Ship and society: maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Uppsala
Dep. of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala Univ.
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Aun
37 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | Zugl.: Uppsla, Univ., Diss., 2007 |
| Beschreibung: | 426 S. Ill., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9789150619157 |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | AUN37 SHIP AND SOCIETY MARITIME IDEOLOGY IN LATE IRON AGE SWEDEN GUNILLA
LARSSON UPPSALA UNIVERSITET DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT
HISTORY UPPSALA 2007 CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 13
INTRODUCTION 15 1.1. THE MARITIME ASPECTS OF LATE IRON AGE SOCIETY 15
1.2. PURPOSE AND QUESTIONS 15 1.2.1. THE SHIP AND THE SOCIETY 15 1.2.2.
FINDING THE PEOPLE IN THE BOAT 15 1.2.3. TRACING CONTACTS AND CULTURAL
CONNECTIONS 16 1.2.4. TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY 16 1.2.5. SHIPS AND
SEAFARING 16 1.3. MATERIAL 17 1.4. THE THEORETICAL JOURNEY FROM THE PAST
TO THE PRESENT AND BACK AGAIN 18 1.4.1. FROM THE SOIL TO THE RESEARCHER:
OBSTACLES AND POSSIBILITIES 18 1.4.2. INTERPRETING THE PAST BY
ANALOGY.... 19 1.4.3. A HISTORICAL ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY 19 1.4.4. READING
THE MATERIAL 19 1.4.5. KNOWLEDGE BY EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICE 20 1.4.6.
THE ARCHAEOLOGIST AND THE PAST 20 1.5. EARLIER RESEARCH 21 1.6. THE
SHIPS, FROM A CONTEMPORARY MYTH TO A PASTREALITY 24 1.6.1. THE MYTH OF
THE LARGE SHIP 24 1.6.2. THE MYTH OF THE SEAFARERS 26 1.7. FROM THE
SHIPS TO THE SOCIETY 26 2. THE SHIP-ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL OF CENTRAL
SWEDEN FROM THE LATE IRON AGE 30 2.1. REMAINS OF BOATS AND SHIPS IN THE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL 30 2.1.1. THE FIND-SPOTS 30 2.1.2. THE SIZES AND
TYPES OF BOATS 30 2.1.3. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF THE BOAT FINDS 33 2.2.
THE VIKS BOAT 34 2.2.1. FIND CONDITIONS 34 2.2.2. DATING 34 2.2.3.
RECONSTRUCTION 35 2.2.4. SHIP-TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTRUCTION
37 2.2.5. SIZE AND SHAPE 39 2.2.6. THE VIKS BOAT AND THE PRINCIPLES FOR
INTERPRETING THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE BURIAL BOATS 39 2.2.7.
REINTERPRETATION OF THE BOAT IN THE BURIAL VALSGAERDE 7, BASED ON AN
ANALOGY WITH THE VIKS BOAT 41 2.2.8. REINTERPRETING THE BOAT IN THE
BURIAL GAMLA UPPSALA 3 ON THE BASIS OF AN ANALOGY WITH THE VIKS BOAT 43
2.3. THE BOATS IN THE BURIALS OF CENTRAL SWEDEN IN THE LATE IRON AGE 44
2.3.1. THE PROBLEM WITH RECOGNISING THE BOATS IN BURIALS 44 2.3.2.
VALSGAERDE 45 2.3.3. VENDEL, UPPLAND 46 2.3.4. TUNA IN ALSIKE PARISH,
UPPLAND.... 47 2.3.5. ENSTA, UPPLAND 48 2.3.6. ULTUNA, BONDKYRKA PARISH,
UPPLAND 48 2.3.7. PRAESTGARDEN, GAMLA UPPSALA PARISH, UPPLAND 49 2.3.8.
BIRKA, UPPLAND 50 2.3.9. FLOSTA, ALTUNA PARISH, UPPLAND 50 2.3.10.
SMEDBY, HAMMARBY PARISH, UPPLAND 50 2.3.10. FITTJA, BOTKYRKA PARISH,
SOEDERMANLAND 51 2.3.11. TURINGE, SOEDERMANLAND 51 2.3.12. NORSA,
VAESTMANLAND 51 2.3.13. TUNA, BADELUNDA PARISH IN VAESTMANLAND 51 2.3.14.
SAGAN, SALA PARISH, VAESTMANLAND 52 2. 4. REUSED BOAT PARTS 52 2.5. BOAT
RIVETS AND OTHER RIVETS 53 3. BOAT TYPES AND FUNCTION 57 3.1. AN
INTERPRETATION OF THE FUNCTION AND USE OF LATE IRON AGE BOATS AND SHIPS
57 3.2. FISHING AND FISHING BOATS 57 3.2.1. FISH SPECIES AND FISHING
BOATS 57 3.2.2. FISHING AS A STRUCTURING PRINCIPLE FOR SETTLEMENTS IN
SOCIETY 58 3.2.3. BOATS FOR FISHING FROM A COMPARATIVE
ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 59 3.3. BOATS FOR SEAL HUNTING 60 3.4.
BOATS FOR BIRD HUNTING 60 3.5. ARISTOCRATIC BOATS FOR PERSONAL
TRANSPORTS 60 3.6. TRADE AND THE MERCHANT SHIPS 61 3.6.1. TRADE AND
TRADE ROUTES 61 3.6.2. HOW TO IDENTIFY THE REMAINS OF SHIPS FOR
TRANSPORTS AND TRADING VOYAGES 61 3.6.3. FINDS OF CARGO SHIPS 63 3.6.4.
TRADITIONAL BOATS FOR LOCAL TRANSPORT ALONG THE UPPLAND COAST 65 3.6.5.
TRANSPORT BOATS FOR THE EASTERN JOURNEYS? 65 3.6.6. BOAT FINDS RELATED
TO THE TRANSPORT OF ORE 66 3.6.7. THE NAMES OF CARGO SHIPS 66 3.7.
MARITIME WARFARE AND SHIPS FOR WAR 70 3.7.1. WRITTEN SOURCES FOR
WARSHIPS 71 3.7.2. THE WARSHIP IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL 71 3.7.4. THE
NAMES OF WARSHIPS 75 3.7.5. THE WARSHIP FROM THE 13* CENTURY 77 3.8. THE
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WARSHIPS AND CARGO SHIPS CA AD
800- 1200 78 4. SHIPBUILDING IN A LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE 80 4.1. THE
CONNECTION BETWEEN IRON AGE SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND THE SUCCESS OF
VIKING EXPEDITIONS 80 4.2. THE ROOTS OF THE SCANDINAVIAN SHIP-TYPE 80
4.2.1. CLINKER-BUILT BOATS 80 4.2.2. LOGBOAT BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 81
4.2.3. SHELL BUILDING 82 4.2.4. THE FIRST RIVETED SHIPS 83 4.2.5. THE
EMERGENCE OF THE SCANDINAVIAN IRON AGE TYPE OF LOGBOAT 84 4.2.6. THE
EMERGENCE OF ROWED SHIPS 85 4.3. LATE IRON AGE: THE REVOLUTION IN BOAT-
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 85 4.3.1. THE INTRODUCTION OF RADIAL SPLITTING
TECHNOLOGY 85 4.3.2. FROM TIED TO NAILED RIBS 87 4.3.3. ECONOMIC BOAT
BUILDING 87 4.3.4. THE RESULTS OF A BOAT-BUILDING METHOD AND RELATION TO
SOCIETAL CHANGE ...88 4.3.5. SHIPBUILDING METHODS AND THE USE OF NAUST
91 4.3.6. A MODERN-DAY BOAT BUILDER S REFLECTION ON PREHISTORIC AND
MEDIEVAL SHIPBUILDING, AS IT IS VISIBLE IN THE VIKS BOAT FIND 91 4.3.7.
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SAIL AND SAILING 92 4.4. SHIPBUILDING IN THE
LATE IRON AGE 99 4.4.1. MATERIAL SUPPLY 99 4.4.2. THE BOAT-BUILDING SITE
100 4.4.3. TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS CONNECTED WITH SHIPBUILDING 101 4.4.4.
TRACES OF TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS USED IN THE SHIPBUILDING PROCESS 102
4.4.5. THE MAESTERMYR FIND: A BOAT BUILDER S COMPLETE TOOL CHEST? 108
4.4.6. SOCIAL ASPECTS OF BOAT BUILDING AND HANDICRAFTS IN THE LATE IRON
AGE 110 4.4.7. THE TOOLS AND METHODS OF A MARITIME SOCIETY 110 4.5. THE
MEDIEVAL CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY, 110 4.5.1. FROM RADIAL
SPLITTING TO SAWING... 111 4.5.2. FROM SHELL BUILDING TO SKELETON
BUILDING 111 4.5.3. FROM CLINKER TO CARVEL 111 4.5.4. REFLECTIONS OF THE
IDEOLOGICAL CHANGE IN SHIPBUILDING 112 5. ETHNICITY AND SHIPS 113 5.1.
THE MAIN SHIP TYPES IN NW EUROPE AD 800-1200 114 5.1.1. THE
NORDIC/BALTIC SEA TRADITION.. 114 5.1.2. THE COG TRADITION 114
5.1.3.THEHULC TRADITION 115 5.1.4. THE PRAM TRADITION 116 5.1.5. THE
CELTIC TRADITION 116 5.1.6 ENGLISH/ANGLO-SAXON TRADITION.... 117 5.2.
SHIPBUILDING TRADITIONS IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION 117 5.3. BOATS BUILT
WITH RIVETS AND NAILS 117 5.3.1. THE BALTIC SEA BOAT TYPE 118 5.3.2.
THE SOUTH SCANDINAVIAN BOAT TYPE 119 5.4. BOATS BUILT WITH THE SEWING
TECHNIQUE 120 5.4.1. HISTORY 120 5.4.2. THE SEWN BOATS OF THE SAMI 121
5.4.3. THE SEWN BOATS OF CENTRAL FINLAND 125 5.4.4. SEWN BOATS OF
KARELIA 125 5.4.5. RUSSIAN-ESTONIAN TRADITION 126 5.5. BOATS WITH
TREENAILS 126 5.6. IRON CRAMPS IN THE EAST AND WEST 130 5.7. POLITICAL
HISTORY AND BOAT-BUILDING TRADITIONS 132 5.7.1. EASTERN INFLUENCES IN
THE NORTH ... 133 5.7.2. BOATS AND BALTIC CONTACTS 135 6. THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER COMMUNICATION IN THE LATE IRON AGE 141 6.1.
JOURNEYS ON LAND AND WATER 141 6.1.1. THE CHOICE OF MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION 141 6.1.2. THE CONDITIONS FOR TRAVELLING ON LAND 142
6.1.3. WINTERROADS 144 6.2. TRAVELLING ON WATER 144 6.2.1. SHIPS AND
POSSIBILITIES FOR RIVER COMMUNICATION 144 6.2.2. SHIPS AND HARBOURS 144
6.2.3. THE INLAND WATER-COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: RANKING THE RIVERS 145
6.2.4. REMAINS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN PLACE NAMES 147 6.3. WATER
COMMUNICATION AND THE LOCATION OF SOME IMPORTANT CENTRAL PLACES 147
6.3.1. HELGO 148 6.3.2. BIRKA 148 6.3.3. OLD UPPSALA AND SAMNAN 148
6.3.4. MORA STEN 149 6.3.5. FOLKLANDSTINGSTAD 150 6.3.6. OTHER CENTRAL
PLACES ON ISLANDS AND BY WATER ROUTES 150 6.4. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
SYSTEM AS SHAPED BY THE RIVER ROUTES 151 6.5. THE THREAT OF ENEMIES
ARRIVING BY BOATL52 6.5.1. THE FIRST PILING OF THE RIVERS 152 6.5.2.
ORGANISED MARITIME DEFENCE 153 6.5.3. THE POLE BLOCKAGES OF CENTRAL
SWEDISH RIVER ROUTES 154 6.5.4. BACKGROUND FOR POLE BLOCKAGES... 156
6.5.5. PLACE NAMES AS REMAINS OF POLE BLOCKAGES 159 6.5.6. THE ORGANISED
MARITIME DEFENCE . 159 6.5.7. THE BACKGROUND: PERIODS OF UNREST AND
NAVAL ATTACKS 161 6.7.8. THE INTERRELATED CHANGES IN SHIP TYPES,
SEAFARING AND MARITIME DEFENCE ..162 6.6. TRAVELLING IN AROADLESS LAND
162 6.6.1. SAMI WATER-COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 162 6.6.2. TRAVELLING TO
CHURCH AMONG THE INHABITANTS OF ENVIKEN, DALARNA 163 6.6.4. ON LAND AND
WATER TO ARJEPLOG S CHURCH 164 6.6.5. THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTE IN
THE 17* CENTURY FROM THE PORT AT LULEA TO THE SILVER MINES ABOVE
KVIKKJOKK 164 6.7. WITH SHIPS OEVER LAND AND WATER IN ON MATERIAL 164
6.8. THE MARITIME LANDSCAPE AND HOW IT DISAPPEARED 165 6.8.1. THE
LANGHUNDRA RIVER: THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A WATER ROUTE 165 6.9. TO
SUMMARISE: WHY A JOURNEY ON A WATER ROUTE? 167 7. THE JOURNEYS ABROAD
169 7.1. SEAFARING, SHIPS AND SOCIETY 169 7.2. SHIPBUILDING AND
SEAFARING POSSIBILITIES 170 7.2.1. EXPERIENCE AND HISTORY 170 7.2.2.
SCANDINAVIAN STRONGHOLDS: NAVAL BASES FOR LIGHT-BUILT SHIPS 171 7.2.3.
SHIPS AND RIVER JOURNEYS 171 7.3. PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES RELATED TO
THE JOURNEYS ACROSS THE BALTIC SEA 171 7.3.1. SMALL BOATS ON A BIG SEA?
THE BOATS USED TO CROSS THE BALTIC SEA 171 7.3.2. THE SAILING
CAPABILITIES OF THE BOATS AND SHIPS USED 173 7.3.3. ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS 175 7.3.4. SAILING OR ROWING? 176 7.4. RELATION BETWEEN
NAVIGATIONAL METHODS AND SEAFARING 176 7.4.1. NAVIGATION ON THE BALTIC
SEA IN THE LATE IRON AGE 177 7.4.1. THE PROBLEM OF THE SOELARSTEIN SUN
STONE 178 7.4.2. INFLUENCES FROM ARABIC ASTRONOMICAL NAVIGATION 179
7.5. LIFE ON BOARD ON THE JOURNEYS 181 7.5.1. FOOD 181 7.5.2. OVERNIGHT
ON JOURNEYS 182 7.6. THE DESTINATIONS OF THE JOURNEYS OF THE SVEAR
ACCORDING TO RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS 183 7.6.1 THE MARITIME CONTEXT OF AN
ABROAD STONE 184 7.6.2. ...HAN AUSTARLA ARPI BARPI... : THE SOCIAL
ASPECTS OF A JOURNEY ABROAD 184 7.7. TIMES AND DISTANCES 185 7.7.1.
HISTORICAL SOURCES 185 7.8. SAILING ROUTES ACROSS THE BALTIC SEA ... 186
7.8.1. THE COASTAL SAILING ROUTE TO THE EAST 186 7.8.2. SHIPS AND
SAILING ROUTES 186 7.9. MARITIME TRACES OF THE SVEAR ALONG THE EASTERN
ROUTES 187 7.9.1. POLAND AND THE WEST SLAVONIC AREA 187 7.9.2.
SCANDINAVIAN BOAT REMAINS IN THE SOUTHEAST BALTIC 189 7.9.3. JOURNEYS TO
THE SOUTH AND EAST BALTIC IN ON SOURCES, INSCRIPTIONS AND CHRONICLES 192
7.10. THE WATER ROUTES TO ASIA, THE CALIPHATE AND THE ORIENT.. 195
7.10.1. THE HISTORY OF JOURNEYS TO THE EAST 195 7.10.2. TRADE ROUTES AND
POLITICAL HISTORY 196 7.10.3. SEAFARING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE 197
7.10.4. HOW TO TRACE THE REMAINS OF SWEDISH SEAFARING IN THE EAST 197
7.10.5. THE NEVA RIVER, LAKE LADOGA, AND THE VOLKHOV RIVER TO STARAJA
LADOGA.... 199 7.10.6. THE WATER ROUTE FROM LAKE LADOGA TO THE LAKES
ONEGA AND BELOOZERO 202 7.10.7. FROM THE LAKES ONEGA AND BELOOZERO TO
THE NORTHERN DVINA, ONEGA RIVER AND THE FUR-SUPPLYING AREAS OF THE NORTH
202 7.10.8. FROM BELOOZERO SOUTH TO THE VOLGA AND TO THE NORTHERN DVINA
205 7.10.9. MARITIME TRACES OF JOURNEYS BY SVEAR ALONG THE VOLGA RIVER
AND TRIBUTARIES 205 7.10.10. WITH SHIPS TO THE CASPIAN SEA.206 7.10.11.
THE PROBLEM OF THE MARITIME JOURNEYS TO SAERKLAND 211 7.10.12. THE
JOURNEY OF INGVAR THE FAR- TRAVELLER 212 7.11. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
ROUTE FROM THE VARANGIANS TO THEGREEKS 219 7.11.1. THE BEGINNING:
NOVGOROD/GORODISCHE BY LAKE LIMEN...219 7.11.2. REMAINS OF SCANDINAVIAN
SHIPS AND SEAFARING FROM THE JOURNEY TO THE BLACK SEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE
221 7.13. THE PROBLEM OF PORTAGES ...225 7.13.1. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
PROBLEM.225 7.13.2. THE DISCUSSION 225 7.13.3. THE PREMISES FOR THE
EXPERIMENTS 226 7.13.4. AN ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF
PORTAGES 226 7.13.5. SOME INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION OF PORTAGES
FROM THE HISTORICAL MATERIAL 228 7.13.7. THE SHIPS USED FORPORTAGING 232
7.13.8. SPECIAL TECHNOLOGICAL ADAPTIONS TO THE BOATS FOR PORTAGES 233
7.13.9. RESULTS OF PORTAGING AS EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY: SHIP REPLICAS
ON A RECONSTRUCTED PORTAGE OF THE TYPE WITH LUNAR 233 7.13.10. A
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF PORTAGES? 236 7.14. THE ABROAD JOURNEYS OF
THE SVEAR: A SUMMARY 237 WITH THEIR OWN SHIPS? 237 7.14.2. SHIPS ALL THE
WAY? 237 THE SHIP AS A SYMBOL 239 8.1. BOATS AND SHIPS FOUND IN BOGS AND
LAKES 240 8.1.1. TRACES OF SHIP PARTS IN EARLY SACRIFICIAL SITES IN THE
LAKE MAELAREN BASIN 241 8.1.2. THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SACRIFICIAL SITE
AT LAKE HEDERVIKEN, NAERTUNABY, NAERTUNA PARISH, UPPLAND 247 8.1.3. THE
CONTEXT OF THE SHIP SACRIFICES: AN INTERPRETATION 250 8.1.4. SHIP
SACRIFICES IN OTHER AREAS OF SWEDEN 254 8.1.5. SACRIFICES ON THE SEA
JOURNEYS 255 8.1.6. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN SCANDINAVIA? 255 8.1.7. A
HIERARCHICAL RANKING OF RITUAL SITES 256 8.1.8. THE RELATION BETWEEN
SHIPS AND SACRED WATER 256 8.2. THE SHIP SYMBOL IN DEPICTIONS 257 8.2.1.
SHIPS ON PICTURE STONES 257 1.2.2. SHIPS ON COINS 261 8.2.3. SHIPS ON
TEXTILES 262 8.2.4. SHIP GRAFFITI 265 8. 3. THE BOAT FN THE GRAVE 265
8.3.1. THE BOAT-BURIAL CUSTOM 265 8.3.2. THE BOAT-BURIAL RITUAL IN
WRITTEN SOURCES 267 8.3.3.. THE PROBLEM WITH THE ORIENTATION OF BOATS IN
BURIALS 268 8.3.4. SHIP CONSTRUCTION: HOW TO DETERMINE PROW AND STERN IN
A BOAT BURIAL 269 8.3.5. AN ANALYSE OF THE ORIENTATION OF THE BOATS IN
SOME OF THE BURIALS 273 8.3.6. OTHER INDICATIONS OF THE ORIENTATION OF
THE SHIPS IN THE BURIALS 275 8.3.5. AN ATTEMPT TO TRACE THE FACTORS
BEHIND THE ORIENTATION OF THE BOAT 277 8.4. REMAINS OF A VALUE SYSTEM
278 8.4.1. THE EVALUATION OF SPACE WITHIN THE BOAT 278 8.3.6. THE
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE SHIP IN THE BURIAL 284 8.5. THE SHIP AS
AN IDEA IN STRUCTURING SPACE 287 8.5.1. THE HOUSE AS A SHIP 287 8.5.2.
THE CHURCHES AS SHIPS 288 8.5.3. A RELIQUARY AS A SHIP-SHAPED HOUSE 288
8.6. FROM A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION TO A SYMBOL AND AN ICON 288 8.6.1.
PARS PRO TOTO 288 8.6.2. THE SHIP IN THE IRON AGE FERTILITY CULT 289
8.6.3. SHIPS IN PROCESSIONS 292 8.6.4. FREYA SYMBOLS IN CONNECTION WITH
THE SHIP SYMBOL 293 8.6.5. THE TIME FOR SACRIFICES OF SHIP SYMBOLS 294
8.6.6. THE PROBLEM OF THE TIME FOR BOAT BURIALS 296 8.6.7. CONTINUITY
AND CHANGE: THE SHIP SYMBOL IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 298 8.6.8. THE BOAT
AS A LIMINAL AGENT 299 9. MARITIME IDEOLOGY AND SOCIETY 301 9.1. THE
EARLIER DISCUSSION ABOUT THE LEIOEANGR 301 9.2. THE LEIOEANGR AND
TERRITORIAL DIVISION ...305 9.2.1. LAND AND FOLKLAND 307 9.2.2. HUND AND
HUNDARE 308 9.2.3. SKEPPSLAG WITHIN THE HUNDARE-AREA 311 9.2.4.
FIASRBUNGER FOURTH PART 312 9.2.5. TOLFT 312 9.2.6. ATTUNGER EIGHT
PART 312 92.1. HAMNA 313 9.2.8. OTHER DIVISIONS 317 9.3. THE
TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION ESTABLISHED IN THE 13 TH CENTURY 318 9.3.1. THE
DIVISION INTO CASTLE-/AE 318 9.3.2. THE HAERAD 319 9.3.3 FROM COLLECTIVE
NAVAL DUTIES TO PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS 319 9.3.4. A HYPOTHESIS OF THE
CAUSES OF CHANGE FROM A TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION REPRESENTING A
MARITIME SOCIETY TO THE FEUDAL-INSPIRED SOCIETY IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
319 9.4. THE TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION DURING CHRISTIANIZATION 320 9.5.
AN ANALYSIS OF HUNDARE-A S,TNC S OF CENTRAL SWEDEN 320 9.5.1. SJUHUNDRA
HUNDARE IN ATTUNDALAND 321 9.5.2. LAGUNDA HUNDARE IN FJAEDRUNDALAND 326
9.5.3. BRO SKEPPSLAG IN RODEN 329 9.5.4. AKERBO HUNDARE IN VAESTMANLAND
331 9.6. ORGANISED NAVAL EXPEDITIONS IN THE LATE IRON AGE AND EARLY
MIDDLE AGES 334 9.6.1. LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE 334 9.6.3. THE LEADERS OF
NAVAL JOURNEYS 336 9.6.3. NAVAL EXPEDITIONS IN THE WRITTEN SOURCES 338
9.7. ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS OF A LEIOEANGR ORGANISATION 341 9.7.1. HUSABY
VILLAGES AND ROYAL MOUNDS 341 9.7.2. THE LEIOEANGR HARBOUR 341 9.7.3.
REFLECTIONS OF THE NAVAL ORGANISATION VISIBLE ON THE SHIPS 343 9.8. THE
QUESTION OF RODEN 345 9.8.1. RODEN IN THE EARLIEST SOURCES 346 9.8.2.
THE PROBLEM WITH THE EXTENSION OF RODEN 346 9.8.3. RODEN: A LOEST PART OF
THE HUNDARE? 348 9.8.4. RODEN AND ROSLAGEN, ROSPIGGAR AND THE RUS 348
9.8.5. RODEN, SJASLLAND AND SJALAND 349 9.9. THE MARITIME SOCIETY 350
9.9.1. SVITHIOD AND THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN THE HIERARCHY 350 9.9.2. THE
AGE OF THE MARITIME SOCIETY . 351 9.9.3. EVIDENCE OF THE LEIOEANGR AS A
NAVAL ORGANISATION 352 9.9.4. A MODEL FOR THE MARITIME SOCIETY353 10.
THE SHIP SYMBOL IN SOCIAL INTERACTION.... 355 10.1 THE SHIP SYMBOL IN
JURISDICTION 355 10.1.1. THE WARSHIP AS A SPECIAL JURISDICTION AREA 355
10.1.2. WHEN THE SHIP IS OUT OF WARD OK WACU 358 10.1.2. THE RAISED
SHIELD ON A SHIP AS A SIGN OF RULING JURISDICTION 358 10.1.3. THE
MERCHANT VESSEL AND THE BJCERKOA RCETTER 360 10.1.4. BIRKA, TOWN
JURISDICTION AND THE SHIP SYMBOL 361 10.1.5. THE SHIP-SETTING AT
VALSGAERDE AND RELATED MONUMENTS 361 10.1.6. THE LEIOEANGR ORGANISATION
AND THE THING 362 10.2. SHIPS IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION 364 10.2.1. THE
GLORY OF THE SHIPS AS DESCRIBED IN SKALDIC POETRY 364 10.2.2. SOCIAL
HIERARCHY DISPLAYED ON THE SHIPS 364 10.2.3. THE MOST VALUABLE
POSSESSION ON THE JOURNEY 367 11. GENDER ASPECTS ON SHIPS AND SEAFARING
.... 369 11.1. GENDER ASPECTS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE BOATS IN
BURIALS 369 11.1.1 PROSPERITY, POWER, PRIESTHOOD, SYMBOLISM OR DESCENT?
369 11.1.2. WOMEN, POWER AND BOATS AT TUNA IN BADELUNDA PARISH 370
11.1.3. ASPECTS ON GENDER, SHIPS, AND THE USE OF SPACE IN THE SHIP BASED
ON THE BOAT BURIALS AT TUNA IN ALSIKE 372 11.1.4. GENDER AND BOAT TYPE
IN ALSIKE AND BADELUNDA 372 11.1.5. CHRONOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL
DIFFERENCES FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE ..373 11.1.6. GENDER ASPECTS ON
THE MARITIME JOURNEYS 374 12. THE MARITIME SOCIETY 377 THE MARITIME
ORGANISATION THAT SHAPED THE SOCIETY 377 LEIOEANGR: THE MARITIME
STRUCTURING PRINCIPLE 378 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE 378 THE SHIPS OF A
MARITIME SOCIETY 380 THE BOATS AND SHIPS OF THE SVEAR 380 SEAFARING AND
CULTURAL CONTACTS 381 THE SHIP AS AN IDEA 381 POWER, IDEOLOGY AND
RELIGION 381 THE BOAT BURIAL: A CENTRAL PUBLIC RITUAL IN THE FREYA CULT?
382 RELIGION AND IDEOLOGY WITHIN THE CENTRAL SWEDISH ROYAL DYNASTY IN
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 382 PEOPLE IN THE PAST AND IN THE PRESENT 382 AUN
385
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AUN37 SHIP AND SOCIETY MARITIME IDEOLOGY IN LATE IRON AGE SWEDEN GUNILLA
LARSSON UPPSALA UNIVERSITET DEPARTMENT OF ARCHAEOLOGY AND ANCIENT
HISTORY UPPSALA 2007 CONTENTS CONTENTS 1 PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 13
INTRODUCTION 15 1.1. THE MARITIME ASPECTS OF LATE IRON AGE SOCIETY 15
1.2. PURPOSE AND QUESTIONS 15 1.2.1. THE SHIP AND THE SOCIETY 15 1.2.2.
FINDING THE PEOPLE IN THE BOAT 15 1.2.3. TRACING CONTACTS AND CULTURAL
CONNECTIONS 16 1.2.4. TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY 16 1.2.5. SHIPS AND
SEAFARING 16 1.3. MATERIAL 17 1.4. THE THEORETICAL JOURNEY FROM THE PAST
TO THE PRESENT AND BACK AGAIN 18 1.4.1. FROM THE SOIL TO THE RESEARCHER:
OBSTACLES AND POSSIBILITIES 18 1.4.2. INTERPRETING THE PAST BY
ANALOGY. 19 1.4.3. A HISTORICAL ETHNOARCHAEOLOGY 19 1.4.4. READING
THE MATERIAL 19 1.4.5. KNOWLEDGE BY EXPERIENCE AND PRACTICE 20 1.4.6.
THE ARCHAEOLOGIST AND THE PAST 20 1.5. EARLIER RESEARCH 21 1.6. THE
SHIPS, FROM A CONTEMPORARY MYTH TO A PASTREALITY 24 1.6.1. THE MYTH OF
THE LARGE SHIP 24 1.6.2. THE MYTH OF THE SEAFARERS 26 1.7. FROM THE
SHIPS TO THE SOCIETY 26 2. THE SHIP-ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL OF CENTRAL
SWEDEN FROM THE LATE IRON AGE 30 2.1. REMAINS OF BOATS AND SHIPS IN THE
ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL 30 2.1.1. THE FIND-SPOTS 30 2.1.2. THE SIZES AND
TYPES OF BOATS 30 2.1.3. THE SOCIAL CONTEXT OF THE BOAT FINDS 33 2.2.
THE VIKS BOAT 34 2.2.1. FIND CONDITIONS 34 2.2.2. DATING 34 2.2.3.
RECONSTRUCTION 35 2.2.4. SHIP-TECHNOLOGICAL ANALYSIS OF THE CONSTRUCTION
37 2.2.5. SIZE AND SHAPE 39 2.2.6. THE VIKS BOAT AND THE PRINCIPLES FOR
INTERPRETING THE SHAPE AND SIZE OF THE BURIAL BOATS 39 2.2.7.
REINTERPRETATION OF THE BOAT IN THE BURIAL VALSGAERDE 7, BASED ON AN
ANALOGY WITH THE VIKS BOAT 41 2.2.8. REINTERPRETING THE BOAT IN THE
BURIAL GAMLA UPPSALA 3 ON THE BASIS OF AN ANALOGY WITH THE VIKS BOAT 43
2.3. THE BOATS IN THE BURIALS OF CENTRAL SWEDEN IN THE LATE IRON AGE 44
2.3.1. THE PROBLEM WITH RECOGNISING THE BOATS IN BURIALS 44 2.3.2.
VALSGAERDE 45 2.3.3. VENDEL, UPPLAND 46 2.3.4. TUNA IN ALSIKE PARISH,
UPPLAND. 47 2.3.5. ENSTA, UPPLAND 48 2.3.6. ULTUNA, BONDKYRKA PARISH,
UPPLAND 48 2.3.7. PRAESTGARDEN, GAMLA UPPSALA PARISH, UPPLAND 49 2.3.8.
BIRKA, UPPLAND 50 2.3.9. FLOSTA, ALTUNA PARISH, UPPLAND 50 2.3.10.
SMEDBY, HAMMARBY PARISH, UPPLAND 50 2.3.10. FITTJA, BOTKYRKA PARISH,
SOEDERMANLAND 51 2.3.11. TURINGE, SOEDERMANLAND 51 2.3.12. NORSA,
VAESTMANLAND 51 2.3.13. TUNA, BADELUNDA PARISH IN VAESTMANLAND 51 2.3.14.
SAGAN, SALA PARISH, VAESTMANLAND 52 2. 4. REUSED BOAT PARTS 52 2.5. BOAT
RIVETS AND OTHER RIVETS 53 3. BOAT TYPES AND FUNCTION 57 3.1. AN
INTERPRETATION OF THE FUNCTION AND USE OF LATE IRON AGE BOATS AND SHIPS
57 3.2. FISHING AND FISHING BOATS 57 3.2.1. FISH SPECIES AND FISHING
BOATS 57 3.2.2. FISHING AS A STRUCTURING PRINCIPLE FOR SETTLEMENTS IN
SOCIETY 58 3.2.3. BOATS FOR FISHING FROM A COMPARATIVE
ETHNOARCHAEOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE 59 3.3. BOATS FOR SEAL HUNTING 60 3.4.
BOATS FOR BIRD HUNTING 60 3.5. ARISTOCRATIC BOATS FOR PERSONAL
TRANSPORTS 60 3.6. TRADE AND THE MERCHANT SHIPS 61 3.6.1. TRADE AND
TRADE ROUTES 61 3.6.2. HOW TO IDENTIFY THE REMAINS OF SHIPS FOR
TRANSPORTS AND TRADING VOYAGES 61 3.6.3. FINDS OF CARGO SHIPS 63 3.6.4.
TRADITIONAL BOATS FOR LOCAL TRANSPORT ALONG THE UPPLAND COAST 65 3.6.5.
TRANSPORT BOATS FOR THE EASTERN JOURNEYS? 65 3.6.6. BOAT FINDS RELATED
TO THE TRANSPORT OF ORE 66 3.6.7. THE NAMES OF CARGO SHIPS 66 3.7.
MARITIME WARFARE AND SHIPS FOR WAR 70 3.7.1. WRITTEN SOURCES FOR
WARSHIPS 71 3.7.2. THE WARSHIP IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL MATERIAL 71 3.7.4. THE
NAMES OF WARSHIPS 75 3.7.5. THE WARSHIP FROM THE 13* CENTURY 77 3.8. THE
MAIN CONSTRUCTIONAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN WARSHIPS AND CARGO SHIPS CA AD
800- 1200 78 4. SHIPBUILDING IN A LONG-TERM PERSPECTIVE 80 4.1. THE
CONNECTION BETWEEN IRON AGE SHIPBUILDING TECHNOLOGY AND THE SUCCESS OF
VIKING EXPEDITIONS 80 4.2. THE ROOTS OF THE SCANDINAVIAN SHIP-TYPE 80
4.2.1. CLINKER-BUILT BOATS 80 4.2.2. LOGBOAT BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 81
4.2.3. SHELL BUILDING 82 4.2.4. THE FIRST RIVETED SHIPS 83 4.2.5. THE
EMERGENCE OF THE SCANDINAVIAN IRON AGE TYPE OF LOGBOAT 84 4.2.6. THE
EMERGENCE OF ROWED SHIPS 85 4.3. LATE IRON AGE: THE REVOLUTION IN BOAT-
BUILDING TECHNOLOGY 85 4.3.1. THE INTRODUCTION OF RADIAL SPLITTING
TECHNOLOGY 85 4.3.2. FROM TIED TO NAILED RIBS 87 4.3.3. ECONOMIC BOAT
BUILDING 87 4.3.4. THE RESULTS OF A BOAT-BUILDING METHOD AND RELATION TO
SOCIETAL CHANGE .88 4.3.5. SHIPBUILDING METHODS AND THE USE OF NAUST
91 4.3.6. A MODERN-DAY BOAT BUILDER'S REFLECTION ON PREHISTORIC AND
MEDIEVAL SHIPBUILDING, AS IT IS VISIBLE IN THE VIKS BOAT FIND 91 4.3.7.
THE INTRODUCTION OF THE SAIL AND SAILING 92 4.4. SHIPBUILDING IN THE
LATE IRON AGE 99 4.4.1. MATERIAL SUPPLY 99 4.4.2. THE BOAT-BUILDING SITE
100 4.4.3. TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS CONNECTED WITH SHIPBUILDING 101 4.4.4.
TRACES OF TOOLS AND IMPLEMENTS USED IN THE SHIPBUILDING PROCESS 102
4.4.5. THE MAESTERMYR FIND: A BOAT BUILDER'S COMPLETE TOOL CHEST? 108
4.4.6. SOCIAL ASPECTS OF BOAT BUILDING AND HANDICRAFTS IN THE LATE IRON
AGE 110 4.4.7. THE TOOLS AND METHODS OF A MARITIME SOCIETY 110 4.5. THE
MEDIEVAL CHANGES IN TECHNOLOGY AND SOCIETY, 110 4.5.1. FROM RADIAL
SPLITTING TO SAWING. 111 4.5.2. FROM SHELL BUILDING TO SKELETON
BUILDING 111 4.5.3. FROM CLINKER TO CARVEL 111 4.5.4. REFLECTIONS OF THE
IDEOLOGICAL CHANGE IN SHIPBUILDING 112 5. ETHNICITY AND SHIPS 113 5.1.
THE MAIN SHIP TYPES IN NW EUROPE AD 800-1200 114 5.1.1. THE
NORDIC/BALTIC SEA TRADITION. 114 5.1.2. THE COG TRADITION 114
5.1.3.THEHULC TRADITION 115 5.1.4. THE PRAM TRADITION 116 5.1.5. THE
CELTIC TRADITION 116 5.1.6 ENGLISH/ANGLO-SAXON TRADITION. 117 5.2.
SHIPBUILDING TRADITIONS IN THE BALTIC SEA REGION 117 5.3. BOATS BUILT
WITH RIVETS AND NAILS 117 5.3.1. THE 'BALTIC SEA BOAT TYPE' 118 5.3.2.
THE SOUTH SCANDINAVIAN BOAT TYPE 119 5.4. BOATS BUILT WITH THE SEWING
TECHNIQUE 120 5.4.1. HISTORY 120 5.4.2. THE SEWN BOATS OF THE SAMI 121
5.4.3. THE SEWN BOATS OF CENTRAL FINLAND 125 5.4.4. SEWN BOATS OF
KARELIA 125 5.4.5. RUSSIAN-ESTONIAN TRADITION 126 5.5. BOATS WITH
TREENAILS 126 5.6. IRON CRAMPS IN THE EAST AND WEST 130 5.7. POLITICAL
HISTORY AND BOAT-BUILDING TRADITIONS 132 5.7.1. EASTERN INFLUENCES IN
THE NORTH . 133 5.7.2. BOATS AND BALTIC CONTACTS 135 6. THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF WATER COMMUNICATION IN THE LATE IRON AGE 141 6.1.
JOURNEYS ON LAND AND WATER 141 6.1.1. THE CHOICE OF MEANS OF
COMMUNICATION 141 6.1.2. THE CONDITIONS FOR TRAVELLING ON LAND 142
6.1.3. WINTERROADS 144 6.2. TRAVELLING ON WATER 144 6.2.1. SHIPS AND
POSSIBILITIES FOR RIVER COMMUNICATION 144 6.2.2. SHIPS AND HARBOURS 144
6.2.3. THE INLAND WATER-COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS: RANKING THE RIVERS 145
6.2.4. REMAINS OF A COMMUNICATION SYSTEM IN PLACE NAMES 147 6.3. WATER
COMMUNICATION AND THE LOCATION OF SOME IMPORTANT CENTRAL PLACES 147
6.3.1. HELGO 148 6.3.2. BIRKA 148 6.3.3. OLD UPPSALA AND SAMNAN 148
6.3.4. MORA STEN 149 6.3.5. FOLKLANDSTINGSTAD 150 6.3.6. OTHER CENTRAL
PLACES ON ISLANDS AND BY WATER ROUTES 150 6.4. THE SOCIAL AND POLITICAL
SYSTEM AS SHAPED BY THE RIVER ROUTES 151 6.5. THE THREAT OF ENEMIES
ARRIVING BY BOATL52 6.5.1. THE FIRST PILING OF THE RIVERS 152 6.5.2.
ORGANISED MARITIME DEFENCE 153 6.5.3. THE POLE BLOCKAGES OF CENTRAL
SWEDISH RIVER ROUTES 154 6.5.4. BACKGROUND FOR POLE BLOCKAGES. 156
6.5.5. PLACE NAMES AS REMAINS OF POLE BLOCKAGES 159 6.5.6. THE ORGANISED
MARITIME DEFENCE . 159 6.5.7. THE BACKGROUND: PERIODS OF UNREST AND
NAVAL ATTACKS 161 6.7.8. THE INTERRELATED CHANGES IN SHIP TYPES,
SEAFARING AND MARITIME DEFENCE .162 6.6. TRAVELLING IN AROADLESS LAND
162 6.6.1. SAMI WATER-COMMUNICATION SYSTEM 162 6.6.2. TRAVELLING TO
CHURCH AMONG THE INHABITANTS OF ENVIKEN, DALARNA 163 6.6.4. ON LAND AND
WATER TO ARJEPLOG'S CHURCH 164 6.6.5. THE MAIN COMMUNICATION ROUTE IN
THE 17* CENTURY FROM THE PORT AT LULEA TO THE SILVER MINES ABOVE
KVIKKJOKK 164 6.7. WITH SHIPS OEVER LAND AND WATER IN ON MATERIAL 164
6.8. THE MARITIME LANDSCAPE AND HOW IT DISAPPEARED 165 6.8.1. THE
LANGHUNDRA RIVER: THE LIFE AND DEATH OF A WATER ROUTE 165 6.9. TO
SUMMARISE: WHY A JOURNEY ON A WATER ROUTE? 167 7. THE JOURNEYS ABROAD
169 7.1. SEAFARING, SHIPS AND SOCIETY 169 7.2. SHIPBUILDING AND
SEAFARING POSSIBILITIES 170 7.2.1. EXPERIENCE AND HISTORY 170 7.2.2.
SCANDINAVIAN STRONGHOLDS: NAVAL BASES FOR LIGHT-BUILT SHIPS 171 7.2.3.
SHIPS AND RIVER JOURNEYS 171 7.3. PROBLEMS AND POSSIBILITIES RELATED TO
THE JOURNEYS ACROSS THE BALTIC SEA 171 7.3.1. SMALL BOATS ON A BIG SEA?
THE BOATS USED TO CROSS THE BALTIC SEA 171 7.3.2. THE SAILING
CAPABILITIES OF THE BOATS AND SHIPS USED 173 7.3.3. ENVIRONMENTAL
CONDITIONS 175 7.3.4. SAILING OR ROWING? 176 7.4. RELATION BETWEEN
NAVIGATIONAL METHODS AND SEAFARING 176 7.4.1. NAVIGATION ON THE BALTIC
SEA IN THE LATE IRON AGE 177 7.4.1. THE PROBLEM OF THE SOELARSTEIN 'SUN
STONE' 178 7.4.2. INFLUENCES FROM ARABIC ASTRONOMICAL NAVIGATION 179
7.5. LIFE ON BOARD ON THE JOURNEYS 181 7.5.1. FOOD 181 7.5.2. OVERNIGHT
ON JOURNEYS 182 7.6. THE DESTINATIONS OF THE JOURNEYS OF THE SVEAR
ACCORDING TO RUNIC INSCRIPTIONS 183 7.6.1 THE MARITIME CONTEXT OF AN
'ABROAD STONE' 184 7.6.2. .HAN AUSTARLA ARPI BARPI. : THE SOCIAL
ASPECTS OF A JOURNEY ABROAD 184 7.7. TIMES AND DISTANCES 185 7.7.1.
HISTORICAL SOURCES 185 7.8. SAILING ROUTES ACROSS THE BALTIC SEA . 186
7.8.1. THE COASTAL SAILING ROUTE TO THE EAST 186 7.8.2. SHIPS AND
SAILING ROUTES 186 7.9. MARITIME TRACES OF THE SVEAR ALONG THE EASTERN
ROUTES 187 7.9.1. POLAND AND THE WEST SLAVONIC AREA 187 7.9.2.
SCANDINAVIAN BOAT REMAINS IN THE SOUTHEAST BALTIC 189 7.9.3. JOURNEYS TO
THE SOUTH AND EAST BALTIC IN ON SOURCES, INSCRIPTIONS AND CHRONICLES 192
7.10. THE WATER ROUTES TO ASIA, THE CALIPHATE AND THE ORIENT. 195
7.10.1. THE HISTORY OF JOURNEYS TO THE EAST 195 7.10.2. TRADE ROUTES AND
POLITICAL HISTORY 196 7.10.3. SEAFARING AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE 197
7.10.4. HOW TO TRACE THE REMAINS OF SWEDISH SEAFARING IN THE EAST 197
7.10.5. THE NEVA RIVER, LAKE LADOGA, AND THE VOLKHOV RIVER TO STARAJA
LADOGA. 199 7.10.6. THE WATER ROUTE FROM LAKE LADOGA TO THE LAKES
ONEGA AND BELOOZERO 202 7.10.7. FROM THE LAKES ONEGA AND BELOOZERO TO
THE NORTHERN DVINA, ONEGA RIVER AND THE FUR-SUPPLYING AREAS OF THE NORTH
202 7.10.8. FROM BELOOZERO SOUTH TO THE VOLGA AND TO THE NORTHERN DVINA
205 7.10.9. MARITIME TRACES OF JOURNEYS BY SVEAR ALONG THE VOLGA RIVER
AND TRIBUTARIES 205 7.10.10. WITH SHIPS TO THE CASPIAN SEA.206 7.10.11.
THE PROBLEM OF THE MARITIME JOURNEYS TO SAERKLAND 211 7.10.12. THE
JOURNEY OF INGVAR THE FAR- TRAVELLER 212 7.11. THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE
ROUTE FROM THE VARANGIANS TO THEGREEKS 219 7.11.1. THE BEGINNING:
NOVGOROD/GORODISCHE BY LAKE LIMEN.219 7.11.2. REMAINS OF SCANDINAVIAN
SHIPS AND SEAFARING FROM THE JOURNEY TO THE BLACK SEA AND CONSTANTINOPLE
221 7.13. THE PROBLEM OF PORTAGES .225 7.13.1. AN INTRODUCTION TO THE
PROBLEM.225 7.13.2. THE DISCUSSION 225 7.13.3. THE PREMISES FOR THE
EXPERIMENTS 226 7.13.4. AN ETHNOGRAPHIC APPROACH TO THE PROBLEM OF
PORTAGES 226 7.13.5. SOME INFORMATION ABOUT THE CONSTRUCTION OF PORTAGES
FROM THE HISTORICAL MATERIAL 228 7.13.7. THE SHIPS USED FORPORTAGING 232
7.13.8. SPECIAL TECHNOLOGICAL ADAPTIONS TO THE BOATS FOR PORTAGES 233
7.13.9. RESULTS OF PORTAGING AS EXPERIMENTAL ARCHAEOLOGY: SHIP REPLICAS
ON A RECONSTRUCTED PORTAGE OF THE TYPE WITH LUNAR 233 7.13.10. A
SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEM OF PORTAGES? 236 7.14. THE ABROAD JOURNEYS OF
THE SVEAR: A SUMMARY 237 WITH THEIR OWN SHIPS? 237 7.14.2. SHIPS ALL THE
WAY? 237 THE SHIP AS A SYMBOL 239 8.1. BOATS AND SHIPS FOUND IN BOGS AND
LAKES 240 8.1.1. TRACES OF SHIP PARTS IN EARLY SACRIFICIAL SITES IN THE
LAKE MAELAREN BASIN 241 8.1.2. THE INVESTIGATION OF THE SACRIFICIAL SITE
AT LAKE HEDERVIKEN, NAERTUNABY, NAERTUNA PARISH, UPPLAND 247 8.1.3. THE
CONTEXT OF THE SHIP SACRIFICES: AN INTERPRETATION 250 8.1.4. SHIP
SACRIFICES IN OTHER AREAS OF SWEDEN 254 8.1.5. SACRIFICES ON THE SEA
JOURNEYS 255 8.1.6. REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN SCANDINAVIA? 255 8.1.7. A
HIERARCHICAL RANKING OF RITUAL SITES 256 8.1.8. THE RELATION BETWEEN
SHIPS AND SACRED WATER 256 8.2. THE SHIP SYMBOL IN DEPICTIONS 257 8.2.1.
SHIPS ON PICTURE STONES 257 1.2.2. SHIPS ON COINS 261 8.2.3. SHIPS ON
TEXTILES 262 8.2.4. SHIP GRAFFITI 265 8. 3. THE BOAT FN THE GRAVE 265
8.3.1. THE BOAT-BURIAL CUSTOM 265 8.3.2. THE BOAT-BURIAL RITUAL IN
WRITTEN SOURCES 267 8.3.3. THE PROBLEM WITH THE ORIENTATION OF BOATS IN
BURIALS 268 8.3.4. SHIP CONSTRUCTION: HOW TO DETERMINE PROW AND STERN IN
A BOAT BURIAL 269 8.3.5. AN ANALYSE OF THE ORIENTATION OF THE BOATS IN
SOME OF THE BURIALS 273 8.3.6. OTHER INDICATIONS OF THE ORIENTATION OF
THE SHIPS IN THE BURIALS 275 8.3.5. AN ATTEMPT TO TRACE THE FACTORS
BEHIND THE ORIENTATION OF THE BOAT 277 8.4. REMAINS OF A VALUE SYSTEM
278 8.4.1. THE EVALUATION OF SPACE WITHIN THE BOAT 278 8.3.6. THE
SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION WITHIN THE SHIP IN THE BURIAL 284 8.5. THE SHIP AS
AN IDEA IN STRUCTURING SPACE 287 8.5.1. THE HOUSE AS A SHIP 287 8.5.2.
THE CHURCHES AS SHIPS 288 8.5.3. A RELIQUARY AS A SHIP-SHAPED HOUSE 288
8.6. FROM A MEANS OF COMMUNICATION TO A SYMBOL AND AN ICON 288 8.6.1.
PARS PRO TOTO 288 8.6.2. THE SHIP IN THE IRON AGE FERTILITY CULT 289
8.6.3. SHIPS IN PROCESSIONS 292 8.6.4. FREYA SYMBOLS IN CONNECTION WITH
THE SHIP SYMBOL 293 8.6.5. THE TIME FOR SACRIFICES OF SHIP SYMBOLS 294
8.6.6. THE PROBLEM OF THE TIME FOR BOAT BURIALS 296 8.6.7. CONTINUITY
AND CHANGE: THE SHIP SYMBOL IN THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 298 8.6.8. THE BOAT
AS A LIMINAL AGENT 299 9. MARITIME IDEOLOGY AND SOCIETY 301 9.1. THE
EARLIER DISCUSSION ABOUT THE LEIOEANGR 301 9.2. THE LEIOEANGR AND
TERRITORIAL DIVISION .305 9.2.1. LAND AND FOLKLAND 307 9.2.2. HUND AND
HUNDARE 308 9.2.3. SKEPPSLAG WITHIN THE HUNDARE-AREA 311 9.2.4.
FIASRBUNGER'FOURTH PART' 312 9.2.5. TOLFT 312 9.2.6. ATTUNGER 'EIGHT
PART' 312 92.1. HAMNA 313 9.2.8. OTHER DIVISIONS 317 9.3. THE
TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION ESTABLISHED IN THE 13 TH CENTURY 318 9.3.1. THE
DIVISION INTO CASTLE-/AE 318 9.3.2. THE HAERAD 319 9.3.3 FROM COLLECTIVE
NAVAL DUTIES TO PERSONAL OBLIGATIONS 319 9.3.4. A HYPOTHESIS OF THE
CAUSES OF CHANGE FROM A TERRITORIAL ORGANIZATION REPRESENTING 'A
MARITIME SOCIETY' TO THE FEUDAL-INSPIRED SOCIETY IN THE HIGH MIDDLE AGES
319 9.4. THE TERRITORIAL ORGANISATION DURING CHRISTIANIZATION 320 9.5.
AN ANALYSIS OF HUNDARE-A\S,TNC\S OF CENTRAL SWEDEN 320 9.5.1. SJUHUNDRA
HUNDARE IN ATTUNDALAND 321 9.5.2. LAGUNDA HUNDARE IN FJAEDRUNDALAND 326
9.5.3. BRO SKEPPSLAG IN RODEN 329 9.5.4. AKERBO HUNDARE IN VAESTMANLAND
331 9.6. ORGANISED NAVAL EXPEDITIONS IN THE LATE IRON AGE AND EARLY
MIDDLE AGES 334 9.6.1. LINGUISTIC EVIDENCE 334 9.6.3. THE LEADERS OF
NAVAL JOURNEYS 336 9.6.3. NAVAL EXPEDITIONS IN THE WRITTEN SOURCES 338
9.7. ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS OF A LEIOEANGR ORGANISATION 341 9.7.1. HUSABY
VILLAGES AND ROYAL MOUNDS 341 9.7.2. THE 'LEIOEANGR HARBOUR' 341 9.7.3.
REFLECTIONS OF THE NAVAL ORGANISATION VISIBLE ON THE SHIPS 343 9.8. THE
QUESTION OF RODEN 345 9.8.1. RODEN IN THE EARLIEST SOURCES 346 9.8.2.
THE PROBLEM WITH THE EXTENSION OF RODEN 346 9.8.3. RODEN: A LOEST PART OF
THE HUNDARE? 348 9.8.4. RODEN AND ROSLAGEN, ROSPIGGAR AND THE RUS 348
9.8.5. RODEN, SJASLLAND AND SJALAND 349 9.9. THE MARITIME SOCIETY 350
9.9.1. SVITHIOD AND THE NATIONAL LEVEL IN THE HIERARCHY 350 9.9.2. THE
AGE OF THE MARITIME SOCIETY . 351 9.9.3. EVIDENCE OF THE LEIOEANGR AS A
NAVAL ORGANISATION 352 9.9.4. A MODEL FOR THE MARITIME SOCIETY353 10.
THE SHIP SYMBOL IN SOCIAL INTERACTION. 355 10.1 THE SHIP SYMBOL IN
JURISDICTION 355 10.1.1. THE WARSHIP AS A SPECIAL JURISDICTION AREA 355
10.1.2. WHEN THE SHIP IS OUT OF'WARD OK WACU' 358 10.1.2. THE RAISED
SHIELD ON A SHIP AS A SIGN OF RULING JURISDICTION 358 10.1.3. THE
MERCHANT VESSEL AND THE BJCERKOA RCETTER 360 10.1.4. BIRKA, TOWN
JURISDICTION AND THE SHIP SYMBOL 361 10.1.5. THE SHIP-SETTING AT
VALSGAERDE AND RELATED MONUMENTS 361 10.1.6. THE LEIOEANGR ORGANISATION
AND THE THING 362 10.2. SHIPS IN SOCIAL COMMUNICATION 364 10.2.1. THE
GLORY OF THE SHIPS AS DESCRIBED IN SKALDIC POETRY 364 10.2.2. SOCIAL
HIERARCHY DISPLAYED ON THE SHIPS 364 10.2.3. THE MOST VALUABLE
POSSESSION ON THE JOURNEY 367 11. GENDER ASPECTS ON SHIPS AND SEAFARING
. 369 11.1. GENDER ASPECTS ON THE INTERPRETATION OF THE BOATS IN
BURIALS 369 11.1.1 PROSPERITY, POWER, PRIESTHOOD, SYMBOLISM OR DESCENT?
369 11.1.2. WOMEN, POWER AND BOATS AT TUNA IN BADELUNDA PARISH 370
11.1.3. ASPECTS ON GENDER, SHIPS, AND THE USE OF SPACE IN THE SHIP BASED
ON THE BOAT BURIALS AT TUNA IN ALSIKE 372 11.1.4. GENDER AND BOAT TYPE
IN ALSIKE AND BADELUNDA 372 11.1.5. CHRONOLOGICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL
DIFFERENCES FROM A GENDER PERSPECTIVE .373 11.1.6. GENDER ASPECTS ON
THE MARITIME JOURNEYS 374 12. THE MARITIME SOCIETY 377 THE MARITIME
ORGANISATION THAT SHAPED THE SOCIETY 377 LEIOEANGR: THE MARITIME
STRUCTURING PRINCIPLE 378 CONTINUITY AND CHANGE 378 THE SHIPS OF A
MARITIME SOCIETY 380 THE BOATS AND SHIPS OF THE SVEAR 380 SEAFARING AND
CULTURAL CONTACTS 381 THE SHIP AS AN IDEA 381 POWER, IDEOLOGY AND
RELIGION 381 THE BOAT BURIAL: A CENTRAL PUBLIC RITUAL IN THE FREYA CULT?
382 RELIGION AND IDEOLOGY WITHIN THE CENTRAL SWEDISH ROYAL DYNASTY IN
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES 382 PEOPLE IN THE PAST AND IN THE PRESENT 382 AUN
385 |
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| id | DE-604.BV022478341 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:47:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:58:28Z |
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| isbn | 9789150619157 |
| language | English |
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| publisher | Dep. of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala Univ. |
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| spelling | Larsson, Gunilla Verfasser aut Ship and society maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden Gunilla Larsson Uppsala Dep. of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala Univ. 2007 426 S. Ill., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Aun 37 Zugl.: Uppsla, Univ., Diss., 2007 Schiffbau (DE-588)4052397-4 gnd rswk-swf Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd rswk-swf Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd rswk-swf Schifffahrt (DE-588)4116383-7 gnd rswk-swf Schiff (DE-588)4052385-8 gnd rswk-swf Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Schweden (DE-588)4077258-5 g Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 s Schiffbau (DE-588)4052397-4 s DE-604 Schifffahrt (DE-588)4116383-7 s Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 s Schiff (DE-588)4052385-8 s Aun 37 (DE-604)BV011406099 37 GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015685721&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Larsson, Gunilla Ship and society maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden Aun Schiffbau (DE-588)4052397-4 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd Schifffahrt (DE-588)4116383-7 gnd Schiff (DE-588)4052385-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4052397-4 (DE-588)4020588-5 (DE-588)4014102-0 (DE-588)4116383-7 (DE-588)4052385-8 (DE-588)4077258-5 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Ship and society maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden |
| title_auth | Ship and society maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden |
| title_exact_search | Ship and society maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Ship and society maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden |
| title_full | Ship and society maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden Gunilla Larsson |
| title_fullStr | Ship and society maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden Gunilla Larsson |
| title_full_unstemmed | Ship and society maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden Gunilla Larsson |
| title_short | Ship and society |
| title_sort | ship and society maritime ideology in late iron age sweden |
| title_sub | maritime ideology in late Iron Age Sweden |
| topic | Schiffbau (DE-588)4052397-4 gnd Gesellschaft (DE-588)4020588-5 gnd Eisenzeit (DE-588)4014102-0 gnd Schifffahrt (DE-588)4116383-7 gnd Schiff (DE-588)4052385-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Schiffbau Gesellschaft Eisenzeit Schifffahrt Schiff Schweden Hochschulschrift |
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