Australian intellectual property law:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Cambridge [u.a.]
Cambridge Univ. Press
2008
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| Ausgabe: | 1. publ. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | LXXIII, 625 S. |
| ISBN: | 9780521613385 |
Internformat
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Australian intellectual property law |c Mark Davison ; Ann L. Monotti ; Leanne Wiseman |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136564862746624 |
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| adam_text | AUSTRALIAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW MARK J. DAVISON ANN L. MONOTTI
LEANNE WISEMAN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS PREFACE XXI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXIII TABLE OF STATUTES XXV TABLE OF CASES XLV 1
INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE NATURE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY L 1.2 THEORY OF IP
2 1.2.1 THE PROPERTY 1 IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 NATURAL OR PERSONALITY RIGHTS 3 INCENTIVE
TO CREATE AND DISSEMINATE 3 PROTECTION FOR INVESTMENT 4 RENT SEEKING 5 A
COMBINATION OF ALL THE ABOVE 5 THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REGIMES 6 1.3.1
1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 PASSING OFF 6 REGISTERED TRADE MARKS
7 COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS 7 DESIGNS 9 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 9
PATENTS 9 PLANT BREEDER S RIGHTS 10 IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY 10
INTERNATIONALISATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 12 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4
WIPO 13 TOPS (1994) 13 BILATERAL AGREEMENTS 14 HARMONISATION OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROCEDURES INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN AUSTRALIA 15
1.6.1 1.6.2 HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 16
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ISSUES 17 SCHEME OF THE BOOK 18 2 PASSING OFF 2.1 20
HISTORY OF PASSING OFF 20 2.1.1 2.1.2 COMMON LAW AND PASSING OFF 20
EQUITY AND PASSING OFF 21 15 VI CONTENTS 2.2 ELEMENTS OF PASSING OFF 22
2.3 THE REPUTATION OF THE PLAINTIFF 23 2.3.1 LOCATION OF REPUTATION 25
2.3.2 OWNERSHIP OF REPUTATION 27 2.3.3 JOINT OWNERSHIP OF REPUTATION 27
2.3.4 DUAL OWNERSHIP: HONEST CONCURRENT USER AND USE OF OWN NAME 28
2.3.5 REPUTATION IN DESCRIPTIVE WORDS AND INSIGNIA: SECONDARY MEANINGS
30 2.3.6 REPUTATION IN PACKAGING AND APPEARANCE 31 2.3.7 REPUTATION OF
MARKETING IMAGE 33 2.3.8 REPUTATION IN PERSONALITY 33 2.3.9 ABANDONMENT
OF REPUTATION 34 2.4 THE MISREPRESENTATION 35 2.4.1 MISREPRESENTATION,
CONFUSION AND DECEPTION 35 2.4.2 THE TARGET OF THE REPRESENTATION 37
2.4.3 MISREPRESENTATIONS OF THE TRADE ORIGIN OF GOODS 38 2.4.4 DIFFERENT
QUALITY OF GOODS 38 2.4.5 CHARACTER MERCHANDISING 38 2.5 PASSING OFF AND
THE INTERNET 42 2.5.1 DOMAIN NAMES 42 2.5.2 AUSTRALIAN PASSING OFF CASES
AND THE INTERNET 44 2.5.3 UNIFORM DISPUTE RESOLUTION POLICY 46 2.5.4
AUSTRALIAN UNIFORM DISPUTE RESOLUTION POLICY 47 2.5.5 FRAMING 48 2.5.6
META-TAGS 49 2.5.7 POP-UP ADVERTISEMENTS WHEN INTERNET SEARCHING 50 2.6
EFFECT OF DISCLAIMERS 51 2.7 A HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE 53 2.8 DAMAGE 53 2.9
STATUTORY CAUSES OF ACTION 54 2.9.1 A CORPORATION 55 2.9.2 IN TRADE
OR COMMERCE 55 2.9.3 ENGAGE IN CONDUCT 55 2.9.4 MISLEADING OR
DECEPTIVE 56 2.10 COMPARISON WITH PASSING OFF 57 2.10.1 SS 53, 55 AND
55A 58 2.10.2 STATE EQUIVALENTS 59 2.10.3 INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 59 2.11
COMPARISON WITH EUROPE AND USA 59 2.12 REMEDIES 61 3 REGISTERED TRADE
MARKS 64 3.1 HISTORY OF REGISTERED TRADE MARKS 64 3.2 DRAWBACKS OF
PASSING OFF 65 3.3 FUNCTIONS OF TRADE MARKS 66 3.3.1 REDUCING SEARCH
COSTS 67 3.3.2 MANAGING PROPERTY INTERESTS 67 3.4 OVERVIEW OF THE
REGISTRATION PROCESS 68 CONTENTS VII 3.5 DEFINITION OF A TRADE MARK 70
3.6 DEFINITION OF A SIGN 70 3.6.1 ASPECT OF PACKAGING, SHAPE 70 3.6.2
COLOUR 72 3.6.3 SOUNDS 73 3.6.4 SCENTS 73 3.7 USED OR INTENDED TO BE
USED 74 3.7.1 UNCONDITIONAL INTENTION 74 3.7.2 OBJECTIVE TEST OF
INTENTION 75 3.7.3 USE BY OTHERS 75 3.8 DISTINGUISHING GOODS OR SERVICES
76 3.8.1 DEALT WITH OR PROVIDED 76 3.8.2 IN THE COURSE OF TRADE 77
3.8.3 BY A PERSON 78 3.9 OWNERSHIP 78 3.9.1 FIRST USE IN AUSTRALIA 79
3.9.2 DISTRIBUTORSHIP ARRANGEMENTS 80 3.9.3 CREATION OR ADOPTION OF AN
OVERSEAS TRADE MARK 81 3.9.4 PERSONS WHO CAN OWN A TRADE MARK 81 3.10
CERTIFICATION TRADE MARKS 82 3.10.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR REGISTRATION 82
3.10.2 CERTIFICATION BY OTHER MEANS 84 3.11 COLLECTIVE TRADE MARKS 84
3.12 DEFENSIVE TRADE MARKS 84 3.13 OVERVIEW OFREQUIREMENTS FOR
REGISTRATION OF STANDARD TRADEMARKS 87 3.14 NATIONAL SIGNS NOT TO BE
USED AS TRADE MARKS 87 3.15 SIGNS PRESCRIBED UNDER S 39(2) 88 3.16 TRADE
MARK CANNOT BE REPRESENTED GRAPHICALLY (S 40) 88 3.17 TRADE MARK NOT
ABLE TO BE DISTINGUISHED (S 41) 89 3.17.1 INHERENT DISTINCTIVENESS 89
3.17.2 PARTIAL INHERENT DISTINCTIVENESS: USE AND INTENDED USE 92 3.17.3
DISTINCTIVENESS THROUGH USE 92 3.17.4 FUNCTIONAL SHAPES 93 3.17.5 COLOUR
TRADE MARKS 97 3.18 SCANDALOUS TRADE MARKS 98 3.19 USE CONTRARY TO LAW
98 3.20 DECEPTIVE OR CONFUSING TRADE MARKS 99 3.21 TRADE MARKS IDENTICAL
OR SIMILAR TO EXISTING TRADE MARKS 100 3.21.1 SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL
WITH 101 3.21.2 OR DECEPTIVELY SIMILAR TO 101 3.21.3 THE CONTEXT OF THE
COMPARISON 103 3.21.4 SIMILAR GOODS 104 3.21.5 SIMILAR SERVICES 105
3.21.6 CLOSELY RELATED GOODS AND SERVICES 106 3.21.7 A GLOBAL ASSESSMENT
106 3.22 HONEST CONCURRENT USER 107 3.23 PRIOR CONTINUOUS USER 109
CONTENTS 3.24 OTHER LEGISLATION 109 3.24.1 PROTECTION OF SPORTING EVENTS
110 3.24.2 BUSINESS NAMES 110 3.24.3 AUSTRALIAN WINE AND BRANDY
CORPORATION AMENDMENT ACT 1993 112 3.24.4 PROTECTION FOR PARTICULAR
INDUSTRIES 112 3.25 OVERVIEW OF GROUNDS OF OPPOSITION 112 3.26 ANOTHER
TRADE MARK S PRIOR REPUTATION (S 60) 113 3.26.1 RELATIONSHIP WITH HONEST
CONCURRENT USER AND PRIOR CONTINUOUS USER PROVISIONS 115 3.27
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS (S 61) 116 3.27.1 DEFINITION OF A GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATION 116 3.27.2 INTERPRETATION OF S 61 117 3.27.3 EXCEPTIONS TO S
61(1) 118 3.28 OPPOSITION GROUNDS INTRODUCED UNDER TRADE MARKS AMENDMENT
ACT 2006 (CTH) 119 3.29 OVERVIEW OF RECTIFICATION OF THE REGISTER 119
3.30 AMENDMENT OR CANCELLATION BY REGISTRAR 120 3.31 OVERVIEW OF
RECTIFICATION BY THE COURT 121 3.31.1 AGGRIEVED PERSON 122 3.32 ERRORS
AND OMISSIONS (S 85) 123 3.33 CONTRAVENTION OF CONDITIONS OR LIMITS (S
86) 123 3.34 EFFECT OF SS 24 AND 25 ON S 87 123 3.35 CANCELLATION,
REMOVAL OR AMENDMENT (S 88(2)) 125 3.36 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS AND
PRESUMPTIVE VALIDITY 126 3.36.1 FRAUD 126 3.36.2 CONTRARY TO S 28 OF THE
REPEALED LEGISLATION 127 3.36.3 NOT DISTINCTIVE WHEN PROCEEDINGS
COMMENCE 127 3.37 GENERAL DISCRETION NOT TO RECTIFY 128 3.38 GROUNDS FOR
OPPOSITION 128 3.39 FRAUD, FALSE SUGGESTION OR MISREPRESENTATION 129
3.40 USE LIKELY TO DECEIVE OR CAUSE CONFUSION 129 3.41 RECTIFICATION NOT
GRANTED IF REGISTERED OWNER NOT AT FAULT 130 3.42 REMOVAL FOR NON-USE
132 3.42.1 GENERAL DISCRETION 134 3.42.2 RECENT CHANGES TO NON-USE UNDER
TRADE MARKS AMENDMENT ACT 2006 (CTH) 135 EXPLOITATION OF REGISTERED
TRADE MARKS 136 4.1 OVERVIEW OF INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE MARKS 136 4.1.1
USE AS A TRADE MARK 136 4.1.2 USE AS DESCRIPTIVE TERM RATHER THAN TRADE
MARK 137 4.1.3 SIGN USED TO DISTINGUISH GOODS AND SERVICES FROM OTHERS
139 4.1.4 SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL WITH OR DECEPTIVELY SIMILAR TO 140
4.1.5 RELEVANCE OF THE DEFENDANT S CONDUCT 141 4.1.6 RELEVANCE OF THE
PLAINTIFF S TRADE MARK S REPUTATION 141 4.2 S 120(1) 143 4.2.1 THE GOODS
OR SERVICES FOR WHICH THE TRADE MARK IS REGISTERED 143 CONTENTS IX 4.3 S
120(2) 144 4.4 S 120(3) 144 4.4.1 ANTI-DILUTION 145 4.4.2 WELL KNOWN 146
4.4.3 USED IN RELATION TO UNRELATED GOODS OR SERVICES 148 4.4.4
INDICATING A CONNECTION WITH THE OWNER 148 4.4.5 OWNER S INTERESTS
ADVERSELY AFFECTED 150 4.4.6 ANTI-DILUTION OR PASSING OFF? 151 4.4.7
COMPARISON WITH PASSING OFF 152 4.5 ORAL USE OF A TRADE MARK 152 4.6
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DEVICE INFRINGED BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPE 152 4.7
PARALLEL IMPORTING 153 4.7.1 PARALLEL IMPORTING AND LICENSEES 157 4.7.2
PARALLEL IMPORTING AND PASSING OFF 157 4.7.3 PARALLEL IMPORTING AND
OTHER FORMS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 158 4.8 SECOND-HAND GOODS 158 4.9
TRADE MARK INFRINGEMENT AND THE INTERNET 159 4.10 S 121: BREACH OF
CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS 161 4.11 GROUNDLESS THREATS OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
162 4.12 ACTS NOT CONSTITUTING INFRINGEMENT 163 4.12.1 IN GOOD FAITH 164
4.12.2 GOODFAITHUSEOFANAME(SL22(L)(A)) 164 4.12.3 GOOD FAITH USE OF A
SIGN (S 122(L)(B)) 164 4.12.4 GOOD FAITH USED TO INDICATE PURPOSE (S
122(L)(C)) 165 4.12.5 USE OF TRADE MARK FOR COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING (S
122(L)(D)) 165 4.12.6 EXERCISING RIGHT TO USE TRADE MARK (S 122(1) (E))
166 4.12.7 DEFENDANT MAY OBTAIN REGISTRATION OF SIMILAR TRADE MARK (S
122(1) (F)) 166 4.12.8 NON-INFRINGEMENT DUE TO CONDITION OR LIMITATION
(S 122(L)(G)) 167 4.12.9 DISCLAIMERS (S 122(1)(H)) 167 4.13 TRADE MARK
APPLIED BY OR WITH CONSENT OF REGISTERED OWNER 167 4.14 PRIOR CONTINUOUS
USE DEFENCE (S 124) 168 4.15 NO DAMAGES FOR INFRINGEMENT DURING NON-USE
PERIOD (S 127) 168 4.16 REMEDIES 169 4.17 ASSIGNMENT OF TRADE MARKS 169
4.17.1 PROCESS OF ASSIGNMENT 170 4.17.2 ASSIGNMENT OF CERTIFICATION
TRADE MARKS 171 4.17.3 ASSIGNMENT OF COLLECTIVE TRADE MARKS 171 4.17.4
ASSIGNMENT OF DEFENSIVE TRADE MARKS 171 4.18 LICENSING OF TRADE MARKS
172 4.18.1 QUALITY CONTROL 173 4.18.2 FINANCIAL CONTROL 173 4.18.3 OTHER
FORMS OF CONTROL 174 4.18.4 FRANCHISING 174 4.18.5 ASSIGNMENT OF
LICENCES 175 4.19 VOLUNTARY RECORDING OF INTERESTS AND CLAIMS 175 4.20
INTERNATIONAL TREATY OBLIGATIONS 176 X CONTENTS 5 COPYRIGHT:
INTRODUCTION 178 5.1 INTRODUCTION 178 5.2 HISTORY 180 5.3 JUSTIFICATIONS
186 5.3.1 UTILITARIAN-BASED ARGUMENTS 187 5.3.2 NATURAL RIGHTS 188 5.4
INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCES 189 5.4.1 THE BERNE CONVENTION (1886) 190 5.4.2
THE UNIVERSAL! COPYRIGHT CONVENTION (UCQ (1952) 190 5.4.3 THE ROME
CONVENTION (1961) 190 5.4.4 GATT (1947) AND TRIPS (1994) 191 5.4.5 THE
WIPO INTERNET TREATIES (1996) 191 5.4.6 AUSTRALIA-USA FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT 2004 192 5.5 FUTURE REFORMS 192 6 SUBSISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 194
6.1 INTRODUCTION 194 6.2 SUBJECT MATTER 195 6.2.1 WORKS 195 6.2.2
SUBJECT MATTER OTHER THAN WORKS (PART IV) 206 6.3 RECORDED IN MATERIAL
FORM 208 6.4 CONNECTED TO AUSTRALIA 209 6.5 ORIGINALITY 211 6.5.1
ORIGINAL LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL AND ARTISTIC WORKS 211 6.5.2
SUBJECT MATTER OTHER THAN WORKS 213 7 AUTHORSHIP AND FIRST OWNERSHIP,
NATURE OF THE RIGHTS AND DURATION 214 7.1 INTRODUCTION 214 7.2
AUTHORSHIP AND FIRST OWNERSHIP 214 7.2.1 WHO IS THE AUTHOR? 215 7.2.2
JOINT AUTHORSHIP 217 7.2.3 WORKS WITH NO KNOWN AUTHOR 217 7.3 EXCEPTIONS
TO FIRST OWNERSHIP 218 7.3.1 WORKS CREATED BY EMPLOYEES 218 7.3.2 WORKS
CREATED BY JOURNALISTS 220 7.3.3 COMMISSIONED WORKS 221 7.3.4 CROWN
COPYRIGHT 221 7.4 NATURE OF THE RIGHTS 222 7.4.1 THE RIGHT OF
REPRODUCTION 223 7.4.2 THE RIGHT TO PUBLISH THE WORK 225 7.4.3 THE RIGHT
TO PERFORM THE WORK IN PUBLIC 225 7.4.4 THE RIGHT TO COMMUNICATE THE
WORK TO THE PUBLIC 226 7.4.5 THE RIGHT TO MAKE AN ADAPTATION OF THE WORK
227 7.4.6 THE RIGHT OF COMMERCIAL RENTAL 228 7.5 TECHNOLOGICAL
PROTECTION MEASURES 228 7.5.1 ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION 229 CONTENTS XI 7.5.2
RIGHTS MANAGEMENT INFORMATION 235 7.5.3 UNAUTHORISED ACCESS TO ENCODED
BROADCASTS 236 7.6 DURATION 237 EXPLOITATION, INFRINGEMENT AND DEFENCES
238 8.1 INTRODUCTION 238 8.2 EXPLOITATION 238 8.2.1 ASSIGNMENT 239 8.2.2
LICENCES 240 8.2.3 COLLECTIVE ADMINISTRATION 247 8.3 INFRINGEMENT 249
8.3.1 DIRECT INFRINGEMENT 250 8.3.2 INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT 261 8.4 RELIEF
FOR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT 267 8.4.1 DAMAGES 268 8.4.2 INNOCENT
INFRINGEMENT 269 8.4.3 CONVERSION OR DETENTION 269 8.4.4 GROUNDLESS
THREATS TO SUE 270 8.4.5 CRIMINAL OFFENCES 270 8.5 DEFENCES AND
LIMITATIONS 272 8.5.1 FAIR DEALING 273 8.5.2 TIME-SHIFTING 283 8.5.3
FORMAT-SHIFTING 284 8.5.4 EXCEPTIONS FOR ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES 285
8.5.5 EDUCATIONAL USES 288 8.5.6 ARTISTIC WORKS 289 8.5.7 COMPUTER
PROGRAMS 290 8.5.8 TEMPORARY AND INCIDENTAL REPRODUCTIONS 291 8.5.9
LEGAL MATERIALS 291 8.5.10 GOVERNMENT USES 292 8.5.11 READING OR
RECITATION IN PUBLIC 292 8.5.12 SOUND RECORDINGS 292 8.5.13 FILMS 293
8.5.14 PUBLIC INTEREST 293 8.5.15 CONTRACTING OUT OF THE DEFENCES 294
8.5.16 FUTURE REFORMS 295 MORAL RIGHTS, PERFORMERS RIGHTS AND CIRCUIT
LAYOUTS 296 9.1 INTRODUCTION 296 9.2 MORAL RIGHTS 296 9.2.1 THE RIGHT OF
ATTRIBUTION 298 9.2.2 THE RIGHT OF INTEGRITY 299 9.2.3 THE RIGHT TO
OBJECT TO FALSE ATTRIBUTION 301 9.2.4 LIMITS ON MORAL RIGHTS 302 9.2.5
CONSENT 304 9.2.6 REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENT OF MORAL RIGHTS 306 9.2.7
REFORM: INDIGENOUS COMMUNAL MORAL RIGHTS? 306 XLL CONTENTS 9.3
PERFORMERS RIGHTS 307 9.3.1 PERFORMERS MORAL RIGHTS 310 9.4 CIRCUIT
LAYOUTS 312 9.4.1 NATURE AND SCOPE OF CIRCUIT LAYOUTS 313 9.4.2
SUBSISTENCE 314 9.4.3 EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 314 9.4.4 OWNERSHIP 315 9.4.5
EXPLOITATION 315 9.4.6 DURATION 315 9.4.7 INFRINGEMENT 316 9.4.8
EXCEPTIONS AND DEFENCES 316 9.4.9 REMEDIES 317 9.4.10 OVERLAP WITH
COPYRIGHT AND DESIGN PROTECTION? 318 9.5 PUBLIC AND EDUCATIONAL LENDING
RIGHTS 318 10 DESIGNS 320 10.1 INTRODUCTION 320 10.2 HISTORY 320 10.3
THE REGISTRATION PROCESS 322 10.3.1 WHO CAN APPLY? 322 10.3.2
REQUIREMENTS OF THE APPLICATION 323 10.3.3 REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION OR
PUBLICATION 323 10.3.4 PUBLICATION 324 10.3.5 REGISTRATION 324 10.3.6
PRIORITY DATE 324 10.3.7 DURATION 325 10.3.8 POST-REGISTRATION
EXAMINATION 325 10.4 CRITERIA FOR PROTECTION 325 10.4.1 MEANING
OF DESIGN 325 10.4.2 NEW AND DISTINCTIVE 328 10.5 OWNERSHIP 329 10.6
RIGHTS 329 10.7 INFRINGEMENT 329 10.7.1 INFRINGEMENT UNDER THE 1906 ACT
330 10.7.2 INFRINGEMENT UNDER THE 2003 DESIGNS ACT 331 10.8 EXCEPTIONS
333 10.8.1 THE SPARE PARTS DEFENCE 333 10.8.2 CONSENT AND PARALLEL
IMPORTATION 335 10.8.3 CROWN USE AND SUPPLY 335 10.9 REMEDIES 335 10.9.1
UNJUSTIFIED THREATS 336 10.10 DESIGN-COPYRIGHT OVERLAP 336 10.10.1
REGISTRATION OF A CORRESPONDING DESIGN 337 10.10.2 INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATION OF A CORRESPONDING DESIGN 338 11 EQUITABLE DOCTRINE OF
BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 340 11.1 INTRODUCTION 340 11.2 ORIGINS OF EQUITABLE
DOCTRINE OF BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 342 CONTENTS X 11.3 THE ELEMENTS OF THE
ACTION 343 11.3.1 MUST BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE INFORMATION WITH
SPECIFICITY 345 11.3.2 INFORMATION MUST HAVE THE NECESSARY QUALITY OF
CONFIDENCE 345 11.3.3 INFORMATION GIVEN OR RECEIVED TO IMPORT AN
OBLIGATION OF CONFIDENCE 350 11.3.4 UNAUTHORISED USE OR DISCLOSURE OF
THE INFORMATION 354 11.3.5 THE SCOPE OF THE OBLIGATION 356 11.3.6 THE
NEED TO SHOW DETRIMENT 357 11.3.7 REASONABLENESS OF OBTAINING A REMEDY
359 11.4 HOW LONG DOES THE OBLIGATION LAST? 359 11.4.1 EXPRESS
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS 359 11.4.2 EQUITABLE OBLIGATIONS 359 11.4.3
DISCLOSURE BY THE CONFIDER 359 11.4.4 DISCLOSURE BY THE CONFIDANT 360
11.4.5 DISCLOSURE BY THIRD PARTY AFTER CONFIDENCE IS IMPOSED 360 11.5
ENTITLEMENT 361 11.6 SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES: DURING EMPLOYMENT 362 11.6.1
DUTY OF FIDELITY 363 11.6.2 CONTRACT 364 11.6.3 EQUITABLE ACTION FOR
BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 364 11.7 DUTY OF FORMER EMPLOYEE AFTER EMPLOYMENT
CEASES 365 11.7.1 DUTY OF FIDELITY 365 11.7.2 CONTRACT 365 11.7.3
EQUITABLE ACTION FOR BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 366 11.8 DEFENCES: PUBLIC
INTEREST IN DISCLOSURE 368 11.8.1 BACKGROUND 368 11.8.2 NATURE OF THE
DEFENCE IN AUSTRALIA 369 11.8.3 DISCLOSURE MUST BE TO PROPER AUTHORITIES
371 11.9 REMEDIES 372 11.9.1 GENERAL 372 11.9.2 THE SPRINGBOARD
PRINCIPLE 372 11.9.3 DAMAGES 373 11.10 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFIDENTIAL
INFORMATION AND PATENTS 374 11.11 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFIDENTIAL
INFORMATION AND COPYRIGHT 375 11.12 INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS 376 12
PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS: INTRODUCTION 377 12.1 WHAT IS A PATENT FOR
INVENTION? 377 12.2 ORIGINS OF PATENT PROTECTION 378 12.3 DEVELOPMENT OF
PATENT LAW IN AUSTRALIA 380 12.4 RATIONALES OF PATENT PROTECTION 381
12.5 TYPES OF PATENT 382 12.5.1 STANDARD AND INNOVATION PATENTS 382
12.5.2 PATENTS OF ADDITION 382 12.5.3 SELECTION PATENTS 382 12.5.4
COMBINATION PATENTS 383 12.6 TYPES OF APPLICATION 383 12.6.1 CONVENTION
APPLICATIONS 383 XIV CONTENTS 12.6.2 PCT APPLICATIONS 384 12.6.3
DIVISIONAL APPLICATIONS 385 12.7 PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING A STANDARD
PATENT 385 12.7.1 THE APPLICATION 385 12.7.2 PRE-EXAMINATION 386 12.7.3
EXAMINATION 387 12.7.4 ACCEPTANCE AND PUBLICATION 388 12.7.5 OPPOSITION
389 12.7.6 RE-EXAMINATION 389 12.7.7 GRANT 390 12.8 PROCESSING AN
APPLICATION FOR AN INNOVATION PATENT 390 12.9 PATENT TERM 392 12.10
EXTENSION OF TERM OF STANDARD PATENTS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS 392 12.10.1
THE APPLICATION 392 12.10.2 CALCULATION OF THE TERM OF EXTENSION 393
12.11 REQUIREMENT OF CLAIMS TO HAVE A PRIORITY DATE 394 12.11.1 COMPLETE
APPLICATIONS 394 12.11.2 CONVENTION APPLICATIONS 394 12.11.3 PCT
APPLICATIONS 395 12.11.4 FAIR BASING OF CLAIM ON PRIORITY DOCUMENT 395
12.12 THE ROLE OF PRIORITY DATES 396 12.13 WITHDRAWAL AND LAPSING OF
APPLICATIONS AND CEASING OF PATENTS 397 12.14 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 398
12.14.1 PARIS CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY 1883
398 12.14.2 TRIPS (1994) 399 12.14.3 THE BUDAPEST TREATY 1997 400
12.14.4 EUROPEAN PATENT CONVENTION (1973) 400 12.14.5 PATENT LAW TREATY
(2000) 401 12.14.6 AUSTRALIA-USA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 2004 401 12.15
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 402 12.16 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS: INNOVATION
PATENTS 402 13 PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS: VALIDITY 403 13.1 STATUTORY
REQUIREMENTS 403 13.2 A TWO-TIER SYSTEM 404 13.3 THE CONCEPT OF
INVENTION 405 13.4 MANNER OF MANUFACTURE 406 13.4.1 TIME AT WHICH MANNER
OF MANUFACTURE IS RAISED 406 13.4.2 BACKGROUND TO THE MEANING OF MANNER
OF MANUFACTURE 406 13.4.3 NRDC V COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS: MEANING OF
MANNER OF MANUFACTURE 408 13.4.4 APPLICATION OF NRDC PRINCIPLES TO
REMOVE CLASSES OF UNPATENTABLE INVENTIONS: 1959-2006 409 13.4.5 METHODS
OF MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR HUMANS 411 13.4.6 COMPUTER PROGRAMS 413 13.4.7
THE APPLICATION OF NRDC PRINCIPLES POST-2006 414 13.4.8 DISCOVERIES AND
OTHER UNPATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER 416 13.5 GENERALLY INCONVENIENT 417
CONTENTS XV 13.6 NOVELTY 419 13.6.1 INTRODUCTION 419 13.6.2 TIME AT
WHICH NOVELTY IS RAISED 420 13.6.3 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 420 13.6.4
PRIOR ART BASE 421 13.6.5 METHOD FOR COMPARISON WITH INFORMATION IN
PRIOR ART BASE 423 13.6.6 TIME AT WHICH TO CONSTRUE AND READ DOCUMENTARY
DISCLOSURES 424 13.6.7 PUBLICLY AVAILABLE 425 13.6.8 TEST FOR AN
ANTICIPATION 428 13.6.9 PROHIBITION ON MOSAICS 429 13.6.10 PUBLICLY
AVAILABLE INFORMATION DISREGARDED: DISCLOSURE WITH CONSENT 430 13.6.11
PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION THAT IS DISREGARDED: NON-CONSENSUAL
DISCLOSURE 433 13.6.12 NOVELTY BY WAY OF SELECTION 434 13.6.13
RELATIONSHIP WITH INVENTIVE STEP AND INNOVATIVE STEP 436 13.7 INVENTIVE
STEP AND INNOVATIVE STEP: PRINCIPLES 436 13.7.1 INTRODUCTION 436 13.7.2
TIME AT WHICH INVENTIVE OR INNOVATIVE STEP IS RAISED 437 13.7.3
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS: OVERVIEW 438 13.7.4 INVENTIVE STEP: RELEVANT
INFORMATION FOR PURPOSES OF COMPARISON 439 13.7.5 INNOVATIVE STEP:
DETERMINATION OF RELEVANT INFORMATION FOR PURPOSES OF COMPARISON 440
13.7.6 SUMMARY OF DIFFERENCES 442 13.8 INVENTIVE STEP: ELEMENTS IN THE
ASSESSMENT 443 13.8.1 OBVIOUS: VERY PLAIN 443 13.8.2 PERSON SKILLED IN
THE RELEVANT ART 444 13.8.3 COMMON GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 445 13.8.4
INFORMATION A SKILLED PERSON WOULD BE EXPECTED TO ASCERTAIN, UNDERSTAND
AND REGARD AS RELEVANT 446 13.8.5 STANDARD REQUIRED: SCINTILLA OF
INVENTIVENESS 447 13.8.6 PROCESS TO IDENTIFY INVENTIVE STEP 447 13.8.7
EXPERT EVIDENCE TAINTED BY HINDSIGHT 448 13.8.8 SECONDARY INDICIA TO
ASSIST ASSESSMENT OF OBVIOUSNESS 448 13.8.9 OBJECTION TO RELIANCE UPON
HINDSIGHT 450 13.9 INNOVATIVE STEP: ASSESSMENT 450 13.10 THRESHOLD
QUALITY OF INVENTIVENESS 451 13.10.1 THE TEST 451 13.10.2 ASSESSMENT
OF THE THRESHOLD QUALITY OF INVENTIVENESS 452 13.10.3 THE FUTURE OF
THRESHOLD REQUIREMENT OF INVENTIVENESS 454 13.11 UTILITY 455 13.11.1
GENERAL 455 13.11.2 MEANING OF USEFUL 456 13.12 SECRET USE 457 13.12.1
GENERAL 457 13.12.2 RATIONALE 458 13.12.3 THE RELATIONSHIP WITH NOVELTY
458 13.12.4 THE MEANING OF SECRET 459 XVI CONTENTS 13.12.5 THE MEANING
OF USE 459 13.12.6 USE FOR REASONABLE TRIAL OR EXPERIMENT ONLY 460
13.12.7 USE OCCURRING SOLELY IN A CONFIDENTIAL DISCLOSURE 461 13.12.8
PATENTEE USE FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN TRADE OR COMMERCE 462 13.12.9
USE ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT 463 13.12.10 ONUS OF PROOF 463 13.13
EXPRESS EXCLUSIONS FROM PATENTABILITY 463 13.13.1 HUMAN BEINGS AND
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR THEIR GENERATION 463 13.13.2 PLANTS AND ANIMALS
464 13.13.3 CONTRARY TO LAW 464 13.13.4 MERE MIXTURES 465 13.13.5
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS 466 13.14 INTERNAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PATENT
SPECIFICATIONS: S 40 466 13.14.1 EVOLUTION OF THE SPECIFICATION AND
FUNCTION OF CLAIMS 466 13.14.2 STATUTORY PROVISIONS FOR INTERNAL
REQUIREMENTS FOR PATENT SPECIFICATIONS 468 13.14.3 CONSTRUCTION OF
SPECIFICATION FOR S 40 PURPOSES 468 13.14.4 STAGES FOR CONSIDERATION OF
S 40 REQUIREMENTS 469 13.14.5 THE RELATIONSHIP OF S 40 AND OTHER GROUNDS
OF INVALIDITY 469 13.14.6 PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION MUST DESCRIBE
INVENTION: S 40(1) 470 13.14.7 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION MUST PROVIDE
SUFFICIENT DESCRIPTION AND BEST METHOD OF PERFORMANCE: S 40(2) 470
13.14.8 END WITH CLAIMS DEFINING INVENTION: S 40(2) (B), (C) 473 13.14.9
CLAIMS MUST BE CLEAR AND SUCCINCT: S 40(3) 474 13.14.10 CLAIMS MUST BE
FAIRLY BASED: S 40(3) 475 13.14.11 CONSISTORY CLAUSE AND FAIR BASING 476
13.14.12 COMPARISON WITH FAIR BASIS ASSESSMENT: PRIORITY DATES 477
13.14.13 CLAIMS MUST RELATE TO ONE INVENTION ONLY: S 40(4) 477 13.15
DEPOSIT REQUIREMENTS FOR MICRO-ORGANISMS 478 13.15.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
478 13.15.2 THE MEANING OF EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES 479 14 PATENTS FOR
INVENTIONS: ALLOCATION OF RIGHTS AND OWNERSHIP, THE REGISTER AND
DEALINGS 480 14.1 ENTITLEMENT TO APPLY 480 14.1.1 CRITERIA FOR
INVENTORSHIP 481 14.1.2 ENTITLED TO HAVE PATENT ASSIGNED TO PERSON ON
GRANT 482 14.1.3 DERIVES TITLE TO INVENTION FROM INVENTOR 483 14.2
OWNERSHIP AND CO-OWNERSHIP 484 14.2.1 THE NOTION OF CO-OWNERSHIP 484
14.2.2 RIGHTS OF CO-OWNERS 484 14.2.3 DIRECTIONS TO CO-OWNERS 485 14.2.4
GRANT OF PATENT 485 14.2.5 PROPRIETARY RIGHTS IN THE PATENT 486 14.3
EMPLOYEE INVENTIONS 486 14.3.1 EXPRESS PROVISIONS IN THE EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT 487 14.3.2 IMPLIED DUTY TO ASSIGN INVENTIONS: THE DUTY OF
FIDELITY 488 14.3.3 FIDUCIARY DUTIES 490 CONTENTS XVII 14.4 CROWN USE OF
PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS 491 14.4.1 INTRODUCTION 491 14.4.2 EXPLOITATION
OF INVENTIONS BY THE CROWN 492 14.4.3 SCOPE OF THE EXPLOITATION RIGHT
493 14.4.4 FOR THE SERVICES OF THE COMMONWEALTH OR A STATE 493 14.4.5
OBLIGATIONS OF THE CROWN 494 14.4.6 PROCEDURES AVAILABLE TO A PATENTEE
495 14.4.7 REMUNERATION AND TERMS FOR EXPLOITATION 495 14.4.8
EXPLOITATION OF INVENTION TO CEASE UNDER COURT ORDER 495 14.4.9 SUPPLY
OF PRODUCTS BY COMMONWEALTH TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES 495 14.4.10 ACQUISITION
OF INVENTIONS OR PATENTS BY COMMONWEALTH 496 14.4.11 ASSIGNMENTS OF
INVENTIONS TO THE COMMONWEALTH 496 14.5 DEALINGS WITH INVENTIONS 496
14.5.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 496 14.5.2 NON-EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE LICENCES 497
14.5.3 EXCLUSIVE LICENCES 498 14.6 COMPULSORY LICENCES 498 14.6.1
APPLICATION 498 14.6.2 EFFECT OF COMPULSORY LICENCE ON OTHER PATENTS 500
14.6.3 OPERATION OF THE ORDER 501 14.6.4 REMUNERATION PAYABLE 501 14.6.5
REVOCATION 501 14.6.6 OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES FOR COMPULSORY LICENCE 502
14.6.7 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 502 14.7 CONTRACTS 503 14.7.1 VOID
CONDITIONS 503 14.7.2 CONDITIONS THAT ARE NOT VOID 505 14.7.3 DEFENCE TO
INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 505 14.7.4 TERMINATION OF CONTRACT AFTER PATENT
CEASES TO BE IN FORCE 506 14.8 THE REGISTER AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 506
14.8.1 CONTENTS OF THE REGISTER 506 14.8.2 INSPECTION AND ACCESS TO THE
REGISTER 507 14.8.3 FALSE ENTRIES 508 14.8.4 EVIDENCE 508 14.8.5 POWER
OF PATENTEE TO DEAL WITH PATENT 508 15 PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS:
EXPLOITATION, INFRINGEMENT AND REVOCATION 510 15.1 THE ROLE OF THE
PATENT SPECIFICATION 510 15.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
PATENT SPECIFICATION 511 15.3 CLAIM CONSTRUCTION 514 15.3.1 INTRODUCTION
514 15.3.2 PITH AND MARROW 515 15.3.3 PURPOSIVE CONSTRUCTION 516 15.4
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS OF THE PATENTEE 518 15.4.1 THE NATURE OF EXCLUSIVE
RIGHTS 518 15.4.2 THE CONCEPT OF AN IMPLIED LICENCE ON SALE 519 15.4.3
NO GRANT OF POSITIVE RIGHTS 519 15.5 DIRECT INFRINGEMENT 520 XVIII
CONTENTS 15.5.1 EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO MAKE A PATENTED PRODUCT 521 15.5.2
THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO USE 522 15.5.3 THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO KEEP 523
15.5.4 THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO IMPORT THE INVENTION 524 15.5.5 THE
CONCEPT OF PARALLEL IMPORTATION 526 15.5.6 AUTHORISATION 527 15.5.7
LIABILITY THROUGH COMMON DESIGN OR PROCUREMENT 529 15.6 CONTRIBUTORY
INFRINGEMENT 530 15.6.1 INTRODUCTION 530 15.6.2 OVERVIEW OF S 117 530
15.6.3 S 117(2)(A): CAPABLE OF ONE REASONABLE USE 531 15.6.4 S
117(2)(B): NOT A STAPLE COMMERCIAL PRODUCT 532 15.6.5 S 117(2) (C) 533
15.6.6 INFRINGEMENT OF PRODUCT PATENT BY SUPPLY OF COMPONENT PARTS 534
15.7 MISLEADING AND DECEPTIVE CONDUCT 535 15.8 DEFENCES TO INFRINGEMENT
535 15.8.1 USE IN OR ON FOREIGN VESSELS, AIRCRAFT OR VEHICLES 536 15.8.2
PRIOR USE OF AN INVENTION: S 119 536 15.8.3 ACTS FOR OBTAINING
REGULATORY APPROVAL OF PHARMACEUTICALS 540 15.8.4 PRIVATE ACTS 541
15.8.5 EXPERIMENTAL AND RESEARCH USE 541 15.9 INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS
543 15.10 RELIEF FOR INFRINGEMENT 544 15.11 NON-INFRINGEMENT
DECLARATIONS 545 15.12 UNJUSTIFIED THREATS OF INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS
545 15.13 REVOCATION OF PATENTS 546 15.13.1 STATUTORY PROVISIONS 546
15.13.2 LACK OF ENTITLEMENT 547 15.13.3 FRAUD AND FALSE SUGGESTION OR
MISREPRESENTATION 548 15.13.4 LITIGATION: PARTIES TO PROCEEDINGS 551
15.14 JURISDICTION AND POWERS OF COURTS 551 15.14.1 JURISDICTION OF THE
FEDERAL COURT 551 15.14.2 JURISDICTION OF OTHER PRESCRIBED COURTS 551
15.14.3 PROSECUTION FOR AN OFFENCE AGAINST THE ACT 552 15.14.4 APPEALS
TO THE FEDERAL COURT 552 16 PLANT BREEDER S RIGHTS 553 16.1 INTRODUCTION
553 16.2 PLANT BREEDING: TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 554 16.3 SUBJECT MATTER OF
PBR 555 16.4 REGISTRABILITY 555 16.4.1 THE VARIETY HAS A BREEDER 556
16.4.2 THE VARIETY IS DISTINCT 557 16.4.3 THE VARIETY IS UNIFORM 558
16.4.4 THE VARIETY IS STABLE 558 16.4.5 VARIETY HAS NOT BEEN EXPLOITED
OR ONLY RECENTLY EXPLOITED 559 16.4.6 TIME AT WHICH THE VARIETY MUST BE
DUS 560 CONTENTS XIX 16.5 PBR APPLICATIONS 561 16.5.1 RIGHT TO APPLY FOR
PBR 561 16.5.2 FORM OF APPLICATION FOR PBR 563 16.5.3 PRIORITY DATES 564
16.5.4 ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION 564 16.5.5 VARIATION OF THE APPLICATION
AFTER ACCEPTANCE 565 16.5.6 APPLICATION AFTER ACCEPTANCE: SUBSTANTIVE
EXAMINATION AND TEST GROWING REQUIREMENTS 565 16.5.7 OBJECTIONS 566
16.5.8 ACCESS TO THE APPLICATION AND ANY OBJECTION 566 16.5.9 STATUS OF
ACCEPTED APPLICATIONS 567 16.5.10 DEPOSIT OF PROPAGATING MATERIAL 567
16.6 GRANT 567 16.6.1 REQUIREMENTS 567 16.6.2 ENTRY OF DETAILS IN THE
REGISTER 568 16.6.3 EFFECT OF GRANT OF PBR 569 16.6.4 TERM OF PROTECTION
569 16.7 RIGHTS IN PBR 570 16.7.1 GENERAL NATURE OF PBR IN PROPAGATING
MATERIAL 570 16.7.2 EXTENSION BEYOND PROPAGATING MATERIAL: ESSENTIALLY
DERIVED VARIETIES 571 16.7.3 EXTENSION BEYOND PROPAGATING MATERIAL:
CERTAIN DEPENDENT PLANT VARIETIES 573 16.7.4 EXTENSION BEYOND
PROPAGATING MATERIAL: HARVESTED MATERIAL 573 16.7.5 EXTENSION BEYOND
PROPAGATING MATERIAL: PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM HARVESTED MATERIAL 576
16.7.6 CONCEPT OF EXHAUSTION OF RIGHTS 576 16.8 LIMITATIONS ON THE
BREEDER S RIGHTS 577 16.8.1 PRIVATE, EXPERIMENTAL OR BREEDING PURPOSES
578 16.8.2 FARMER S RIGHTS 579 16.8.3 BREEDER S RIGHTS IN HARVESTED
MATERIAL AND PRODUCTS FROM CROPS GROWN WITH FARM-SAVED SEED 582 16.8.4
OTHER RESTRICTIONS ON RIGHTS 582 16.8.5 REASONABLE PUBLIC ACCESS 583
16.9 OWNERSHIP AND CO-OWNERSHIP 583 16.10 EXPLOITING PBRS: LICENSING AND
OTHER FORMS 584 16.10.1 ASSIGNMENT OF PBR 584 16.10.2 LICENCES 584 16.11
REVOCATION OF PBR 585 16.12 SURRENDER OF PBR 586 16.13 INFRINGEMENT OF
RIGHTS 586 16.13.1 WHAT AMOUNTS TO INFRINGEMENT 586 16.13.2 EXEMPTIONS
FROM INFRINGEMENT 587 16.13.3 PRIOR USER RIGHTS 587 16.14 ENFORCEMENT OF
RIGHTS 588 16.14.1 ACTIONS FOR INFRINGEMENT 588 16.14.2 DECLARATIONS AS
TO NON-INFRINGEMENT 588 16.14.3 JURISDICTION 589 16.14.4 OFFENCES AND
CONDUCT BY DIRECTORS, SERVANTS AND AGENTS 589 XX CONTENTS 16.15
ADMINISTRATION 589 16.15.1 TRANSFER FROM DAFF TO DITR 589 16.15.2
PBRJOURNAL 590 16.15.3 REGISTRAR 590 16.15.4 PLANT BREEDER S RIGHTS
ADVISORY COMMITTEE 590 16.16 THE REGISTER 590 16.17 REMEDIES 591 16.18
MISCELLANEOUS 591 16.19 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 591 16.20 RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN PBR AND OTHER IP REGIMES 592 16.20.1 PBR AND PATENTS 593 16.20.2
PBR AND TRADE MARKS 593 16.21 OTHER INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 594 17
REMEDIES AND MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES 595 17.1 INTRODUCTION 595 17.2
PRETRIAL REMEDIES 595 17.2.1 ANTON PILLER ORDERS 596 17.2.2
REPRESENTATIVE ORDERS 598 17.2.3 INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTIONS 598 17.3
PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS 600 17.4 GROUNDLESS THREATS 601 17.5 DAMAGES 601
17.6 ACCOUNT OF PROFITS 602 17.7 CRIMINAL LIABILITY 604 17.8 CUSTOMS
SEIZURE 604 17.9 JURISDICTION 604 17.10 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND
FREEDOM OF COMPETITION 606 17.10.1 PER SE PROHIBITIONS 607 17.10.2 RULE
OF REASON PROHIBITIONS 607 17.10.3 EXEMPTIONS UNDER S 51 (3) 608 17.11
SECURITY OVER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 608 APPENDIX 610 INDEX 613
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AUSTRALIAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW MARK J. DAVISON ANN L. MONOTTI
LEANNE WISEMAN CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS CONTENTS PREFACE XXI
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS XXIII TABLE OF STATUTES XXV TABLE OF CASES XLV 1
INTRODUCTION 1.1 THE NATURE OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY L 1.2 THEORY OF IP
2 1.2.1 THE 'PROPERTY 1 IN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
1.2.2 1.2.3 1.2.4 1.2.5 1.2.6 NATURAL OR PERSONALITY RIGHTS 3 INCENTIVE
TO CREATE AND DISSEMINATE 3 PROTECTION FOR INVESTMENT 4 RENT SEEKING 5 A
COMBINATION OF ALL THE ABOVE 5 THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY REGIMES 6 1.3.1
1.3.2 1.3.3 1.3.4 1.3.5 1.3.6 1.3.7 PASSING OFF 6 REGISTERED TRADE MARKS
7 COPYRIGHT AND RELATED RIGHTS 7 DESIGNS 9 CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 9
PATENTS 9 PLANT BREEDER'S RIGHTS 10 IMPACT OF NEW TECHNOLOGY 10
INTERNATIONALISATION OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 12 1.5.1 1.5.2 1.5.3 1.5.4
WIPO 13 TOPS (1994) 13 BILATERAL AGREEMENTS 14 HARMONISATION OF
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PROCEDURES INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY IN AUSTRALIA 15
1.6.1 1.6.2 HISTORY OF AUSTRALIAN INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY LAW 16
CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ISSUES 17 SCHEME OF THE BOOK 18 2 PASSING OFF 2.1 20
HISTORY OF PASSING OFF 20 2.1.1 2.1.2 COMMON LAW AND PASSING OFF 20
EQUITY AND PASSING OFF 21 15 VI CONTENTS 2.2 ELEMENTS OF PASSING OFF 22
2.3 THE REPUTATION OF THE PLAINTIFF 23 2.3.1 LOCATION OF REPUTATION 25
2.3.2 OWNERSHIP OF REPUTATION 27 2.3.3 JOINT OWNERSHIP OF REPUTATION 27
2.3.4 DUAL OWNERSHIP: HONEST CONCURRENT USER AND USE OF OWN NAME 28
2.3.5 REPUTATION IN DESCRIPTIVE WORDS AND INSIGNIA: SECONDARY MEANINGS
30 2.3.6 REPUTATION IN PACKAGING AND APPEARANCE 31 2.3.7 REPUTATION OF
MARKETING IMAGE 33 2.3.8 REPUTATION IN PERSONALITY 33 2.3.9 ABANDONMENT
OF REPUTATION 34 2.4 THE MISREPRESENTATION 35 2.4.1 MISREPRESENTATION,
CONFUSION AND DECEPTION 35 2.4.2 THE TARGET OF THE REPRESENTATION 37
2.4.3 MISREPRESENTATIONS OF THE TRADE ORIGIN OF GOODS 38 2.4.4 DIFFERENT
QUALITY OF GOODS 38 2.4.5 CHARACTER MERCHANDISING 38 2.5 PASSING OFF AND
THE INTERNET 42 2.5.1 DOMAIN NAMES 42 2.5.2 AUSTRALIAN PASSING OFF CASES
AND THE INTERNET 44 2.5.3 UNIFORM DISPUTE RESOLUTION POLICY 46 2.5.4
AUSTRALIAN UNIFORM DISPUTE RESOLUTION POLICY 47 2.5.5 FRAMING 48 2.5.6
META-TAGS 49 2.5.7 POP-UP ADVERTISEMENTS WHEN INTERNET SEARCHING 50 2.6
EFFECT OF DISCLAIMERS 51 2.7 A HOLISTIC PERSPECTIVE 53 2.8 DAMAGE 53 2.9
STATUTORY CAUSES OF ACTION 54 2.9.1 'A CORPORATION' 55 2.9.2 'IN TRADE
OR COMMERCE' 55 2.9.3 'ENGAGE IN CONDUCT' 55 2.9.4 'MISLEADING OR
DECEPTIVE' 56 2.10 COMPARISON WITH PASSING OFF 57 2.10.1 SS 53, 55 AND
55A 58 2.10.2 STATE EQUIVALENTS 59 2.10.3 INJURIOUS FALSEHOOD 59 2.11
COMPARISON WITH EUROPE AND USA 59 2.12 REMEDIES 61 3 REGISTERED TRADE
MARKS 64 3.1 HISTORY OF REGISTERED TRADE MARKS 64 3.2 DRAWBACKS OF
PASSING OFF 65 3.3 FUNCTIONS OF TRADE MARKS 66 3.3.1 REDUCING SEARCH
COSTS 67 3.3.2 MANAGING PROPERTY INTERESTS 67 3.4 OVERVIEW OF THE
REGISTRATION PROCESS 68 CONTENTS VII 3.5 DEFINITION OF A TRADE MARK 70
3.6 DEFINITION OF A SIGN 70 3.6.1 ASPECT OF PACKAGING, SHAPE 70 3.6.2
COLOUR 72 3.6.3 SOUNDS 73 3.6.4 SCENTS 73 3.7 'USED OR INTENDED TO BE
USED' 74 3.7.1 UNCONDITIONAL INTENTION 74 3.7.2 OBJECTIVE TEST OF
INTENTION 75 3.7.3 USE BY OTHERS 75 3.8 DISTINGUISHING GOODS OR SERVICES
76 3.8.1 'DEALT WITH OR PROVIDED' 76 3.8.2 'IN THE COURSE OF TRADE' 77
3.8.3 'BY A PERSON' 78 3.9 OWNERSHIP 78 3.9.1 FIRST USE IN AUSTRALIA 79
3.9.2 DISTRIBUTORSHIP ARRANGEMENTS 80 3.9.3 CREATION OR ADOPTION OF AN
OVERSEAS TRADE MARK 81 3.9.4 PERSONS WHO CAN OWN A TRADE MARK 81 3.10
CERTIFICATION TRADE MARKS 82 3.10.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR REGISTRATION 82
3.10.2 CERTIFICATION BY OTHER MEANS 84 3.11 COLLECTIVE TRADE MARKS 84
3.12 DEFENSIVE TRADE MARKS 84 3.13 OVERVIEW OFREQUIREMENTS FOR
REGISTRATION OF STANDARD TRADEMARKS 87 3.14 NATIONAL SIGNS NOT TO BE
USED AS TRADE MARKS 87 3.15 SIGNS PRESCRIBED UNDER S 39(2) 88 3.16 TRADE
MARK CANNOT BE REPRESENTED GRAPHICALLY (S 40) 88 3.17 TRADE MARK NOT
ABLE TO BE DISTINGUISHED (S 41) 89 3.17.1 INHERENT DISTINCTIVENESS 89
3.17.2 PARTIAL INHERENT DISTINCTIVENESS: USE AND INTENDED USE 92 3.17.3
DISTINCTIVENESS THROUGH USE 92 3.17.4 FUNCTIONAL SHAPES 93 3.17.5 COLOUR
TRADE MARKS 97 3.18 SCANDALOUS TRADE MARKS 98 3.19 USE CONTRARY TO LAW
98 3.20 DECEPTIVE OR CONFUSING TRADE MARKS 99 3.21 TRADE MARKS IDENTICAL
OR SIMILAR TO EXISTING TRADE MARKS 100 3.21.1 SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL
WITH 101 3.21.2 OR DECEPTIVELY SIMILAR TO 101 3.21.3 THE CONTEXT OF THE
COMPARISON 103 3.21.4 SIMILAR GOODS 104 3.21.5 SIMILAR SERVICES 105
3.21.6 CLOSELY RELATED GOODS AND SERVICES 106 3.21.7 A GLOBAL ASSESSMENT
106 3.22 HONEST CONCURRENT USER 107 3.23 PRIOR CONTINUOUS USER 109
CONTENTS 3.24 OTHER LEGISLATION 109 3.24.1 PROTECTION OF SPORTING EVENTS
110 3.24.2 BUSINESS NAMES 110 3.24.3 AUSTRALIAN WINE AND BRANDY
CORPORATION AMENDMENT ACT 1993 112 3.24.4 PROTECTION FOR PARTICULAR
INDUSTRIES 112 3.25 OVERVIEW OF GROUNDS OF OPPOSITION 112 3.26 ANOTHER
TRADE MARK'S PRIOR REPUTATION (S 60) 113 3.26.1 RELATIONSHIP WITH HONEST
CONCURRENT USER AND PRIOR CONTINUOUS USER PROVISIONS 115 3.27
GEOGRAPHICAL INDICATIONS (S 61) 116 3.27.1 DEFINITION OF A GEOGRAPHICAL
INDICATION 116 3.27.2 INTERPRETATION OF S 61 117 3.27.3 EXCEPTIONS TO S
61(1) 118 3.28 OPPOSITION GROUNDS INTRODUCED UNDER TRADE MARKS AMENDMENT
ACT 2006 (CTH) 119 3.29 OVERVIEW OF RECTIFICATION OF THE REGISTER 119
3.30 AMENDMENT OR CANCELLATION BY REGISTRAR 120 3.31 OVERVIEW OF
RECTIFICATION BY THE COURT 121 3.31.1 AGGRIEVED PERSON 122 3.32 ERRORS
AND OMISSIONS (S 85) 123 3.33 CONTRAVENTION OF CONDITIONS OR LIMITS (S
86) 123 3.34 EFFECT OF SS 24 AND 25 ON S 87 123 3.35 CANCELLATION,
REMOVAL OR AMENDMENT (S 88(2)) 125 3.36 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS AND
PRESUMPTIVE VALIDITY 126 3.36.1 FRAUD 126 3.36.2 CONTRARY TO S 28 OF THE
REPEALED LEGISLATION 127 3.36.3 NOT DISTINCTIVE WHEN PROCEEDINGS
COMMENCE 127 3.37 GENERAL DISCRETION NOT TO RECTIFY 128 3.38 GROUNDS FOR
OPPOSITION 128 3.39 FRAUD, FALSE SUGGESTION OR MISREPRESENTATION 129
3.40 USE LIKELY TO DECEIVE OR CAUSE CONFUSION 129 3.41 RECTIFICATION NOT
GRANTED IF REGISTERED OWNER NOT AT FAULT 130 3.42 REMOVAL FOR NON-USE
132 3.42.1 GENERAL DISCRETION 134 3.42.2 RECENT CHANGES TO NON-USE UNDER
TRADE MARKS AMENDMENT ACT 2006 (CTH) 135 EXPLOITATION OF REGISTERED
TRADE MARKS 136 4.1 OVERVIEW OF INFRINGEMENT OF TRADE MARKS 136 4.1.1
USE AS A TRADE MARK 136 4.1.2 USE AS DESCRIPTIVE TERM RATHER THAN TRADE
MARK 137 4.1.3 SIGN USED TO DISTINGUISH GOODS AND SERVICES FROM OTHERS
139 4.1.4 SUBSTANTIALLY IDENTICAL WITH OR DECEPTIVELY SIMILAR TO 140
4.1.5 RELEVANCE OF THE DEFENDANT'S CONDUCT 141 4.1.6 RELEVANCE OF THE
PLAINTIFF'S TRADE MARK'S REPUTATION 141 4.2 S 120(1) 143 4.2.1 THE GOODS
OR SERVICES FOR WHICH THE TRADE MARK IS REGISTERED 143 CONTENTS IX 4.3 S
120(2) 144 4.4 S 120(3) 144 4.4.1 ANTI-DILUTION 145 4.4.2 WELL KNOWN 146
4.4.3 USED IN RELATION TO UNRELATED GOODS OR SERVICES 148 4.4.4
INDICATING A CONNECTION WITH THE OWNER 148 4.4.5 OWNER'S INTERESTS
ADVERSELY AFFECTED 150 4.4.6 ANTI-DILUTION OR PASSING OFF? 151 4.4.7
COMPARISON WITH PASSING OFF 152 4.5 ORAL USE OF A TRADE MARK 152 4.6
TWO-DIMENSIONAL DEVICE INFRINGED BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL SHAPE 152 4.7
PARALLEL IMPORTING 153 4.7.1 PARALLEL IMPORTING AND LICENSEES 157 4.7.2
PARALLEL IMPORTING AND PASSING OFF 157 4.7.3 PARALLEL IMPORTING AND
OTHER FORMS OF INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 158 4.8 SECOND-HAND GOODS 158 4.9
TRADE MARK INFRINGEMENT AND THE INTERNET 159 4.10 S 121: BREACH OF
CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS 161 4.11 GROUNDLESS THREATS OF LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
162 4.12 ACTS NOT CONSTITUTING INFRINGEMENT 163 4.12.1 IN GOOD FAITH 164
4.12.2 GOODFAITHUSEOFANAME(SL22(L)(A)) 164 4.12.3 GOOD FAITH USE OF A
SIGN (S 122(L)(B)) 164 4.12.4 GOOD FAITH USED TO INDICATE PURPOSE (S
122(L)(C)) 165 4.12.5 USE OF TRADE MARK FOR COMPARATIVE ADVERTISING (S
122(L)(D)) 165 4.12.6 EXERCISING RIGHT TO USE TRADE MARK (S 122(1) (E))
166 4.12.7 DEFENDANT MAY OBTAIN REGISTRATION OF SIMILAR TRADE MARK (S
122(1) (F)) 166 4.12.8 NON-INFRINGEMENT DUE TO CONDITION OR LIMITATION
(S 122(L)(G)) 167 4.12.9 DISCLAIMERS (S 122(1)(H)) 167 4.13 TRADE MARK
APPLIED BY OR WITH CONSENT OF REGISTERED OWNER 167 4.14 PRIOR CONTINUOUS
USE DEFENCE (S 124) 168 4.15 NO DAMAGES FOR INFRINGEMENT DURING NON-USE
PERIOD (S 127) 168 4.16 REMEDIES 169 4.17 ASSIGNMENT OF TRADE MARKS 169
4.17.1 PROCESS OF ASSIGNMENT 170 4.17.2 ASSIGNMENT OF CERTIFICATION
TRADE MARKS 171 4.17.3 ASSIGNMENT OF COLLECTIVE TRADE MARKS 171 4.17.4
ASSIGNMENT OF DEFENSIVE TRADE MARKS 171 4.18 LICENSING OF TRADE MARKS
172 4.18.1 QUALITY CONTROL 173 4.18.2 FINANCIAL CONTROL 173 4.18.3 OTHER
FORMS OF CONTROL 174 4.18.4 FRANCHISING 174 4.18.5 ASSIGNMENT OF
LICENCES 175 4.19 VOLUNTARY RECORDING OF INTERESTS AND CLAIMS 175 4.20
INTERNATIONAL TREATY OBLIGATIONS 176 X CONTENTS 5 COPYRIGHT:
INTRODUCTION 178 5.1 INTRODUCTION 178 5.2 HISTORY 180 5.3 JUSTIFICATIONS
186 5.3.1 UTILITARIAN-BASED ARGUMENTS 187 5.3.2 NATURAL RIGHTS 188 5.4
INTERNATIONAL INFLUENCES 189 5.4.1 THE BERNE CONVENTION (1886) 190 5.4.2
THE UNIVERSAL! COPYRIGHT CONVENTION (UCQ (1952) 190 5.4.3 THE ROME
CONVENTION (1961) 190 5.4.4 GATT (1947) AND TRIPS (1994) 191 5.4.5 THE
WIPO INTERNET TREATIES (1996) 191 5.4.6 AUSTRALIA-USA FREE TRADE
AGREEMENT 2004 192 5.5 FUTURE REFORMS 192 6 SUBSISTENCE OF COPYRIGHT 194
6.1 INTRODUCTION 194 6.2 SUBJECT MATTER 195 6.2.1 WORKS 195 6.2.2
SUBJECT MATTER OTHER THAN WORKS (PART IV) 206 6.3 RECORDED IN MATERIAL
FORM 208 6.4 CONNECTED TO AUSTRALIA 209 6.5 'ORIGINALITY' 211 6.5.1
ORIGINAL LITERARY, DRAMATIC, MUSICAL AND ARTISTIC WORKS 211 6.5.2
SUBJECT MATTER OTHER THAN WORKS 213 7 AUTHORSHIP AND FIRST OWNERSHIP,
NATURE OF THE RIGHTS AND DURATION 214 7.1 INTRODUCTION 214 7.2
'AUTHORSHIP' AND FIRST OWNERSHIP 214 7.2.1 WHO IS THE AUTHOR? 215 7.2.2
JOINT AUTHORSHIP 217 7.2.3 WORKS WITH NO KNOWN AUTHOR 217 7.3 EXCEPTIONS
TO FIRST OWNERSHIP 218 7.3.1 WORKS CREATED BY EMPLOYEES 218 7.3.2 WORKS
CREATED BY JOURNALISTS 220 7.3.3 COMMISSIONED WORKS 221 7.3.4 CROWN
COPYRIGHT 221 7.4 NATURE OF THE RIGHTS 222 7.4.1 THE RIGHT OF
REPRODUCTION 223 7.4.2 THE RIGHT TO PUBLISH THE WORK 225 7.4.3 THE RIGHT
TO PERFORM THE WORK IN PUBLIC 225 7.4.4 THE RIGHT TO COMMUNICATE THE
WORK TO THE PUBLIC 226 7.4.5 THE RIGHT TO MAKE AN ADAPTATION OF THE WORK
227 7.4.6 THE RIGHT OF COMMERCIAL RENTAL 228 7.5 TECHNOLOGICAL
PROTECTION MEASURES 228 7.5.1 ANTI-CIRCUMVENTION 229 CONTENTS XI 7.5.2
RIGHTS MANAGEMENT INFORMATION 235 7.5.3 UNAUTHORISED ACCESS TO ENCODED
BROADCASTS 236 7.6 DURATION 237 EXPLOITATION, INFRINGEMENT AND DEFENCES
238 8.1 INTRODUCTION 238 8.2 EXPLOITATION 238 8.2.1 ASSIGNMENT 239 8.2.2
LICENCES 240 8.2.3 COLLECTIVE ADMINISTRATION 247 8.3 INFRINGEMENT 249
8.3.1 DIRECT INFRINGEMENT 250 8.3.2 INDIRECT INFRINGEMENT 261 8.4 RELIEF
FOR COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT 267 8.4.1 DAMAGES 268 8.4.2 INNOCENT
INFRINGEMENT 269 8.4.3 CONVERSION OR DETENTION 269 8.4.4 GROUNDLESS
THREATS TO SUE 270 8.4.5 CRIMINAL OFFENCES 270 8.5 DEFENCES AND
LIMITATIONS 272 8.5.1 FAIR DEALING 273 8.5.2 TIME-SHIFTING 283 8.5.3
FORMAT-SHIFTING 284 8.5.4 EXCEPTIONS FOR ARCHIVES AND LIBRARIES 285
8.5.5 EDUCATIONAL USES 288 8.5.6 ARTISTIC WORKS 289 8.5.7 COMPUTER
PROGRAMS 290 8.5.8 TEMPORARY AND INCIDENTAL REPRODUCTIONS 291 8.5.9
LEGAL MATERIALS 291 8.5.10 GOVERNMENT USES 292 8.5.11 READING OR
RECITATION IN PUBLIC 292 8.5.12 SOUND RECORDINGS 292 8.5.13 FILMS 293
8.5.14 PUBLIC INTEREST 293 8.5.15 CONTRACTING OUT OF THE DEFENCES 294
8.5.16 FUTURE REFORMS 295 MORAL RIGHTS, PERFORMERS' RIGHTS AND CIRCUIT
LAYOUTS 296 9.1 INTRODUCTION 296 9.2 MORAL RIGHTS 296 9.2.1 THE RIGHT OF
ATTRIBUTION 298 9.2.2 THE RIGHT OF INTEGRITY 299 9.2.3 THE RIGHT TO
OBJECT TO FALSE ATTRIBUTION 301 9.2.4 LIMITS ON MORAL RIGHTS 302 9.2.5
CONSENT 304 9.2.6 REMEDIES FOR INFRINGEMENT OF MORAL RIGHTS 306 9.2.7
REFORM: INDIGENOUS COMMUNAL MORAL RIGHTS? 306 XLL CONTENTS 9.3
PERFORMERS' RIGHTS 307 9.3.1 PERFORMERS'MORAL RIGHTS 310 9.4 CIRCUIT
LAYOUTS 312 9.4.1 NATURE AND SCOPE OF CIRCUIT LAYOUTS 313 9.4.2
SUBSISTENCE 314 9.4.3 EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS 314 9.4.4 OWNERSHIP 315 9.4.5
EXPLOITATION 315 9.4.6 DURATION 315 9.4.7 INFRINGEMENT 316 9.4.8
EXCEPTIONS AND DEFENCES 316 9.4.9 REMEDIES 317 9.4.10 OVERLAP WITH
COPYRIGHT AND DESIGN PROTECTION? 318 9.5 PUBLIC AND EDUCATIONAL LENDING
RIGHTS 318 10 DESIGNS 320 10.1 INTRODUCTION 320 10.2 HISTORY 320 10.3
THE REGISTRATION PROCESS 322 10.3.1 WHO CAN APPLY? 322 10.3.2
REQUIREMENTS OF THE APPLICATION 323 10.3.3 REQUEST FOR REGISTRATION OR
PUBLICATION 323 10.3.4 PUBLICATION 324 10.3.5 REGISTRATION 324 10.3.6
PRIORITY DATE 324 10.3.7 DURATION 325 10.3.8 POST-REGISTRATION
EXAMINATION 325 10.4 CRITERIA FOR PROTECTION 325 10.4.1 MEANING
OF'DESIGN' 325 10.4.2 'NEW'AND'DISTINCTIVE' 328 10.5 OWNERSHIP 329 10.6
RIGHTS 329 10.7 INFRINGEMENT 329 10.7.1 INFRINGEMENT UNDER THE 1906 ACT
330 10.7.2 INFRINGEMENT UNDER THE 2003 DESIGNS ACT 331 10.8 EXCEPTIONS
333 10.8.1 THE SPARE PARTS DEFENCE 333 10.8.2 CONSENT AND PARALLEL
IMPORTATION 335 10.8.3 CROWN USE AND SUPPLY 335 10.9 REMEDIES 335 10.9.1
UNJUSTIFIED THREATS 336 10.10 DESIGN-COPYRIGHT OVERLAP 336 10.10.1
REGISTRATION OF A CORRESPONDING DESIGN 337 10.10.2 INDUSTRIAL
APPLICATION OF A CORRESPONDING DESIGN 338 11 EQUITABLE DOCTRINE OF
BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 340 11.1 INTRODUCTION 340 11.2 ORIGINS OF EQUITABLE
DOCTRINE OF BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 342 CONTENTS X 11.3 THE ELEMENTS OF THE
ACTION 343 11.3.1 MUST BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY THE INFORMATION WITH
SPECIFICITY 345 11.3.2 INFORMATION MUST HAVE THE NECESSARY QUALITY OF
CONFIDENCE 345 11.3.3 INFORMATION GIVEN OR RECEIVED TO IMPORT AN
OBLIGATION OF CONFIDENCE 350 11.3.4 UNAUTHORISED USE OR DISCLOSURE OF
THE INFORMATION 354 11.3.5 THE SCOPE OF THE OBLIGATION 356 11.3.6 THE
NEED TO SHOW DETRIMENT 357 11.3.7 REASONABLENESS OF OBTAINING A REMEDY
359 11.4 HOW LONG DOES THE OBLIGATION LAST? 359 11.4.1 EXPRESS
CONTRACTUAL OBLIGATIONS 359 11.4.2 EQUITABLE OBLIGATIONS 359 11.4.3
DISCLOSURE BY THE CONFIDER 359 11.4.4 DISCLOSURE BY THE CONFIDANT 360
11.4.5 DISCLOSURE BY THIRD PARTY AFTER CONFIDENCE IS IMPOSED 360 11.5
ENTITLEMENT 361 11.6 SPECIAL CIRCUMSTANCES: DURING EMPLOYMENT 362 11.6.1
DUTY OF FIDELITY 363 11.6.2 CONTRACT 364 11.6.3 EQUITABLE ACTION FOR
BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 364 11.7 DUTY OF FORMER EMPLOYEE AFTER EMPLOYMENT
CEASES 365 11.7.1 DUTY OF FIDELITY 365 11.7.2 CONTRACT 365 11.7.3
EQUITABLE ACTION FOR BREACH OF CONFIDENCE 366 11.8 DEFENCES: PUBLIC
INTEREST IN DISCLOSURE 368 11.8.1 BACKGROUND 368 11.8.2 NATURE OF THE
DEFENCE IN AUSTRALIA 369 11.8.3 DISCLOSURE MUST BE TO PROPER AUTHORITIES
371 11.9 REMEDIES 372 11.9.1 GENERAL 372 11.9.2 THE SPRINGBOARD
PRINCIPLE 372 11.9.3 DAMAGES 373 11.10 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFIDENTIAL
INFORMATION AND PATENTS 374 11.11 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CONFIDENTIAL
INFORMATION AND COPYRIGHT 375 11.12 INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS 376 12
PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS: INTRODUCTION 377 12.1 WHAT IS A PATENT FOR
INVENTION? 377 12.2 ORIGINS OF PATENT PROTECTION 378 12.3 DEVELOPMENT OF
PATENT LAW IN AUSTRALIA 380 12.4 RATIONALES OF PATENT PROTECTION 381
12.5 TYPES OF PATENT 382 12.5.1 STANDARD AND INNOVATION PATENTS 382
12.5.2 PATENTS OF ADDITION 382 12.5.3 SELECTION PATENTS 382 12.5.4
COMBINATION PATENTS 383 12.6 TYPES OF APPLICATION 383 12.6.1 CONVENTION
APPLICATIONS 383 XIV CONTENTS 12.6.2 PCT APPLICATIONS 384 12.6.3
DIVISIONAL APPLICATIONS 385 12.7 PROCEDURE FOR OBTAINING A STANDARD
PATENT 385 12.7.1 THE APPLICATION 385 12.7.2 PRE-EXAMINATION 386 12.7.3
EXAMINATION 387 12.7.4 ACCEPTANCE AND PUBLICATION 388 12.7.5 OPPOSITION
389 12.7.6 RE-EXAMINATION 389 12.7.7 GRANT 390 12.8 PROCESSING AN
APPLICATION FOR AN INNOVATION PATENT 390 12.9 PATENT TERM 392 12.10
EXTENSION OF TERM OF STANDARD PATENTS FOR PHARMACEUTICALS 392 12.10.1
THE APPLICATION 392 12.10.2 CALCULATION OF THE TERM OF EXTENSION 393
12.11 REQUIREMENT OF CLAIMS TO HAVE A PRIORITY DATE 394 12.11.1 COMPLETE
APPLICATIONS 394 12.11.2 CONVENTION APPLICATIONS 394 12.11.3 PCT
APPLICATIONS 395 12.11.4 FAIR BASING OF CLAIM ON PRIORITY DOCUMENT 395
12.12 THE ROLE OF PRIORITY DATES 396 12.13 WITHDRAWAL AND LAPSING OF
APPLICATIONS AND CEASING OF PATENTS 397 12.14 INTERNATIONAL ASPECTS 398
12.14.1 PARIS CONVENTION FOR THE PROTECTION OF INDUSTRIAL PROPERTY 1883
398 12.14.2 TRIPS (1994) 399 12.14.3 THE BUDAPEST TREATY 1997 400
12.14.4 EUROPEAN PATENT CONVENTION (1973) 400 12.14.5 PATENT LAW TREATY
(2000) 401 12.14.6 AUSTRALIA-USA FREE TRADE AGREEMENT 2004 401 12.15
TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 402 12.16 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS: INNOVATION
PATENTS 402 13 PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS: VALIDITY 403 13.1 STATUTORY
REQUIREMENTS 403 13.2 A TWO-TIER SYSTEM 404 13.3 THE CONCEPT OF
INVENTION 405 13.4 MANNER OF MANUFACTURE 406 13.4.1 TIME AT WHICH MANNER
OF MANUFACTURE IS RAISED 406 13.4.2 BACKGROUND TO THE MEANING OF 'MANNER
OF MANUFACTURE' 406 13.4.3 NRDC V COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS: MEANING OF
'MANNER OF MANUFACTURE' 408 13.4.4 APPLICATION OF NRDC PRINCIPLES TO
REMOVE CLASSES OF UNPATENTABLE INVENTIONS: 1959-2006 409 13.4.5 METHODS
OF MEDICAL TREATMENT FOR HUMANS 411 13.4.6 COMPUTER PROGRAMS 413 13.4.7
THE APPLICATION OF NRDC PRINCIPLES POST-2006 414 13.4.8 DISCOVERIES AND
OTHER UNPATENTABLE SUBJECT MATTER 416 13.5 GENERALLY INCONVENIENT 417
CONTENTS XV 13.6 NOVELTY 419 13.6.1 INTRODUCTION 419 13.6.2 TIME AT
WHICH NOVELTY IS RAISED 420 13.6.3 STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS 420 13.6.4
PRIOR ART BASE 421 13.6.5 METHOD FOR COMPARISON WITH INFORMATION IN
PRIOR ART BASE 423 13.6.6 TIME AT WHICH TO CONSTRUE AND READ DOCUMENTARY
DISCLOSURES 424 13.6.7 PUBLICLY AVAILABLE 425 13.6.8 TEST FOR AN
'ANTICIPATION' 428 13.6.9 PROHIBITION ON'MOSAICS' 429 13.6.10 PUBLICLY
AVAILABLE INFORMATION DISREGARDED: DISCLOSURE WITH CONSENT 430 13.6.11
PUBLICLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION THAT IS DISREGARDED: NON-CONSENSUAL
DISCLOSURE 433 13.6.12 NOVELTY BY WAY OF SELECTION 434 13.6.13
RELATIONSHIP WITH INVENTIVE STEP AND INNOVATIVE STEP 436 13.7 INVENTIVE
STEP AND INNOVATIVE STEP: PRINCIPLES 436 13.7.1 INTRODUCTION 436 13.7.2
TIME AT WHICH INVENTIVE OR INNOVATIVE STEP IS RAISED 437 13.7.3
STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS: OVERVIEW 438 13.7.4 INVENTIVE STEP: RELEVANT
INFORMATION FOR PURPOSES OF COMPARISON 439 13.7.5 INNOVATIVE STEP:
DETERMINATION OF RELEVANT INFORMATION FOR PURPOSES OF COMPARISON 440
13.7.6 SUMMARY OF DIFFERENCES 442 13.8 INVENTIVE STEP: ELEMENTS IN THE
ASSESSMENT 443 13.8.1 OBVIOUS: VERY PLAIN 443 13.8.2 PERSON SKILLED IN
THE RELEVANT ART 444 13.8.3 COMMON GENERAL KNOWLEDGE 445 13.8.4
INFORMATION A SKILLED PERSON WOULD BE EXPECTED TO ASCERTAIN, UNDERSTAND
AND REGARD AS RELEVANT 446 13.8.5 STANDARD REQUIRED: SCINTILLA OF
INVENTIVENESS 447 13.8.6 PROCESS TO IDENTIFY INVENTIVE STEP 447 13.8.7
EXPERT EVIDENCE 'TAINTED BY HINDSIGHT' 448 13.8.8 SECONDARY INDICIA TO
ASSIST ASSESSMENT OF OBVIOUSNESS 448 13.8.9 OBJECTION TO RELIANCE UPON
HINDSIGHT 450 13.9 INNOVATIVE STEP: ASSESSMENT 450 13.10 THRESHOLD
QUALITY OF 'INVENTIVENESS' 451 13.10.1 THE TEST 451 13.10.2 ASSESSMENT
OF THE THRESHOLD QUALITY OF 'INVENTIVENESS' 452 13.10.3 THE FUTURE OF
THRESHOLD REQUIREMENT OF 'INVENTIVENESS' 454 13.11 UTILITY 455 13.11.1
GENERAL 455 13.11.2 MEANING OF'USEFUL' 456 13.12 SECRET USE 457 13.12.1
GENERAL 457 13.12.2 RATIONALE 458 13.12.3 THE RELATIONSHIP WITH NOVELTY
458 13.12.4 THE MEANING OF'SECRET' 459 XVI CONTENTS 13.12.5 THE MEANING
OF'USE' 459 13.12.6 USE FOR REASONABLE TRIAL OR EXPERIMENT ONLY 460
13.12.7 USE OCCURRING SOLELY IN A CONFIDENTIAL DISCLOSURE 461 13.12.8
PATENTEE USE FOR ANY PURPOSE OTHER THAN TRADE OR COMMERCE 462 13.12.9
USE ON BEHALF OF THE GOVERNMENT 463 13.12.10 ONUS OF PROOF 463 13.13
EXPRESS EXCLUSIONS FROM PATENTABILITY 463 13.13.1 HUMAN BEINGS AND
BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES FOR THEIR GENERATION 463 13.13.2 PLANTS AND ANIMALS
464 13.13.3 CONTRARY TO LAW 464 13.13.4 MERE MIXTURES 465 13.13.5
INTERNATIONAL OBLIGATIONS 466 13.14 INTERNAL REQUIREMENTS FOR PATENT
SPECIFICATIONS: S 40 466 13.14.1 EVOLUTION OF THE SPECIFICATION AND
FUNCTION OF CLAIMS 466 13.14.2 STATUTORY PROVISIONS FOR INTERNAL
REQUIREMENTS FOR PATENT SPECIFICATIONS 468 13.14.3 CONSTRUCTION OF
SPECIFICATION FOR S 40 PURPOSES 468 13.14.4 STAGES FOR CONSIDERATION OF
S 40 REQUIREMENTS 469 13.14.5 THE RELATIONSHIP OF S 40 AND OTHER GROUNDS
OF INVALIDITY 469 13.14.6 PROVISIONAL SPECIFICATION MUST DESCRIBE
INVENTION: S 40(1) 470 13.14.7 COMPLETE SPECIFICATION MUST PROVIDE
SUFFICIENT DESCRIPTION AND BEST METHOD OF PERFORMANCE: S 40(2) 470
13.14.8 END WITH CLAIMS DEFINING INVENTION: S 40(2) (B), (C) 473 13.14.9
CLAIMS MUST BE CLEAR AND SUCCINCT: S 40(3) 474 13.14.10 CLAIMS MUST BE
FAIRLY BASED: S 40(3) 475 13.14.11 CONSISTORY CLAUSE AND FAIR BASING 476
13.14.12 COMPARISON WITH FAIR BASIS ASSESSMENT: PRIORITY DATES 477
13.14.13 CLAIMS MUST RELATE TO ONE INVENTION ONLY: S 40(4) 477 13.15
DEPOSIT REQUIREMENTS FOR MICRO-ORGANISMS 478 13.15.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
478 13.15.2 THE MEANING OF'EXPERIMENTAL PURPOSES' 479 14 PATENTS FOR
INVENTIONS: ALLOCATION OF RIGHTS AND OWNERSHIP, THE REGISTER AND
DEALINGS 480 14.1 ENTITLEMENT TO APPLY 480 14.1.1 CRITERIA FOR
INVENTORSHIP 481 14.1.2 ENTITLED TO HAVE PATENT ASSIGNED TO PERSON ON
GRANT 482 14.1.3 DERIVES TITLE TO INVENTION FROM INVENTOR 483 14.2
OWNERSHIP AND CO-OWNERSHIP 484 14.2.1 THE NOTION OF CO-OWNERSHIP 484
14.2.2 RIGHTS OF CO-OWNERS 484 14.2.3 DIRECTIONS TO CO-OWNERS 485 14.2.4
GRANT OF PATENT 485 14.2.5 PROPRIETARY RIGHTS IN THE PATENT 486 14.3
EMPLOYEE INVENTIONS 486 14.3.1 EXPRESS PROVISIONS IN THE EMPLOYMENT
CONTRACT 487 14.3.2 IMPLIED DUTY TO ASSIGN INVENTIONS: THE DUTY OF
FIDELITY 488 14.3.3 FIDUCIARY DUTIES 490 CONTENTS XVII 14.4 CROWN USE OF
PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS 491 14.4.1 INTRODUCTION 491 14.4.2 EXPLOITATION
OF INVENTIONS BY THE CROWN 492 14.4.3 SCOPE OF THE EXPLOITATION RIGHT
493 14.4.4 FOR THE SERVICES OF THE COMMONWEALTH OR A STATE 493 14.4.5
OBLIGATIONS OF THE CROWN 494 14.4.6 PROCEDURES AVAILABLE TO A PATENTEE
495 14.4.7 REMUNERATION AND TERMS FOR EXPLOITATION 495 14.4.8
EXPLOITATION OF INVENTION TO CEASE UNDER COURT ORDER 495 14.4.9 SUPPLY
OF PRODUCTS BY COMMONWEALTH TO FOREIGN COUNTRIES 495 14.4.10 ACQUISITION
OF INVENTIONS OR PATENTS BY COMMONWEALTH 496 14.4.11 ASSIGNMENTS OF
INVENTIONS TO THE COMMONWEALTH 496 14.5 DEALINGS WITH INVENTIONS 496
14.5.1 GENERAL PRINCIPLES 496 14.5.2 NON-EXCLUSIVE AND SOLE LICENCES 497
14.5.3 EXCLUSIVE LICENCES 498 14.6 COMPULSORY LICENCES 498 14.6.1
APPLICATION 498 14.6.2 EFFECT OF COMPULSORY LICENCE ON OTHER PATENTS 500
14.6.3 OPERATION OF THE ORDER 501 14.6.4 REMUNERATION PAYABLE 501 14.6.5
REVOCATION 501 14.6.6 OTHER CIRCUMSTANCES FOR COMPULSORY LICENCE 502
14.6.7 INTERNATIONAL REQUIREMENTS 502 14.7 CONTRACTS 503 14.7.1 VOID
CONDITIONS 503 14.7.2 CONDITIONS THAT ARE NOT VOID 505 14.7.3 DEFENCE TO
INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS 505 14.7.4 TERMINATION OF CONTRACT AFTER PATENT
CEASES TO BE IN FORCE 506 14.8 THE REGISTER AND OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 506
14.8.1 CONTENTS OF THE REGISTER 506 14.8.2 INSPECTION AND ACCESS TO THE
REGISTER 507 14.8.3 FALSE ENTRIES 508 14.8.4 EVIDENCE 508 14.8.5 POWER
OF PATENTEE TO DEAL WITH PATENT 508 15 PATENTS FOR INVENTIONS:
EXPLOITATION, INFRINGEMENT AND REVOCATION 510 15.1 THE ROLE OF THE
PATENT SPECIFICATION 510 15.2 GENERAL PRINCIPLES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF
PATENT SPECIFICATION 511 15.3 CLAIM CONSTRUCTION 514 15.3.1 INTRODUCTION
514 15.3.2 PITH AND MARROW 515 15.3.3 PURPOSIVE CONSTRUCTION 516 15.4
EXCLUSIVE RIGHTS OF THE PATENTEE 518 15.4.1 THE NATURE OF EXCLUSIVE
RIGHTS 518 15.4.2 THE CONCEPT OF AN IMPLIED LICENCE ON SALE 519 15.4.3
NO GRANT OF POSITIVE RIGHTS 519 15.5 DIRECT INFRINGEMENT 520 XVIII
CONTENTS 15.5.1 EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO MAKE A PATENTED PRODUCT 521 15.5.2
THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO USE 522 15.5.3 THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO KEEP 523
15.5.4 THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO IMPORT THE INVENTION 524 15.5.5 THE
CONCEPT OF PARALLEL IMPORTATION 526 15.5.6 AUTHORISATION 527 15.5.7
LIABILITY THROUGH 'COMMON DESIGN' OR 'PROCUREMENT' 529 15.6 CONTRIBUTORY
INFRINGEMENT 530 15.6.1 INTRODUCTION 530 15.6.2 OVERVIEW OF S 117 530
15.6.3 S 117(2)(A): CAPABLE OF ONE REASONABLE USE 531 15.6.4 S
117(2)(B): NOT A STAPLE COMMERCIAL PRODUCT 532 15.6.5 S 117(2) (C) 533
15.6.6 INFRINGEMENT OF PRODUCT PATENT BY SUPPLY OF COMPONENT PARTS 534
15.7 MISLEADING AND DECEPTIVE CONDUCT 535 15.8 DEFENCES TO INFRINGEMENT
535 15.8.1 USE IN OR ON FOREIGN VESSELS, AIRCRAFT OR VEHICLES 536 15.8.2
PRIOR USE OF AN INVENTION: S 119 536 15.8.3 ACTS FOR OBTAINING
REGULATORY APPROVAL OF PHARMACEUTICALS 540 15.8.4 PRIVATE ACTS 541
15.8.5 EXPERIMENTAL AND RESEARCH USE 541 15.9 INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS
543 15.10 RELIEF FOR INFRINGEMENT 544 15.11 NON-INFRINGEMENT
DECLARATIONS 545 15.12 UNJUSTIFIED THREATS OF INFRINGEMENT PROCEEDINGS
545 15.13 REVOCATION OF PATENTS 546 15.13.1 STATUTORY PROVISIONS 546
15.13.2 LACK OF ENTITLEMENT 547 15.13.3 FRAUD AND FALSE SUGGESTION OR
MISREPRESENTATION 548 15.13.4 LITIGATION: PARTIES TO PROCEEDINGS 551
15.14 JURISDICTION AND POWERS OF COURTS 551 15.14.1 JURISDICTION OF THE
FEDERAL COURT 551 15.14.2 JURISDICTION OF OTHER PRESCRIBED COURTS 551
15.14.3 PROSECUTION FOR AN OFFENCE AGAINST THE ACT 552 15.14.4 APPEALS
TO THE FEDERAL COURT 552 16 PLANT BREEDER'S RIGHTS 553 16.1 INTRODUCTION
553 16.2 PLANT BREEDING: TECHNICAL BACKGROUND 554 16.3 SUBJECT MATTER OF
PBR 555 16.4 REGISTRABILITY 555 16.4.1 THE VARIETY HAS A BREEDER 556
16.4.2 THE VARIETY IS DISTINCT 557 16.4.3 THE VARIETY IS UNIFORM 558
16.4.4 THE VARIETY IS STABLE 558 16.4.5 VARIETY HAS NOT BEEN EXPLOITED
OR ONLY RECENTLY EXPLOITED 559 16.4.6 TIME AT WHICH THE VARIETY MUST BE
DUS 560 CONTENTS XIX 16.5 PBR APPLICATIONS 561 16.5.1 RIGHT TO APPLY FOR
PBR 561 16.5.2 FORM OF APPLICATION FOR PBR 563 16.5.3 PRIORITY DATES 564
16.5.4 ACCEPTANCE AND REJECTION 564 16.5.5 VARIATION OF THE APPLICATION
AFTER ACCEPTANCE 565 16.5.6 APPLICATION AFTER ACCEPTANCE: SUBSTANTIVE
EXAMINATION AND TEST GROWING REQUIREMENTS 565 16.5.7 OBJECTIONS 566
16.5.8 ACCESS TO THE APPLICATION AND ANY OBJECTION 566 16.5.9 STATUS OF
ACCEPTED APPLICATIONS 567 16.5.10 DEPOSIT OF PROPAGATING MATERIAL 567
16.6 GRANT 567 16.6.1 REQUIREMENTS 567 16.6.2 ENTRY OF DETAILS IN THE
REGISTER 568 16.6.3 EFFECT OF GRANT OF PBR 569 16.6.4 TERM OF PROTECTION
569 16.7 RIGHTS IN PBR 570 16.7.1 GENERAL NATURE OF PBR IN PROPAGATING
MATERIAL 570 16.7.2 EXTENSION BEYOND PROPAGATING MATERIAL: ESSENTIALLY
DERIVED VARIETIES 571 16.7.3 EXTENSION BEYOND PROPAGATING MATERIAL:
CERTAIN DEPENDENT PLANT VARIETIES 573 16.7.4 EXTENSION BEYOND
PROPAGATING MATERIAL: HARVESTED MATERIAL 573 16.7.5 EXTENSION BEYOND
PROPAGATING MATERIAL: PRODUCTS OBTAINED FROM HARVESTED MATERIAL 576
16.7.6 CONCEPT OF EXHAUSTION OF RIGHTS 576 16.8 LIMITATIONS ON THE
BREEDER'S RIGHTS 577 16.8.1 PRIVATE, EXPERIMENTAL OR BREEDING PURPOSES
578 16.8.2 FARMER'S RIGHTS 579 16.8.3 BREEDER'S RIGHTS IN HARVESTED
MATERIAL AND PRODUCTS FROM CROPS GROWN WITH FARM-SAVED SEED 582 16.8.4
OTHER RESTRICTIONS ON RIGHTS 582 16.8.5 REASONABLE PUBLIC ACCESS 583
16.9 OWNERSHIP AND CO-OWNERSHIP 583 16.10 EXPLOITING PBRS: LICENSING AND
OTHER FORMS 584 16.10.1 ASSIGNMENT OF PBR 584 16.10.2 LICENCES 584 16.11
REVOCATION OF PBR 585 16.12 SURRENDER OF PBR 586 16.13 INFRINGEMENT OF
RIGHTS 586 16.13.1 WHAT AMOUNTS TO INFRINGEMENT 586 16.13.2 EXEMPTIONS
FROM INFRINGEMENT 587 16.13.3 PRIOR USER RIGHTS 587 16.14 ENFORCEMENT OF
RIGHTS 588 16.14.1 ACTIONS FOR INFRINGEMENT 588 16.14.2 DECLARATIONS AS
TO NON-INFRINGEMENT 588 16.14.3 JURISDICTION 589 16.14.4 OFFENCES AND
CONDUCT BY DIRECTORS, SERVANTS AND AGENTS 589 XX CONTENTS 16.15
ADMINISTRATION 589 16.15.1 TRANSFER FROM DAFF TO DITR 589 16.15.2
PBRJOURNAL 590 16.15.3 REGISTRAR 590 16.15.4 PLANT BREEDER'S RIGHTS
ADVISORY COMMITTEE 590 16.16 THE REGISTER 590 16.17 REMEDIES 591 16.18
MISCELLANEOUS 591 16.19 TRANSITIONAL PROVISIONS 591 16.20 RELATIONSHIPS
BETWEEN PBR AND OTHER IP REGIMES 592 16.20.1 PBR AND PATENTS 593 16.20.2
PBR AND TRADE MARKS 593 16.21 OTHER INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS 594 17
REMEDIES AND MISCELLANEOUS ISSUES 595 17.1 INTRODUCTION 595 17.2
PRETRIAL REMEDIES 595 17.2.1 ANTON PILLER ORDERS 596 17.2.2
REPRESENTATIVE ORDERS 598 17.2.3 INTERLOCUTORY INJUNCTIONS 598 17.3
PERMANENT INJUNCTIONS 600 17.4 GROUNDLESS THREATS 601 17.5 DAMAGES 601
17.6 ACCOUNT OF PROFITS 602 17.7 CRIMINAL LIABILITY 604 17.8 CUSTOMS
SEIZURE 604 17.9 JURISDICTION 604 17.10 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND
FREEDOM OF COMPETITION 606 17.10.1 PER SE PROHIBITIONS 607 17.10.2 RULE
OF REASON PROHIBITIONS 607 17.10.3 EXEMPTIONS UNDER S 51 (3) 608 17.11
SECURITY OVER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 608 APPENDIX 610 INDEX 613 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Davison, Mark Monotti, Ann Louise Wiseman, Leanne |
| author_facet | Davison, Mark Monotti, Ann Louise Wiseman, Leanne |
| author_role | aut aut aut |
| author_sort | Davison, Mark |
| author_variant | m d md a l m al alm l w lw |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022475739 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)494480239 (DE-599)BVBBV022475739 |
| edition | 1. publ. |
| format | Book |
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| geographic | Australien Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Australien |
| id | DE-604.BV022475739 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:46:23Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:58:25Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780521613385 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015683156 |
| oclc_num | 494480239 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-M382 DE-12 |
| owner_facet | DE-M382 DE-12 |
| physical | LXXIII, 625 S. |
| publishDate | 2008 |
| publishDateSearch | 2008 |
| publishDateSort | 2008 |
| publisher | Cambridge Univ. Press |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | Davison, Mark Verfasser aut Australian intellectual property law Mark Davison ; Ann L. Monotti ; Leanne Wiseman 1. publ. Cambridge [u.a.] Cambridge Univ. Press 2008 LXXIII, 625 S. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Propriété intellectuelle - Australie ram Intellectual property Australia Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd rswk-swf Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd rswk-swf Australien Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 gnd rswk-swf Australien (DE-588)4003900-6 g Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 s Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 s DE-604 Monotti, Ann Louise Verfasser aut Wiseman, Leanne Verfasser aut GBV Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015683156&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Davison, Mark Monotti, Ann Louise Wiseman, Leanne Australian intellectual property law Propriété intellectuelle - Australie ram Intellectual property Australia Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4136832-0 (DE-588)4048737-4 (DE-588)4003900-6 |
| title | Australian intellectual property law |
| title_auth | Australian intellectual property law |
| title_exact_search | Australian intellectual property law |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Australian intellectual property law |
| title_full | Australian intellectual property law Mark Davison ; Ann L. Monotti ; Leanne Wiseman |
| title_fullStr | Australian intellectual property law Mark Davison ; Ann L. Monotti ; Leanne Wiseman |
| title_full_unstemmed | Australian intellectual property law Mark Davison ; Ann L. Monotti ; Leanne Wiseman |
| title_short | Australian intellectual property law |
| title_sort | australian intellectual property law |
| topic | Propriété intellectuelle - Australie ram Intellectual property Australia Geistiges Eigentum (DE-588)4136832-0 gnd Recht (DE-588)4048737-4 gnd |
| topic_facet | Propriété intellectuelle - Australie Intellectual property Australia Geistiges Eigentum Recht Australien |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015683156&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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