Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku:
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | Polish |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Wrocław
Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego
2005
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract |
| Beschreibung: | Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Reception of Gregorian ideas in Poland up to the early 13th century |
| Beschreibung: | 373 S. Ill. |
| ISBN: | 8322926278 |
Internformat
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136581245698048 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | SPIS TREŚCI
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
7
WSTĘP
9
Część pierwsza
REGNUM I SACERDOTIUM
23
Rozdział
1.
STOSUNEK GRZEGORZA
VII DO
WŁADCÓW ŚWIECKICH
25
Rozdział
2.
LIST GRZEGORZA
VII QUONIAM
HONOR
(REG.
II,
73) 42
Rozdział
3.
POLITYKA KOŚCIELNA BOLESŁAWA
II
SZCZODREGO
57
Rozdział
4.
SPÓR O INWESTYTURĘ
69
Rozdział
5.
DRZWI GNIEŹNIEŃSKIE JAKO ŹRÓDŁO DO BADAŃ
NAD REFORMĄ GREGORIAŃSKĄ W POLSCE
82
Rozdział
6.
SYMONIA
97
Rozdział
7.
ELEKCJE KANONICZNE
105
Część druga
KRÓL BOLESŁAW SZCZODRY I BISKUP STANISŁAW
113
Rozdział
1.
KRONIKA
GALLA
ANONIMA
119
A. Relacja Anonima
(I,
27)
120
B. Sąd nad biskupem Stanisławem i kara
133
Rozdział
2.
BULLA
PASCHALISA
II
SIGNIFICASTI
FRATER
RARISSIME (JL
6570)
147
A.
Treść
bulli
151
В.
Paliusz
153
С.
Adres
bulli
155
D.
Rex
158
E. Ungaricus
princeps
165
F. Saxones Dacique
169
G.
Episcopum dampnare
172
H.
Inwestytura
178
I. Europa
180
J.
Czas powstania listu i jego odbiorca
181
373
Rozdział
3.
CHRONICA
POLONOR
UM
MISTRZA WINCENTEGO
(II,
20) 191
A. Święty biskup i król morderca
191
B. Audiatur et
altera pars
196
C. Pamięć o Bolesławie Szczodrym
201
D. Przyczyny konfliktu
-
próba podsumowania
206
Rozdział
4.
ŚMIERĆ W KATEDRZE
211
A. Sprawcy zabójstw
216
B. Przyczyny wystąpień przeciw biskupom
219
С
Przebieg wystąpień przeciw biskupom
220
D. Konsekwencje poniesione za zabicie bądź wygnanie biskupa
223
E. Postrzeganie wystąpień przeciw biskupom przez współczesnych
227
F. Zabójstwa biskupów w
XII
stuleciu
232
G.
Martyrium
Tomasza Becketa i jego wpływ na kanonizację
św. Stanisława
238
Rozdział
5.
PODSUMOWANIE
243
Część trzecia
RENOVATIO
ECCLESIAE
247
Rozdział
1.
VOX
PATRUM 249
A. „Podręczniki reformy gregoriańskiej
25.2
B. Recepcja powszechnego prawa kanonicznego w Polsce
260
Rozdział
2.
LEGACI I SYNODY
271
A. Legaci Stolicy Apostolskiej w Polsce i synody prowincjonalne
278
Rozdział
3.
NIKOLAITYZM
295
ZAKOŃCZENIE
317
ILUSTRACJE wklejka po s.
320
BIBLIOGRAFIA
321
SUMMARY
355
INDEKS NAZWISK
359
SUMMARY
RECEPTION OF GREGORIAN IDEAS IN POLAND
UP TO THE EARLY 13th CENTURY
The book is devoted to the reception of the Gregorian Reform and its main ideas in
Poland between the late
11*
and the early 13th centuries. This problem has not been
examined in detail in the Polish literature so far; it has appeared only as a marginal
issue in analyses and studies of the history of the Church in medieval Poland or
the political history of the period. Due to a lack of Polish literature dealing with the
Gregorian Reform in general, the present book begins with an outline of the funda¬
mental principles of the Gregorian movement which took its name from the most
distinguished reformer Pope, Gregory
VII.
Thus the author presents the papacy s fight
against a broadly defined heresy of simony, against nicolaitism, that is clerical mar¬
riage and concubinage, as well as the most important conflict of the period
-
the in¬
vestiture contest between the Emperor and the Pope. In his research the author attempts
to establish whether the echoes of those reforms and disputes reached Poland. He
also examines the routes by which Gregorian ideas came to Poland
-
analysing missions
of papal legates, the phenomenon of local synods, participation of the Polish church
hierarchy in ecumenical councils, knowledge of canon law in the country at the time,
attempts to introduce celibacy, etc.
As the great ecclesiastical reforms undertaken by Gregory
VII
were meant to be
a battle for moral renewal of the clergy, the pope initially focused almost exclusively
on the internal affairs of the Church. He was concerned for the Church s condition and
blamed the clergy for it. In its early stages, the reform was not aimed at preventing
the laity from having any influence on the Church, Gregory simply wanted to use this
influence to carry out his plans. The early years of his pontificate, until the momentous
Lent synod of
14-20
February
1076
during which King Henry IV was excommunic¬
ated, were devoted predominantly to fighting the moral corruption of the clergy.
The author pays much attention to the conflict between
Bolesław Szczodry
(Boleslaus the Munificent, also known as Boleslaus the Bold), King of Poland, and
Stanisław
(Stanislaus), Bishop of Cracow, the conflict that led to the Bishop s death
and the King s exile. It seems that this dispute, as well as its consequences, did not
arouse much interest at the papal court. However, the Gregorian Reform did play a signi¬
ficant part in the so-called St
Stanisław s
factum, both at the time of his death and
during his canonisation. Before it succeeded during Innocent Ill s pontificate, the Holy
See s policy that was to renew the relations between the regnum and the sacerdotium
had shaken the existing order in Europe. Both rival powers lost prestige during the
struggle: monarchs were excommunicated and dethroned, while bishops were deposed
355
and murdered. Saint Stanislaw s death was one of numerous incidents of a similar
nature. The clash between the Bishop of Cracow and King
Bolesław
was
-
among
other reasons
-
also a consequence of papal policy that led to a temporary decline of
the authority, dignity and prestige of the church hierarchy. Gregory
VII
himself fell
victim to similar processes that began to unfold in the mid-11th century. While cel¬
ebrating a mass at the Santa Maria
Maggiore
on Christmas Eve of
1075,
the pope was
assaulted at the altar, battered and imprisoned by the prefect of Rome, Cencius. It was
not until Christmas morning that the people of Rome freed their bishop and led him
in a triumphal procession to the
Lateran
Palace.
While analysing the sources describing the so-called St
Stanisław
affair, the author
examined the
Significasti
frater karissime
bull issued by Paschal II and commonly
believed to refer to Polish affairs. As a result, the author has come to the conclusion
that the pope s letter does not refer to the conflict between King
Bolesław
and the
Bishop of Cracow, and that it was addressed not to any individual in Poland, but most
probably to the Archbishop of Split.
An analysis of Gregory VII s foreign policy and of the Quoniam honor letter, the
only surviving letter sent to King
Bolesław
by the Pope, has convinced the author that
when the conflict between Gregory
VII
and Henry IV was at its fiercest, Bole-
siaw s Poland was marginal to both protagonists. One cannot, therefore, agree with
the conclusions of Polish scholars dealing with the Church and the State in the Middle
Ages, according to whom Poland during the reign of
Bolesław Szczodry
became the
mainstay and pillar of the so-called Gregorian camp. At Boleslaw s request, Gregory
VII
reorganised the Polish Church, but he did so because such was his duty as the head of
the Roman Church. Sending papal legates was neither a unique event nor an honour
bestowed on the Polish prince; it was one of the most popular methods with which
the Apostolic See administered local churches. Gregory
VII
wanted first for all a re¬
newal in the Church (and we have to remember that the letter was written in April
1075,
that is before the bitter dispute between the pope and Henry IV erupted), he could not,
therefore, remain indifferent to the lamentable condition of the diocesan structure in
Poland, he could not fail to react to a situation in which a vast number of Bole-
siaw s subjects lived without pastoral care. The Quaniam honor letter does not confirm
any special role Poland was allegedly to have played in Gregory s plans, nor does it
support the thesis that Boleslaw s country was a pillar of the Gregorian camp (if
such a camp did indeed exist), both in the political and in the religious sense. It is,
however, a most valuable source
ofinformation
about Boleslaw s policy towards the
Church.
The postulates of the Gregorian Reform reached Poland and were put into practice
after a considerable delay. The most important reason for this was the weak position
of the Polish Church, which until the early 13th century was dependent on the mo-
narchs and lay princes. The Gregorian Reform grew out of a desire to improve the
moral, internal situation in the Church. Improvement was not possible due to
the Church s strong dependency on lay authority and political connections between
356
the hierarchy and the rulers. The papacy had to break those ties to reform the Church.
Only in such a manner was it possible for the pope to act. Thus a purely ecclesiastical
reform turned into a conflict over interdependence between the regnum and the sacer-
dotium, becoming a struggle for
libertas
ecclesiae.
This perspective makes it easier for
us to understand the belated acceptance of many Gregorian ideas in Poland. The Church
in the Poland of the
Piast
dynasty had first to win its independence gradually.
Polish rulers did not cooperate with the Holy See in its reform of the Church.
They did, of course, care for their Church, providing it with endowments and gen¬
erously establishing numerous foundations. The cooperation of the
Piast
dynasty with
the papacy resulted from very specific needs:
Bolesław Szczodry (Boleslaus
the Mu¬
nificent) had to restore the damaged diocesan structure and metropolitan see, which
was necessary for him to strengthen his power and be crowned king;
Bolesław Krzy-
wousty (Boleslaus the Wry-mouthed) wanted a dispensation to marry a princess re¬
lated to him;
Władysław Wygnaniec (Ladislas
the Exile) needed the help of both the
emperor and the pope to regain power. We also have to remember that monastic
foundations at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries and the emergence of cathedral
chapters during the reign of
Władysław
Herman (Ladislas Herman) were not linked
to any reform movements. This was another reason for the delayed reception of the
Gregorian Reform in Poland.
The Churches which were gaining independence could finally reform the morality
of their clergy. The Polish Church could not be a partner in this renewal movement as
it was a state church, dependent financially and personally on the ruling dynasty. The
reforms were therefore only possible when the Church in Poland shed this dependency.
This was a long process that began during the reign of
Bolesław Szczodry,
thanks
to whom the economic foundations of ecclesiastical institutions changed substantially.
For a long time the Church hierarchy in Poland focused on gaining economic in¬
dependence, protecting Church property and establishing an independent judiciary
system. In order to achieve all those goals, the Polish Church needed the support of
the Holy See
-
individual dioceses as well as other church institutions began to re¬
ceive papal bulls confirming their status and property: the Metropolitan See of
Gniezno
received its bull in
1136,
the diocese of
Kujawy
in
1148,
Wrocław
in
1155,
Płock
in
1196,
as did some monasteries, e.g. the monastery in
Trzemeszno
which received its
bull in
1147.
The emancipation of the Church was helped by the fact that the state was
divided and that there were feuds within the dynasty. Already during the reign of
Bo¬
lesław
Krzywousty, members of the church hierarchy could act as mediators in inter¬
nal conflicts, a role that rose in importance with each subsequent division of the
country. The bishopric of Cracow grew increasingly powerful; in the second half of the
12th century it was the Bishop of Cracow that had a say in deciding who would ascend
the throne. The Bishop also maintained contacts with Rome, bypassing the Archbi¬
shop of
Gniezno.
The roles began to reverse
-
before, it had been the lay ruler who
would choose a bishop loyal to him; now it was the Church that would guarantee the
unity of a country that had been a kingdom.
357
The Polish Church needed papal support and it did get it
-
the Holy See tried,
in a way, to use this opportunity to introduce its postulates of moral renewal of the
clergy, respect for the common canon law and participation (through ecumenical
councils) in the life of the Universal Church. As the Polish Church began its gradual
liberation from the dominancy of lay princes, it became a partner for the Apostolic
See; the popes began to introduce disciplinary reforms that had initiated the renewal
movement a hundred years earlier. What was significant for the emancipation of
the Church was a gradual penetration of the common canon law into Poland, a pro¬
cess that started in the early 12th century. The 12th century, its middle period, is also
the only period in which we can notice some acceptance of anti-Gregorian ideas in
Poland. Polish relations with Frederick
Barbarossa, in
which Werner, Bishop of
Płock,
played an important part, were the reason why relations with Rome were frozen
during the reign of this emperor. It is significant that between the 1240s and 1280s
there are no signs of papal legates activity in Poland; there is also a gap of more
than
20
years in the correspondence between popes and their Polish addressees.
We should not forget about the role two outstanding figures played in winning
the
libertas,
advocated since the times of Gregory
VII,
by the Polish Church. The
pontificate of one of the most distinguished medieval popes, Innocent III, coincided
with the energetic reign of Henry Kietlicz, Archbishop of
Gniezno.
The authority of
the Holy See was a strong argument supporting the archbishop in his fight against Prince
Władysław Laskonogi
(Ladislas the Spindle-legged). On the other hand, this coop¬
eration led to a gradual introduction of celibacy and discipline among the clergy. Until
Kietlicz s time, clerical marriage and concubinage had been a common practice in Po¬
land. It would not be wrong to say that almost all bishopric appointments until the be¬
ginning of the 13th century were
-
according to Gregory VIFs strictest rules
-
symo-
niacal, because they were given in exchange for some services to the ruler. Also at the
same time, that this up to the early 13th century, investiture in Poland was conferred
according to old customs: it was the temporal ruler who decided whom to appoint to
the highest ecclesiastical offices, and it was the ruler who gave the new bishop his
ring and staff and accepted the pledge, of allegiance. It was not until the second half
of the 13th century that the law governing the Polish Church very slowly began to be
adapted to the provisions of the common canon law. Moral renewal of the clergy, in
the spirit of the Gregorian Reform, could be gradually introduced, because the Holy
See found a worthy partner in the Archbishop of
Gniezno.
It was not possible, how¬
ever, to overcome the resistance of other members of the episcopate immediately, es¬
pecially the resistance of the Polish clergy who had grown used to moral laxity. In¬
dependence from lay authority, economic immunities, attempts to introduce an
ecclesiastical judiciary system and, finally, improved discipline among the clerics led
to the emergence of the clergy as a separate estate in the Polish society.
Translated by Anna Kijak
|
| adam_txt |
SPIS TREŚCI
WYKAZ SKRÓTÓW
7
WSTĘP
9
Część pierwsza
REGNUM I SACERDOTIUM
23
Rozdział
1.
STOSUNEK GRZEGORZA
VII DO
WŁADCÓW ŚWIECKICH
25
Rozdział
2.
LIST GRZEGORZA
VII QUONIAM
HONOR
(REG.
II,
73) 42
Rozdział
3.
POLITYKA KOŚCIELNA BOLESŁAWA
II
SZCZODREGO
57
Rozdział
4.
SPÓR O INWESTYTURĘ
69
Rozdział
5.
DRZWI GNIEŹNIEŃSKIE JAKO ŹRÓDŁO DO BADAŃ
NAD REFORMĄ GREGORIAŃSKĄ W POLSCE
82
Rozdział
6.
SYMONIA
97
Rozdział
7.
ELEKCJE KANONICZNE
105
Część druga
KRÓL BOLESŁAW SZCZODRY I BISKUP STANISŁAW
113
Rozdział
1.
KRONIKA
GALLA
ANONIMA
119
A. Relacja Anonima
(I,
27)
120
B. Sąd nad biskupem Stanisławem i kara
133
Rozdział
2.
BULLA
PASCHALISA
II
SIGNIFICASTI
FRATER
RARISSIME (JL
6570)
147
A.
Treść
bulli
151
В.
Paliusz
153
С.
Adres
bulli
155
D.
Rex
158
E. Ungaricus
princeps
165
F. Saxones Dacique
169
G.
Episcopum dampnare
172
H.
Inwestytura
178
I. Europa
180
J.
Czas powstania listu i jego odbiorca
181
373
Rozdział
3.
CHRONICA
POLONOR
UM
MISTRZA WINCENTEGO
(II,
20) 191
A. Święty biskup i król morderca
191
B. Audiatur et
altera pars
196
C. Pamięć o Bolesławie Szczodrym
201
D. Przyczyny konfliktu
-
próba podsumowania
206
Rozdział
4.
ŚMIERĆ W KATEDRZE
211
A. Sprawcy zabójstw
216
B. Przyczyny wystąpień przeciw biskupom
219
С
Przebieg wystąpień przeciw biskupom
220
D. Konsekwencje poniesione za zabicie bądź wygnanie biskupa
223
E. Postrzeganie wystąpień przeciw biskupom przez współczesnych
227
F. Zabójstwa biskupów w
XII
stuleciu
232
G.
Martyrium
Tomasza Becketa i jego wpływ na kanonizację
św. Stanisława
238
Rozdział
5.
PODSUMOWANIE
243
Część trzecia
RENOVATIO
ECCLESIAE
247
Rozdział
1.
VOX
PATRUM 249
A. „Podręczniki" reformy gregoriańskiej
25.2
B. Recepcja powszechnego prawa kanonicznego w Polsce
260
Rozdział
2.
LEGACI I SYNODY
271
A. Legaci Stolicy Apostolskiej w Polsce i synody prowincjonalne
278
Rozdział
3.
NIKOLAITYZM
295
ZAKOŃCZENIE
317
ILUSTRACJE wklejka po s.
320
BIBLIOGRAFIA
321
SUMMARY
355
INDEKS NAZWISK
359
SUMMARY
RECEPTION OF GREGORIAN IDEAS IN POLAND
UP TO THE EARLY 13th CENTURY
The book is devoted to the reception of the Gregorian Reform and its main ideas in
Poland between the late
11*
and the early 13th centuries. This problem has not been
examined in detail in the Polish literature so far; it has appeared only as a marginal
issue in analyses and studies of the history of the Church in medieval Poland or
the political history of the period. Due to a lack of Polish literature dealing with the
Gregorian Reform in general, the present book begins with an outline of the funda¬
mental principles of the Gregorian movement which took its name from the most
distinguished reformer Pope, Gregory
VII.
Thus the author presents the papacy's fight
against a broadly defined heresy of simony, against nicolaitism, that is clerical mar¬
riage and concubinage, as well as the most important conflict of the period
-
the in¬
vestiture contest between the Emperor and the Pope. In his research the author attempts
to establish whether the echoes of those reforms and disputes reached Poland. He
also examines the routes by which Gregorian ideas came to Poland
-
analysing missions
of papal legates, the phenomenon of local synods, participation of the Polish church
hierarchy in ecumenical councils, knowledge of canon law in the country at the time,
attempts to introduce celibacy, etc.
As the great ecclesiastical reforms undertaken by Gregory
VII
were meant to be
a battle for moral renewal of the clergy, the pope initially focused almost exclusively
on the internal affairs of the Church. He was concerned for the Church's condition and
blamed the clergy for it. In its early stages, the reform was not aimed at preventing
the laity from having any influence on the Church, Gregory simply wanted to use this
influence to carry out his plans. The early years of his pontificate, until the momentous
Lent synod of
14-20
February
1076
during which King Henry IV was excommunic¬
ated, were devoted predominantly to fighting the moral corruption of the clergy.
The author pays much attention to the conflict between
Bolesław Szczodry
(Boleslaus the Munificent, also known as Boleslaus the Bold), King of Poland, and
Stanisław
(Stanislaus), Bishop of Cracow, the conflict that led to the Bishop's death
and the King's exile. It seems that this dispute, as well as its consequences, did not
arouse much interest at the papal court. However, the Gregorian Reform did play a signi¬
ficant part in the so-called St
Stanisław's
factum, both at the time of his death and
during his canonisation. Before it succeeded during Innocent Ill's pontificate, the Holy
See's policy that was to renew the relations between the regnum and the sacerdotium
had shaken the existing order in Europe. Both rival powers lost prestige during the
struggle: monarchs were excommunicated and dethroned, while bishops were deposed
355
and murdered. Saint Stanislaw's death was one of numerous "incidents" of a similar
nature. The clash between the Bishop of Cracow and King
Bolesław
was
-
among
other reasons
-
also a consequence of papal policy that led to a temporary decline of
the authority, dignity and prestige of the church hierarchy. Gregory
VII
himself fell
victim to similar processes that began to unfold in the mid-11th century. While cel¬
ebrating a mass at the Santa Maria
Maggiore
on Christmas Eve of
1075,
the pope was
assaulted at the altar, battered and imprisoned by the prefect of Rome, Cencius. It was
not until Christmas morning that the people of Rome freed their bishop and led him
in a triumphal procession to the
Lateran
Palace.
While analysing the sources describing the so-called St
Stanisław
affair, the author
examined the
Significasti
frater karissime
bull issued by Paschal II and commonly
believed to refer to Polish affairs. As a result, the author has come to the conclusion
that the pope's letter does not refer to the conflict between King
Bolesław
and the
Bishop of Cracow, and that it was addressed not to any individual in Poland, but most
probably to the Archbishop of Split.
An analysis of Gregory VII's foreign policy and of the Quoniam honor letter, the
only surviving letter sent to King
Bolesław
by the Pope, has convinced the author that
when the conflict between Gregory
VII
and Henry IV was at its fiercest, Bole-
siaw's Poland was marginal to both protagonists. One cannot, therefore, agree with
the conclusions of Polish scholars dealing with the Church and the State in the Middle
Ages, according to whom Poland during the reign of
Bolesław Szczodry
became the
mainstay and pillar of the so-called Gregorian camp. At Boleslaw's request, Gregory
VII
reorganised the Polish Church, but he did so because such was his duty as the head of
the Roman Church. Sending papal legates was neither a unique event nor an honour
bestowed on the Polish prince; it was one of the most popular methods with which
the Apostolic See administered local churches. Gregory
VII
wanted first for all a re¬
newal in the Church (and we have to remember that the letter was written in April
1075,
that is before the bitter dispute between the pope and Henry IV erupted), he could not,
therefore, remain indifferent to the lamentable condition of the diocesan structure in
Poland, he could not fail to react to a situation in which a vast number of Bole-
siaw's subjects lived without pastoral care. The Quaniam honor letter does not confirm
any special role Poland was allegedly to have played in Gregory's plans, nor does it
support the thesis that Boleslaw's country was a "pillar" of the Gregorian camp (if
such a camp did indeed exist), both in the political and in the religious sense. It is,
however, a most valuable source
ofinformation
about Boleslaw's policy towards the
Church.
The postulates of the Gregorian Reform reached Poland and were put into practice
after a considerable delay. The most important reason for this was the weak position
of the Polish Church, which until the early 13th century was dependent on the mo-
narchs and lay princes. The Gregorian Reform grew out of a desire to improve the
moral, internal situation in the Church. Improvement was not possible due to
the Church's strong dependency on lay authority and political connections between
356
the hierarchy and the rulers. The papacy had to break those ties to reform the Church.
Only in such a manner was it possible for the pope to act. Thus a purely ecclesiastical
reform turned into a conflict over interdependence between the regnum and the sacer-
dotium, becoming a struggle for
libertas
ecclesiae.
This perspective makes it easier for
us to understand the belated acceptance of many Gregorian ideas in Poland. The Church
in the Poland of the
Piast
dynasty had first to win its independence gradually.
Polish rulers did not cooperate with the Holy See in its reform of the Church.
They did, of course, care for "their" Church, providing it with endowments and gen¬
erously establishing numerous foundations. The cooperation of the
Piast
dynasty with
the papacy resulted from very specific needs:
Bolesław Szczodry (Boleslaus
the Mu¬
nificent) had to restore the damaged diocesan structure and metropolitan see, which
was necessary for him to strengthen his power and be crowned king;
Bolesław Krzy-
wousty (Boleslaus the Wry-mouthed) wanted a dispensation to marry a princess re¬
lated to him;
Władysław Wygnaniec (Ladislas
the Exile) needed the help of both the
emperor and the pope to regain power. We also have to remember that monastic
foundations at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries and the emergence of cathedral
chapters during the reign of
Władysław
Herman (Ladislas Herman) were not linked
to any reform movements. This was another reason for the delayed reception of the
Gregorian Reform in Poland.
The Churches which were gaining independence could finally reform the morality
of their clergy. The Polish Church could not be a partner in this renewal movement as
it was a state church, dependent financially and personally on the ruling dynasty. The
reforms were therefore only possible when the Church in Poland shed this dependency.
This was a long process that began during the reign of
Bolesław Szczodry,
thanks
to whom the economic foundations of ecclesiastical institutions changed substantially.
For a long time the Church hierarchy in Poland focused on gaining economic in¬
dependence, protecting Church property and establishing an independent judiciary
system. In order to achieve all those goals, the Polish Church needed the support of
the Holy See
-
individual dioceses as well as other church institutions began to re¬
ceive papal bulls confirming their status and property: the Metropolitan See of
Gniezno
received its bull in
1136,
the diocese of
Kujawy
in
1148,
Wrocław
in
1155,
Płock
in
1196,
as did some monasteries, e.g. the monastery in
Trzemeszno
which received its
bull in
1147.
The emancipation of the Church was helped by the fact that the state was
divided and that there were feuds within the dynasty. Already during the reign of
Bo¬
lesław
Krzywousty, members of the church hierarchy could act as mediators in inter¬
nal conflicts, a role that rose in importance with each subsequent division of the
country. The bishopric of Cracow grew increasingly powerful; in the second half of the
12th century it was the Bishop of Cracow that had a say in deciding who would ascend
the throne. The Bishop also maintained contacts with Rome, bypassing the Archbi¬
shop of
Gniezno.
The roles began to reverse
-
before, it had been the lay ruler who
would choose a bishop loyal to him; now it was the Church that would guarantee the
unity of a country that had been a kingdom.
357
The Polish Church needed papal support and it did get it
-
the Holy See tried,
in a way, to use this opportunity to introduce its postulates of moral renewal of the
clergy, respect for the common canon law and participation (through ecumenical
councils) in the life of the Universal Church. As the Polish Church began its gradual
liberation from the dominancy of lay princes, it became a partner for the Apostolic
See; the popes began to introduce disciplinary reforms that had initiated the renewal
movement a hundred years earlier. What was significant for the emancipation of
the Church was a gradual penetration of the common canon law into Poland, a pro¬
cess that started in the early 12th century. The 12th century, its middle period, is also
the only period in which we can notice some acceptance of anti-Gregorian ideas in
Poland. Polish relations with Frederick
Barbarossa, in
which Werner, Bishop of
Płock,
played an important part, were the reason why relations with Rome were frozen
during the reign of this emperor. It is significant that between the 1240s and 1280s
there are no signs of papal legates' activity in Poland; there is also a gap of more
than
20
years in the correspondence between popes and their Polish addressees.
We should not forget about the role two outstanding figures played in winning
the
libertas,
advocated since the times of Gregory
VII,
by the Polish Church. The
pontificate of one of the most distinguished medieval popes, Innocent III, coincided
with the energetic reign of Henry Kietlicz, Archbishop of
Gniezno.
The authority of
the Holy See was a strong argument supporting the archbishop in his fight against Prince
Władysław Laskonogi
(Ladislas the Spindle-legged). On the other hand, this coop¬
eration led to a gradual introduction of celibacy and discipline among the clergy. Until
Kietlicz's time, clerical marriage and concubinage had been a common practice in Po¬
land. It would not be wrong to say that almost all bishopric appointments until the be¬
ginning of the 13th century were
-
according to Gregory VIFs strictest rules
-
symo-
niacal, because they were given in exchange for some services to the ruler. Also at the
same time, that this up to the early 13th century, investiture in Poland was conferred
according to old customs: it was the temporal ruler who decided whom to appoint to
the highest ecclesiastical offices, and it was the ruler who gave the new bishop his
ring and staff and accepted the pledge, of allegiance. It was not until the second half
of the 13th century that the law governing the Polish Church very slowly began to be
adapted to the provisions of the common canon law. Moral renewal of the clergy, in
the spirit of the Gregorian Reform, could be gradually introduced, because the Holy
See found a worthy partner in the Archbishop of
Gniezno.
It was not possible, how¬
ever, to overcome the resistance of other members of the episcopate immediately, es¬
pecially the resistance of the Polish clergy who had grown used to moral laxity. In¬
dependence from lay authority, economic immunities, attempts to introduce an
ecclesiastical judiciary system and, finally, improved discipline among the clerics led
to the emergence of the clergy as a separate estate in the Polish society.
Translated by Anna Kijak |
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| geographic | Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Polen |
| id | DE-604.BV022487506 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:50:36Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:58:40Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 8322926278 |
| language | Polish |
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| physical | 373 S. Ill. |
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| publisher | Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego |
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| series2 | Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna |
| spelling | Skwierczyński, Krzysztof 1971- Verfasser (DE-588)134282809 aut Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku Krzysztof Skwierczyński Wrocław Wydawn. Uniw. Wrocławskiego 2005 373 S. Ill. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Monografie Fundacji na Rzecz Nauki Polskiej : Seria Humanistyczna Zsfassung in engl. Sprache u.d.T.: Reception of Gregorian ideas in Poland up to the early 13th century Bolesław <II Śmiały, król Polski , ca 1039-1081> jhpk Grzegorz <VII , papież , ca 1020-1085> jhpk Stanisław <św. , ca 1030-1079> jhpk Geschichte 1050-1250 gnd rswk-swf Kościół - 11 w jhpk Kościół katolicki - Polska - 11 w jhpk Kościół katolicki - Polska - 12 w jhpk Kościół katolicki - Polska - 13 w jhpk Gregorianische Reform (DE-588)4158127-1 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 gnd rswk-swf Polen (DE-588)4046496-9 g Gregorianische Reform (DE-588)4158127-1 s Geschichte 1050-1250 z DE-604 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015694772&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015694772&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract |
| spellingShingle | Skwierczyński, Krzysztof 1971- Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku Bolesław <II Śmiały, król Polski , ca 1039-1081> jhpk Grzegorz <VII , papież , ca 1020-1085> jhpk Stanisław <św. , ca 1030-1079> jhpk Kościół - 11 w jhpk Kościół katolicki - Polska - 11 w jhpk Kościół katolicki - Polska - 12 w jhpk Kościół katolicki - Polska - 13 w jhpk Gregorianische Reform (DE-588)4158127-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4158127-1 (DE-588)4046496-9 |
| title | Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku |
| title_auth | Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku |
| title_exact_search | Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku |
| title_full | Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku Krzysztof Skwierczyński |
| title_fullStr | Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku Krzysztof Skwierczyński |
| title_full_unstemmed | Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku Krzysztof Skwierczyński |
| title_short | Recepcja idei gregoriańskich w Polsce do początku XIII wieku |
| title_sort | recepcja idei gregorianskich w polsce do poczatku xiii wieku |
| topic | Bolesław <II Śmiały, król Polski , ca 1039-1081> jhpk Grzegorz <VII , papież , ca 1020-1085> jhpk Stanisław <św. , ca 1030-1079> jhpk Kościół - 11 w jhpk Kościół katolicki - Polska - 11 w jhpk Kościół katolicki - Polska - 12 w jhpk Kościół katolicki - Polska - 13 w jhpk Gregorianische Reform (DE-588)4158127-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Bolesław <II Śmiały, król Polski , ca 1039-1081> Grzegorz <VII , papież , ca 1020-1085> Stanisław <św. , ca 1030-1079> Kościół - 11 w Kościół katolicki - Polska - 11 w Kościół katolicki - Polska - 12 w Kościół katolicki - Polska - 13 w Gregorianische Reform Polen |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015694772&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015694772&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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