Němci v Čechách po roce 1945: na příkladu západního podještědí
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Czech |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Praha
Etnologický Ústav Akad. Věd ČR [u.a.]
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | Vyd. 1. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Die Deutschen in Böhmen nach 1945 (das Beispiel der westlichen Jeschken-Region) |
| Beschreibung: | 207 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 8085010925 8086197824 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 |b na příkladu západního podještědí |c Jaroslav Otčenášek |
| 250 | |a Vyd. 1. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Praha |b Etnologický Ústav Akad. Věd ČR [u.a.] |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a 207 S. |b Ill., Kt. | ||
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| 500 | |a Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Die Deutschen in Böhmen nach 1945 (das Beispiel der westlichen Jeschken-Region) | ||
| 648 | 4 | |a Geschichte 1900-2000 | |
| 648 | 7 | |a Geschichte 1945-2003 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Czechs and Germans |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Germans - Czech Republic - 1945- |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Němci - Česko - 1945- |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Sudeten question |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Sudetoněmecká otázka |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Češi a Němci |2 czenas | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Geschichte | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Germans |z Czech Republic |z Bohemia |x History |y 20th century | |
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| 651 | 7 | |a Podještědí (Czech Republic) - history |2 czenas | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Podještědí (Česko) - dějiny |2 czenas | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Sudetenland (Czech Republic) - nationalities relations - 1945- |2 czenas | |
| 651 | 7 | |a Sudety (Česko) - národnostní poměry - 1945- |2 czenas | |
| 651 | 4 | |a Tschechische Republik | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136588644450304 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | OBSAH
Předmluva
Úvod
11
Pramenná východiska a literatura
15
Válečná předehra (1938-květen
21
Mnichov
21
Druhá světová válka a čeští Němci
22
Češi v Sudetech
23
Konec snu o „Heimatu a nový začátek (květen
25
Osvobození
25
Všichni Němci pryč!
26
Nový živel v pohraničí
31
Čeští Němci v Německu
33
Občané druhé kategorie
37
Navrátilci, specialisté a antifašisté
37
Přidělená občanka
41
Ze školy do knihovny
47
Pokusy o zrovnoprávnění
59
Německé „Pražské jaro
59
Sdružování pod dohledem
64
Co nespadne samo, to se zbourá
71
Eintopf
79
Kde je už Sasko?
84
Pět minut po dvanácté
99
Všichni už odešli
99
Co dál?
122
Závěr
135
Prameny a literatura
139
Seznam zkratek
145
Přílohy
147
Zusammenfassung
191
Summary
200
■
Germans in
(Example of West
Summary
This ethnological study is focused on the German minority in Bohemia after the
end of the World War
research which was carried out between the years
on the area of Western Bohemia
is amended by facts from other regions in Bohemia.
West
similar geographical, economical and historical background. The surroundings of the
local people were alike in the 20th century and are similar even now. Glass industry
and other handicrafts connected to it hold the principal role in their lives. Selected
localities as
(Röhrsdorf),
populated by German speaking inhabitants since the medieval colonisation, that
means from 13th century. Former Slavic settlement was in all probability
and not too numerous. However, this region formed the part of the Czech Lands
uninterrruptedly in all their history with the exception of the period between the fall
of
According to the available facts the chosen region appears to be Germanlingual.
This is the consequence of the medieval colonisation largely from the German
regions (Saxony, Thuringia). The character of the region remained unchanged till
the end of the
speaking inhabitants as a laborforce appeared also in
the Edicts of Joseph
just a matter of few individuals and little groups which were rapidly Germanized in
the Borderland. In the context of development of the glass industry many foreigners
moved to this region, especially from Italy, Sweden, German and Austrian lands,
etc). The flow of Czech handworkers from the inland regions increased gradually,
escpecially near the end of the 19th century. Czech communities were thus slowly
established in all the cities and
nationalisation of the social as well as cultural sphere of living these communities
gradually founded their own clubs and associations and started to claim their right
for the education based on the national origin. Nevertheless,
the effort usually ended in vain. This was striking especially in the educational
system when Germans basically boycotted the possibility of being educated in
Czech maternal tongue. The fundamental change came not
Austria-Hungary and with the birth of the independent Czechoslovakia.
After the creation of the Czechoslovak state there were attemps of separatism
in the regions with prevalent German minority (thus would be created
—200 —
Summary
-German provinces). All this was because of their way of interpretation of the right
of self-determination of the nations. The separatisms was backed up by Vienna,
nonetheless Germans in Bohemia did not have the practical chance to accomplish
so because the problem did not found the attention of the Triple Entente powers.
During the November and the December of
flow of the Czech inhabitants into the Borderland further increased between World
War I and World War
Czechs were not anymore just a laborforce working principally in the glass industry.
They also founded their own businesses and started to compete strongly with the
local Germans. Aside from manual workers and businessmen, big number of Czech
state folks came to the Borderland (railways, post, educational system, police,
army). The local Germans were heavily concerned about it. They felt it as an attemp
for the Czech dominion over them. Due to it the relations between Czechs and
Germans grew worse during the First Republic , our locality was affected as well.
Another blow for cohabitation happened by signing of the Munich Treaty in the
September 29th
predominant German population in welfare of Germany (according to the statistics
made during the census in
from the rule. The Borderland passed over the direct jurisdiction of Germany. The
Czech inhabitants did not feel comfortable with this in the regions concerned and
opted to migrate inland, especially after the arrival of the German army. First left the
people who came in the Borderland after the October of
also by many of the former denizens. Some of them returned back after few months
inland, but others migrated into the remaining Czecho-Slovakia.
finally stayed in the Borderland even during the war. The region of West
became the part of the
brought with itself irreversible changes in cohabitation of Czech and German
population. All this culminated after the end of the World War
In the May
of the Czechoslovakia took place. From our monitored region the great majority
of Germans was
in June, July and August so called wild displacement without any surveillance
occurred. Some of the local Germans (as well as of the Germans who moved in
the Borderland from the Germany proper) fled before the end of the war and
during the first few days after the liberation. Some of the Germans, especially
officials of
Hungarians were treated under the questionable principle of the collective guilt.
Killing, torturing, raping and looting, marked this period. The reasons for this
were suppressed hatred, sometimes superficially created. There was little or no
connection between the punishement and the deeds done. Between the victims were
people who were guilty of many crimes, nonetheless, a big part of innocent Germans
was persecuted as well. They did not do any harm to the Czechs during the war. But
not only Germans were treated wrong, paradoxically some Jews who spoke German,
German antifascists, some Czechs unjustly accused from colaboration with Germans
became victims of the spree also. The period of the practical impossibility to sanction
for such behavior was consequently sanctified by the decree of president
-202 —
■
determined to halt all investigation of the crimes performed on Germans after the
May of
smaller number of Germans was displaced from our locality due to the fact that in
the glass industry there were not many Czechs specialists. Paradoxically some of
these German specialists were active Nazi followers. Some of the Germans were also
living in the mixed marriages and in the very great majority the displacement did
not affect them.
After the consolidation of affairs in the Borderland and the coming of
communists to the power, that means at the end of 40ies and in the beginning of
the 50ies, the new aspect of viewing the German minority in the Czechoslovakia
appeared. The German ethnical minority and their righs are
recognized at the end of 1960ies
vawe of emigration of Germans took place, especially in the West Germany. The
remaining Germans, who did not come away even after
definitelly decided to stay in the Czechoslovakia. Other changes appeared not until
the termination of the communist rule in the November
Germans, especially the younger generation in some regions (for example in the
region of
acquisition of the German citizenship, some of them this conviction carried out.
The main reason was rather economical. The German minority had all adequate
rights (as other minorities had) that were given by law and the Constitution. But
what concerns its strength then it is now comparatively tiny due to the emigration.
The number of people who consider themselves to be Germans has continued to
diminish. This was caused by the natural aging of the remaining local Germans.
The amount of resources and literature to this subject is comparatively huge but
their application is diverse. The principal publication is the work of
especially his book
the Czechoslovakia), Prague
and the damage done, and then he monitors the progress of the German minority
in the Czechoslovakia. The book has its focus on the demographical situation and
also works with the cultural opportunities of the German minority and its legal
framework. The other works of
(see literature). The majority of other general works focuses on the displacement,
the progress of the German minority afterwards forms only the parts of these
publications. The exceptions are some of the West-German sources that try to figure
out the size of the German minority in our country usually till the end of 1980ies.
Resoures with the particular connection to
Usually only some news articles appeared in the local newspapers as
published by
This area was thoroughly explored by
(Borderland Area), Prague
It is necessary to descibe at least partially the period till
able to see the historical events we attend to from the ethonological point of view
in context. It is not the goal of this resume to discuss the legitimacy of the forced
displacement. The point is to gather general facts, especially those connected to our
mentioned region. The field research itself as a main resource of information was
__
¿Ají.
■
not standing on this period. However, during the questioning of citizens we usually
got some words about it. The second main resource were the archive materials.
Nevertheless, the focus was put essentially on the first resource. The main interest
was directed on the period following the May
changes that affected our region.
The period after the forced displacement of Czech Germans is the focal point
of this research. The almost total exchange of population in some areas brought
with itself unexpected problems and situations. (Hungarians from south Slovakia
who spoke almost no Czech or Slovak, coming of Gypsies, Czechs from the third
countries etc.) The continuity of settlements in
completely disrupted. Nonetheless the small Czech minorities, which lived in cities
and towns before World War II, brought along the fact that the devastation of cultural
background and the lost of the memory was way smaller with comparison of the
Cheb
did not fortunately affect
and developed gradually (creation of Crystalex concern,
-
workrooms in one. The local Germans who remained in the Czechoslovakia drew
back into privacy and reduced the contact with the state administration to minimum
(especially families entirely German), mixed families as well were targeted by
unending hateful campaign against Germans as eveldoers. This continued
establishment of East Germany, when the term friendly Germans appeared. Even
though the great amount of especially mixed families started to supress their German
origin in front of their young ones. Strongly restricted were also the opportunities
to visit the relatives, especially those in the West Germany. The state administration
and its leaders were debating a lot about Germans and the rights they were entitled
to have. Another unexpected problem appeared when some of the Czech Germans
returned illigaly to the Borderland after the displacement. Especially those in Soviet
sector of Germany opted to come back to the Czechoslovakia. Germans were also
dispersed inland mainly for seasonal jobs from the regions where they formed
relativelly bigger ratio towards the Czechs. Thus another shameful chapter of the
Czech-German coohabitation was written. Very intriguing is likewise the problem of
coming of forcefully displaced Germans to their new domicile in Germany
The period of the Stalin terror during the end of 1940ies and in the early 1950ies
was without question one of the darkest in the Czech history. The problem of Germans
was looked upon as other problems from the class point of view. The Germans
could not even speculate about their rights, they were not even officially recognized
minority as for example Pokes and Hungarians were. The Czech administration had
the likewise problem with the unwillingness of the part of the German population to
accept the Czechoslovak citizenship, different forms of coersion appeared for many
years. A little change for the better took place in the culture when German workers
could establish amateur theatres or German departments in public libraries. In
the beginning of 1960ies the creation and the build-up of Berlin Wall caused the
definitive division of Germany into two enemy states. Paradoxically, the contacts
of Czech Germans and their relatives in the East Germany simplified due to the fact
that considerable part of Germans from
-203 —
-
hand the opportunities to travel in West Germany became worse. However, Czech
Germans could ask for permanent emigration in West Germany because of bilateral
pacts. Our Czech authorities did not oppose such decisions save some bureaucratic
nuisance. During the 1960ies thus another vawe of the German emigration
diminished the
ones started to claim their cultural and educational rights. This was possible due to
the gradual liberation of general attitude. Finally during the
minority was officially fully recognized and its rights were the same as of other
minorities. However, in
decrease of self-perception of belonging to the German minority.
The period after the occupation of the Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and
its allies was perceived in
of the army from the East Germany was dislocated here. Some Czech Germans
emigrated in West Germany, those who remained resigned in what concerns
of transferring their German-hood to their offspring. During the census they
claimed themselves to be Germans, however almost all childern in mixed families
declared themselves to be Czechs or Slovaks. The young generation was losing
the knowledge of the German language as well. On the other hand the view of the
Czech population towards Czech Germans in the everyday affairs almost got free
of anti-German stereotypes. Of course this is not true in what concerns the official
approach to West Germany and towards the World War
German generation sometimes withdrew into themselves. One of the reasons was
that they did not apprehend the Czech language even many decades after the WWII.
Germans as a minority in the Czechoslovakia did not see too much in the future
for their German
assimilation. Nothing can be of help even though some attemps as the creation of the
Cultural association of citizen of German origin appeared (KSONN
der Bürger deutscher Nationalität der
awareness were connected with this movement, not only from the point of view
of Czech Germans but from the West Germany point of view as well. During the
normalization in the 1970ies KSONN gradually changed to the harmless cultural
association under the surveillance of the National Front.
The feelings of utter resignation were actually the most common, especially
during the
After the change of the regime in the Czechoslovakia in
had refreshed and revived. Czech Germans started to work again, especially on
the cultural field. The very advanced assimilation of them prevented stronger
revivification of Germarihood. Czech newspapers, TV and other media did not
report on the minority often, usually only accidentally because of the connection
with the WWII or with their forced displacement. The census in
confirmed that the German minority can be conceived of in the present as a minority
very strongly assimilated which is also dying out because of the lack of the interest
to keep up as a minority for the future, notwithstanding the support of the reunified
Germany. After the
Germans in West Germany took place (the motivation was above all based on
working opportunities there, especially the young ones profited from it).
Summary
The language skills of residents with the German and Czech-German origin
formed also an important part of the survey. They changed qualitatively a lot during
the last
German population spoke German and very little Czech, then it changed during
the 1960ies, because the after-war-generation acquired Czech to very good degree,
however this was of pure necessity. Obviously the
a maternal tongue was stronger in the mixed marriages. The quality of German
lowered however even in purely German families, especially from 1960ies. The
German language became more colloquial and was perceived more as a dialect
on the level of so called
knowledge of German decreased rapidly due to the new vawe of mixed marriages.
The youngest ones spoke only Czech. Right now in the beginning of the 21st century
the situation is as follows; those born before
Germans born between
the form of a dialect). The ability of speaking German drops down dramatically in
the generation born between
German minority we cannot expect any change in this in the future. Only some of the
young Germans especially in the region of
language of their ancestors. This was because of the possibility to acquire German
citizenship and to work there legally. In our region of West
similar happened.
ТШ
were out of the focus of ethnologists. Only few prewar fragmentary studies exist in this
field. The religious feeling of local denizens slowly declined even before WWII, however
the great majority was formed by catholics. During the forced displacement especially
evangelies
all
the socialism the catholic churches still functioned whereas the evangelical ones were
closed right after the war. They were not reopened
of the religions in all the state strongly diminished, on the other hand the Orthodox
church and the Greek Catholic religion appeared due to the coming of new settlers in the
Borderland.
In the region of West
traditional folk kitchen which terminology partially infiltrated the Czech language as
weE (this
are used in pure Czech families and Czech environment. The kitchen terminology
influenced even newcomers in the regions of
(Krkonoše), Orlické
important one for selfidentification of local Germans; this is truth about the importance
of cooking habits for other minorities as weU. The folk costume habits are very difficult
to name. Most likely the classical costume did not exist at all in the northern Borderland.
There was a traditional costume that we can characterize as a period costume (but it was
only the effect of the local textile industry and print works). The
the end of 18th century but was not specifically Czech or German. However this is not
true about some other areas, for example in
costumes, which were relatively well described and documented.
—205-
■
The traditional folk habits
about the Quristmass, the Easter, fairs etc. We can say from the answers of respondents
that there was no clear ethnical line to distinguish German and Czech standards.
They intermingled and noone took care about specifying their origin (of course the
language terminology was in some cases different).
The generational
to peers and the changes of perceiving the Germanhood were also among the important
subjects of this research. Until the 1950ies Germans had a tendency to marry within
their own compatriots, this approach was afterwards very often abandoned. Especially
after the forced displacement the opportunities to find out a German partner decreased
considerably. The origin of the partner thus lost its importance and from the beginning of
1960ies it was of almost no importance to anyone. The great majority of Germans walked
into mixed marriages. This process influenced the selfperception of the German minority
and continued during the 1970ies. The older German population resigned in the effort
to transfer the Germanhood to their young ones. The emigration in 1960ies affected
negatively this process as well. The effect was so strong that even the childern from
purely German families started to feel themselves to belong to the Czech majority
instead to the German minority. The partial revival of German ethnical self-confidence
occurred after
was possible to acquire German citizenship and thus work legally in West Germany).
The changes, which took place in the Borderland after
countryside as well. The landscape and its appearance altered. Many cultural
monuments were devastated (churches, castles, cemeteries) during the socialism.
Prefab buildings exchanged them even in the city centers. The newcommers came
not only from the other areas of the Czechoslovakia but even from Rumania, Ukraine
etc. Their traditions and culture were different. They were not so connected to the
landscape they did not help to create. The traditions were severed and only few of
them were revived after
homeland
them another reason why to emigrate. Nevertheless the newcommers felt uprooted
as well. All this helped the process of losing the national selfperception of remaining
Germans. As we mentioned before, they gradually lost interest of transfering their
Germanhood to the offspring, especially during 1970ies and 1980ies. This process is
surprisingly similar to some Jews during the First Republic. They knowingly deserted their
origin and religion and accepted the Czechoslovak nationality. The reason was partially in
the unsatisfactoriness with the state of their own community. What concerns Germans
now is that the emigration of especially young Germans broke the possibility of natural
reproduction. All this causes the gradual dying out of the German minority in the
Czech Republic.
The period of
mixed marriages the most complicated from many points of view in all the history of
the German inhabitation in Bohemia. Relatively numerous and selfconfident minority
which had developed for itself very strong position in education, culture and politics
went through the period of catharsis because of its failure during the Nazi era and the
subsequent unjust exercise of the collective guilt. The following era of communism
did not help the normalization of Czech-German relations at all. The problems got
— 206 —
Summary
the attention not
its final stage. The members get assimilated, the young generation emigrated, the older
ones cannot reproduce enough of offspring and the remaining ones lost the interest in
transfering the cultural and ethnical peculiarities.
The index of literature contains the most important Czech, Slovak and German
publications (newspaper articles included). The selection is not naturally all
containing due to the fact that some older works, especially German ones, are very
difficult to access. The main resources were thus the archive materials from the State
Dictrict Archives in
The appendix contains different materials (copies of photographies, contem¬
porary documents and articles) which descibe the existence of the German minority
in West
which demonstrate linguistical and national boundaries in the Czech Republic
follow afterwards.
-207—
|
| adam_txt |
OBSAH
Předmluva
Úvod
11
Pramenná východiska a literatura
15
Válečná předehra (1938-květen
21
Mnichov
21
Druhá světová válka a čeští Němci
22
Češi v Sudetech
23
Konec snu o „Heimatu" a nový začátek (květen
25
Osvobození
25
Všichni Němci pryč!
26
Nový živel v pohraničí
31
Čeští Němci v Německu
33
Občané druhé kategorie
37
Navrátilci, specialisté a antifašisté
37
Přidělená občanka
41
Ze školy do knihovny
47
Pokusy o zrovnoprávnění
59
Německé „Pražské jaro"
59
Sdružování pod dohledem
64
Co nespadne samo, to se zbourá
71
Eintopf
79
Kde je už Sasko?
84
Pět minut po dvanácté
99
Všichni už odešli
99
Co dál?
122
Závěr
135
Prameny a literatura
139
Seznam zkratek
145
Přílohy
147
Zusammenfassung
191
Summary
200
■
Germans in
(Example of West
Summary
This ethnological study is focused on the German minority in Bohemia after the
end of the World War
research which was carried out between the years
on the area of Western Bohemia
is amended by facts from other regions in Bohemia.
West
similar geographical, economical and historical background. The surroundings of the
local people were alike in the 20th century and are similar even now. Glass industry
and other handicrafts connected to it hold the principal role in their lives. Selected
localities as
(Röhrsdorf),
populated by German speaking inhabitants since the medieval colonisation, that
means from 13th century. Former Slavic settlement was in all probability
and not too numerous. However, this region formed the part of the Czech Lands
uninterrruptedly in all their history with the exception of the period between the fall
of
According to the available facts the chosen region appears to be Germanlingual.
This is the consequence of the medieval colonisation largely from the German
regions (Saxony, Thuringia). The character of the region remained unchanged till
the end of the
speaking inhabitants as a laborforce appeared also in
the Edicts of Joseph
just a matter of few individuals and little groups which were rapidly Germanized in
the Borderland. In the context of development of the glass industry many foreigners
moved to this region, especially from Italy, Sweden, German and Austrian lands,
etc). The flow of Czech handworkers from the inland regions increased gradually,
escpecially near the end of the 19th century. Czech communities were thus slowly
established in all the cities and
nationalisation of the social as well as cultural sphere of living these communities
gradually founded their own clubs and associations and started to claim their right
for the education based on the national origin. Nevertheless,
the effort usually ended in vain. This was striking especially in the educational
system when Germans basically boycotted the possibility of being educated in
Czech maternal tongue. The fundamental change came not
Austria-Hungary and with the birth of the independent Czechoslovakia.
After the creation of the Czechoslovak state there were attemps of separatism
in the regions with prevalent German minority (thus would be created
—200 —
Summary
-German provinces). All this was because of their way of interpretation of the right
of self-determination of the nations. The separatisms was backed up by Vienna,
nonetheless Germans in Bohemia did not have the practical chance to accomplish
so because the problem did not found the attention of the Triple Entente powers.
During the November and the December of
flow of the Czech inhabitants into the Borderland further increased between World
War I and World War
Czechs were not anymore just a laborforce working principally in the glass industry.
They also founded their own businesses and started to compete strongly with the
local Germans. Aside from manual workers and businessmen, big number of Czech
state folks came to the Borderland (railways, post, educational system, police,
army). The local Germans were heavily concerned about it. They felt it as an attemp
for the Czech dominion over them. Due to it the relations between Czechs and
Germans grew worse during the "First Republic", our locality was affected as well.
Another blow for cohabitation happened by signing of the Munich Treaty in the
September 29th
predominant German population in welfare of Germany (according to the statistics
made during the census in
from the rule. The Borderland passed over the direct jurisdiction of Germany. The
Czech inhabitants did not feel comfortable with this in the regions concerned and
opted to migrate inland, especially after the arrival of the German army. First left the
people who came in the Borderland after the October of
also by many of the former denizens. Some of them returned back after few months
inland, but others migrated into the remaining Czecho-Slovakia.
finally stayed in the Borderland even during the war. The region of West
became the part of the
brought with itself irreversible changes in cohabitation of Czech and German
population. All this culminated after the end of the World War
In the May
of the Czechoslovakia took place. From our monitored region the great majority
of Germans was
in June, July and August so called "wild displacement" without any surveillance
occurred. Some of the local Germans (as well as of the Germans who moved in
the Borderland from the Germany proper) fled before the end of the war and
during the first few days after the liberation. Some of the Germans, especially
officials of
Hungarians were treated under the questionable principle of the collective guilt.
Killing, torturing, raping and looting, marked this period. The reasons for this
were suppressed hatred, sometimes superficially created. There was little or no
connection between the punishement and the deeds done. Between the victims were
people who were guilty of many crimes, nonetheless, a big part of innocent Germans
was persecuted as well. They did not do any harm to the Czechs during the war. But
not only Germans were treated wrong, paradoxically some Jews who spoke German,
German antifascists, some Czechs unjustly accused from colaboration with Germans
became victims of the spree also. The period of the practical impossibility to sanction
for such behavior was consequently sanctified by the decree of president
-202 —
■
determined to halt all investigation of the crimes performed on Germans after the
May of
smaller number of Germans was displaced from our locality due to the fact that in
the glass industry there were not many Czechs specialists. Paradoxically some of
these German specialists were active Nazi followers. Some of the Germans were also
living in the mixed marriages and in the very great majority the displacement did
not affect them.
After the consolidation of affairs in the Borderland and the coming of
communists to the power, that means at the end of 40ies and in the beginning of
the 50ies, the new aspect of viewing the German minority in the Czechoslovakia
appeared. The German ethnical minority and their righs are
recognized at the end of 1960ies
vawe of emigration of Germans took place, especially in the West Germany. The
remaining Germans, who did not come away even after
definitelly decided to stay in the Czechoslovakia. Other changes appeared not until
the termination of the communist rule in the November
Germans, especially the younger generation in some regions (for example in the
region of
acquisition of the German citizenship, some of them this conviction carried out.
The main reason was rather economical. The German minority had all adequate
rights (as other minorities had) that were given by law and the Constitution. But
what concerns its strength then it is now comparatively tiny due to the emigration.
The number of people who consider themselves to be Germans has continued to
diminish. This was caused by the natural aging of the remaining local Germans.
The amount of resources and literature to this subject is comparatively huge but
their application is diverse. The principal publication is the work of
especially his book
the Czechoslovakia), Prague
and the damage done, and then he monitors the progress of the German minority
in the Czechoslovakia. The book has its focus on the demographical situation and
also works with the cultural opportunities of the German minority and its legal
framework. The other works of
(see literature). The majority of other general works focuses on the displacement,
the progress of the German minority afterwards forms only the parts of these
publications. The exceptions are some of the West-German sources that try to figure
out the size of the German minority in our country usually till the end of 1980ies.
Resoures with the particular connection to
Usually only some news articles appeared in the local newspapers as
published by
This area was thoroughly explored by
(Borderland Area), Prague
It is necessary to descibe at least partially the period till
able to see the historical events we attend to from the ethonological point of view
in context. It is not the goal of this resume to discuss the legitimacy of the forced
displacement. The point is to gather general facts, especially those connected to our
mentioned region. The field research itself as a main resource of information was
_
¿Ají.
■
not standing on this period. However, during the questioning of citizens we usually
got some words about it. The second main resource were the archive materials.
Nevertheless, the focus was put essentially on the first resource. The main interest
was directed on the period following the May
changes that affected our region.
The period after the forced displacement of Czech Germans is the focal point
of this research. The almost total exchange of population in some areas brought
with itself unexpected problems and situations. (Hungarians from south Slovakia
who spoke almost no Czech or Slovak, coming of Gypsies, Czechs from the third
countries etc.) The continuity of settlements in
completely disrupted. Nonetheless the small Czech minorities, which lived in cities
and towns before World War II, brought along the fact that the devastation of cultural
background and the "lost of the memory" was way smaller with comparison of the
Cheb
did not fortunately affect
and developed gradually (creation of Crystalex concern,
-
workrooms in one. The local Germans who remained in the Czechoslovakia drew
back into privacy and reduced the contact with the state administration to minimum
(especially families entirely German), mixed families as well were targeted by
unending hateful campaign against Germans as eveldoers. This continued
establishment of East Germany, when the term "friendly Germans" appeared. Even
though the great amount of especially mixed families started to supress their German
origin in front of their young ones. Strongly restricted were also the opportunities
to visit the relatives, especially those in the West Germany. The state administration
and its leaders were debating a lot about Germans and the rights they were entitled
to have. Another unexpected problem appeared when some of the Czech Germans
returned illigaly to the Borderland after the displacement. Especially those in Soviet
sector of Germany opted to come back to the Czechoslovakia. Germans were also
dispersed inland mainly for seasonal jobs from the regions where they formed
relativelly bigger ratio towards the Czechs. Thus another shameful chapter of the
Czech-German coohabitation was written. Very intriguing is likewise the problem of
coming of forcefully displaced Germans to their new domicile in Germany
The period of the Stalin terror during the end of 1940ies and in the early 1950ies
was without question one of the darkest in the Czech history. The problem of Germans
was looked upon as other problems from the "class" point of view. The Germans
could not even speculate about their rights, they were not even officially recognized
minority as for example Pokes and Hungarians were. The Czech administration had
the likewise problem with the unwillingness of the part of the German population to
accept the Czechoslovak citizenship, different forms of coersion appeared for many
years. A little change for the better took place in the culture when "German workers"
could establish amateur theatres or German departments in public libraries. In
the beginning of 1960ies the creation and the build-up of Berlin Wall caused the
definitive division of Germany into two enemy states. Paradoxically, the contacts
of Czech Germans and their relatives in the East Germany simplified due to the fact
that considerable part of Germans from
-203 —
-
hand the opportunities to travel in West Germany became worse. However, Czech
Germans could ask for permanent emigration in West Germany because of bilateral
pacts. Our Czech authorities did not oppose such decisions save some bureaucratic
nuisance. During the 1960ies thus another vawe of the German emigration
diminished the
ones started to claim their cultural and educational rights. This was possible due to
the gradual liberation of general attitude. Finally during the
minority was officially fully recognized and its rights were the same as of other
minorities. However, in
decrease of self-perception of belonging to the German minority.
The period after the occupation of the Czechoslovakia by the Soviet Union and
its allies was perceived in
of the army from the East Germany was dislocated here. Some Czech Germans
emigrated in West Germany, those who remained resigned in what concerns
of transferring their German-hood to their offspring. During the census they
claimed themselves to be Germans, however almost all childern in mixed families
declared themselves to be Czechs or Slovaks. The young generation was losing
the knowledge of the German language as well. On the other hand the view of the
Czech population towards Czech Germans in the everyday affairs almost got free
of anti-German stereotypes. Of course this is not true in what concerns the official
approach to West Germany and towards the World War
German generation sometimes withdrew into themselves. One of the reasons was
that they did not apprehend the Czech language even many decades after the WWII.
Germans as a minority in the Czechoslovakia did not see too much in the future
for their German
assimilation. Nothing can be of help even though some attemps as the creation of the
Cultural association of citizen of German origin appeared (KSONN
der Bürger deutscher Nationalität der
awareness were connected with this movement, not only from the point of view
of Czech Germans but from the West Germany point of view as well. During the
normalization in the 1970ies KSONN gradually changed to the harmless cultural
association under the surveillance of the National Front.
The feelings of utter resignation were actually the most common, especially
during the
After the change of the regime in the Czechoslovakia in
had refreshed and revived. Czech Germans started to work again, especially on
the cultural field. The very advanced assimilation of them prevented stronger
revivification of Germarihood. Czech newspapers, TV and other media did not
report on the minority often, usually only accidentally because of the connection
with the WWII or with their forced displacement. The census in
confirmed that the German minority can be conceived of in the present as a minority
very strongly assimilated which is also dying out because of the lack of the interest
to keep up as a minority for the future, notwithstanding the support of the reunified
Germany. After the
Germans in West Germany took place (the motivation was above all based on
working opportunities there, especially the young ones profited from it).
Summary
The language skills of residents with the German and Czech-German origin
formed also an important part of the survey. They changed qualitatively a lot during
the last
German population spoke German and very little Czech, then it changed during
the 1960ies, because the after-war-generation acquired Czech to very good degree,
however this was of pure necessity. Obviously the
a maternal tongue was stronger in the mixed marriages. The quality of German
lowered however even in purely German families, especially from 1960ies. The
German language became more colloquial and was perceived more as a dialect
on the level of so called
knowledge of German decreased rapidly due to the new vawe of mixed marriages.
The youngest ones spoke only Czech. Right now in the beginning of the 21st century
the situation is as follows; those born before
Germans born between
the form of a dialect). The ability of speaking German drops down dramatically in
the generation born between
German minority we cannot expect any change in this in the future. Only some of the
young Germans especially in the region of
language of their ancestors. This was because of the possibility to acquire German
citizenship and to work there legally. In our region of West
similar happened.
ТШ
were out of the focus of ethnologists. Only few prewar fragmentary studies exist in this
field. The religious feeling of local denizens slowly declined even before WWII, however
the great majority was formed by catholics. During the forced displacement especially
evangelies
all
the socialism the catholic churches still functioned whereas the evangelical ones were
closed right after the war. They were not reopened
of the religions in all the state strongly diminished, on the other hand the Orthodox
church and the Greek Catholic religion appeared due to the coming of new settlers in the
Borderland.
In the region of West
traditional folk kitchen which terminology partially infiltrated the Czech language as
weE (this
are used in pure Czech families and Czech environment. The "kitchen" terminology
influenced even newcomers in the regions of
(Krkonoše), Orlické
important one for selfidentification of local Germans; this is truth about the importance
of cooking habits for other minorities as weU. The folk costume habits are very difficult
to name. Most likely the classical costume did not exist at all in the northern Borderland.
There was a traditional costume that we can characterize as a period costume (but it was
only the effect of the local textile industry and print works). The
the end of 18th century but was not specifically Czech or German. However this is not
true about some other areas, for example in
costumes, which were relatively well described and documented.
—205-
■
The traditional folk habits
about the Quristmass, the Easter, fairs etc. We can say from the answers of respondents
that there was no clear ethnical line to distinguish German and Czech standards.
They intermingled and noone took care about specifying their origin (of course the
language terminology was in some cases different).
The generational
to peers and the changes of perceiving the Germanhood were also among the important
subjects of this research. Until the 1950ies Germans had a tendency to marry within
their own compatriots, this approach was afterwards very often abandoned. Especially
after the forced displacement the opportunities to find out a German partner decreased
considerably. The origin of the partner thus lost its importance and from the beginning of
1960ies it was of almost no importance to anyone. The great majority of Germans walked
into mixed marriages. This process influenced the selfperception of the German minority
and continued during the 1970ies. The older German population resigned in the effort
to transfer the "Germanhood" to their young ones. The emigration in 1960ies affected
negatively this process as well. The effect was so strong that even the childern from
purely German families started to feel themselves to belong to the Czech majority
instead to the German minority. The partial revival of German ethnical self-confidence
occurred after
was possible to acquire German citizenship and thus work legally in West Germany).
The changes, which took place in the Borderland after
countryside as well. The landscape and its appearance altered. Many cultural
monuments were devastated (churches, castles, cemeteries) during the socialism.
Prefab buildings exchanged them even in the city centers. The newcommers came
not only from the other areas of the Czechoslovakia but even from Rumania, Ukraine
etc. Their traditions and culture were different. They were not so connected to the
landscape they did not help to create. The traditions were severed and only few of
them were revived after
homeland
them another reason why to emigrate. Nevertheless the newcommers felt uprooted
as well. All this helped the process of losing the national selfperception of remaining
Germans. As we mentioned before, they gradually lost interest of transfering their
Germanhood to the offspring, especially during 1970ies and 1980ies. This process is
surprisingly similar to some Jews during the First Republic. They knowingly deserted their
origin and religion and accepted the Czechoslovak nationality. The reason was partially in
the unsatisfactoriness with the state of their own community. What concerns Germans
now is that the emigration of especially young Germans broke the possibility of natural
reproduction. All this causes the gradual dying out of the German minority in the
Czech Republic.
The period of
mixed marriages the most complicated from many points of view in all the history of
the German inhabitation in Bohemia. Relatively numerous and selfconfident minority
which had developed for itself very strong position in education, culture and politics
went through the period of catharsis because of its failure during the Nazi era and the
subsequent unjust exercise of the collective guilt. The following era of communism
did not help the normalization of Czech-German relations at all. The problems got
— 206 —
Summary
the attention not
its final stage. The members get assimilated, the young generation emigrated, the older
ones cannot reproduce enough of offspring and the remaining ones lost the interest in
transfering the cultural and ethnical peculiarities.
The index of literature contains the most important Czech, Slovak and German
publications (newspaper articles included). The selection is not naturally all
containing due to the fact that some older works, especially German ones, are very
difficult to access. The main resources were thus the archive materials from the State
Dictrict Archives in
The appendix contains different materials (copies of photographies, contem¬
porary documents and articles) which descibe the existence of the German minority
in West
which demonstrate linguistical and national boundaries in the Czech Republic
follow afterwards.
-207— |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Otčenášek, Jaroslav 1909-1972 |
| author_GND | (DE-588)128216328 |
| author_facet | Otčenášek, Jaroslav 1909-1972 |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Otčenášek, Jaroslav 1909-1972 |
| author_variant | j o jo |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022492749 |
| callnumber-first | D - World History |
| callnumber-label | DB2042 |
| callnumber-raw | DB2042.G4 |
| callnumber-search | DB2042.G4 |
| callnumber-sort | DB 42042 G4 |
| callnumber-subject | DB - Austria, Liechtenstein, Hungary, Czechoslovakia |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)173237842 (DE-599)BVBBV022492749 |
| dewey-full | 943.7104 |
| dewey-hundreds | 900 - History & geography |
| dewey-ones | 943 - Germany & central Europe |
| dewey-raw | 943.7104 |
| dewey-search | 943.7104 |
| dewey-sort | 3943.7104 |
| dewey-tens | 940 - History of Europe |
| discipline | Geschichte |
| discipline_str_mv | Geschichte |
| edition | Vyd. 1. |
| era | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1945-2003 gnd |
| era_facet | Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1945-2003 |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022492749 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:52:32Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:58:47Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8085010925 8086197824 |
| language | Czech |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015699932 |
| oclc_num | 173237842 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| owner_facet | DE-12 DE-M457 |
| physical | 207 S. Ill., Kt. |
| psigel | DHB_BSB_DDC DHB_JDG_ISBN_1 |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Etnologický Ústav Akad. Věd ČR [u.a.] |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Otčenášek, Jaroslav 1909-1972 Verfasser (DE-588)128216328 aut Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 na příkladu západního podještědí Jaroslav Otčenášek Vyd. 1. Praha Etnologický Ústav Akad. Věd ČR [u.a.] 2006 207 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Zsfassung in dt. und engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Die Deutschen in Böhmen nach 1945 (das Beispiel der westlichen Jeschken-Region) Geschichte 1900-2000 Geschichte 1945-2003 gnd rswk-swf Czechs and Germans czenas Germans - Czech Republic - 1945- czenas Němci - Česko - 1945- czenas Sudeten question czenas Sudetoněmecká otázka czenas Češi a Němci czenas Geschichte Germans Czech Republic Bohemia History 20th century Deutsche (DE-588)4070334-4 gnd rswk-swf Podještědí (Czech Republic) - history czenas Podještědí (Česko) - dějiny czenas Sudetenland (Czech Republic) - nationalities relations - 1945- czenas Sudety (Česko) - národnostní poměry - 1945- czenas Tschechische Republik Böhmen (DE-588)4007467-5 gnd rswk-swf Böhmen (DE-588)4007467-5 g Deutsche (DE-588)4070334-4 s Geschichte 1945-2003 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015699932&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015699932&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Otčenášek, Jaroslav 1909-1972 Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 na příkladu západního podještědí Czechs and Germans czenas Germans - Czech Republic - 1945- czenas Němci - Česko - 1945- czenas Sudeten question czenas Sudetoněmecká otázka czenas Češi a Němci czenas Geschichte Germans Czech Republic Bohemia History 20th century Deutsche (DE-588)4070334-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4070334-4 (DE-588)4007467-5 |
| title | Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 na příkladu západního podještědí |
| title_auth | Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 na příkladu západního podještědí |
| title_exact_search | Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 na příkladu západního podještědí |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 na příkladu západního podještědí |
| title_full | Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 na příkladu západního podještědí Jaroslav Otčenášek |
| title_fullStr | Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 na příkladu západního podještědí Jaroslav Otčenášek |
| title_full_unstemmed | Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 na příkladu západního podještědí Jaroslav Otčenášek |
| title_short | Němci v Čechách po roce 1945 |
| title_sort | nemci v cechach po roce 1945 na prikladu zapadniho podjestedi |
| title_sub | na příkladu západního podještědí |
| topic | Czechs and Germans czenas Germans - Czech Republic - 1945- czenas Němci - Česko - 1945- czenas Sudeten question czenas Sudetoněmecká otázka czenas Češi a Němci czenas Geschichte Germans Czech Republic Bohemia History 20th century Deutsche (DE-588)4070334-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Czechs and Germans Germans - Czech Republic - 1945- Němci - Česko - 1945- Sudeten question Sudetoněmecká otázka Češi a Němci Geschichte Germans Czech Republic Bohemia History 20th century Deutsche Podještědí (Czech Republic) - history Podještědí (Česko) - dějiny Sudetenland (Czech Republic) - nationalities relations - 1945- Sudety (Česko) - národnostní poměry - 1945- Tschechische Republik Böhmen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015699932&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015699932&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT otcenasekjaroslav nemcivcechachporoce1945naprikladuzapadnihopodjestedi |