hazard Prevention and Control, 57
I. Information and Training, 58
J. Evaluation of Program Effectiveness, 58
K. Multi Employer Workplace or Worksite, 59
CONTENTS xv
L. Responsibilities, 59
3 DANGEROUS SUBSTANCES 61
Properties of Dangerous Substances, 61
Material Forms, 62
Corrosive Hazards, 63
What About pH?, 64
Corrosive Hazards—Volatility and Reactivity, 65
Reducing Hazardous Properties of Corrosive Substances, 65
Electronic Charges and Energies of Attraction The Glue That Holds
Everything Together, 66
Acids, 66
About Acid pH, 66
Alkali, 67
About Alkali pH, 67
What about Neutralization?, 67
Neutralize Using a Weak Opposite, 68
Neutralizing Hydrochloric Acid (H+ Cl ) (pH ranges less than 2), 68
Neutralizing Caustic Soda (NaOH) (pH greater than 12.5), 69
Ignitable Hazards, 69
Percent to PPM, 70
Vapor Pressure, 70
Vapor Density and Inadequate Ventilation, 71
Toxic and Health Hazards, 71
Human Health Considerations, 72
Critical Competencies, 73
Health Conditions Related to Dangerous Substance Exposure, 73
Irritation, 74
Synergism, 74
Sensitization, 74
Asphyxiation, 74
Respiratory Paralysis, 75
Systemic Poisoning, 75
xvi CONTENTS
Mutagenesis, 75
Teratogenicity, 76
Carcinogenesis, 76
Systemic Toxicity, 77
Organ Systems, 77
Toxic Substances, 78
Typical Pesticides, 78
Insecticides, 78
Herbicides, 79
Fungicides, 80
Rodenticides, 80
Futnigants, 80
Metals, 81
Solvents, 81
Animal and Insect Toxins, 81
Plant Toxins, 82
Reactive Hazards, 82
Unstable Substances, 82
Monomers, 83
Organic Peroxides, 83
Water Reactives, 84
Alkali Metals, 84
Alkaline Earth Metals, 84
Hydrides, 84
Carbides, 85
Nitrides, 85
Phosphides, 85
Inorganic Chlorides, 85
Peroxides, 85
Other Significant Water Reactives, 86
Air Reactives, 86
Biological Hazards, 86
Considerable Sources of Biohazards, 87
CONTENTS xvii
Blood and Body Fluids, 87
Animals, 88
Dusts and Spores, 88
Radiation Hazards, 88
Non Ionizing Radiation Hazards, 89
Ionizing Radiation Hazards, 89
Exposure to Radiation, 89
Acute Exposures to Radiation, 90
Chronic Exposures to Radiation, 90
4 HAZARDS CHARACTERIZATION AND SITE EVALUATION 91
The Professional, 92
Site Categorization, 92
Someone Must Take Charge, 92
Routine Site Categorization Activities, 93
Off Site Survey, Audit, and Evaluation Activities, 93
On Site Survey, Audit, and Evaluation Activities, 94
Reconnaissance Personnel, 94
Second Entry Personnel, 95
Value of Documentation, 95
Acceptable Site Characterization Documents, 96
Site Sampling Personal Sampling, 96
Sampling Techniques, 97
Air Sampling, 98
About Air Monitoring Equipment, 98
Oxygen and Combustible Gas Indicators (CGIs), 98
Toxic Atmosphere Indicat, 99
Photo Ionization Detectors (PIDs), 99
Flame Ionization Detectors (FIDs), 100
Aerosol Monitoring Devices, 100
Radiation Monitoring Devices, 101
Materials Sampling, 101
Sampling Plan, 102
xviii CONTENTS
Sample Collection Specifics, 103
Sample Records, Chain of Custody (Also Called Chain of Evidence) 103
Risk Assessment, 104
Elements of Risk Assessment, 104
Environmental Health and Safety Site Hazards Evaluation Checklist, 106
Hazardous Materials Communication Site Evaluation Checklist, 111
Respiratory Protection Hazards Evaluation Checklist for APR Respirator, 115
Confined Space Entry Hazard Evaluation Checklist, 116
Ventilation Hazards Evaluation Checklist, 117
5 HAZARDOUS MATERIALS EMERGENCIES 119
The Best Time to Plan for an Emergency Is Before One Occurs, 119
About HAZWOPER, 121
Emergency Planning, 122
Contingency, 123
Elements of Incident Response, 123
Correlation Between Emergency Action and Emergency Response
Plans, 123
Emergency Response (ER) Plans, 124
The Emergency Response Triad of Importance, 124
Site Specific Emergency Response Plans, 125
Emergency Personnel, 125
On Site Personnel, 126
On Site Emergency Response Team Leadership, 126
Incident Commander (IC) or Senior Response Official (SRO), 126
Incident Closure, 128
About Emergency Responders: On Site Emergency Team Training, 129
Community emergency teams, 129
Classification and Duties of Emergency Response Personnel, 130
First Responder Awareness Level, 130
First Responder Operations Level, 130
First Responder Technician Level, 131
First Responder Specialist Level, 131
CONTENTS xix
Incident Commander or Senior Response Official, 132
Incident Management, 133
Incident Commander, 135
Incident Response Procedures, 135
Guide 1.0 General HAZMAT Incident Response, 136
Guide 2.0 Response Guidelines, 137
Personal Protection, 137
Additional Considerations, 137
Guide 2.2 Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda (50%), 138
Personal Protection, 138
Additional Considerations, 138
Guide 2.3 Diesel Fuel, Fuel Oil #2, 139
Personal Protection, 139
Additional Considerations, 139
Guide 2.4 Epichlorohydrin, 140
Personal Protection, 140
Additional Considerations, 140
Guide 2.5 Ferric Chloride Solutions, 141
Personal Protection, 141
Additional Considerations, 141
Guide 2.6 Gasolines, 142
Personal Protection, 142
Additional Considerations, 142
Guide 2.7 Hydrochloric Acid (33% solution), 143
Personal Protection, 143
Additional Considerations, 143
Guide 2.8 Hydrogen Peroxide (35% solution), 144
Personal Protection, 144
Additional Considerations, 144
Guide 2.9 Phosphorus oxychloride, 145
Personal Protection, 145
Additional Considerations, 145
Guide 2.10 Propylene Oxide, 146
xx CONTENTS
Personal Protection, 146
Additional Considerations, 146
Guide 2. II Sodium Hypochlorite, 147
Personal Protection, 147
Additional Considerations, 147
Guide 2.12 Sodium Bisulfite (40% Solution), 148
Personal Protection, 148
Additional Considerations, 148
Guide 2.13 Sulfiiric Acid (93%), 149
Personal Protection, 149
Additional Considerations, 149
Appendix, 150
Sample Emergency Plans, 150
Definition of Emergency, 150
General Procedure, 150
Responsibilities Under This Plan, 150
Evacuation, 154
Supervisors, 154
Any Company Employees and Contractors, 154
1 A. Emergency Procedures, 155
1A.2 Emergency Evacuation Drills, 156
In Company Emergency Response Team, 156
1B. Emergency Procedures, 156
1B.2 General Chemical Spill Response Procedure, 157
1B.3 General Response to an Earthquake, 157
1B.4 General Response to Tornado, 158
1B.5 Emergency Notification Procedures, 158
Death or Multiple Injuries, 158
Hazardous Substance Spills or Releases, 159
Threats of Terrorism, 159
Training and Participation, 160
CONTENTS xxi
6 CORROSIVE SUBSTANCES 161
What Are Corrosive Hazards?, 161
About Corrosive Liquids, 162
About Corrosive Solids, 162
About Corrosive Gases, 163
Use of Corrosive Materials, 163
Protection from Corrosive Hazards, 164
Ventilation, 164
Personal Protection, 165
Corrosive Hazard Protective Measure Checklist, 166
Corrosive Air Contaminants, 168
Health Effects from Corrosive Substances, 168
Monitoring Potentials for Corrosive Exposure, 169
Safe Handling of Corrosives, 169
Common Sense Procedures for Handling Corrosives, 170
Corrosive Substance Storage, 171
Bulk Storage of Corrosive Substances, 172
Emergency Planning and Spill Response for Corrosive Substances, 173
Sample Guide for: Sodium Hydroxide, Caustic Soda (50%), 174
Personal Protection, 174
Additional Considerations, 174
Sample Guide for: Sulfuric Acid (93%), 175
Personal Protection, 175
Additional Considerations, 175
Acids, Anhydrides and Alkali, 176
Safety Considerations, 176
Health Considerations, 176
First Aid for Corrosive Exposures, 177
First Aid SOPs for Corrosive Exposure, 177
7 IGNITABLE SUBSTANCES 183
Characteristics of Ignitable Hazardous Substances, 183
Flammable and Combustible Liquids, 183
xxii CONTENTS
Other Considerations for Ignitable Liquids, 184
Ignitable Liquid Hazards Considerations, 185
Ignitable Liquid Specifics, 185
Combustible Liquids, 185
Flammable Liquids, 190
Ignitable Liquid Storage, 190
Storage Specifics, 190
Should plastic containers be used to store ignitable liquids?, 191
Criteria for Ignitable Liquid Storage Cabinets, 191
Ignitable Substance "Authorized" Storage Rooms, 191
Storage Room Rating and Capacity, 192
Electrical Wiring, 193
Ventilation and Air Quality, 193
Solvent Room Storage, 193
Damaged Containers or Leakage, 194
General Purpose Public Warehouses, 194
Ignitable Substance Safety, 195
Storage Reminder, 195
Containers and Cabinets, 195
Safe Handling Reminder, 196
Ignitable Solids, 196
Catalytic Ignition, 197
Pyrophoric Substances, 197
Another Thought About Ignitable Solids, 197
About Dusts, 198
About Fumes, 198
About Vapors, 198
Solid, Liquid, or Gas, 199
About Mist, 199
About Ignitability and Explosives, 199
CONTENTS xxiii
High Explosives, 200
Low Explosives, 200
Energies of Ignitability, 200
Decomposition, 200
Hazardous Polymerization, 201
8 HUMAN HEALTH HAZARDS 203
Paradigms of Human Health Hazards, 203
Characterization and Assignment of Health Hazard Status, 204
Category 1—Urgent Public Health Hazards, 205
Category 2—Public Health Hazard, 205
Category 3—Indeterminate Public Health Hazard, 206
Safety and Health Considerations, 206
Lingering Community and Industrial Health Concerns, 210
What About Mercury (Hg)?, 210
What about Chromium (Cr) Exposure?, 211
Environmental Health Concerns—Protect the Children, 212
Asbestos Induced Cancer, 212
Asthma Concerns, 214
Toxic Chemicals, Biocides, and Pesticides, 214
Radon Gas Hazards, 215
Tobacco Smoke, 215
Protect Children from Lead, 215
Hazards from Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation, 216
Water Contamination, 216
9 BIOLOGICAL HAZARDS 239
Characterization of Biohazards, 239
Further Characterization, 240
Affected Populations, 240
Occupational Exposure to Biohazards, 240
Virus Exposures, 243
Bacterial Exposures, 243
xxiv CONTENTS
Fungal Exposures, 244
Pathogenic Parasites, 244
Selected Biohazard Specifics, 245
Anthrax, 245
Influenza vs. Avian Flu, 246
Avian "Bird Virus" Genetic Variation, 247
Blood Borne Pathogens, 247
AIDS, 248
Botulism Genus Clostridium, 249
Food Borne Diseases (Food Poisoning), 250
Hantavirus, 251
Legionnaires Disease, 251
Plague, 252
Smallpox, 252
Tularemia, 253
Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHF), 253
10 DISASTER SITE WORK 255
Disaster, 256
Putting Disaster Sites Back to Normal, 256
Disaster Site Workers—Individual Preparation, 256
What Happens When Your Work Comes to an End?, 257
Disaster Site Cleanup Abatement of Waterborne Biological Hazards, 258
Water Damage Classifications, 259
Type A.I Clean Water, 259
Type A.2 Contaminated Water, 259
Type B Hazardous Water, 260
Microbial Contamination Characterization, 260
Initial Evaluations, 261
Follow Safe Prudent Work Practices, 262
Site Inspection Checklists for Moisture Sources, Biohazards, and Other
Hazards, 263
Personal Protective Equipment for Site Workers, 265
CONTENTS xxv
Classification, 265
OSHA Level D Standard Worker Protection Equipment, 265
OSHA Respiratory Protection Standard Guidelines, 265
OSHA Level C Total Coverage PPE, Air Purified Respirator, 266
OSHA Level B Total Coverage PPE, Supplied Air Respirator, 266
OSHA Level A Total Encapsulation Personal Protection, 266
Materials Supplies, 267
Cleaners and Disinfectants, 267
Equipment and Tools, 268
Air Moving Equipment, 269
Dehumidifiers, 269
Other Drying Equipment, 269
Detection and Monitoring Equipment, 269
Microbiological Testing, 270
Mold Sampling, 271
Typical Sampling Methods Conducted for Direct Examination, 271
About Sampling, 271
Locations for Air Samples, 272
Lab Reports, 272
Interpretation of Microbial Testing, 273
Other Situations, 273
Take a Common Sense Approach, 274
Biohazard Abatement Plans Include, 274
Considerations for Water Damage Evaluators, Inspectors, and Project
Managers, 275
Type A. 1 Clean Water Intrusion, 276
Type A.2 or Type B Contaminated Water Intrusion, 276
Levels of Contamination, 277
Water Damage Mitigation Checklists, 277
Water Damage Clean up Examples, 279
Clean Up Type A.2 Type B Water Damage, 280
Mold Spore Forming Biohazard Contamination Abatement Plans, 281
Containment Considerations, 282
xxvi CONTENTS
Cleaning Considerations, 284
Level 1 Contamination Abatement Plans, 284
Level 2 Contamination Abatement Plans, 285
Level 3 Contamination Abatement Plans, 286
Level 4 Contamination Abatement Plans, 287
Level 5 Level 6 HVAC Contamination Abatement Guidelines, 287
Example Sequence for Cleaning and Decontaminating HVAC Systems, 288
References, 289
11 CHARACTERIZATION OF CBRNE TERRORIST THREATS AND
WEAPONS OF MASS DESTRUCTION (WMD) 293
Disaster and Terrorism, 293
Considerations for Emergency Responders and Disaster Site Workers, 294
What are CBRNE Agents?, 294
Chemical Characterization for CBRNE, 296
Sources of Chemical CBRNE May Include, 296
TICS Common Toxic Industrial Chemicals, 296
The Release of Nerve Agents, 298
Blister Agents, 298
Blood Agents, 299
Warning Signs for the Presence of Blood Agents, 299
Choking Pulmonary Agents, 299
Warning Signs for the Presence of Choking Agents, 299
Irritants—Substances Used in Riot Control, 300
Warning Signs for the Presence of Irritating Agents, 300
Biological Characterization for CBRNE, 300
Significant Biological Disaster—Is It Imminent?, 301
How Are Biological Agents Detected, Confirmed, and Quantified?, 301
U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Characterize Potential
Biological Hazard Agents, 302
Category A Biohazards, 302
Category B Biohazards, 302
Category C Biohazards, 302
Characterization of Chemical Biological (CBRNE) Agents, 303
CONTENTS xxvii
Toxic Industrial Chemicals (TICS), 303
Biological Hazards, 308
Characterization of Radiological, Nuclear, and Explosive CBRNE
Agents, 308
Radiological Dispersion Devices "Dirty Bombs", 315
What are Radiological Sources?, 315
How Can Dangerous Radiological Products be Obtained Illegally?, 316
What is the Value of Using Radiological Dispersal Devices for
Terrorism?, 316
Considerations about Radiological Agents, 316
Nuclear Bombs and Explosives, 319
Common Nuclear Weapons That Have Been Developed, 320
Characteristics of Nuclear Bombs, 320
Dirty Bomb—Considered to be a Nuclear Weapon? No., 320
Modern Thermonuclear Weapons, 321
The Neutron Bomb, an Enhanced Radiation Weapon, 321
What Happens During a Nuclear Explosion?, 321
Four Characterizations of Energy Released During a Nuclear Event, 322
Conventional Explosives vs. Nuclear Explosives, 322
Blast Effects or Air Bursts, 322
Electromagnetic Thermal Radiation (ETR), 323
Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP), 323
Radiation, 323
Nuclear Fallout, 324
Conclusion, 324
Acknowledgement, 325
GLQK MIX VJ,
INDEX 345 |
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| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:57:08Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:59:03Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780471462576 0471462578 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2005028949 |
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| physical | xxvii, 350 p. ill. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
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| publisher | Wiley-Interscience |
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| spelling | Shafer, Donald A. Verfasser aut Hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations Donald A. Shafer Hoboken, NJ Wiley-Interscience 2006 xxvii, 350 p. ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Includes bibliographical references and index Substances dangereuses - Accidents - Gestion Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures - Droit Hazardous substances Accidents Management Hazardous substances Safety measures Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd rswk-swf Gefahrstoff (DE-588)4122160-6 gnd rswk-swf Umweltanalytik (DE-588)4282985-9 gnd rswk-swf Gefahrstoff (DE-588)4122160-6 s Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 s Umweltanalytik (DE-588)4282985-9 s DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip061/2005028949.html Table of contents only http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0645/2005028949-d.html Publisher description http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0653/2005028949-b.html Contributor biographical information HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015712022&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Shafer, Donald A. Hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations Substances dangereuses - Accidents - Gestion Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures - Droit Hazardous substances Accidents Management Hazardous substances Safety measures Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd Gefahrstoff (DE-588)4122160-6 gnd Umweltanalytik (DE-588)4282985-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4121813-9 (DE-588)4122160-6 (DE-588)4282985-9 |
| title | Hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations |
| title_auth | Hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations |
| title_exact_search | Hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations |
| title_full | Hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations Donald A. Shafer |
| title_fullStr | Hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations Donald A. Shafer |
| title_full_unstemmed | Hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations Donald A. Shafer |
| title_short | Hazardous materials characterization |
| title_sort | hazardous materials characterization evaluation methods procedures and considerations |
| title_sub | evaluation methods, procedures, and considerations |
| topic | Substances dangereuses - Accidents - Gestion Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures - Droit Hazardous substances Accidents Management Hazardous substances Safety measures Umwelttoxikologie (DE-588)4121813-9 gnd Gefahrstoff (DE-588)4122160-6 gnd Umweltanalytik (DE-588)4282985-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Substances dangereuses - Accidents - Gestion Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures Substances dangereuses - Sécurité - Mesures - Droit Hazardous substances Accidents Management Hazardous substances Safety measures Umwelttoxikologie Gefahrstoff Umweltanalytik |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip061/2005028949.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0645/2005028949-d.html http://www.loc.gov/catdir/enhancements/fy0653/2005028949-b.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015712022&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT shaferdonalda hazardousmaterialscharacterizationevaluationmethodsproceduresandconsiderations |