The northern Adriatic ecosystem: deep time in a shallow sea
"Though the northern Adriatic has been well studied since the advent of the marine sciences, it is not widely known by paleontologists. With this volume, McKinney illuminates what this "living laboratory" can tell us about the evolution of multicellular life on Earth."--BOOK JACK...
Gespeichert in:
| 1. Verfasser: | |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
New York
Columbia Univ. Press
2007
|
| Schriftenreihe: | Critical moments and perspectives in earth history and paleobiology
|
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Zusammenfassung: | "Though the northern Adriatic has been well studied since the advent of the marine sciences, it is not widely known by paleontologists. With this volume, McKinney illuminates what this "living laboratory" can tell us about the evolution of multicellular life on Earth."--BOOK JACKET. |
| Beschreibung: | Includes bibliographical references and index |
| Beschreibung: | XXII, 299 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 9780231132428 |
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| 100 | 1 | |a McKinney, Frank K. |e Verfasser |4 aut | |
| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The northern Adriatic ecosystem |b deep time in a shallow sea |c Frank K. McKinney |
| 264 | 1 | |a New York |b Columbia Univ. Press |c 2007 | |
| 300 | |a XXII, 299 S. |b Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
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| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 0 | |a Critical moments and perspectives in earth history and paleobiology | |
| 500 | |a Includes bibliographical references and index | ||
| 520 | 1 | |a "Though the northern Adriatic has been well studied since the advent of the marine sciences, it is not widely known by paleontologists. With this volume, McKinney illuminates what this "living laboratory" can tell us about the evolution of multicellular life on Earth."--BOOK JACKET. | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Paleoecology |z Adriatic Sea | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Paleoecology |y Paleozoic | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Marine ecology |z Adriatic Sea | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136560096968704 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | CONTENTS
List of Illustrations xi
List of Tables xvii
Preface xix
CHAPTER 1. Long-Term Changes in Shallow Marine Life 1
Early Diversification of Marine Animals 1
Faunal Succession 2
Ecosystem Succession 7
Hypotheses About Causes of Long-Term Ecological Changes 15
Can the Threads Be Disentangled? 27
CHAPTER 2. Geography of the Northern Adriatic Sea 29
Regions and Geometry 29
Coasts 32
Sources of Fresh Water 33
Displacement of the Shoreline 35
Summary 42
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3. Origin of the Adriatic 44
The Mediterranean: Strained Relations Between Africa and Eurasia 44
Regional Structural Context of the Adriatic 46
Present Tectonic Changes in and Around the Adriatic 52
Foredeep Downbuckling of Adria: The Adriatic Marine Basin 54
Summary 59
CHAPTER 4. Physical Oceanography 61
Surface Circulation 61
Circulation in the Northern Adriatic 68
Subsurface Circulation 79
Summary and Implications 84
CHAPTER 5. Nutrients and Pelagic Biology 86
Determination of Trophic Levels 87
Nutrients Required by Phytoplankton 90
Distribution of Primary Nutrients 91
Geochemical Budget of Nutrients 98
Nutrient Limitation 100
Trophic State 101
Northern Adriatic Relative to Other Regions in the Mediterranean 105
Phytoplankton 105
Benthic Hypoxia and Anoxia 115
Zooplankton 116
Fish 118
Summary and Implications 120
CHAPTER 6. Pleistocene and Holocene Sediments 122
Controls Over Sedimentary Patterns and Sequences 123
Pleistocene Sediments and Environments 125
Cyclicity of Pleistocene Adriatic Sedimentary Deposits 128
Holocene Sediments of the Adriatic Sea 131
Composition of Adriatic Sediments 135
Relict Sediments 138
CONTENTS ix
Narrow Eastern Belt of Sedimentation 140
Summary 142
CHAPTER 7. The Benthic Ecosystem 145
Benthos Across the Northern Adriatic 146
Western Benthic Assemblages 150
Eastern Benthic Assemblages 157
Bryozoans 185
Isolated Western Hard Substrata 191
Summary 194
CHAPTER 8. Fossilization Potential of Northern Adriatic Benthos 195
Some General Estimates of Preservation Potential 195
General Patterns Across the Northern Adriatic 201
Individual Sites 204
Summary 216
CHAPTER 9. Paleontological Implications 218
Introduction 218
Principal Components Analysis of the Fauna 220
Correlation of Distributional Patterns with Environmental Factors 229
Implications for Turnover from Paleozoic to Modern Ecology 241
Summary: Energetics in the Northern Adriatic Benthic Fauna, a
Connection with Bambach 1999 245
Epilogue: La Tristezza tra Trieste e Termoli 250
References 255
Index 289
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.1. The Phanerozoic time scale with representatives of most of the
characteristic classes of skeletalized marine animal fossils. 4
1.2. Number of marine animal families recorded in Cambrian through
Tertiary rock. 6
1.3. Shelf-depth Cambrian benthic communities. 10
1.4. Shelf-depth post-Cambrian Paleozoic benthic communities. 11
1.5. Shelf-depth Paleogene benthic communities. 13
1.6. Benthic marine megaguild distribution for Cambrian, Paleozoic, and
Modern faunas. 14
1.7. Abundance and reach of bioturbators through the Phanerozoic. 19
1.8. Indications of escalation in durophagous predation through the
Phanerozoic. 22
1.9. Mean values of percentage of drilled brachiopod, bivalve, and echinoid
skeletons through the Phanerozoic. 23
2.1. Map of the Mediterranean and the seas extending from it. 30
2.2. Map of the Adriatic Sea with division into northern, middle, and
southern regions. 30
2.3. Bathymetrk and coastal characteristics map of the Adriatic. 32
2.4. Ten-year average surficial inflow of fresh water into the Adriatic per unit
length of coast. 34
2.5. Minimum and potential maximum extent of the northern and middle
Adriatic due to glacially driven changes in sea level. 36
xii ILLUSTRATIONS
2.6. Paleogeographic sketch of the river system that extended across the
current northern and much of the middle Adriatic Sea during the Wurm
glacial interval. 37
2.7. Acqua alta in Venice. 39
2.8. Natural land subsidence during the late twentieth century for the
northwestern Adriatic region. 40
2.9. Vertical land movement across the Po Plain and adjacent areas from 1897
to 1957. 40
2.10. Land elevation loss and its apparent causes in Venice during first three
quarters of the twentieth century. 41
3.1. A reconstruction of the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) Tethyan realm. 45
3.2. Large-scale structural units of the Adriatic and nearby areas. 46
3.3. Major tectonic zones influencing the Adriatic Sea. 47
3.4. Structural sections showing large-scale structures in tectonic zones
influencing the Adriatic Sea. 49
3.5. Opening of the Balearic and Tyrrhenian basins, and subduction on the
west side of Adria. 51
3.6. Possible development of the back-arc spreading center in the
Tyrrhenian Sea and development of the Apennines over the subduction
hinge of Adria. 52
3.7. Block diagram perspective drawing of Adria and its relationship to
adjacent plates. 54
3.8. Structural section along a path across the southern part of Adria. 56
3.9. Depth in kilometers to the pre-Pliocene basement of the central
Adriatic basin and to the pre-Oligocene basement of the southern
Adriatic basin. 57
4.1. Modeled surface-salinity distribution within the Adriatic. 63
4.2. Seasonal surface salinity across the Adriatic Sea. 64
4.3. Nineteen-month average vectors for surface currents from six
bottom-tethered current meters arrayed across the Otranto Strait. 65
4.4. Surface circulation of the Adriatic Sea. 66
4.5. Modeled surface elevation of the Adriatic Sea. 67
4.6. Generalized water circulation in the northernmost Adriatic due to
forcing by differential velocity of the bora. 70
4.7. Average monthly wind speed for 1966-1992 at Trieste, Rovinj, and
Mali Losinj. 71
4.8. Distribution of salinity in the northern Adriatic offshore of the
Po Delta. 72
4.9. Comparison of annual patterns of surface salinity at Fano
and Rovinj. 73
4.10. East-northeast wind speed (A) and current speed at 25 m depth (B)
recorded at the Panon offshore station in the northern Adriatic in
November and December 1978. 74
ILLUSTRATIONS xiti
4.11. Satellite radiometer-determined temperatures following a bora wind-
storm in 1987. 74
4.12. Cross section across the northern Adriatic Sea from the Po Delta to
Rovinj, showing modeled salinity distributions. 76
4.13. Trajectories of satellite-tracked drifters released in the northern Adriatic
in early May 1995. 77
4.14. Po River outflow and surface salinity at Fano and Rovinj. 78
4.15. Salinity profile across the Otranto Strait. 80
4.16. Seasonal temperature (A-C) and salinity (D-F) profiles for the northern,
middle, and southern Adriatic. 82
5.1. Surface distribution maps of nitrate for each season plus winter and
summer profiles for the shallow and the deep northern Adriatic. 93
5.2. Surface distribution maps of phosphate for each season plus winter and
summer profiles for the shallow and the deep northern Adriatic. 95
5.3. Surface distribution maps of silicate for each season plus winter and
summer profiles for the shallow and the deep northern Adriatic. 96
5.4. Overall biogeochemical budgets for nutrients in the northern
Adriatic Sea. 99
5.5. Mean northern Adriatic chlorophyll a standing crop from
1972 to 1975. 103
5.6. Chlorophyll a annual cycle in for the northern Adriatic. 104
5.7. Pattern of biomass of net Zooplankton and the two main microphyto-
plankton fractions. 107
5.8. Variation in total total water column productivity, phytoplankton cell
density, and percent of phytoplankton constituted by diatoms for a
seventeen-month interval in 1991 and 1992 at two stations offshore
between Pesaro and Ancona, Italy. 109
5.9. Variation in some water characteristics and phytoplankton in the deeper
part of the Gulf of Trieste in 1992, by month. Ill
5.10. Bottom oxygen saturation annual cycle in the northern Adriatic. 116
5.11. Mean 1978-1982 biovolume of microzooplankton in surface water and
through the water column in a transect from off the Po Delta to offshore
of the Istrian Peninsula. 117
5.12. Relative abundance of the dominant groups of microzooplankton off the
Po Delta compared with the region offshore of the Istrian peninsula. 119
6.1. Sediment thickness in the Po Plain and northern and middle regions of
the Adriatic Sea. 124
6.2. Columnar stratigraphic section of Lower Pleistocene sediments exposed
along the Charo River southeast of Piacenza, Italy. 125
6.3. Two sections across the southwestern edge of Pleistocene sediments
deposited in the Po Plain. 126
6.4. Composite columnar section of the Pleistocene stratigraphic sequence
along the edge of the Apennines between Bologna and Ravenna, Italy. 127
xiv ILLUSTRATIONS
6.5. Seismic profile through a portion of the upper 400 Kyr sedimentary
sequence across the northwestern edge of the middle Adriatic
depression. 129
6.6. Columnar stratigraphic section through Late Pleistocene and Holocene
sediments in the Po Plain north of Ravenna, Italy. 130
6.7. Sediment size-distribution across the floor of the Adriatic Sea. 133
6.8. Past hundred-year mass-accumulation rate of sediment in the northern
Adriatic Sea. 134
6.9. Mineralogical composition of sediments in the Adriatic Sea. 136
6.10. Percent total carbonate in surficial sediments in the northern and part of
the middle Adriatic. 137
6.11. Carbonate content and grain size of surficial marine sediments found in
the northern part of the northern Adriatic. 138
6.12. Transgressive deposits (18,000-6,000 BP) of the middle and northern
Adriatic Sea. 139
6.13. Topography of a submerged barrier island and lagoon system offshore of
Ravenna, Italy. 141
6.14. Sediments from a meadow of the bryozoan Cellaria and the adjacent bare
sand offshore of Rovinj, Croatia. 143
7.1. Locations of the northern half of stations at which Vatova (1949) sampled
the benthos with a Van Veen grab in the late 1920s to mid 1930s. 146
7.2. Standing crop in g m~2 wet biomass across the northern Adriatic based on
results of Vatova s sampling program. 148
7.3. Maps of endobenthic and epibenthic biomass distribution in the
northern Adriatic. 149
7.4. Po Delta with nearby benthic sampling stations described in the text. 151
7.5. Biomass and number of individuals of benthos offshore of Ravenna
during the mid-1930s. 154
7.6. Two of the seven pore-water attributes determined by Hammond et al.
(1999) for a 15 m-deep station close to the Po Delta and a 15 m-deep
station midway between Ravenna and Ancona. 157
7.7. Benthos of the Gulf of Trieste. 159
7.8. Lingering effects of the 1983 anoxic event in the Gulf of Trieste. 164
7.9. Vatova s 1935 map of benthic assemblages (zoocoenoses) and substrata
offshore of Rovinj, Croatia. 166
7.10. Percent wet biomass of endobenthos, mobile epibenthos, and sedentary
epibenthos collected in grab samples. 171
7.11. Major taxonomic composition of the biomass of Vatova s (1935) samples
of the benthos from onshore to offshore of Rovinj, Croatia. 171
7.12. Muddy sand seafloor 5 km off Pula, Croatia, 32 m depth, with several
Ophiothrix quinquemaculata feeding. 173
7.13. Common erect and free-living calcified bryozoans offshore of
Rovinj, Croatia. 174
ILLUSTRATIONS xv
7.14. Paths of the major transects and distribution of Senes (1988a, 1989)
biological facies on the sedimentary plain offshore of Rovinj,
Croatia. 177
7.15. The Cellaria meadow west of Banjole Island. 182
7.16. A single 30 cm-high colony of the bryozoan Pentapora foliacea growing
on a flexible gorgonian coral. 184
7.17. Two free-lying thin colonies of Calpensia nobilis adjacent to the sea pen
Pteroeides spinosum and a dendroid octocorallian, possibly Alcyonium
acaule, 49 m deep, October 1990 about 40 km south of the southern tip
oflstria. 190
8.1. Species per sample and comparison of number of macrobenthic animal
species versus number of species with megaskeletons in northern Adriatic
0.2 m2 grab samples. 202
8.2. Comparison of number of individual macrobenthic animal specimens
versus number of individuals with megaskeletons in northern Adriatic
0.2 m2 grab samples. 203
8.3. Comparison of wet biomass of macrobenthic animals versus wet biomass
of macrobenthos with megaskeletons in northern Adriatic 0.2 m2 grab
samples. 205
9.1. Rotated principal components axes for megaguild attributes for wet
biomass of all benthic animal species in 280 open-water northern
Adriatic samples reported by Vatova. 224
9.2. PCA-group assignment of Vatova s stations within the northern Adriatic
Sea based on all species present. 225
9.3. Rotated principal components axes for megaguild attributes for wet
biomass of only animal species with mineralized skeletons in 280 open-
water northern Adriatic samples reported by Vatova. 227
9.4. PCA-group assignment of Vatova s stations within the northern Adriatic
Sea based on mineralized species. 228
9.5. Basic soft-sediment substrate types for epibenthos-rich and endobenthos-
rich sites. 233
TABLES
1.1. Parallel Sets of Terms Used to Denote Rock Units and Time Units 5
1.2. Types of Sediment-Mediated Biotic Disturbances 17
2.1. Primary Rivers Entering the Adriatic and Their Mean Annual
Discharge Rates 34
2.2. Decrease in Bed-Load Sand Supplied from Four Italian Rivers Into the
Adriatic Sea 42
4.1. Seasonal Strength and Seasonal Attributes of the Major Elements of the
Surface Circulation of the Adriatic Sea 69
4.2. Regionally Averaged Temperature, Salinity, and Density of Adriatic
Deep Water 83
7.1. Benthic Organisms Affected by September 1983 Anoxic Events in the Gulf
ofTrieste 163
7.2. General Biomass Characteristics of Vatova s (1935) Samples of the
Benthos Organized in Shore-Parallel Sedimentary Belts Offshore of
Rovinj, Croatia 167
7.3. General Biomass Characteristics of Vatova s (1935) Zoocoenoses Offshore
of Rovinj, Croatia 169
7.4. General Biomass Characteristics of Vatova s (1935) Samples of the
Benthos Organized in Incremental Shore-Parallel Zones Offshore of
Rovinj, Croatia 170
xviii TABLES
7.5. Dominant Organisms Indicated by Senes (1988b, 1989) for Soft-Sediment
Biological Facies Crossed by SCUBA Transects Offshore of Rovinj,
Croatia 176
7.6. Proportions of Endobenthos and Attached Epibenthos from Adriatic
Localities Offshore of Rovinj, Croatia 179
8.1. Skeletal Composition and Preservation Potential of Northern Adriatic
Megabenthos Encountered in Systematic Sampling Programs 200
8.2. Average Number of Individuals for Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic
Groups Present per m2 at 8 m-Depth Offshore of the Po Delta 206
8.3. Average for Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in
Forty-five 0.07 m2 Grab Samples at About 15 m-Depth Offshore of
Ravenna 207
8.4. Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in the Dredged
Samples from Zavodnik s Site 601 in Lim Channel 208
8.5. Average for Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in Fifteen
0.2 m2 Grab Samples in the Mid-region of the Gulf of Trieste 210
8.6. Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in the Dredged
Sample from Near Figarola Island 212
8.7. Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in a Hand-Collected
Sample from Near Banjole Island 213
8.8. Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in the Dredged
Sample from Near Sv. Ivan Island 215
9.1. Megaguild and Skeletal Characters of Northern Adriatic Megascopic
Benthic Animals as Used in This Book, Compared with Terms Used by
Bambach (1983) to Characterize Megaguilds 222
9.2. Simplified Examples of Life-Habit Attributes Summed for Hypothetical
Stations 223
9.3. Loadings of Megaguild Characteristics on Principal Components Axes
(Varimax Rotated Solution) of Wet Biomass of All Species in Vatova s
Northern Adriatic Open-Marine Grab Samples 223
9.4. Loadings of Megaguild Characteristics on Principal Components Axes
(Varimax Rotated Solution) of Wet Biomass of Mineralized Species in
Vatova s Northern Adriatic Open-Marine Grab Samples 226
9.5. Correlation of Water Depth, Grain Size, and Chlorophyll a with
Megaguild Attributes in the Northern Adriatic 230
9.6. Ten-Meter Depth Bins of Total Wet Biomass of Epibenthos and of
Endobenthos in Vatova Grab Samples 231
9.7. Typical Nutrient Concentration and Predation Intensity Known for
Present-Day Oceanic Regions and Inferred for Shelf-Depth Paleozoic
and Modern Faunas 244
|
| adam_txt |
CONTENTS
List of Illustrations xi
List of Tables xvii
Preface xix
CHAPTER 1. Long-Term Changes in Shallow Marine Life 1
Early Diversification of Marine Animals 1
Faunal Succession 2
Ecosystem Succession 7
Hypotheses About Causes of Long-Term Ecological Changes 15
Can the Threads Be Disentangled? 27
CHAPTER 2. Geography of the Northern Adriatic Sea 29
Regions and Geometry 29
Coasts 32
Sources of Fresh Water 33
Displacement of the Shoreline 35
Summary 42
viii CONTENTS
CHAPTER 3. Origin of the Adriatic 44
The Mediterranean: Strained Relations Between Africa and Eurasia 44
Regional Structural Context of the Adriatic 46
Present Tectonic Changes in and Around the Adriatic 52
Foredeep Downbuckling of Adria: The Adriatic Marine Basin 54
Summary 59
CHAPTER 4. Physical Oceanography 61
Surface Circulation 61
Circulation in the Northern Adriatic 68
Subsurface Circulation 79
Summary and Implications 84
CHAPTER 5. Nutrients and Pelagic Biology 86
Determination of Trophic Levels 87
Nutrients Required by Phytoplankton 90
Distribution of Primary Nutrients 91
Geochemical Budget of Nutrients 98
Nutrient Limitation 100
Trophic State 101
Northern Adriatic Relative to Other Regions in the Mediterranean 105
Phytoplankton 105
Benthic Hypoxia and Anoxia 115
Zooplankton 116
Fish 118
Summary and Implications 120
CHAPTER 6. Pleistocene and Holocene Sediments 122
Controls Over Sedimentary Patterns and Sequences 123
Pleistocene Sediments and Environments 125
Cyclicity of Pleistocene Adriatic Sedimentary Deposits 128
Holocene Sediments of the Adriatic Sea 131
Composition of Adriatic Sediments 135
Relict Sediments 138
CONTENTS ix
Narrow Eastern Belt of Sedimentation 140
Summary 142
CHAPTER 7. The Benthic Ecosystem 145
Benthos Across the Northern Adriatic 146
Western Benthic Assemblages 150
Eastern Benthic Assemblages 157
Bryozoans 185
Isolated Western Hard Substrata 191
Summary 194
CHAPTER 8. Fossilization Potential of Northern Adriatic Benthos 195
Some General Estimates of Preservation Potential 195
General Patterns Across the Northern Adriatic 201
Individual Sites 204
Summary 216
CHAPTER 9. Paleontological Implications 218
Introduction 218
Principal Components Analysis of the Fauna 220
Correlation of Distributional Patterns with Environmental Factors 229
Implications for Turnover from Paleozoic to Modern Ecology 241
Summary: Energetics in the Northern Adriatic Benthic Fauna, a
Connection with Bambach 1999 245
Epilogue: La Tristezza tra Trieste e Termoli 250
References 255
Index 289
ILLUSTRATIONS
1.1. The Phanerozoic time scale with representatives of most of the
characteristic classes of skeletalized marine animal fossils. 4
1.2. Number of marine animal families recorded in Cambrian through
Tertiary rock. 6
1.3. Shelf-depth Cambrian benthic communities. 10
1.4. Shelf-depth post-Cambrian Paleozoic benthic communities. 11
1.5. Shelf-depth Paleogene benthic communities. 13
1.6. Benthic marine megaguild distribution for Cambrian, Paleozoic, and
Modern faunas. 14
1.7. Abundance and reach of bioturbators through the Phanerozoic. 19
1.8. Indications of escalation in durophagous predation through the
Phanerozoic. 22
1.9. Mean values of percentage of drilled brachiopod, bivalve, and echinoid
skeletons through the Phanerozoic. 23
2.1. Map of the Mediterranean and the seas extending from it. 30
2.2. Map of the Adriatic Sea with division into northern, middle, and
southern regions. 30
2.3. Bathymetrk and coastal characteristics map of the Adriatic. 32
2.4. Ten-year average surficial inflow of fresh water into the Adriatic per unit
length of coast. 34
2.5. Minimum and potential maximum extent of the northern and middle
Adriatic due to glacially driven changes in sea level. 36
xii ILLUSTRATIONS
2.6. Paleogeographic sketch of the river system that extended across the
current northern and much of the middle Adriatic Sea during the Wurm
glacial interval. 37
2.7. Acqua alta in Venice. 39
2.8. Natural land subsidence during the late twentieth century for the
northwestern Adriatic region. 40
2.9. Vertical land movement across the Po Plain and adjacent areas from 1897
to 1957. 40
2.10. Land elevation loss and its apparent causes in Venice during first three
quarters of the twentieth century. 41
3.1. A reconstruction of the Sinemurian (Lower Jurassic) Tethyan realm. 45
3.2. Large-scale structural units of the Adriatic and nearby areas. 46
3.3. Major tectonic zones influencing the Adriatic Sea. 47
3.4. Structural sections showing large-scale structures in tectonic zones
influencing the Adriatic Sea. 49
3.5. Opening of the Balearic and Tyrrhenian basins, and subduction on the
west side of Adria. 51
3.6. Possible development of the back-arc spreading center in the
Tyrrhenian Sea and development of the Apennines over the subduction
hinge of Adria. 52
3.7. Block diagram perspective drawing of Adria and its relationship to
adjacent plates. 54
3.8. Structural section along a path across the southern part of Adria. 56
3.9. Depth in kilometers to the pre-Pliocene basement of the central
Adriatic basin and to the pre-Oligocene basement of the southern
Adriatic basin. 57
4.1. Modeled surface-salinity distribution within the Adriatic. 63
4.2. Seasonal surface salinity across the Adriatic Sea. 64
4.3. Nineteen-month average vectors for surface currents from six
bottom-tethered current meters arrayed across the Otranto Strait. 65
4.4. Surface circulation of the Adriatic Sea. 66
4.5. Modeled surface elevation of the Adriatic Sea. 67
4.6. Generalized water circulation in the northernmost Adriatic due to
forcing by differential velocity of the bora. 70
4.7. Average monthly wind speed for 1966-1992 at Trieste, Rovinj, and
Mali Losinj. 71
4.8. Distribution of salinity in the northern Adriatic offshore of the
Po Delta. 72
4.9. Comparison of annual patterns of surface salinity at Fano
and Rovinj. 73
4.10. East-northeast wind speed (A) and current speed at 25 m depth (B)
recorded at the Panon offshore station in the northern Adriatic in
November and December 1978. 74
ILLUSTRATIONS xiti
4.11. Satellite radiometer-determined temperatures following a bora wind-
storm in 1987. 74
4.12. Cross section across the northern Adriatic Sea from the Po Delta to
Rovinj, showing modeled salinity distributions. 76
4.13. Trajectories of satellite-tracked drifters released in the northern Adriatic
in early May 1995. 77
4.14. Po River outflow and surface salinity at Fano and Rovinj. 78
4.15. Salinity profile across the Otranto Strait. 80
4.16. Seasonal temperature (A-C) and salinity (D-F) profiles for the northern,
middle, and southern Adriatic. 82
5.1. Surface distribution maps of nitrate for each season plus winter and
summer profiles for the shallow and the deep northern Adriatic. 93
5.2. Surface distribution maps of phosphate for each season plus winter and
summer profiles for the shallow and the deep northern Adriatic. 95
5.3. Surface distribution maps of silicate for each season plus winter and
summer profiles for the shallow and the deep northern Adriatic. 96
5.4. Overall biogeochemical budgets for nutrients in the northern
Adriatic Sea. 99
5.5. Mean northern Adriatic chlorophyll a standing crop from
1972 to 1975. 103
5.6. Chlorophyll a annual cycle in for the northern Adriatic. 104
5.7. Pattern of biomass of net Zooplankton and the two main microphyto-
plankton fractions. 107
5.8. Variation in total total water column productivity, phytoplankton cell
density, and percent of phytoplankton constituted by diatoms for a
seventeen-month interval in 1991 and 1992 at two stations offshore
between Pesaro and Ancona, Italy. 109
5.9. Variation in some water characteristics and phytoplankton in the deeper
part of the Gulf of Trieste in 1992, by month. Ill
5.10. Bottom oxygen saturation annual cycle in the northern Adriatic. 116
5.11. Mean 1978-1982 biovolume of microzooplankton in surface water and
through the water column in a transect from off the Po Delta to offshore
of the Istrian Peninsula. 117
5.12. Relative abundance of the dominant groups of microzooplankton off the
Po Delta compared with the region offshore of the Istrian peninsula. 119
6.1. Sediment thickness in the Po Plain and northern and middle regions of
the Adriatic Sea. 124
6.2. Columnar stratigraphic section of Lower Pleistocene sediments exposed
along the Charo River southeast of Piacenza, Italy. 125
6.3. Two sections across the southwestern edge of Pleistocene sediments
deposited in the Po Plain. 126
6.4. Composite columnar section of the Pleistocene stratigraphic sequence
along the edge of the Apennines between Bologna and Ravenna, Italy. 127
xiv ILLUSTRATIONS
6.5. Seismic profile through a portion of the upper 400 Kyr sedimentary
sequence across the northwestern edge of the middle Adriatic
depression. 129
6.6. Columnar stratigraphic section through Late Pleistocene and Holocene
sediments in the Po Plain north of Ravenna, Italy. 130
6.7. Sediment size-distribution across the floor of the Adriatic Sea. 133
6.8. Past hundred-year mass-accumulation rate of sediment in the northern
Adriatic Sea. 134
6.9. Mineralogical composition of sediments in the Adriatic Sea. 136
6.10. Percent total carbonate in surficial sediments in the northern and part of
the middle Adriatic. 137
6.11. Carbonate content and grain size of surficial marine sediments found in
the northern part of the northern Adriatic. 138
6.12. Transgressive deposits (18,000-6,000 BP) of the middle and northern
Adriatic Sea. 139
6.13. Topography of a submerged barrier island and lagoon system offshore of
Ravenna, Italy. 141
6.14. Sediments from a meadow of the bryozoan Cellaria and the adjacent bare
sand offshore of Rovinj, Croatia. 143
7.1. Locations of the northern half of stations at which Vatova (1949) sampled
the benthos with a Van Veen grab in the late 1920s to mid 1930s. 146
7.2. Standing crop in g m~2 wet biomass across the northern Adriatic based on
results of Vatova's sampling program. 148
7.3. Maps of endobenthic and epibenthic biomass distribution in the
northern Adriatic. 149
7.4. Po Delta with nearby benthic sampling stations described in the text. 151
7.5. Biomass and number of individuals of benthos offshore of Ravenna
during the mid-1930s. 154
7.6. Two of the seven pore-water attributes determined by Hammond et al.
(1999) for a 15 m-deep station close to the Po Delta and a 15 m-deep
station midway between Ravenna and Ancona. 157
7.7. Benthos of the Gulf of Trieste. 159
7.8. Lingering effects of the 1983 anoxic event in the Gulf of Trieste. 164
7.9. Vatova's 1935 map of benthic assemblages (zoocoenoses) and substrata
offshore of Rovinj, Croatia. 166
7.10. Percent wet biomass of endobenthos, mobile epibenthos, and sedentary
epibenthos collected in grab samples. 171
7.11. Major taxonomic composition of the biomass of Vatova's (1935) samples
of the benthos from onshore to offshore of Rovinj, Croatia. 171
7.12. Muddy sand seafloor 5 km off Pula, Croatia, 32 m depth, with several
Ophiothrix quinquemaculata feeding. 173
7.13. Common erect and free-living calcified bryozoans offshore of
Rovinj, Croatia. 174
ILLUSTRATIONS xv
7.14. Paths of the major transects and distribution of Senes' (1988a, 1989)
biological facies on the sedimentary plain offshore of Rovinj,
Croatia. 177
7.15. The Cellaria meadow west of Banjole Island. 182
7.16. A single 30 cm-high colony of the bryozoan Pentapora foliacea growing
on a flexible gorgonian coral. 184
7.17. Two free-lying thin colonies of Calpensia nobilis adjacent to the sea pen
Pteroeides spinosum and a dendroid octocorallian, possibly Alcyonium
acaule, 49 m deep, October 1990 about 40 km south of the southern tip
oflstria. 190
8.1. Species per sample and comparison of number of macrobenthic animal
species versus number of species with megaskeletons in northern Adriatic
0.2 m2 grab samples. 202
8.2. Comparison of number of individual macrobenthic animal specimens
versus number of individuals with megaskeletons in northern Adriatic
0.2 m2 grab samples. 203
8.3. Comparison of wet biomass of macrobenthic animals versus wet biomass
of macrobenthos with megaskeletons in northern Adriatic 0.2 m2 grab
samples. 205
9.1. Rotated principal components axes for megaguild attributes for wet
biomass of all benthic animal species in 280 open-water northern
Adriatic samples reported by Vatova. 224
9.2. PCA-group assignment of Vatova's stations within the northern Adriatic
Sea based on all species present. 225
9.3. Rotated principal components axes for megaguild attributes for wet
biomass of only animal species with mineralized skeletons in 280 open-
water northern Adriatic samples reported by Vatova. 227
9.4. PCA-group assignment of Vatova's stations within the northern Adriatic
Sea based on mineralized species. 228
9.5. Basic soft-sediment substrate types for epibenthos-rich and endobenthos-
rich sites. 233
TABLES
1.1. Parallel Sets of Terms Used to Denote Rock Units and Time Units 5
1.2. Types of Sediment-Mediated Biotic Disturbances 17
2.1. Primary Rivers Entering the Adriatic and Their Mean Annual
Discharge Rates 34
2.2. Decrease in Bed-Load Sand Supplied from Four Italian Rivers Into the
Adriatic Sea 42
4.1. Seasonal Strength and Seasonal Attributes of the Major Elements of the
Surface Circulation of the Adriatic Sea 69
4.2. Regionally Averaged Temperature, Salinity, and Density of Adriatic
Deep Water 83
7.1. Benthic Organisms Affected by September 1983 Anoxic Events in the Gulf
ofTrieste 163
7.2. General Biomass Characteristics of Vatova's (1935) Samples of the
Benthos Organized in Shore-Parallel Sedimentary Belts Offshore of
Rovinj, Croatia 167
7.3. General Biomass Characteristics of Vatova's (1935) Zoocoenoses Offshore
of Rovinj, Croatia 169
7.4. General Biomass Characteristics of Vatova's (1935) Samples of the
Benthos Organized in Incremental Shore-Parallel Zones Offshore of
Rovinj, Croatia 170
xviii TABLES
7.5. Dominant Organisms Indicated by Senes (1988b, 1989) for Soft-Sediment
Biological Facies Crossed by SCUBA Transects Offshore of Rovinj,
Croatia 176
7.6. Proportions of Endobenthos and Attached Epibenthos from Adriatic
Localities Offshore of Rovinj, Croatia 179
8.1. Skeletal Composition and Preservation Potential of Northern Adriatic
Megabenthos Encountered in Systematic Sampling Programs 200
8.2. Average Number of Individuals for Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic
Groups Present per m2 at 8 m-Depth Offshore of the Po Delta 206
8.3. Average for Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in
Forty-five 0.07 m2 Grab Samples at About 15 m-Depth Offshore of
Ravenna 207
8.4. Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in the Dredged
Samples from Zavodnik's Site 601 in Lim Channel 208
8.5. Average for Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in Fifteen
0.2 m2 Grab Samples in the Mid-region of the Gulf of Trieste 210
8.6. Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in the Dredged
Sample from Near Figarola Island 212
8.7. Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in a Hand-Collected
Sample from Near Banjole Island 213
8.8. Megaguilds and Major Taxonomic Groups Present in the Dredged
Sample from Near Sv. Ivan Island 215
9.1. Megaguild and Skeletal Characters of Northern Adriatic Megascopic
Benthic Animals as Used in This Book, Compared with Terms Used by
Bambach (1983) to Characterize Megaguilds 222
9.2. Simplified Examples of Life-Habit Attributes Summed for Hypothetical
Stations 223
9.3. Loadings of Megaguild Characteristics on Principal Components Axes
(Varimax Rotated Solution) of Wet Biomass of All Species in Vatova's
Northern Adriatic Open-Marine Grab Samples 223
9.4. Loadings of Megaguild Characteristics on Principal Components Axes
(Varimax Rotated Solution) of Wet Biomass of Mineralized Species in
Vatova's Northern Adriatic Open-Marine Grab Samples 226
9.5. Correlation of Water Depth, Grain Size, and Chlorophyll a with
Megaguild Attributes in the Northern Adriatic 230
9.6. Ten-Meter Depth Bins of Total Wet Biomass of Epibenthos and of
Endobenthos in Vatova Grab Samples 231
9.7. Typical Nutrient Concentration and Predation Intensity Known for
Present-Day Oceanic Regions and Inferred for Shelf-Depth Paleozoic
and Modern Faunas 244 |
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| geographic | Adriatisches Meer Nord (DE-588)4730861-8 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Adriatisches Meer Nord |
| id | DE-604.BV022472359 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:45:06Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:58:20Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9780231132428 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006038537 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015679825 |
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| physical | XXII, 299 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. |
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| publisher | Columbia Univ. Press |
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| series2 | Critical moments and perspectives in earth history and paleobiology |
| spelling | McKinney, Frank K. Verfasser aut The northern Adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea Frank K. McKinney New York Columbia Univ. Press 2007 XXII, 299 S. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Critical moments and perspectives in earth history and paleobiology Includes bibliographical references and index "Though the northern Adriatic has been well studied since the advent of the marine sciences, it is not widely known by paleontologists. With this volume, McKinney illuminates what this "living laboratory" can tell us about the evolution of multicellular life on Earth."--BOOK JACKET. Paleoecology Adriatic Sea Paleoecology Paleozoic Marine ecology Adriatic Sea Palökologie (DE-588)4044430-2 gnd rswk-swf Adriatisches Meer Nord (DE-588)4730861-8 gnd rswk-swf Adriatisches Meer Nord (DE-588)4730861-8 g Palökologie (DE-588)4044430-2 s b DE-604 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip075/2006038537.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015679825&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | McKinney, Frank K. The northern Adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea Paleoecology Adriatic Sea Paleoecology Paleozoic Marine ecology Adriatic Sea Palökologie (DE-588)4044430-2 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4044430-2 (DE-588)4730861-8 |
| title | The northern Adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea |
| title_auth | The northern Adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea |
| title_exact_search | The northern Adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The northern Adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea |
| title_full | The northern Adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea Frank K. McKinney |
| title_fullStr | The northern Adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea Frank K. McKinney |
| title_full_unstemmed | The northern Adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea Frank K. McKinney |
| title_short | The northern Adriatic ecosystem |
| title_sort | the northern adriatic ecosystem deep time in a shallow sea |
| title_sub | deep time in a shallow sea |
| topic | Paleoecology Adriatic Sea Paleoecology Paleozoic Marine ecology Adriatic Sea Palökologie (DE-588)4044430-2 gnd |
| topic_facet | Paleoecology Adriatic Sea Paleoecology Paleozoic Marine ecology Adriatic Sea Palökologie Adriatisches Meer Nord |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip075/2006038537.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015679825&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
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