Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000: geographical perspectives
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| Format: | Abschlussarbeit Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Göteborg
Dep. of Human and Economic Geography, Göteborg Univ.
2007
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| Schriftenreihe: | Meddelanden från Göteborgs Universitets geografiska institutioner
B ; 112 |
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| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | X, 357 S. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 9186472569 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 |b geographical perspectives |c Curt Nestor |
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| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Wirtschaftspolitik | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of tables, figures and boxes v
Acronyms ix
PART I CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research problem 1
1.2 Vietnam in the context of global and regional trade and investment flows 2
1.3 Objective and research questions 6
1.3.1 Objective 6
1.3.2 Availability of primary and secondary data 6
1.3.3 Previous research 8
1.3.4 Research questions 9
1.4 Limitations 10
1.5 Disposition 10
2 BASIC DEFINITIONS, DATA SOURCES AND RESEARCH CONCEPTS 11
2.1 The conventional conceptual framework of FDI 11
2.1.1 Basic definitions 11
2.1.2 Direct investors and direct investment enterprises 12
2.1.3 FDI capital flows and stocks 12
2.1.4 Allocation of industrial activities 14
2.1.5 Geographical allocation and special direct investment entities 14
2.2 Compliance with the IMF/OECD standard definition of FDI 16
2.2.1 Discrepancies and deviations 16
2.2.2 Identifying direct investment relationship 16
2.2.3 Data on FDI capital flows and stocks 17
2.2.4 Sectoral allocation of FDI 26
2.2.5 Distorted geography of FDI capital flows 2 7
2.2.6 Attempts to improve FDI statistics 30
2.2.7 FDI a Fairly Disappointing Indicator (of international production) 33
2.3 Main data source and opcrationalization of relevant concepts 36
2.3.1 Main data source 36
2.3.2 Operationalization of the concept of FDI in this study 3H
2.3.3 Industrial classification 40
2.3.4 Operationalization of the geographical dimension 42
2.3.5 Vietnamese official statistics caveat emptor. 45
2.4 Summary 51
3 FDI AND LOCATION A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 53
3.1 Conventional theories of international production 53
3.1.1 Introduction 53
3.1.2 The pioneers 53
3.1.3 Diversity in theoretical approaches 55
3.1.4 Dunning s eclectic paradigm 5 7
3.1.5 Country of origin effects and globalization 58
3.2 Locational determinants of FDI 63
3.2.1 Introduction 63
3.2.2 Spatial economics and New Economic Geography 63
3.2.3 The host country perspective 64
3.2.4 The MNE perspective 66
3.2.4.1 Types of foreign based MNE activities 66
3.2.4.2 National FDI policy framework 67
3.2.4.3 Business facilitation measures 71
3.2.4.4 Economic determinants 73
3.2.4.5 MNE strategies 75
3.2.5 Clusters and agglomerations 77
3.2.6 Relative importance of changes in locational determinants over time 78
3.2.7 Empirical applications to theory 81
3.2.8 A framework for locational determinants at the subnational level 82
3.2.9 MNE locational appraisal process in (theory and) practice 85
3.2.10 Summary of locational determinants 88
3.3 Asia related theories of FDI and international production 88
3.3.1 Anglo Saxon predominance in FDI theoretical developments 88
3.3.2 Birds eye view and macroeconomic perspectives of FDI in Asia 89
3.3.3 Other salient features of cross border economic interaction
in the Asian context 90
3.3.4 Locational implications in the Asian context 94
3.4 Adaptation of FDI theories to the Vietnamese context 96
3.4.1 The paradox of FDI flows in an informational void 96
3.4.2 Perceptions of FDI — same bed but different dreams? 98
3.5 Summary 101
PART II EMPIRICAL STUDY 103
4 FDI IN VIETNAM A BACKGROUND 103
4.1 Post 1975 socio economic development 103
4.1.1 Domestic and external political and economic relations 103
4.1.2 Regional divisions and the urban issue 109
4.2 The legislative framework for FDI 115
4.2.1 The making of a law — a background 115
4.2.2 The Foreign Investment Law 116
4.2.3 FDI licensing procedures 124
4.3 Summary 130
5 FDI IN VIETNAM 1988 2000 131
5.1 General outline 131
5.2 Data sources on FDI in Vietnam 131
5.2.1 Introduction 131
5.2.2 International data sources on FDI in Vietnam 132
5.2.3 National sources on Vietnamese FDI statistics 135
5.2.4 FDI data sources in a comparative perspective 138
5.3 The revised anatomy of FDI in Vietnam 148
5.3.1 Overview of total FDI inflows 148
5.3.2 Structure of FDI by origin 154
5.3.3 Sectoral composition and mode of entry 161
ii
5.3.4 The evolution ofFDI over time 172
5.3.5 Dynamic impacts ofFDI on employment 183
5.3.6 FDI trade and market orientation 190
5.4 Assumptions, caveats and missing links
in search of a complete balance sheet of inward FDI 199
5.4.1 Introduction 199
5.4.2 Missing links to a complete balance sheet of inward FDI 199
5.4.3 Like estimates ofFDI and source country mirror statistics 205
5.4.4 A note on FDI estimates of the Bretton Woods institutions 212
5.5 Summary 207
6 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FDI IN VIETNAM 219
6.1 General locational patterns ofFDI 219
6.1.1 Location of Industrial Zones 22 7
6.1.2 Spatial distribution of FDI in the manufacturing sector 235
6.1.3 Spatial distribution ofFDI in the nonmanufacturing sector 246
6.2 Completed and cancelled FDI 254
6.2.1 Geography of completed FDI 255
6.2.2 Geography of cancelled FDI 256
6.3 Summary 263
PART HI ANALYSIS 265
7 FDI LOCATIONAL PATTERNS EXPLAINED 265
7.1 Traditional determinants of FDI locations 265
7.1.1 Results of previous studies of determinants of FDI 265
7.1.2 High and low FDI performing provinces
a study of unequal initial conditions 267
7.1.3 The role of geographic incentives 278
7.2 Institutional dynamics and resulting FDI structure 287
7.2.1 Mandatory JVs and state sector favoritism having the cake and eating it... 288
7.2.2 MNE strategic objectives and market orientation reexamined 297
7.2.3 High tech and labor intensive production incompatible objectives? 303
7.3 Summary 311
8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 313
8.1 Introduction 313
8.2 The conceptual framework 313
8.3 The theoretical framework 314
8.4 Summary of empirical research findings 315
8.4.1 Vietnam a late entrant into the global investment scene 315
8.4.2 An attempted balance sheet of inward FDI flows 316
8.4.3 Sources ofFDI inflows 317
8.4.4 Industrial structure and mode ofentiy 317
8.4.5 Subnational locational patterns 319
8.5 Conclusions 320
8.5.1 Research question one 320
8.5.2 Research question two 321
8.5.3 Research question three 323
iii
8.6 FDI in the new millennium:
Continuity and change, challenges and prospects 323
Appendices: 327
Appendix 1: UN International Standard Industrial Classification
of All Economic Activities (ISIC, Rev. 3) 327
Appendix 2: Manufacturing (ISIC D), by level of technology intensity 329
References 331
iv
List of tables, figures and boxes
Tables
Table 1.1: FDI inflows in developing Asia 1986 2005 4
Table 1.2: Foreign trade turnover in ASEAN 1986 2005 5
Table 2.1: Definition of FDI concept: Gross inward FDI on disbursement basis 39
Table 2.2: Definition of FDI concept: Gross inward FDI on approval basis 40
Table 2.3: Composition of major groups of FDI source countries 44
Table 2.4: Constant price 1989/1994 and revenue in 2000 of major export items 50
Table 3.1: Locational factors and major groups of theoretical approaches
to international production 56
Table 3.2: Variables influencing the location of FDI in the 1970s and 1990s 80
Table 3.3: MNE locational decision making process 86
Table 4.1: Vietnam s GDP composition and growth 1990 2000 106
Table 4.2: GDP growth 1995 2000 by form of ownership 107
Table 4.3: Population and GDP, selected years 1990 2000 108
Table 5.1: Estimates of inward FDI capital in Vietnam 1996 2000 140
Table 5.2a: Metadata for Vietnamese FDI data sources (disbursements) 142
Table 5.2b: Metadata for Vietnamese FDI data sources (approvals) 144
Table 5.3: UNCTAD revised FDI stock data for Vietnam 1995 2004 146
Table 5.4: Estimates of total FDI stock 1988 2000 154
Table 5.5: Major FDI source countries 1988 2000 157
Table 5.6: Ethnic Chinese FDI disbursements in Vietnam 1988 2000 160
Table 5.7: FDI by broad economic sectors 1988 2000 162
Table 5.8: FDI by mode of entry and business partner, 1988 2000 163
Table 5.9: Sectoral composition of FDI by mode of entry 1988 2000 164
Table 5.10: Sectoral composition of FDI by broad economic categories and
major source country groups 165
Table 5.11: Sectoral allocation of aggregate approved FDI by major source countries,
1988 2000 167
Table 5.12: Mode of entry by major FDI source country groups, 1988 2000 168
Table 5.13: FDI projects: Change of form 1993 2000 169
Table 5.14: FDI projects: Transfer of ownership by end 2000 170
Table 5.15: Central and local investment license issuing authorities: Aggregate data 1988 2000 171
Table 5.16: Central and local level investment licensing: Sectoral distribution 1988 2000 172
Table 5.17: FDI implementation ratio 1988 2000 175
Table 5.18: Temporal allocation of FDI capital 1988 2000 by major country groups 178
Table 5.19: Sectoral composition of FDI by subperiods 1988 2000 1 79
Table 5.20: Estimates of FDI employment 1990 2000 185
Table 5.21: Employment in the foreign invested sector in 2000.
by form of investment and activity 187
Table 5.22: Structure of FDI projects by size of employment and mode of entry 188
Table 5.23: Survey results of direct and indirect FDI employment (March 1998) 189
Table 5.24: Vietnam s foreign trade 1988 2000 (IMF and GSO data) 192
Table 5.25: Commodity composition of total trade 1991 2000 193
Table 5.26: Vietnam s trade with major FDI source countries and regional groupings 1988 2000 194
Table 5.27: FDI turnover 1989 2000 195
Table 5.28: FDI turnover and market orientation 1989 2000 197
Table 5.29: FDI turnover and market orientation by major country groups countries 1989 2000 198
Table 5.30: Complete post 1975 balance sheet inward FDI stocks in Vietnam 205
Table 5.31: GSO Industrial census and MPI revised database: Comparison of like estimates of FDI 208
Table 5.32: Comparison of Vietnamese FDI data and mirror statistics of major source countries.
1988 2000 210
Table 5.33: Anatomy of inward gross FDI capital in Vietnam 1997 2000:
MPI vs IMF/World Bank 214
v
Table 6.1 .Geographical distribution of aggregate FDI 1988 2000 220
Table 6.2: Spatial distribution of FDI by major source country groups 1988 2000 223
Table 6.3: FDI recipient provinces and districts: year of first incidence 225
Table 6.4: Spatial diffusion of FDI projects 1988 2000,
by major source country groups and countries 226
Table 6.5: Geography of employment in the foreign invested sector end 2000 227
Table 6.6: Number of approved EPZs and IZs 1991 2000 228
Table 6.7: Provincial distribution of approved IZs 1991 2000 230
Table 6.8: Approved foreign invested EPZ and IZ developments 1991 2000 234
Table 6.9: Geographic distribution of manufacturing FDI 1988 2000 236
Table 6.10: Mode of entry among manufacturing FIEs 237
Table 6.11: Manufacturing FDI in Industrial Zones by type of zone end 2000 238
Table 6.12: Sectoral distribution of manufacturing FDI by ISIC 2 digit divisions
in clusters of related activities 239
Table 6.13: Manufacturing FDI by major source country groups/countries 1988 2000 241
Table 6.14: Mode of entry in manufacturing FDI by major source country groups/countries 242
Table 6.15: Approved manufacturing FDI from major source country groups
by ISIC 2 digit groups 244
Table 6.16: Geographic distribution of nonmanufacturing FDI 1988 2000 247
Table 6.17: Mode of entry among nonmanufacturing FIEs 248
Table 6.18: Sectoral distribution of nonmanufacturing FDI 249
Table 6.19: Mode of entry in nonmanufacturing FDI by major source country groups/countries 251
Table 6.20: Approved nonmanufacturing FDI by major source country groups/countries
and ISIC tablature 252
Table 6.21: Terminated FDI projects 1988 2000 254
Table 6.22: Geographical distribution of cancelled FDI projects 257
Table 6.23: Mode of entry and sectoral distribution of cancelled FDI projects 258
Table 6.24: Cancelled FDI projects by major country groups and countries 259
Table 6.25: Cancelled FDI projects by OSV and PDE participation 260
Table 6.26: Cancelled projects, by year of approval and cancellation 261
Table 6.27: Cancelled FDI: dissolved projects and revoked licenses 262
Table 7.1: Results of previous studies on FDI determinants in Vietnam 266
Table 7.2a: High FDI performance: selected provincial socio economic profiles 270
Table 7.2b: Low FDI performance: selected provincial socio economic profiles 273
Table 7.3: FDI geographic incentive schemes 1998 and 2000 279
Table 7.4: Geographic incentive schemes and FDI attraction by end 2000 280
Table 7.5: Land rates and FDI attraction by end 2000 282
Table 7.6: Minimum and average wage and income levels in 2000 284
Table 7.7: Comparison of minimum wage rates and FDI attraction by end 2000 285
Table 7.8: Geography based incentives and location of FDI by major source country groups 286
Table 7.9: Geographic distribution of domestic enterprises in 1990 and 1994 294
Table 7.10: Geographic distribution of domestic enterprises in 2000 295
Table 7.11: Dejure mandatory mode of entry in JVs and BCCs by end 2000 297
Table 7.12: FDI market orientation by mode of entry 1988 2000 300
Table 7.13: Geography of FDI and market orientation of tradable/nontradable goods and services 302
Table 7.14: Market orientation of FDI in tradable/nontradable goods and services
by major source country groups/countries 304
Table 7.15: Technology in manufacturing FDI, by mode of entry and market orientation 306
Table 7.16: Technology in manufacturing FDI, by factor intensity and location 307
Table 7.17: Technology in manufacturing FDI by factor intensity and
major source country groups/countries 309
Table 7.18: Labor in manufacturing FDI by factor intensity and
major source country groups/countries, end 2000 310
Table 7.19: FDI employment by market orientation 311
vi
Figures
Figure 1.1: World FDI inflows by region 1985 2005 2
Figure 1.2: FDI inflows to developing countries by regions 1985 2005 3
Figure 2.1 Components of FDI flows and stocks 14
Figure 3.1: Bargaining relationship between MNEs and host Countries 66
Figure 3.2: Host country determinants of FDI 68
Figure 3.3: Location decision factors 87
Figure 4.1: Map of Vietnam: Bipartite division and eight region schema 110
Figure 4.2: Map of Vietnam: Tripartite division and Key Economic Areas 111
Figure 5.1: Total registered FDI capital in Vietnam 1988 2000 (approval basis):
Vietnamese and IMF/OECD perspective 150
Figure 5.2: Total FDI inflows in Vietnam 1988 2000 (disbursement basis):
Vietnamese and IMF/OECD perspective 151
Figure 5.3: Aggregate FDI 1988 2000: Number of projects 153
Figure 5.4: Aggregate FDI 1988 2000: Major groups of source countries 156
Figure 5.5: Aggregate FDI 1988 2000: Annual distribution 173
Figure 6.1: IZ/EPZs in Vietnam by geographic location by end 2000 231
Boxes
Box 2.1: Standard components of inward FDI capital flows 13
Box 2.2: Sources of information on Foreign Direct Investment 20
Box 4.1: Main components of doi moi reform measures (c:a 1989) 105
Box 4.2: List of encouraged FDI sectors 1987 and 1996 117
Box 4.3: Official list of FDI projects prohibited by law in 1998 118
Box 4.4: Major forms of capital contribution to the legal capital of a JV 120
Box 4.5: List of industrial sectors subject to mandatory mode of entry
(Joint Venture or Business Cooperation Contract) 1998 and 2000 122
Box 4.6: Mandatory documentation for investment license application 125
Box 4.7: Levels of project evaluation authority in 1998 128
Box 5.1: The Vietsovpetro Joint Venture 201
Box 6.1: The Dung Quat saga 232
vii
|
| adam_txt |
TABLE OF CONTENTS
List of tables, figures and boxes v
Acronyms ix
PART I CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 1
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Research problem 1
1.2 Vietnam in the context of global and regional trade and investment flows 2
1.3 Objective and research questions 6
1.3.1 Objective 6
1.3.2 Availability of primary and secondary data 6
1.3.3 Previous research 8
1.3.4 Research questions 9
1.4 Limitations 10
1.5 Disposition 10
2 BASIC DEFINITIONS, DATA SOURCES AND RESEARCH CONCEPTS 11
2.1 The conventional conceptual framework of FDI 11
2.1.1 Basic definitions 11
2.1.2 Direct investors and direct investment enterprises 12
2.1.3 FDI capital flows and stocks 12
2.1.4 Allocation of industrial activities 14
2.1.5 Geographical allocation and special direct investment entities 14
2.2 Compliance with the IMF/OECD standard definition of FDI 16
2.2.1 Discrepancies and deviations 16
2.2.2 Identifying direct investment relationship 16
2.2.3 Data on FDI capital flows and stocks 17
2.2.4 Sectoral allocation of FDI 26
2.2.5 Distorted geography of FDI capital flows 2 7
2.2.6 Attempts to improve FDI statistics 30
2.2.7 FDI a Fairly Disappointing Indicator (of international production) 33
2.3 Main data source and opcrationalization of relevant concepts 36
2.3.1 Main data source 36
2.3.2 Operationalization of the concept of FDI in this study 3H
2.3.3 Industrial classification 40
2.3.4 Operationalization of the geographical dimension 42
2.3.5 Vietnamese official statistics caveat emptor.' 45
2.4 Summary 51
3 FDI AND LOCATION A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 53
3.1 Conventional theories of international production 53
3.1.1 Introduction 53
3.1.2 The pioneers 53
3.1.3 Diversity in theoretical approaches 55
3.1.4 Dunning s eclectic paradigm 5 7
3.1.5 Country of origin effects and globalization 58
3.2 Locational determinants of FDI 63
3.2.1 Introduction 63
3.2.2 Spatial economics and "New Economic Geography" 63
3.2.3 The host country perspective 64
3.2.4 The MNE perspective 66
3.2.4.1 Types of foreign based MNE activities 66
3.2.4.2 National FDI policy framework 67
3.2.4.3 Business facilitation measures 71
3.2.4.4 Economic determinants 73
3.2.4.5 MNE strategies 75
3.2.5 Clusters and agglomerations 77
3.2.6 Relative importance of changes in locational determinants over time 78
3.2.7 Empirical applications to theory 81
3.2.8 A framework for locational determinants at the subnational level 82
3.2.9 MNE locational appraisal process in (theory and) practice 85
3.2.10 Summary of locational determinants 88
3.3 Asia related theories of FDI and international production 88
3.3.1 Anglo Saxon predominance in FDI theoretical developments 88
3.3.2 Birds eye view and macroeconomic perspectives of FDI in Asia 89
3.3.3 Other salient features of cross border economic interaction
in the Asian context 90
3.3.4 Locational implications in the Asian context 94
3.4 Adaptation of FDI theories to the Vietnamese context 96
3.4.1 The paradox of FDI flows in an informational void 96
3.4.2 Perceptions of FDI — same bed but different dreams? 98
3.5 Summary 101
PART II EMPIRICAL STUDY 103
4 FDI IN VIETNAM A BACKGROUND 103
4.1 Post 1975 socio economic development 103
4.1.1 Domestic and external political and economic relations 103
4.1.2 Regional divisions and the urban issue 109
4.2 The legislative framework for FDI 115
4.2.1 The making of a law — a background 115
4.2.2 The Foreign Investment Law 116
4.2.3 FDI licensing procedures 124
4.3 Summary 130
5 FDI IN VIETNAM 1988 2000 131
5.1 General outline 131
5.2 Data sources on FDI in Vietnam 131
5.2.1 Introduction 131
5.2.2 International data sources on FDI in Vietnam 132
5.2.3 National sources on Vietnamese FDI statistics 135
5.2.4 FDI data sources in a comparative perspective 138
5.3 The revised anatomy of FDI in Vietnam 148
5.3.1 Overview of total FDI inflows 148
5.3.2 Structure of FDI by origin 154
5.3.3 Sectoral composition and mode of entry 161
ii
5.3.4 The evolution ofFDI over time 172
5.3.5 Dynamic impacts ofFDI on employment 183
5.3.6 FDI trade and market orientation 190
5.4 Assumptions, caveats and missing links
in search of a complete balance sheet of inward FDI 199
5.4.1 Introduction 199
5.4.2 Missing links to a complete balance sheet of inward FDI 199
5.4.3 Like estimates ofFDI and source country mirror statistics 205
5.4.4 A note on FDI estimates of the Bretton Woods institutions 212
5.5 Summary 207
6 SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF FDI IN VIETNAM 219
6.1 General locational patterns ofFDI 219
6.1.1 Location of Industrial Zones 22 7
6.1.2 Spatial distribution of FDI in the manufacturing sector 235
6.1.3 Spatial distribution ofFDI in the nonmanufacturing sector 246
6.2 Completed and cancelled FDI 254
6.2.1 Geography of completed FDI 255
6.2.2 Geography of cancelled FDI 256
6.3 Summary 263
PART HI ANALYSIS 265
7 FDI LOCATIONAL PATTERNS EXPLAINED 265
7.1 Traditional determinants of FDI locations 265
7.1.1 Results of previous studies of determinants of FDI 265
7.1.2 High and low FDI performing provinces
a study of unequal initial conditions 267
7.1.3 The role of geographic incentives 278
7.2 Institutional dynamics and resulting FDI structure 287
7.2.1 Mandatory JVs and state sector favoritism having the cake and eating it. 288
7.2.2 MNE strategic objectives and market orientation reexamined 297
7.2.3 High tech and labor intensive production incompatible objectives? 303
7.3 Summary 311
8 SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 313
8.1 Introduction 313
8.2 The conceptual framework 313
8.3 The theoretical framework 314
8.4 Summary of empirical research findings 315
8.4.1 Vietnam a late entrant into the global investment scene 315
8.4.2 An attempted balance sheet of inward FDI flows 316
8.4.3 Sources ofFDI inflows 317
8.4.4 Industrial structure and mode ofentiy 317
8.4.5 Subnational locational patterns 319
8.5 Conclusions 320
8.5.1 Research question one 320
8.5.2 Research question two 321
8.5.3 Research question three 323
iii
8.6 FDI in the new millennium:
Continuity and change, challenges and prospects 323
Appendices: 327
Appendix 1: UN International Standard Industrial Classification
of All Economic Activities (ISIC, Rev. 3) 327
Appendix 2: Manufacturing (ISIC D), by level of technology intensity 329
References 331
iv
List of tables, figures and boxes
Tables
Table 1.1: FDI inflows in developing Asia 1986 2005 4
Table 1.2: Foreign trade turnover in ASEAN 1986 2005 5
Table 2.1: Definition of FDI concept: Gross inward FDI on disbursement basis 39
Table 2.2: Definition of FDI concept: Gross inward FDI on approval basis 40
Table 2.3: Composition of major groups of FDI source countries 44
Table 2.4: Constant price 1989/1994 and revenue in 2000 of major export items 50
Table 3.1: Locational factors and major groups of theoretical approaches
to international production 56
Table 3.2: Variables influencing the location of FDI in the 1970s and 1990s 80
Table 3.3: MNE locational decision making process 86
Table 4.1: Vietnam's GDP composition and growth 1990 2000 106
Table 4.2: GDP growth 1995 2000 by form of ownership 107
Table 4.3: Population and GDP, selected years 1990 2000 108
Table 5.1: Estimates of inward FDI capital in Vietnam 1996 2000 140
Table 5.2a: Metadata for Vietnamese FDI data sources (disbursements) 142
Table 5.2b: Metadata for Vietnamese FDI data sources (approvals) 144
Table 5.3: UNCTAD revised FDI stock data for Vietnam 1995 2004 146
Table 5.4: Estimates of total FDI stock 1988 2000 154
Table 5.5: Major FDI source countries 1988 2000 157
Table 5.6: Ethnic Chinese FDI disbursements in Vietnam 1988 2000 160
Table 5.7: FDI by broad economic sectors 1988 2000 162
Table 5.8: FDI by mode of entry and business partner, 1988 2000 163
Table 5.9: Sectoral composition of FDI by mode of entry 1988 2000 164
Table 5.10: Sectoral composition of FDI by broad economic categories and
major source country groups 165
Table 5.11: Sectoral allocation of aggregate approved FDI by major source countries,
1988 2000 167
Table 5.12: Mode of entry by major FDI source country groups, 1988 2000 168
Table 5.13: FDI projects: Change of form 1993 2000 169
Table 5.14: FDI projects: Transfer of ownership by end 2000 170
Table 5.15: Central and local investment license issuing authorities: Aggregate data 1988 2000 171
Table 5.16: Central and local level investment licensing: Sectoral distribution 1988 2000 172
Table 5.17: FDI implementation ratio 1988 2000 175
Table 5.18: Temporal allocation of FDI capital 1988 2000 by major country groups 178
Table 5.19: Sectoral composition of FDI by subperiods 1988 2000 1 79
Table 5.20: Estimates of FDI employment 1990 2000 185
Table 5.21: Employment in the foreign invested sector in 2000.
by form of investment and activity 187
Table 5.22: Structure of FDI projects by size of employment and mode of entry 188
Table 5.23: Survey results of direct and indirect FDI employment (March 1998) 189
Table 5.24: Vietnam's foreign trade 1988 2000 (IMF and GSO data) 192
Table 5.25: Commodity composition of total trade 1991 2000 193
Table 5.26: Vietnam's trade with major FDI source countries and regional groupings 1988 2000 194
Table 5.27: FDI turnover 1989 2000 195
Table 5.28: FDI turnover and market orientation 1989 2000 197
Table 5.29: FDI turnover and market orientation by major country groups countries 1989 2000 198
Table 5.30: Complete post 1975 balance sheet inward FDI stocks in Vietnam 205
Table 5.31: GSO Industrial census and MPI revised database: Comparison of like estimates of FDI 208
Table 5.32: Comparison of Vietnamese FDI data and mirror statistics of major source countries.
1988 2000 210
Table 5.33: Anatomy of inward gross FDI capital in Vietnam 1997 2000:
MPI vs IMF/World Bank 214
v
Table 6.1 .Geographical distribution of aggregate FDI 1988 2000 220
Table 6.2: Spatial distribution of FDI by major source country groups 1988 2000 223
Table 6.3: FDI recipient provinces and districts: year of first incidence 225
Table 6.4: Spatial diffusion of FDI projects 1988 2000,
by major source country groups and countries 226
Table 6.5: Geography of employment in the foreign invested sector end 2000 227
Table 6.6: Number of approved EPZs and IZs 1991 2000 228
Table 6.7: Provincial distribution of approved IZs 1991 2000 230
Table 6.8: Approved foreign invested EPZ and IZ developments 1991 2000 234
Table 6.9: Geographic distribution of manufacturing FDI 1988 2000 236
Table 6.10: Mode of entry among manufacturing FIEs 237
Table 6.11: Manufacturing FDI in Industrial Zones by type of zone end 2000 238
Table 6.12: Sectoral distribution of manufacturing FDI by ISIC 2 digit divisions
in clusters of related activities 239
Table 6.13: Manufacturing FDI by major source country groups/countries 1988 2000 241
Table 6.14: Mode of entry in manufacturing FDI by major source country groups/countries 242
Table 6.15: Approved manufacturing FDI from major source country groups
by ISIC 2 digit groups 244
Table 6.16: Geographic distribution of nonmanufacturing FDI 1988 2000 247
Table 6.17: Mode of entry among nonmanufacturing FIEs 248
Table 6.18: Sectoral distribution of nonmanufacturing FDI 249
Table 6.19: Mode of entry in nonmanufacturing FDI by major source country groups/countries 251
Table 6.20: Approved nonmanufacturing FDI by major source country groups/countries
and ISIC tablature 252
Table 6.21: Terminated FDI projects 1988 2000 254
Table 6.22: Geographical distribution of cancelled FDI projects 257
Table 6.23: Mode of entry and sectoral distribution of cancelled FDI projects 258
Table 6.24: Cancelled FDI projects by major country groups and countries 259
Table 6.25: Cancelled FDI projects by OSV and PDE participation 260
Table 6.26: Cancelled projects, by year of approval and cancellation 261
Table 6.27: Cancelled FDI: dissolved projects and revoked licenses 262
Table 7.1: Results of previous studies on FDI determinants in Vietnam 266
Table 7.2a: High FDI performance: selected provincial socio economic profiles 270
Table 7.2b: Low FDI performance: selected provincial socio economic profiles 273
Table 7.3: FDI geographic incentive schemes 1998 and 2000 279
Table 7.4: Geographic incentive schemes and FDI attraction by end 2000 280
Table 7.5: Land rates and FDI attraction by end 2000 282
Table 7.6: Minimum and average wage and income levels in 2000 284
Table 7.7: Comparison of minimum wage rates and FDI attraction by end 2000 285
Table 7.8: Geography based incentives and location of FDI by major source country groups 286
Table 7.9: Geographic distribution of domestic enterprises in 1990 and 1994 294
Table 7.10: Geographic distribution of domestic enterprises in 2000 295
Table 7.11: Dejure mandatory mode of entry in JVs and BCCs by end 2000 297
Table 7.12: FDI market orientation by mode of entry 1988 2000 300
Table 7.13: Geography of FDI and market orientation of tradable/nontradable goods and services 302
Table 7.14: Market orientation of FDI in tradable/nontradable goods and services
by major source country groups/countries 304
Table 7.15: Technology in manufacturing FDI, by mode of entry and market orientation 306
Table 7.16: Technology in manufacturing FDI, by factor intensity and location 307
Table 7.17: Technology in manufacturing FDI by factor intensity and
major source country groups/countries 309
Table 7.18: Labor in manufacturing FDI by factor intensity and
major source country groups/countries, end 2000 310
Table 7.19: FDI employment by market orientation 311
vi
Figures
Figure 1.1: World FDI inflows by region 1985 2005 2
Figure 1.2: FDI inflows to developing countries by regions 1985 2005 3
Figure 2.1 Components of FDI flows and stocks 14
Figure 3.1: Bargaining relationship between MNEs and host Countries 66
Figure 3.2: Host country determinants of FDI 68
Figure 3.3: Location decision factors 87
Figure 4.1: Map of Vietnam: Bipartite division and eight region schema 110
Figure 4.2: Map of Vietnam: Tripartite division and Key Economic Areas 111
Figure 5.1: Total registered FDI capital in Vietnam 1988 2000 (approval basis):
Vietnamese and IMF/OECD perspective 150
Figure 5.2: Total FDI inflows in Vietnam 1988 2000 (disbursement basis):
Vietnamese and IMF/OECD perspective 151
Figure 5.3: Aggregate FDI 1988 2000: Number of projects 153
Figure 5.4: Aggregate FDI 1988 2000: Major groups of source countries 156
Figure 5.5: Aggregate FDI 1988 2000: Annual distribution 173
Figure 6.1: IZ/EPZs in Vietnam by geographic location by end 2000 231
Boxes
Box 2.1: Standard components of inward FDI capital flows 13
Box 2.2: Sources of information on Foreign Direct Investment 20
Box 4.1: Main components of doi moi reform measures (c:a 1989) 105
Box 4.2: List of encouraged FDI sectors 1987 and 1996 117
Box 4.3: Official list of FDI projects prohibited by law in 1998 118
Box 4.4: Major forms of capital contribution to the legal capital of a JV 120
Box 4.5: List of industrial sectors subject to mandatory mode of entry
(Joint Venture or Business Cooperation Contract) 1998 and 2000 122
Box 4.6: Mandatory documentation for investment license application 125
Box 4.7: Levels of project evaluation authority in 1998 128
Box 5.1: The Vietsovpetro Joint Venture 201
Box 6.1: The Dung Quat saga 232
vii |
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| genre_facet | Hochschulschrift |
| geographic | Vietnam (DE-588)4063514-4 gnd |
| geographic_facet | Vietnam |
| id | DE-604.BV022470767 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:44:33Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:58:18Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9186472569 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015678258 |
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| physical | X, 357 S. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2007 |
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| publisher | Dep. of Human and Economic Geography, Göteborg Univ. |
| record_format | marc |
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| series2 | Meddelanden från Göteborgs Universitets geografiska institutioner : B |
| spelling | Nestor, Curt Verfasser aut Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 geographical perspectives Curt Nestor Göteborg Dep. of Human and Economic Geography, Göteborg Univ. 2007 X, 357 S. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Meddelanden från Göteborgs Universitets geografiska institutioner : B 112 Zugl.: Göteborg, Univ., Diss., 2007 Geschichte 1988-2000 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft Wirtschaftspolitik Investments, Foreign Vietnam Vietnam Economic conditions Vietnam Economic policy Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 gnd rswk-swf Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd rswk-swf Vietnam (DE-588)4063514-4 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Vietnam (DE-588)4063514-4 g Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 s Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 s Geschichte 1988-2000 z DE-604 Meddelanden från Göteborgs Universitets geografiska institutioner B ; 112 (DE-604)BV008914788 112 HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015678258&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Nestor, Curt Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 geographical perspectives Meddelanden från Göteborgs Universitets geografiska institutioner Wirtschaft Wirtschaftspolitik Investments, Foreign Vietnam Vietnam Economic conditions Vietnam Economic policy Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4070496-8 (DE-588)4066399-1 (DE-588)4063514-4 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 geographical perspectives |
| title_auth | Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 geographical perspectives |
| title_exact_search | Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 geographical perspectives |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 geographical perspectives |
| title_full | Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 geographical perspectives Curt Nestor |
| title_fullStr | Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 geographical perspectives Curt Nestor |
| title_full_unstemmed | Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 geographical perspectives Curt Nestor |
| title_short | Foreign direct investment in the Socialist Republic of Vietnam 1988 - 2000 |
| title_sort | foreign direct investment in the socialist republic of vietnam 1988 2000 geographical perspectives |
| title_sub | geographical perspectives |
| topic | Wirtschaft Wirtschaftspolitik Investments, Foreign Vietnam Vietnam Economic conditions Vietnam Economic policy Direktinvestition (DE-588)4070496-8 gnd Wirtschaft (DE-588)4066399-1 gnd |
| topic_facet | Wirtschaft Wirtschaftspolitik Investments, Foreign Vietnam Vietnam Economic conditions Vietnam Economic policy Direktinvestition Vietnam Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015678258&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV008914788 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT nestorcurt foreigndirectinvestmentinthesocialistrepublicofvietnam19882000geographicalperspectives |