Verfügbarkeit: Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii

Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii: (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia

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Bibliographische Detailangaben
Hauptverfasser:	Karyškovskij, Petr Osipovič 1921-1988 (VerfasserIn), Skljarov, Aleksandr N. (VerfasserIn)
Format:	Buch
Sprache:	Russian
Veröffentlicht:	Odessa Fridman 2003
Schlagworte:	Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-400 Geldwirtschaft Geld Olbia > Ukraine Hochschulschrift
Online-Zugang:	Inhaltsverzeichnis Abstract
Beschreibung:	Beil. u.d.T.: Rynoyčnye ceny v Ukraine na monety, opublikovannye v knige P. O. Karyškovskogo "Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii" Odessa, 2003. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Teilw. zugl.: Odessa, Univ., Diss., 1968
Beschreibung:	XVI, 684 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. Rynočnye ceny
ISBN:	966961810X

Internformat

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Datensatz im Suchindex

_version_	1804136529772150784
adam_text	Содержание Автобиография Слово об авторе От автора Введение ИЗУЧЕНИЕ МОНЕТНОГО ДЕЛА И ДЕНЕЖНОГО ОБРАЩЕНИЯ ОЛЬВИИ В THE STUDY OF COINAGE AND MONETARY CIRCULATION OF OLBIA IN 18TH A. Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в научной литературе конца [Problems of Olbian numismatics at the end of the 18th Первые упоминания об ольвийских монетах Первые находки Первые систематические публикации ольвийских монет. Келер coins. Koehler Бларамберг Сестини B. Разработка ольвийской нумизматики во второй половине [Study of olbian numismatics of the second half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century] Мелкие публикации 30-х Уваров Кене Значение трудов Уварова и Кене о монетах Ольвии Зарубежные публикации 60-х Бурачков Монеты Ольвии в трудах академика Латышева Труды Орешникова по нумизматике Ольвии Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в трудах Бертье-Делагарда Русские и зарубежные публикации конца beginning of the 20th centuries] Раскопки Ольвии и их значение для нумизматики Итоги изучения ольвийских монет до Монеты Ольвии в зарубежных изданиях после C. Достижения советской науки в области изучения монетного дела и денежного обращения Ольвии [Achievements of Soviet science in the study of coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia] Успехи советской науки в изучении истории и археологических памятников Ольвии study of Olbian archaeological sites] Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в последних трудах Орешникова Oreshnikov s works] Зограф Монетное дело и денежное обращение Ольвии в трудах works] Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в советской историографии historiography of Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в советской историографии historiography in Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в историографии социалистических стран raphy of socialist countries] Задачи изучения монетного дела и денежного обращения Ольвии tion of Olbia] часть первая Монеты Ольвии как исторический источник Coins of Olbia as Historical Source Глава ТЕХНИКА И ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА МОНЕТЫ В ОЛЬВИИ TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF COIN MANUFACTURE IN OLBIA § 1. Золотые монеты Ольвии и их металлическое содержание Металлическое содержание серебряных монет Ольвии Состав ольвийской Происхождение монетных металлов в Ольвии § 2. Техника отливки дельфинов и ассов Отливка кружков и подготовка их к чеканке монет Чеканка ольвийских монет Монетный двор древней Ольвии § 3. Эволюция ольвийской монетной техники Коллегии Семи и Девяти Верховный распорядитель финансами Архонты Экономы и казначей Время существования коллегии агораномов Агораномы Ситоны Глава МОНЕТНО-ВЕСОВЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ ОЛЬВИИ MONETARY SYSTEMS OF OLBIA § 4. [Problems and methods of Olbian coins metrological study] Особенности монетной метрологии Методика обработки метрологических данных Источники и трудности изучения ольвийской метрологии Изучение ольвийской монетной метрологии в Ольвийская монетная метрология в трудах Бертье-Делагарда Пополнение ольвийской монетной метрологии после Бертье-Делагарда de la § 5. [Metrological classification of gold and silver coins of pre-Getic Olbia] Монеты с именем Эминака Старший номинал с изображением Деметры Младшие номиналы с изображением Деметры Монеты с изображением Геракла Монеты с изображениями Аполлона и Артемиды Итоги метрологической классификации серебряных монет догетской Ольвии Getic Olbian gold and silver coins] § 6. Эгинская система в Ольвии Аттическая система в Ольвии (конец Хиосско-родосская система в Ольвии Дополнительные замечания о метрологии серебряных монет догетской Ольвии metrology of silver coins of pre-Getic Olbia] § 7. [Metrological classification of copper coins of pre-Getic Olbia] Классификация ассов Монетно-весовая система ольвийских ассов Особенности метрологического изучения чеканенных медных монет Метрологическая классификация разменной меди эллинистического времени Hellenistic time] Система номиналов разменной меди эллинистического времени of Hellenistic time] §8. [Metrological classification of pre-Getic Olbian coins and monetary system] Наименования счетных номиналов ольвийской меди эллинистического времени copper coins of Hellenistic time] Золотые монеты царя Фарзоя Серебряные монеты послегетской Ольвии Классификация и весовая система медных монет Классификация и весовая система медных монет второй половины system of copper coins of the second half of the V¡ Глава ТИПЫ МОНЕТ ОЛЬВИИ § 9. [Olbian city device, its origin and meaning] Сакральные и государственные эмблемы в монетной типологии древнегреческого мира typology of Ancient Greek World] Обзор ольвийских монетных типов Общность эмблемы Синопы, Истрии и Ольвии Орел и дельфин на монетах Синопы Орел и дельфин на монетах Истрии Варианты городской эмблемы на монетах Ольвии Дельфин на монетах Ольвии Орел на монетах Ольвии Происхождение Ольвийской городской эмблемы Дельфин и культ Аполлона Дельфиния Место Аполлона Дельфиния в религиозных верованиях ольвиополитов Olbiopolites] Орел и культ Зевса Место Зевса в религиозных верованиях ольвиополитов Значение ольвийской городской эмблемы § 10. [Coin types as origin concerning religious and culture of Olbiopolites] Зевс и его атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Аполлон и его атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Статуарные типы Зевса на монетах Ольвии Статуарные типы Аполлона на монетах Ольвии Артемида и ее атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Афродита и ее атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Афина и ее атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Деметра и Кибела на монетах Ольвии Гермес и другие олимпийские божества на монетах Ольвии Солярные символы и Гелий на монетах Ольвии Речной бог Борисфен и его атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Скифский Геракл на монетах Ольвии Геракл и его атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Агонистические типы на монетах Ольвии § 11. [Features of typology of royal and imperial coins of Olbia] Изображения на монетах скифского царя Скилура Изображения на монетах царей Фарзоя и Иненсимея Тамгообразные знаки на монетах Фарзоя и Иненсимея Изображения римских императоров и эмблем на монетах Ольвии § 12. Самостоятельность и заимствования в монетной пластике Ольвии Архаические мотивы в монетном искусстве Ольвии Монетное искусство эллинистической Ольвии Монетное искусство послегетской Ольвии Дифференты на монетах Ольвии Декоративные элементы на монетах Ольвии Глава НАДПИСИ НА МОНЕТАХ ОЛЬВИИ § 13. [The most ancient literal symbols and their character] Сокращения на литых монетах Ольвии и попытки их истолкования Именной характер сокращений на дельфинах и ассах Надпись на древнейших серебряных монетах Значение имен на древнейших монетах Ольвии Негосударственный характер древнейших монет Ольвии § 14. [Ethnic of Olbiopolites and its forms] Древнейшие обозначения этникона на ольвийских монетах Древнейшая форма имени города vii Этникон на позднейших ассах Этникон на чеканенных монетах Этникон на монетах позднеэллинистического времени Этникон на монетах послегетского времени § 15. [Abbreviations of the personal names on the 4th Сокращения имен на монетах Сокращения имен на борисфенах Сокращения имен на монетах Сокращения имен басилеев на монетах § 16. [Onomastic § 17. [Abbreviations of magistrate s names on the Легенды на царских монетах, чеканенных в Ольвии Легенды на городских монетах Ономастические данные монетных легенд Легенды на монетах конца Легенды на монетах второй половины § 18. Значение именных сокращений на монетах Ольвии Имена и титулы императоров на монетах первой трети Ш в. н.э. § 19. [Peculiarities of palaeography ofOlbian coin legends and Знаки ценности на императорских монетах Палеография древнейших монетных надписей Палеография монетных надписей эллинистического времени Палеография монетных надписей римского времени часть вторая Исторический очерк монетного оела и денежного обращения Ольвии A Historical Outline ofOlbian Coinage and Coin Circulation Глава КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ И ХРОНОЛОГИЯ МОНЕТ ОЛЬВИИ CLASSIFICATION AND CHRONOLOGY OF OLBIAN COINS § 20. [Classification and chronology of cast coins of Olbia] Классификация и хронология дельфинов Классификация ранних ассов Хронология ранних ассов Классификация и хронология поздних ассов Хронология ассов в свете археологических данных § 21. [Classification and chronology of Olbian earlier silver coins] Статеры Эминака Оболы с изображениями букрания и тирса Классификация серебряных и золотых монет с изображением Деметры of Абсолютная хронология серебряных и золотых монет с изображением Деметры coins with the image of § 22. [Classification and chronology of borysthenes ] Попытки классификации борисфенов Классификация борисфенов Последовательность дифферентов на борисфенах Абсолютная хронология борисфенов § 23. [Classification and chronology of copper coins of Olbia with the image of Монеты с Деметрой и городской эмблемой и их место среди монет Ольвии place among coins of Olbia] viii Классификация монет с Деметрой и городской эмблемой Продолжительность выпуска монет с изображениями Деметры и городской эмблемы of Абсолютная хронология монет с изображениями Деметры и городской эмблемы image of Мелкие медные монеты с изображением Деметры Монеты с изображениями Деметры в стенном венце § 24. [Classification and chronology of silver coins of Hellenistic Olbia] Классификация и хронология монет с изображениями Деметры и дельфина Demeter A.H. 3rd - 2nd Классификация и хронология поздних выпусков серебра с изображениями Деметры и монет с изображением Геракла [Classification and chronology of silver coins of late issues with Demeter s and Heracle s images] Классификация серебра с изображениями Геракла, Аполлона и Артемиды Heracles, Apollo and Artemis] Хронология серебра с изображениями Геракла, Аполлона и Артемиды Apollo and Artemis] § 25, [Classification and chronology of bronze coins of Hellenistic Olbia] Серебряные монеты с изображениями Гермеса и керикея Монеты с сокращениями Монеты коллегии Семи и другие монеты второй половины second half of the Монеты времени Митридата Евпатора § 26. [Classification and chronology of coins of post-Getic Olbia] Анэпиграфные ольвийские монеты Последовательность монетных выпусков середины Абсолютная хронология монет середины Хронология крупной меди Хронология монет второй половины § 27. [Division into periods of history of coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia] Хронология монет первой трети Степень точности хронологии ольвийских монет Периодизация истории монетного дела Ольвии в научной литературе scientific literature] Доэллинистический период Периодизация денежного обращения Ольвии Эллинистический период Римский период Глава ДЕНЕЖНОЕ ОБРАЩЕНИЕ ОЛЬВИИ В СВЯЗИ С ИСТОРИЕЙ ГОРОДА MONETARY CIRCULATION OF OLBIA IN CONTEXT OF CITY S HISTORY § 28. [Written sources on history of monetary circulation of Olbia] Декрет о денежном обращении; его содержание Изучение декрета о денежном обращении в Цель и значение декрета о денежном обращении Эпиграфические свидетельства об обращении в Ольвии золотых монет coins in Olbia] Эпиграфические свидетельства об обращении в Ольвии медных монет coins in Olbia] § 29. [Olbia in pre-Hellenistic epoch (the second quarter of the 6th § 30. [Origin and features of monetary circulation of Olbia (from the ancient time to the beginning of the 4th cent. B.C.)] Обращение электровых монет Малой Азии в Причерноморье Region] Особенности обращения кизикинов в Ольвии ix Древнейшие бронзовые монеты Северо-Западного Причерноморья Black Sea Region] Обращение литых монет-дельфинов Несостоятельность теории о сакральном характере ольвийских дельфинов Olbian dolphin coins] Обращение полноценных бронзовых монет § 31. [Changes in monetary circulation in Olbia in the middle of the 4th cent. B.C.] Обращение статеров Эминака Первые ольвийские монеты с именем города Распространение ольвийских ассов в Северо-Западном Причерноморье Black Sea Region] Значение декрета о денежном обращении Прекращение свободного обращения кизикинов в Ольвии Прекращение выпуска полноценных бронзовых монет Изменение роли золота в денежном обращении греческого мира в tion of Greek world in the 4th cent. B.C.] Падение стоимости золота и прекращение чеканки электра Обращение золотых монет в Ольвии Изменение облика крупной меди Находки ольвийских монет серЗДины B.C. § 32. [Relative value of coin metals in Olbia in the 4th cent B.C.] Стоимость золота в третьей четверти Стоимость электра в середине Состав КИЗИКСКОГО электра и курс кизикинов Стоимость золота в середине Стоимость золота в конце § 33. [Olbia in Hellenistic epoch (end Стоимость монетной бронзы в середине § 34. [Monetary circulation of Olbia in early Hellenistic time (the end of the 4th Обращение золотых монет диадохов в Ольвии Превращение серебряной монеты во вспомогательное средство обращения facilities of circulation] Изменения в монетном деле Ольвии Счетное отношение ольвийской драхмы к золотому Особенности обращения медной монеты в первой половине first half of the § 35. [Crisis of Olbian monetary circulation and efforts to overcome it (the second half of the Находки борисфенов в Северо-Западном Причерноморье Находки иноземных монет конца B.C. in Olbia] Признаки кризиса Деградация и клеймение борисфенов Медные монеты конца Роль коллегии Семи в выпуске монеты Декрет Протогена о курсе медной монеты Особенности обращения серебряных монет в период денежного кризиса period of monetary crisis] Попытки преодоления денежного кризиса в первой половине half of the § 36. [Monetary circulation of Olbia in late Hellenistic time (the second half of the Находки ольвийских монет второй половины Olbian coins of the second half of the Находки иноземных монет Сокращение выпуска монеты в позднеэллинистической Ольвии Монеты Скилура Обращение золота и серебра в позднеэллинистической Ольвии Проникновение медной монеты городов Понтийского царства в Ольвию in Olbia] Медные монеты первой половины Особенности денежного обращения в Ольвии в первой половине Olbia in the first half of the § 37. § 38. Первые монеты, чеканенные по римской системе Выпуск сестерциев из аурихалка § 39. [Monetary circulation in Olbia before stopping of local coin mint (the end of the Начало проникновения римских монет в Ольвию Находки монет, чеканенных в Ольвии, в Северном Причерноморье Black Sea Region] Проникновение в Ольвию римских монет в Особенности обращения ольвийских монет во Монетные выпуски конца Проникновение в Ольвию римских монет в первой трети third of the Находки римских и провинциальных монет конца coins of the end of the Особенности проникновения римских и провинциальных монет of the Находки ольвийских монет конца the beginning of the § 40. [Stopping of coin striking and decline of monetary circulation in Olbia] Прекращение выпуска ольвийских монет после Находки римских монет эпохи кризиса Проникновение в Ольвию монет поздней Римской империи •Прекращение денежного обращения и гибель античной Ольвии of the Antique Olbia] Приложение СПИСОК ЗОЛОТЫХ И СЕРЕБРЯНЫХ МОНЕТ ОЛЬВИИ LIST OF GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF OLBIA Дополнение Приложение СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ НА МОНЕТАХ ОЛЬВИИ [THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ON THE OLBIAN COINS] Приложение СПИСОК НАХОДОК ОЛЬВИЙСКИХ МОНЕТ ЗА ПРЕДЕЛАМИ ОЛЬВИИ [LIST OF FINDS OF OLBIAN COINS BEYOND OLBIA] Приложение СПИСОК ИНОЗЕМНЫХ МОНЕТ, НАЙДЕННЫХ В ОЛЬВИИ [LIST OF FOREIGN COINS FOUND IN OLBIA] Приложение СООТВЕТСТВИЕ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ ОЛЬВИЙСКИХ МОНЕТ НА ПРИЛАГАЕМЫХ ТАБЛИЦАХ И НА ТАБЛИЦАХ ИЗ ДРУГИХ ИЗДАНИЙ [CORRESPONDENCE OF IMAGES OF OLBIAN COINS ON ATTACHED TABLES AND TABLES FROM ANOTHER EDITIONS] Приложение СООТВЕТСТВИЕ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ НАЙДЕННЫХ В ОЛЬВИИ ИНОЗЕМНЫХ МОНЕТ НА ПРИЛАГАЕМЫХ ТАБЛИЦАХ И В ПРИЛОЖЕНИИ [CORRESPONDENCE OF IMAGES OF FOREIGN COINS FOUND IN OLBIA ON ATTACHED TABLES AND APPENDIX Приложение МЕСТА ХРАНЕНИЯ ОЛЬВИЙСКИХ МОНЕТ, ИЗОБРАЖЕННЫХ НА ПРИЛАГАЕМЫХ ТАБЛИЦАХ [PLACE OF STORAGE OF OLBIAN COINS REPRESENTED ON ATTACHED TABLES] xi Приложение УКАЗАТЕЛЬ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ [INDEX OF USED WRITTEN SOURCES]........................................................................................................................... Приложение СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ Дополнение к списку использованной литературы Приложение СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ ПЕТР ОСИПОВИЧ КАРЫШКОВСКИЙ РОЖДЕНИЯ). СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ СЕ. ЛЮБОМУДРОВ. ОДЕССА, [PYOTR OSIPOVICH KARYSHKOVSKIJ COMPILED BY SUMMARY. COINAGE AND MONETARY CIRCULATION IN OLBIA (6TH CENTURY B.C. Графические приложения Таблицы Монеты Ольвии Иноземные монеты, найденные в Ольвии Рисунки Схемы Таблицы (Ольвийские материалы из личного архива автора) Tables (Olbian materials from the author s personal archive) xii SUMMARY. COINAGE AND MONETARY CIRCULATION IN OLBIA (6TH CENTURY B.C. Study of economics of ancient slave-owing societies, and ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea Region in particular, represents one of the most important problems for Soviet archaeologists and historians of ancient times. To the moment of appearance of the first Ionic settlements on the banks of the Dnieper-Bug estuary and Kerch Strait social-economical development of Greek metropolis reached the level that caused appearance of metal coins; presence of relatively developed monetary circulation was one of the important traits of the ancient mode of production, up to crisis and ruin. Thus coins belong to a number of important material of sources of ancient history; study of coins represents outstanding scientific interest and substantially broadens information reports from written documents about economy and culture of the Greek-Roman world. Ancient Olbia was not an exemption between other antique states; and issue of coins began here probably only a few decades later Milesian settlements were founded on the bank of the Bug Estuary. With some intervals caused by overall developmental process of the city, coins were minted by Olbiopolites the beginning of the second third of the the known groups of Olbian coins studied, classified and reliably dated: connection of its numismatic relics with other kinds of sources disclosed insufficiently and coins are used far not fully for the recreation of the economi¬ cal, political and cultural history of the city. The research of peculiarities and regularities, trends of coin minting and monetary circulation of Olbia in connection with the historical fates of the city has great importance. Olbia is the only centre of the Black Sea Region, where the process of origin of money as cast bronze coin of full value can be followed; monetary eco¬ nomics of the Olbiopolites later was tightly connected with monetary circulation of Greek metropolis and later of that of the Roman Empire. This interconnection makes is possible for us to recreate and comprehend the line of the important occurrences in the material and spiritual culture of the Olbiopolites. The Dissertation consists of the historiographical preface and two parts. In the first part Olbian coins are viewed as one of the most important sources of the city s history, with this connection of technical peculiarities of weighting and counting systems, kinds of monetary images, inscription and their content had been studied. The second part establishes classifica¬ tion, division into periods and absolute chronology of Olbian coins, and also monetary circulation during all stages of the city s history i.e. from the 6th century B.C. to the 4th century ancient authors, epigraphic findings, archaeological artefacts and other sources are being widely used. The atlas of Olbian coins and some appendices, characterized below are attached to the dissertation. In the preface history of coinage and monetary circulation of Olbia are viewed in details, the achievement of Soviet science in this area are shown and goals for further studies are formulated. Study of the Olbian coins developing in boundaries of national and world archaeological science using this terms in a broad way passed more than bicentannial way since first written records of these coins. This way can be divided into big periods before and after October Revolution, each of them divided in its term into stages. During all 18th century only a few specimens of Olbian coins accidentally penetrated into western (occidental) museums through antiquity market of Levant became known to the European scientists. Any serious study of them was out of questions, and even referral of these coins to a then obscure city on the North Coast of deemed questionable by the majority of numismatists. Since the time of establishing the location of Olbia at the Bug Estuary on the border of the 18th ries and the leading role in their study goes from foreign scientists to the science. The first half of the 19th century was the time of initial processing numismatic material that being a credit for E. Koehler, I.P. Blaramberg, N.N. Murzakevich and other national archaeologists and historians. By mid-19th century insufficiency of discriptional and publishing goals was realized; and in the works by A.S. Uvarov and B.V. sources for historical and cultural studies of ancient cities of North Coast of the Black Sea was shown. It meant, in essence the beginning of transformation of numismatics from scientific amusement of privileged and affluent collectors and professional occupation of serving them erudites to the auxiliary branch of bourgeois historical science. However in the conditions of Russian reality of the inertia of old aristocratic traditions could not be overcome in numismatic area during many decades, that is proved by works by P.O. Burachkov, X.X. Gill, and many of their contemporaries, even the accumulation and publication of Olbian coins were far from completion by 376 modest Olbia started in the end of the 19th century appeared in publication from time to time and were very incomplete. Essentially, till the very October amateurism and obsolete methods of work in the area of the antique numismatics were still persistent; the history of Olbian minting and especially its monetary circulation were worked with sporadically. (A.V. Oreshnikov, A.L. During the last five decades Olbian numismatics developing as a component of the Marxist archaeology. First decades of this period inseparably connected with the scientific work of time when Soviet numismatic school was in the process of it formation, using the best achievement of the contem¬ porary science and never letting out of sight an ultimate goal of every historical research of the development of society. Therefore purely numismatic goals (stamp s analysis, inventory of the monetary findings, study of the metrological and iconographical problems etc.) are only methods of study coins as a spe¬ cific category material sources disclosing sometimes substantial peculiarities of the economy, socio-political system and cultural of ancient societies. On the basis of this versatile and complex study of the Olbian coins together with other relics of the past material culture and written language, and right before Great Patriotic war creation of the first scientific essay about the history of Olbian coinage became possible1. Last decades are marked by substantial successes of the Soviet Numismatics and archaeology. That makes the results of the previous research in the area of the study of the Olbian coins insufficient and brings forth the new goals. Time came, when by the collective efforts of the Soviet scientists ways to the work with corps of the coins and complex recreation of the history of the all monetary economy ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea Region are being outlined. On the way to this goal will be necessary not only a comprehensive study the coins themselves but also a record of the foreign coins that were circulation on the Black Sea markets at various times. The accumulation of the proved information about spreading of the coins of the Black Sea centers beyond the boundaries of actually cities proper represents substantial interest. The dissertation concentrates on the feasible solution of these prob¬ lems and exposition of the peculiarities of the monetary circulation with reference to Olbia, the most important conclusions of which were stated in articles published by the author in The first part of the dissertation (Chapters I logical artefact and a historical source. In the first chapter technique and the organization of coin minting in Olbia are characterized. It shows that the rare issues of the Olbian gold coins were minted from the high standard metal, but the content of silver in coins was high (about 900%o) only from the beginning of the 5th till the end of the 4th century B.C. In the the silver coins of the issue of silver coins during the second half of the metal of high quality. At the same time the date we have about the content of the Olbian coin bronze does not let us to follow the chance of its quality over different periods of time and does not allow us to find out any local peculiarities of this metal comparing with the content of the bronze alloy of the ancient Greek metropolis. Talking about the origin of the Olbian coin metals we have to deal with the extremely insufficient data; it is possible to admit that the gold that Olbia received came from the Thracian deposits, neither from Ural nor Altai; as for the silver we have to take into account the possibility that it was received in a form of coins or articles from the Greek metropolis. The question about the origin of copper and tin has to be left open. A line of observations is concentrating on the manufacturing technique of the Olbian coins, about which we unfortunately do not have any written records. At the same time we have to keep in mind the high level of the Olbian bronze craftsmanship (A.I. Furmanskaya, phins) and wholesome bronze obols (asses) in their traits copies well known to the Olbiopolites way other cast- bronze items in a double-sided mold. Further the blanks are viewed coin, found during the excavation of agora and their classification is outlined Some technical characteristics of the already made-coins (double strikes, dislocation of stamps, reminting etc.) present an interest for the history of the minting process. Concluding paragraph of the first chapter is built on the analysis of the epigraphic sources and contains short characteristics of the bodies of the financial management of Olbia (Board of the Seven and Nine), and also the part of city magistrates (archons, sitonae, agoranomoi) in the areas that are most tightly connected with the minting of coins monetary economics The second chapter of the dissertation dedicated to monetary systems of Olbia. In the beginning of it goals and methods of the metrological study of the Olbian coins are viewed; corresponding sources and scientific literature 1 была подготовлена к 377 Table 2nd are characterized. Then follows the detailed metrological classification of the Getic Olbia data is collected in tables). After that with the help of comparison with the corresponding data in metrology of the centres of the Greek metropolis sequentially emphasised monetary systems of Olbia from the end of the 5th to the middle of the on the turn of the 4th is also possible, that Olbiopolites attempted to mint silver coins also in the Attic weight system which they used when minting their rare gold coins. The major denominations of the Olbian silver coins were stater (didrachm), drachma and triobol (hemidrachm) average weights of which at different times are done in the Table During the metrological classification of the bronze copper coins of Olbia first we viewed cast full value asses and then a small change of the Hel¬ lenistic time. During this study it is established that the highest denomination of the Olbian coin minting was represented by the smaller denominations were issued 4 copper coins, we have to say that its denomination cannot be defined the last decades of the 4th and to the middle of the 3rd with compulsory value, (first type 3.XXXII 3.XXXII century B.C. up to the tetrachalkoi, dichalkoi, and chalkoi off different types, to which in some series were joined by trichalkoi and trihemichalkoi (average weights of all these denominations are groupped in the dissertation by series and are being compared on the tables). In the same chapter metrological classification of the coins of post-Getic Olbia is shown. Study of the gold coins with Pharzoeus on them shows that the earliest of these coins (P. staters (average weight present Roman view, among latter can be singled out coins minted correspondingly with the standards established dur¬ ing Augustus reign time weight reduction of the Roman gold coins among copper coins of the weight system (P. XI 14) data of Olbian coins of In the third chapter of the dissertation types of Olbian coins, their development and importance are studied. First of all origin of the Olbiopolites city device- an eagle standing on the back of a dolphin variations are indicated (P. of 15) latter with the cult of Zeus, which are supposed to be viewed as main deities of the pantheon of the Olbiopolites is shown Olbian device connecting an eagle with a dolphin should be viewed as a heraldic image embodying the image 1 В. Рік, designated by Roman figures, number of coins Arabian ones. For average weights in the tables is shown quantity of copies, discounted at calculation of average ones, the dates are justified in the fifth chapter of dissertation. System, type, dates Average weights (in gram) stater drachma triobol Aeginetan system circa (3. 12,0 (30) 5,7(6) circa (3. XXXII 12,4 (8) 3,0(8) Rhođian circa (P. IX 7,9 (1) 3,6(35) circa (P. X9- 7,3 (2) 3,3 (9) 1,6(15) circa (P. X 7,2 (13) 3,2(42) circa (3OAO,II, fig-i) 3,0(5) circa 7,0(18) 3,2(115) 1,5(51) (P.X. 378 connected with the most important elements of the religious beliefs indigenous for the citizens of Ionic settle¬ ments of North Coast of the Black Sea. Further systematically and in details other Olbian monetary types are characterized that belong to the cults of Zeus (P. X 30, 34, 197) 1;X 32 - 33, confirm the presence of the named cults in Olbia. The special attention deserve images of the river god Borysthenes (P. IX type that allow to surmise aboutn their agonistic basis (P. X typology of the coins of Scilurus, Pharzoeus, Ininsimeus (Inismeus), the presence of tamga-shaped tribal symbols on the coins of two latter (P. images of Roman emperors and Roman symbols on the Olbian coins are viewed (for example, P. XI 23). craftsmanship of the Olbiopolites. Here shown skill and independence of Olbian coiners,, exposed archaic mo¬ tives among monetary images, characterized raise and decline of this original fine art, given stylistic evaluation of the major Olbian coins. The last chapter of the first part concentrates on the study of the inscriptions on the coins of Olbia. First, in this chapter are distinguished the oldest (before the end of the 5th century B.C.) letter markings on the coins of Olbia ΘΥ staters; thus on the early Olbian coins is absent ethnic of citizens, the place of which take proper names allowing to conjecture that these inscriptions devoid of dating or differentiating meaning belonged to private people, mint¬ ing these oldest coins as it was for example in Athens before Pisistratus. On the boundary of the 5th that did not allow any doubt that minting of coins from that time on passed to the hands of the state. In the dissertation are consecutively viewed all forms of ethnic designations till the issue of coins was discontinued. Special section of the fourth chapter consists of systematic overview of the abbreviations of the proper names on the Olbian coins of the 4th and with the reconstruction corresponding names on the base of the Olbian epigraphic documents with an account of Ionic and general Greek anthroponimics. Study of conclusion about a full prevalence of the purely Greek names among Olbiopolites in pre-Getic times Knipovich, Εμινακος, Ηρωιόης, Μοσχιων, Σατυριων: ΕΛαμεινων, Ηγησιαναξ, Μόνιμος, Σιμός During the viewing of the names on the coins of the a known by epigraphic documents (for example Pisistratus, son of Dadacus, Anaximenes, son of Euresibius, Adoes, son of Delphus, Artemidorus, son of Satyras, Hicesius, son of Maeacus, Dadus, son of Satyrus), and shown that abbreviations of the names on the Olbian coins sometimes entered in post-Getic time as a preposition гт, names and titles of Roman emperors, denomination marks on the coins of the other letter designations. Concluding paragraph of the fourth chapter concentrates on the viewing of the palaeographic peculiarities of Table tions relatively close follow after evolution of lapidary script of Olbian epigraphic documents. Second part of the dissertation opens with chapter five, consisting of classification and chronology of the Olbian coins. Here partially guided by the conclusions made in the previous chapter, partially based in the additional data classification and chronology of dolphin coins (they are attributed to the time before the third quarter of the 5th century B.C. ing dates are shown as the most probable (Table Classification and chronology of the early silver coins of Olbia that belonged to Aeginetan system, and also rare gold coins issued by the Olbiopolites in the Attic system asses Series, type, date Denomination (in obols) 1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6 1/8 circa (CA, + + circa (3. XXX 3-4) + + 0^460-425 5.0. (3. XXXI 1-3) + + + circa (3. XXXI 5) + circa (3. XXXI 4) + 379 Table 5th Series, type, date Metal, denominations Gold Silver stater tetarte stater drachma triobol obol circa (3. XXXII 1) + + circa (CA, + circa (Б. + circa (3. XXXII 2 ) + circa (P. IX + + + circa (3. XXXII 3,7 - 8) + + + may be represented the follow¬ ing way (Table The beginning of minting of Olbian silver with the image of Demeter (B.VI 135, 3, when full-valued cast obols were still in circulation (3. XXXI 4, ries of them came similar, with them died obols, that had only nomi¬ nal value years later, simultaneously with the issue of the gold staters (P. IX the appearance of obols images of the river deity Borysthenes and Scythian armament start appearing on them coins by style, texture and weight on ten groups, based on the comparison of stamps inside each group is established a sequence of issues (they marked by abbreviations of magistrates names, changed annually). Table obols to the struck ones and classification of the latter have the following look (Ta¬ ble Further in the disserta¬ tion are viewed the coins with the images of De- meter and the city s device (3. XXXII 11-13). are subdivided by ture-stylistic groups, that belong (like an adjoining to the mentioned copper change) small coins with images of 22 - 23) of the 4th century B.C. and directly precedes borysthenes , the lager denomination of this series represents as it mentioned, struck bronze I crown and an archer Starting the classification and chronology of silver, it should be mentioned, that in the first half of the century B.C. in Olbia were minted several series of didrachms, drachmas, and hemidrachms of the Rhodian monetary system Then the issue of silver stopped and only in the second quarter of the the same denominations followed were still circulating, but silver was not issued any more. Special paragraph concentrates on the classification and chronology of the small copper change of the last thirds of the sequence and dating of the mentioned coins (Table Coins of post-Getic Olbia, the best classified in numismatic literature (A.V. Oreshnikov 1951) appeared in the (Inismeus) and was realized the transition from traditional Hellenistic monetary-gravimetric system to the Roman one. The dates of issue both kings coins were correctly established by (A.V. Oreshnikov they belong to the time of Nero and the first Flavii. Dissertation showed that assumption was correct: early coins Series, groups Number of the known yearly issues Date (years B.C.) Type of obols full-valued (cast) nominal value (died) Demeter 1 370-345 3. XXXI 4 The same 9 340-330 3. XXXII 4 Borysthsenes, group I 10 330-315 3. XXXII 15 The same, group II 12 315-300 3. XXXII 14, 16,17 The same, group IV 16 300-280 3. XXXII 18 The same, group 15 280-260 3. XXXII 21 The same, group V c, 7 260-250 3. XXXII 19,20 The same, group 10 250 - 240 3. XXXII 22 380 Table of Pharzoeus time with the copper with images of Zeus and eagle (3.XXXIV transition to the minting of P. XI Although from the late Nero s death A.D.) probably, minted in Olbia and only during this civil war A.D. made to issue light¬ ened (corresponding with the change of the weight of Roman gold coins in Pharzoeus XXXIII likely that minting was renewed at the time of Vespasian A.D.) coins with Pharzoeus name (P. dupondii with abbreviations that cannot always be submitted to supplements of Olbian archons abbrevations (P. XI Table Series, type Date (years B.C.) Denomination in chalkoi 4 3 2 І1/2 1 Series of the Board of the Seven (P. 230-220 + + + Demeter s Series (P. IX 215-205 + + Herakles (P.X24;B.IV32-34) 200-195 + First series with the abbrevation of the name of the city s 190-180 + + + Second series with the abbreviation of the name of the city s King (P. X 145-135 + + + + Series of the time of the Scythian king Scilurus (Б. 130-120 + + + + Early issues of the time of Mithridates Eupator (P. X 95-80 + + Series of five denominations of the time of Mithridates 75-70 + + + + Anepigraphic coins of the time of Mithridates 64-63 + + (Blaramberg, Series, type Date (A.D.) System, metal, denomination pre-Roman system Roman system gold copper gold silver (in denarii) bronze (in assaria) stater tetra- chalkos aureus 3 1 2 1 1/2 First series of the king Pharzoeus time (P. 48-56 + + Second series of the king Pharzoeus time (Б. 56-57 + + + Third series of the king Pharzoeus time (3. 68-69 + + Fourth series of the king Pharzoeus time (?. XII 7 - 8, 79-85 + + Series of the time of the king Ininsimeus (Inismeus) (3. 85-95 + + Approximately, at the same time reign coins with the name of archon Adaeus (P. XI issued only few series of copper change, mostly of little denominations (P. XI coins were series of the time of the shown on the Table The concluding part of the fifth chapter is devoted the division into periods of the history of minting and monetary circulation of Olbia. After study and comparative evaluation of the schemes that were offered before (A.S. Uvarov, Zograph, 381 Table Series, Data (A.D.) L 4 )en< nati 3 omi ons 2 1 Emission of Pisistratus, son of Dadacus 95-98 + Emission of Adoes, son of Delphus (P. XI 117-125 + Emission of Artemidorus, son of Satyrus, and Hicesius, son of Maeacus (P. XI 161-165 + Series of Anaximenes 175-180 + + Series of Dadus, son of Satyrus (P. XI 180-185 + + Series of Callisthenes 195-200 + + + Series of Septimius 202 + + + + Series of Alexander Severus 222-235 + + + Black Sea and especially Olbia (V.V. Latyshev, B. V. Farmakovsky, Slavin, the monetary circulation determinated three periods: period of circulation of Cyzicene staters (from founding of Olbia to the second third of the 4th century B.C.), the period of circulation of gold staters of Hellenistic states (from the last quarter of the 4th century B.C. to the middle of the lth century of Roman coins (from the second half of the With more detailed division into periods also have been taken into account and also dividing into periods the history of Greek art of coin minting. Table Division into periods the history of Olbia (according to L.M. Periods of the history of monetary circulation and coinage in Olbia according to the conclusions of the dissertation Period of Greek colonization of Bug basin and founding of Olbia to theendoftheóthc. Founding of Olbia (second quarter of 4th Period of Olbian prosperity Stage 5th and second half of 4th B.C. Pre-Hellenistic period (epoch of Cyzicene staters) From the middle of 6th to the third quarter of 6th B.C. Archaic stage or time of dolphin coins issue (till the end _______________ Proattic stage or time of asses issue ________(500-390 Proto-Hellenistic stage (390-330 6.0 From the beginning of 5th to the end of с Stage II Second half of 4th and B.C. Period of crisis and submission of Olbia to the Scythian state in the Crimea From the beginning of to the beginning of Hellenistic Period (Epoch ofthe circulation of gold staters ofthe Hellenistic states) From the last quarter of 6th of Early Hellenistic stage Crisis time Time ofthe attempt to overcome the crisis (190-130 Graeco-Scythian stage Pontic Greaco-Sarmatian stage Period of rise of Olbia and its connection with Roman Empire From the beginning of middle of Period ofthe decline of Olbia From the middle of of 4th Roman period (epoch of circulation of the Roman coins From the second half of 1st existence of Olbia in the end of 4th Early Roman stage Time of crisis and the late Antonines Time ofthe _______________(193-235 A.D.)______________. Late Roman stage (235-375 A.D.) Last chapter ofthe second part and ofthe whole dissertation is the description ofthe Olbian monetary circula¬ tion in connection with the city history and at the same time it is the summary and the result of the all previous chapters. The chapter opens with analysis ofthe written sources about the history ofthe monetary economics of the Olbiopolites. Among these sources can be distinguished the famous decree about money ofthe middle ofthe 4th century B.C. (IOSPE, I2,№ content is presented in detail. The goal of this decree first of all was to oblige all trading parties to make their deals in the Olbian coins; with connection to it was assigned the place for the changing of foreign coins to the Olbian coins; with connection to it was assigned the place for the changing of foreign coins to the Olbian ones and was established on rate for the most common in the Black Sea area 382 allowed free import and export of any kinds of foreign coins and exchange operations to the Olbian coins were tax-free. Thus, this decree was dictated by aspiration of significant and realizing its needs as well as its sover¬ eignty collective of citizens to strengthen and regulate internal trade and monetary circulation based on their own coins; by the meaning of this document the silver of Olbian minting was not only accepted as a legal mean of circulation, but also played a part of a measurement of value with regard to Cyzicene staters being the base of the whole monetary system of the Olbiopolites. It is very important that the decree definitely names the denomina¬ tions of the major Olbian silver mentioned as a purchasing means. This copper is cast obols, images on which on a dolphin The great importance for the history of the monetary circulation of Olbia represent also inscriptions of the end of the 4th- the beginning of the understood as staters of Macedonian kings and other Hellenistic states (IOSPE, I2,№ one of these inscriptions Board of the Seven (IOSPE, I2, monetary economics of the Olbiopolites during the Hellenistic epoch. Unfortunately, for the Roman time inscrip¬ tions do not give us any information about the coins and monetary circulation of Olbia. The other paragraphs of the sixth chapter contain brief characteristics of Olbia in each of three periods out¬ lined in the end of the previous chapter circulation at different stages of its development. The specific characteristic of this circulation up to the middle of the 4th century B.C. was prevalence of Cyzicene and not only in foreign trade but also internal city s market, the proof of the latter is the hoard of Cyzicene staters and about ten findings of subdivisions of Cyzicene electrura on the Olbian territory (the earliest of these coins belong to the VI century B.C.). Absolutelly possible that small denomination of Cyzicene electrum coins (in Cyzicus they minted coins with denomination of even the 5th century B.C. With this, however the circulation of electrum did not satisfy all the needs of a market in small change and the Olbiopolites early started minting it out of bronze. In the dissertation are viewed different kinds of the oldest bronze coins known in Olbia and on the North-western coast of the Black Sea. Among them peculiar coins looking as roughly cast doublewinged arowheads deserve special attention; these arrowlike coins appeared, probably among Thracian tribes no later than the first half of the 6th century B.C. and were widely spread judging by findings. They were spread also among the Scythians on Berezan and in Olbia. By itself appearance kinds of metal money in a social environment standing at the threshold of the class society and often contracting with more developed social collectives presents itself as absolute possible. It is possible to presume that the issue of cast coins in shape of dolphins started by the Olbiopolites no later than the circulation small cast bronze articles. Monetary character of the Olbian dolphin coins command no doubts and findings show that they circulated in many settlements on the North-western Black Sea region. However the study of the concrete role of these coins in the process of monetary circulation meets substantial difficulties and it does not seem possible to determine their denomination (or maybe the system of denominations). Also the peculiarities of this coins, easiness of their manufacturing and abundance of corresponding findings in the early layers of the Olbian site do not offer a possibility to view them as state or temple currency. In the beginning of the 5th century B.C. the full-valued bronze obols and their subdivisions appear in Olbia. They could undoubtedly realize function of money with more success than dolphin coins. Cast Olbian asses were spread, as the study of findings show, on the territory subjected to the city and even beyond it. They could not nevertheless supplant in the circulation on city market customary dolphin coins and small fractions of Cyzicene staters; also they could not satisfy the growing with the commodity production development need of the Olbiopolites in silver coins; episodical emission of silver staters with the name of Eminako hardly, of these coins, played significant part in the economy of Olbia. From the beginning of the 5th century B.C. there are abbreviations of ethnic of the Olbian coins. The first series of coins with indubitable indications of there belonging to the state of the Olbiopolites consisted of silver obols (Table the circulation no less than several decades and may be met in the same findings with struck bronze coins of the second quarter of the 4th centuriy B.C. At the same time or several years later the last series of full value cast obols was issued (Table Near the middle of the 4th century B.C. significant changes happened in the Olbian monetary circulation: the 383 minting of silver started (Table was stopped, at the same time transition of the monetary functions to silver made farther minting of full value bronze obols superfluous and they were substituted with the struck coins of the same value (Table the Olbian coinage acquires traits that are typical for the majority of the Greek cities of the late classical time. The attempt of the Olbiopolites to build its monetary economy on the parallel circulation of the full value bronze and silver led, in reality, to the monometal circulation based on silver, and was only a transitory episode in the history of the Olbian monetary circulation. The first half and especially the middle of the 4th century B.C. were the epoch of the spread of gold coins, and mass-emissions of gold during Philip s and Alexander s reigns strengthen the tendency to supersede silver coins from the sphere of the wholesale international trade in the East Mediterranean region. Because gold and receives a specific sphere of circulation, divided by political boundaries of the numerous polices of Hellas. The transfer of the money functions to gold was accompanied by decrease of the relative value of the latter; also the issue of the traditional electrum coins stopped everywhere. The gold coins of the foreign minting perme¬ ate to the Black Sea markets, Olbia included. Intrusion of gold in the Olbian monetary system originates their attempt (in the end of penultimate quarter of the 4th century B.C.) to issue their own gold staters (P. IX same time, as it was indicated earlier an appearance of the struck bronze obols was changed with the image of Olbia, but also everywhere on the North-western Black Sea region. Repeatedly mentioned Olbian decree about money and simultaneous minting of gold and silver coins let us come to the question about comparative value monetary metals in Olbia, in the second half of the 4th century B.C. The dissertation shows that the golden stater of the Attic system with the weight seven silver staters of Aeginetan system series precious metals (i.e. about Cyzicene stater R artificial) alloy of gold and silver (electrum), on this base the relative value of gold and silver around the middle of 4th century B.C. could be determined. Really, judging by regular notion of ancient people about electrum, consisting according to their views of three parts of gold and one part of silver, we can come to the conclusion that by the time of the passing of the decree about money the ratio of the cost of gold to the cost of silver was in other words the cost of gold fell by about to weight series vacillation can be explained by general changes in the cost of gold on th emarkets of the East Mediterranean and also by the location of Olbia devoid of its own sources of gold and silver3. Early Hellenistic time (the end of the 4th penetration of the foreign gold coins into Olbia (mostly staters of Lysimachus). Therefore despite of the discon¬ tinuation of the issue of its own gold, silver gradually becomes a supplemental mean of circulation in Olbia. The outward indications of this transformation were the transition to the light Rhodes drachma (in lieu of the heavy Aeginetan one), decline in the quality of monetary metal, increasing tolerance when minting silver coins and noticeable variations of weight inside of the simultaneous emissions of the same denominations, frequent change of the types of silver coins, constant decrease in the average weight of the same denomination of coins Table I, series and outlines the correspondence of the Olbian drachma to the gold stater (later was most likely equated to drachmas). Studying peculiarities of the circulation of the copper change dissertation shows that the original weight of coins with an image of the river deity stayed only during minting of the very first issues; further catastrofical the (Table The starting crisis of the monetary circulation becomes, during the the decline in volume of the international trade lead to the decline of the quantity of the foreign gold coins actually 3 1:120 384 circulating in Olbia and accumulating in addition in hands of a few rich citizens. Thus, gold more and more approaches its becoming an ideal counting money, and on the market copper reigns completely. In that part in which the state of Olbiopolites attempted pay its debts, it, as it shows from the decree in honour of Protogenes (IOSPE. I2, always expressed in gold staters. Transformation of the originally change coins into the main mean of circulation with the retention of the value measurement by gold was not by itself the destruction of the city s market, however the circulation of the consum¬ mate form of the sign of value, grown directly from metal circulation on the foundation of simple commodity production, included in itself the potential possibility of financial crisis pulsory rate was such a simple operation, and increase of emission promised at first glance such obvious and indubitable advantages, that Olbian state could not avoid the attempts to correct financial problems by increasing of copper coins minting. Table Group, type Date (B.C.) Average by groups Decline of weight (in%%) Intensity of minting (in la Љ(Б. 330-315 10,1 (94) 100 100 9,2(110) 92 35 IIa-b(3. lie HI 315-300 8,7(142) 86 277 8,9(116) 88 116 IV Va 300-280 8,9(213) 88 120 8,7(114) 86 Vb Ve (DNM 280-260 8,6(191) 85 122 8,8 (163) 87 129 Ve1 260-250 8,8(141) 88 VII (HC, III, Table. VIII (DNM ІХ(Б.ІХ222) Х(З.ХХХИ22;Б.ІХ221) 250-240 6,8 (26) 67 56 6,1 (184) 60 250 5,8 (94) 57 4,6(192) 45 567 It inevitably led to catastrophic depreciation of copper coins; in the situation of the decreasing trade with population of the Dnieper and Bug Region and rain its own agricultural base during the conflicts connected with the shift of tribes of Black Sea Region, it led to the fact that financial crisis left the boundaries of actual circulation sphere and promoted the growth and intensification of the crisis of the city economy. The dissertation showed, that the only mean to fight these new difficulties was seen in the confirmation of compulsory rate of copper coins by changing its types often with the image of the river deity quickly degrading in the beginning of the second half of the were the first subjected to stamping, although the emissions that came later, issued in the name of the Board of the Seven VI Board of the Seven, that sanctioned the transition from the minting of the degraded copper denominations of the end of the 4th cities that consisted of several small denominations of copper coins, attracts attention. In the same chapter the inscriptions in honour of Protogenes (IOSPE, I2, studied in detail. From the mentioned decree we could see that on the boundary of the that were counted as tetrachalkoi at a moment of issue and even earlier coins with the river deities image, inherited in the beginning the rate of the full valued cast obols were valued only as trichalkoi5, and even this rate, as we see from the text of the document was counted as favourable for copper coins in the copper 4 group or undergroup on number of included in it annual issues; for calculated proportionally. 5 drachmas, on eight chalkoi in each, unit copper makes 385 During the monetary crisis also silver coins were subjected to stamping and, partially, restriking, although their part in the circulation was very modest. However in the first half of the look for the solution of their financial difficulties in minting silver in relatively substantial quantity. However this silver (Table subjected to stamping indicating the new aggravation of the crisis right before subjugating of Olbia by Scythian king Scilurus. Olbian monetary circulation in the late Hellenistic period is characterized by decreasing of the volume of minting. During the second half of the Scilurus and the smallest coins without mentioning king s name, but also without common abbreviations of the magistrates names. (N.A. Frolova, (P. X emissions of Lysimachus staters, belong to the cities of West century B.C. a substantial number of the copper coins from the cities of of Mithridates Eupator s state corresponding Olbian findings were tetrachalkoi of Amisus issued in the last decade of the decade of the own minting in the second half of 70th years the coins of We can guess about gradual limitations of the Olbiopolites sovereignty also based on the fact that on the last coins of the Mithridates time minted right before his death After the a long time of an eagle to the time of Claudius system after the Vespasian s death were substituted with sestertii. It should be mentioned that in the beginning tried to mint this denomination from Table aunchalcum of the ancient authors), from which Roman sestertii were made from the times of Au¬ gust, although in Olbia they soon started to issue them from the regular dark bronze. From the time of Flavian Dynasty Roman coins penetrate into Olbia, mostly denarii, of course. To the date collected on the basis of the B.V. Farmakovsky s excavations 1930) that allow us to determine the place of the Roman coins in the city s monetary circulation and their role in the trade with neighbouring tribes. With this we have to keep in mind that the coins of the Roman provincial cities and of dependent on Rome kingdoms also came into Olbia. The most number of all these findings fell on the second half of the 3rd comparison of the data on the table (Table Talking about actually Olbian coins we have to say that the first issues of dupondii and sestertii stayed in a circulation for a long time, up to the second half of the the coins of both denominations were overstruck more then once. The study of these countermarks showed that at the time of 161 A.D.) inflow of the Roman coins sharply increasing at the time of this emperor, probably because of appearance of the Roman garrison in Olbia, made to reduce of the Olbian coins value, already much hurt by that time from the long Ruler. Date Quantity of the found coins Roman Provinces and cities silver others Danube basin Balkan Peninsula Ásia Minor North Black Sea Total Flavian Dynasty (69-96 A.D.) 3 3 2 8 Nerva (96-117 A.D.) 9 1 1 1 5 17 Hadrian (117-138 A.D.) 8 1 1 1 11 Antoninus Pius (138-161 A.D.) 14 5 2 1 1 23 Marcus Aurelius and Commodus (161-192 A.D.) 11 5 3 5 2 26 Septimius and Caracalla (193-217 A.D.) 30 3 5 5 43 Elagabalus and Severus Alexander (218-235) 11 2 13 Total 86 12 11 3 11 18 141 386 circulation original dupondii equaled earlier to sestertii, were made The second half of the commence sporadic minting of coins. During the appeared on it, i.e. the Olbian coins received the aspect of the usual provincial minting. At the same time the inflow of State and provincial coins into Olbia strengthened and reached the peak at the time of Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.) The series of copper with the images of Alexander Severus and Mamaea concluded many centuries long history of the Olbian minting. However Olbia did not perish soon after, i.e. in the period of the Gothic invasion into the Danube regions; Roman troops stayed in the city not only at a time of Philip the Arabian comp. 2, № 12464). ruined. That is true, that about twenty of the Roman and provincial coins were found in the city (from to Claudis Gothicus) and also single findings of Diocletian s, Constantine s and his sons coins and at last Valentinian s and Roman coins in decline. Steady decrease and, finally, the full disappearance of the monetary circulation in the last quarter of 4th century with the downfall of the whole slave-owning society, part of which Olbia was, very probable. *** The number of appendices is attached to the dissertation for the summarizing of materials and for the simpli¬ fying of the dissertation s apparatus. First, there is a list of all known Olbian gold and silver coins by series, denominations and stamps with the full bibliography of each specimen, that was published earlier. After that follows the list of the abbreviations on the Olbian coins, in which compared in systematic order the magistrate s designations, deities epithets, names of the Olbiopolites which was not determined in the coins legends- Scythian kings , names and titles of Roman Emperors, and, finally, various letter the list of findings of Olbian coins from beyond the city s limit including raphy of each findings. The summary of coins of Ancient Greek cities and Roman Empire found in Olbia is given as an additional supplement including designation of each specimen and all relevant bibliography. These appen¬ dices are used widely in the text of the dissertation. Besides the already mentioned supplements, there is an album affixed to the dissertation. The album consists of types and variations of Olbian coins, and also the most important foreign coins found in Olbia. This album also contains drawings (correlational diagrams of stapms, blanks, prepared to be minted, etc.) and cartographic dia¬ grams illustrating the distribution of Olbian coins of different epochs beyond the city s limits. To make using the album easier, the coordination tables are affixed to the dissertation. They show the corre¬ spondence of the shown in the album Olbian coins with the representations of the similar specimens in other publications correspondence of the images of the foreign coins found in Olbia with their numbers in the list of the such findings located above and guide of the repositories of the coins that are shown in the album. There are also the list of the all written sources 11 Translated by Lyudmila Grinshpan e-mail: 387
adam_txt	Содержание Автобиография Слово об авторе От автора Введение ИЗУЧЕНИЕ МОНЕТНОГО ДЕЛА И ДЕНЕЖНОГО ОБРАЩЕНИЯ ОЛЬВИИ В THE STUDY OF COINAGE AND MONETARY CIRCULATION OF OLBIA IN 18TH A. Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в научной литературе конца [Problems of Olbian numismatics at the end of the 18th Первые упоминания об ольвийских монетах Первые находки Первые систематические публикации ольвийских монет. Келер coins. Koehler Бларамберг Сестини B. Разработка ольвийской нумизматики во второй половине [Study of olbian numismatics of the second half of the 19th and the first decades of the 20th century] Мелкие публикации 30-х Уваров Кене Значение трудов Уварова и Кене о монетах Ольвии Зарубежные публикации 60-х Бурачков Монеты Ольвии в трудах академика Латышева Труды Орешникова по нумизматике Ольвии Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в трудах Бертье-Делагарда Русские и зарубежные публикации конца beginning of the 20th centuries] Раскопки Ольвии и их значение для нумизматики Итоги изучения ольвийских монет до Монеты Ольвии в зарубежных изданиях после C. Достижения советской науки в области изучения монетного дела и денежного обращения Ольвии [Achievements of Soviet science in the study of coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia] Успехи советской науки в изучении истории и археологических памятников Ольвии study of Olbian archaeological sites] Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в последних трудах Орешникова Oreshnikov's works] Зограф Монетное дело и денежное обращение Ольвии в трудах works] Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в советской историографии historiography of Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в советской историографии historiography in Проблемы ольвийской нумизматики в историографии социалистических стран raphy of socialist countries] Задачи изучения монетного дела и денежного обращения Ольвии tion of Olbia] часть первая Монеты Ольвии как исторический источник Coins of Olbia as Historical Source Глава ТЕХНИКА И ОРГАНИЗАЦИЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА МОНЕТЫ В ОЛЬВИИ TECHNOLOGY AND ORGANIZATION OF COIN MANUFACTURE IN OLBIA § 1. Золотые монеты Ольвии и их металлическое содержание Металлическое содержание серебряных монет Ольвии Состав ольвийской Происхождение монетных металлов в Ольвии § 2. Техника отливки дельфинов и ассов Отливка кружков и подготовка их к чеканке монет Чеканка ольвийских монет Монетный двор древней Ольвии § 3. Эволюция ольвийской монетной техники Коллегии Семи и Девяти "Верховный распорядитель финансами" Архонты Экономы и казначей Время существования коллегии агораномов Агораномы Ситоны Глава МОНЕТНО-ВЕСОВЫЕ СИСТЕМЫ ОЛЬВИИ MONETARY SYSTEMS OF OLBIA § 4. [Problems and methods of Olbian coins' metrological study] Особенности монетной метрологии Методика обработки метрологических данных Источники и трудности изучения ольвийской метрологии Изучение ольвийской монетной метрологии в Ольвийская монетная метрология в трудах Бертье-Делагарда Пополнение ольвийской монетной метрологии после Бертье-Делагарда de la § 5. [Metrological classification of gold and silver coins of pre-Getic Olbia] Монеты с именем Эминака Старший номинал с изображением Деметры Младшие номиналы с изображением Деметры Монеты с изображением Геракла Монеты с изображениями Аполлона и Артемиды Итоги метрологической классификации серебряных монет догетской Ольвии Getic Olbian gold and silver coins] § 6. Эгинская система в Ольвии Аттическая система в Ольвии (конец Хиосско-родосская система в Ольвии Дополнительные замечания о метрологии серебряных монет догетской Ольвии metrology of silver coins of pre-Getic Olbia] § 7. [Metrological classification of copper coins of pre-Getic Olbia] Классификация ассов Монетно-весовая система ольвийских ассов Особенности метрологического изучения чеканенных медных монет Метрологическая классификация разменной меди эллинистического времени Hellenistic time] Система номиналов разменной меди эллинистического времени of Hellenistic time] §8. [Metrological classification of pre-Getic Olbian coins and monetary system] Наименования счетных номиналов ольвийской меди эллинистического времени copper coins of Hellenistic time] Золотые монеты царя Фарзоя Серебряные монеты послегетской Ольвии Классификация и весовая система медных монет Классификация и весовая система медных монет второй половины system of copper coins of the second half of the V¡ Глава ТИПЫ МОНЕТ ОЛЬВИИ § 9. [Olbian city device, its origin and meaning] Сакральные и государственные эмблемы в монетной типологии древнегреческого мира typology of Ancient Greek World] Обзор ольвийских монетных типов Общность эмблемы Синопы, Истрии и Ольвии Орел и дельфин на монетах Синопы Орел и дельфин на монетах Истрии Варианты городской эмблемы на монетах Ольвии Дельфин на монетах Ольвии Орел на монетах Ольвии Происхождение Ольвийской городской эмблемы Дельфин и культ Аполлона Дельфиния Место Аполлона Дельфиния в религиозных верованиях ольвиополитов Olbiopolites] Орел и культ Зевса Место Зевса в религиозных верованиях ольвиополитов Значение ольвийской городской эмблемы § 10. [Coin types as origin concerning religious and culture of Olbiopolites] Зевс и его атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Аполлон и его атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Статуарные типы Зевса на монетах Ольвии Статуарные типы Аполлона на монетах Ольвии Артемида и ее атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Афродита и ее атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Афина и ее атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Деметра и Кибела на монетах Ольвии Гермес и другие олимпийские божества на монетах Ольвии Солярные символы и Гелий на монетах Ольвии Речной бог Борисфен и его атрибуты на монетах Ольвии "Скифский Геракл" на монетах Ольвии Геракл и его атрибуты на монетах Ольвии Агонистические типы на монетах Ольвии § 11. [Features of typology of royal and imperial coins of Olbia] Изображения на монетах скифского царя Скилура Изображения на монетах царей Фарзоя и Иненсимея Тамгообразные знаки на монетах Фарзоя и Иненсимея Изображения римских императоров и эмблем на монетах Ольвии § 12. Самостоятельность и заимствования в монетной пластике Ольвии Архаические мотивы в монетном искусстве Ольвии Монетное искусство эллинистической Ольвии Монетное искусство послегетской Ольвии Дифференты на монетах Ольвии Декоративные элементы на монетах Ольвии Глава НАДПИСИ НА МОНЕТАХ ОЛЬВИИ § 13. [The most ancient literal symbols and their character] Сокращения на литых монетах Ольвии и попытки их истолкования Именной характер сокращений на дельфинах и ассах Надпись на древнейших серебряных монетах Значение имен на древнейших монетах Ольвии Негосударственный характер древнейших монет Ольвии § 14. [Ethnic of Olbiopolites and its forms] Древнейшие обозначения этникона на ольвийских монетах Древнейшая форма имени города vii Этникон на позднейших ассах Этникон на чеканенных монетах Этникон на монетах позднеэллинистического времени Этникон на монетах послегетского времени § 15. [Abbreviations of the personal names on the 4th Сокращения имен на монетах Сокращения имен на "борисфенах" Сокращения имен на монетах Сокращения имен басилеев на монетах § 16. [Onomastic § 17. [Abbreviations of magistrate's names on the Легенды на царских монетах, чеканенных в Ольвии Легенды на городских монетах Ономастические данные монетных легенд Легенды на монетах конца Легенды на монетах второй половины § 18. Значение именных сокращений на монетах Ольвии Имена и титулы императоров на монетах первой трети Ш в. н.э. § 19. [Peculiarities of palaeography ofOlbian coin legends and Знаки ценности на императорских монетах Палеография древнейших монетных надписей Палеография монетных надписей эллинистического времени Палеография монетных надписей римского времени часть вторая Исторический очерк монетного оела и денежного обращения Ольвии A Historical Outline ofOlbian Coinage and Coin Circulation Глава КЛАССИФИКАЦИЯ И ХРОНОЛОГИЯ МОНЕТ ОЛЬВИИ CLASSIFICATION AND CHRONOLOGY OF OLBIAN COINS § 20. [Classification and chronology of cast coins of Olbia] Классификация и хронология дельфинов Классификация ранних ассов Хронология ранних ассов Классификация и хронология поздних ассов Хронология ассов в свете археологических данных § 21. [Classification and chronology of Olbian earlier silver coins] Статеры Эминака Оболы с изображениями букрания и тирса Классификация серебряных и золотых монет с изображением Деметры of Абсолютная хронология серебряных и золотых монет с изображением Деметры coins with the image of § 22. [Classification and chronology of "borysthenes"] Попытки классификации борисфенов Классификация борисфенов Последовательность дифферентов на борисфенах Абсолютная хронология борисфенов § 23. [Classification and chronology of copper coins of Olbia with the image of Монеты с Деметрой и городской эмблемой и их место среди монет Ольвии place among coins of Olbia] viii Классификация монет с Деметрой и городской эмблемой Продолжительность выпуска монет с изображениями Деметры и городской эмблемы of Абсолютная хронология монет с изображениями Деметры и городской эмблемы image of Мелкие медные монеты с изображением Деметры Монеты с изображениями Деметры в стенном венце § 24. [Classification and chronology of silver coins of Hellenistic Olbia] Классификация и хронология монет с изображениями Деметры и дельфина Demeter A.H. 3rd - 2nd Классификация и хронология поздних выпусков серебра с изображениями Деметры и монет с изображением Геракла [Classification and chronology of silver coins of late issues with Demeter's and Heracle's images] Классификация серебра с изображениями Геракла, Аполлона и Артемиды Heracles, Apollo and Artemis] Хронология серебра с изображениями Геракла, Аполлона и Артемиды Apollo and Artemis] § 25, [Classification and chronology of bronze coins of Hellenistic Olbia] Серебряные монеты с изображениями Гермеса и керикея Монеты с сокращениями Монеты коллегии Семи и другие монеты второй половины second half of the Монеты времени Митридата Евпатора § 26. [Classification and chronology of coins of post-Getic Olbia] Анэпиграфные ольвийские монеты Последовательность монетных выпусков середины Абсолютная хронология монет середины Хронология крупной меди Хронология монет второй половины § 27. [Division into periods of history of coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia] Хронология монет первой трети Степень точности хронологии ольвийских монет Периодизация истории монетного дела Ольвии в научной литературе scientific literature] Доэллинистический период Периодизация денежного обращения Ольвии Эллинистический период Римский период Глава ДЕНЕЖНОЕ ОБРАЩЕНИЕ ОЛЬВИИ В СВЯЗИ С ИСТОРИЕЙ ГОРОДА MONETARY CIRCULATION OF OLBIA IN CONTEXT OF CITY'S HISTORY § 28. [Written sources on history of monetary circulation of Olbia] Декрет о денежном обращении; его содержание Изучение декрета о денежном обращении в Цель и значение декрета о денежном обращении Эпиграфические свидетельства об обращении в Ольвии золотых монет coins in Olbia] Эпиграфические свидетельства об обращении в Ольвии медных монет coins in Olbia] § 29. [Olbia in pre-Hellenistic epoch (the second quarter of the 6th § 30. [Origin and features of monetary circulation of Olbia (from the ancient time to the beginning of the 4th cent. B.C.)] Обращение электровых монет Малой Азии в Причерноморье Region] Особенности обращения кизикинов в Ольвии ix Древнейшие бронзовые монеты Северо-Западного Причерноморья Black Sea Region] Обращение литых монет-дельфинов Несостоятельность теории о сакральном характере ольвийских дельфинов Olbian dolphin coins] Обращение полноценных бронзовых монет § 31. [Changes in monetary circulation in Olbia in the middle of the 4th cent. B.C.] Обращение статеров Эминака Первые ольвийские монеты с именем города Распространение ольвийских ассов в Северо-Западном Причерноморье Black Sea Region] Значение декрета о денежном обращении Прекращение свободного обращения кизикинов в Ольвии Прекращение выпуска полноценных бронзовых монет Изменение роли золота в денежном обращении греческого мира в tion of Greek world in the 4th cent. B.C.] Падение стоимости золота и прекращение чеканки электра Обращение золотых монет в Ольвии Изменение облика крупной меди Находки ольвийских монет серЗДины B.C. § 32. [Relative value of coin metals in Olbia in the 4th cent B.C.] Стоимость золота в третьей четверти Стоимость электра в середине Состав КИЗИКСКОГО электра и курс кизикинов Стоимость золота в середине Стоимость золота в конце § 33. [Olbia in Hellenistic epoch (end Стоимость монетной бронзы в середине § 34. [Monetary circulation of Olbia in early Hellenistic time (the end of the 4th Обращение золотых монет диадохов в Ольвии Превращение серебряной монеты во вспомогательное средство обращения facilities of circulation] Изменения в монетном деле Ольвии Счетное отношение ольвийской драхмы к золотому Особенности обращения медной монеты в первой половине first half of the § 35. [Crisis of Olbian monetary circulation and efforts to overcome it (the second half of the Находки борисфенов в Северо-Западном Причерноморье Находки иноземных монет конца B.C. in Olbia] Признаки кризиса Деградация и клеймение борисфенов Медные монеты конца Роль коллегии Семи в выпуске монеты Декрет Протогена о курсе медной монеты Особенности обращения серебряных монет в период денежного кризиса period of monetary crisis] Попытки преодоления денежного кризиса в первой половине half of the § 36. [Monetary circulation of Olbia in late Hellenistic time (the second half of the Находки ольвийских монет второй половины Olbian coins of the second half of the Находки иноземных монет Сокращение выпуска монеты в позднеэллинистической Ольвии Монеты Скилура Обращение золота и серебра в позднеэллинистической Ольвии Проникновение медной монеты городов Понтийского царства в Ольвию in Olbia] Медные монеты первой половины Особенности денежного обращения в Ольвии в первой половине Olbia in the first half of the § 37. § 38. Первые монеты, чеканенные по римской системе Выпуск сестерциев из аурихалка § 39. [Monetary circulation in Olbia before stopping of local coin mint (the end of the Начало проникновения римских монет в Ольвию Находки монет, чеканенных в Ольвии, в Северном Причерноморье Black Sea Region] Проникновение в Ольвию римских монет в Особенности обращения ольвийских монет во Монетные выпуски конца Проникновение в Ольвию римских монет в первой трети third of the Находки римских и провинциальных монет конца coins of the end of the Особенности проникновения римских и провинциальных монет of the Находки ольвийских монет конца the beginning of the § 40. [Stopping of coin striking and decline of monetary circulation in Olbia] Прекращение выпуска ольвийских монет после Находки римских монет эпохи кризиса Проникновение в Ольвию монет поздней Римской империи •Прекращение денежного обращения и гибель античной Ольвии of the Antique Olbia] Приложение СПИСОК ЗОЛОТЫХ И СЕРЕБРЯНЫХ МОНЕТ ОЛЬВИИ LIST OF GOLD AND SILVER COINS OF OLBIA Дополнение Приложение СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ НА МОНЕТАХ ОЛЬВИИ [THE LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ON THE OLBIAN COINS] Приложение СПИСОК НАХОДОК ОЛЬВИЙСКИХ МОНЕТ ЗА ПРЕДЕЛАМИ ОЛЬВИИ [LIST OF FINDS OF OLBIAN COINS BEYOND OLBIA] Приложение СПИСОК ИНОЗЕМНЫХ МОНЕТ, НАЙДЕННЫХ В ОЛЬВИИ [LIST OF FOREIGN COINS FOUND IN OLBIA] Приложение СООТВЕТСТВИЕ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ ОЛЬВИЙСКИХ МОНЕТ НА ПРИЛАГАЕМЫХ ТАБЛИЦАХ И НА ТАБЛИЦАХ ИЗ ДРУГИХ ИЗДАНИЙ [CORRESPONDENCE OF IMAGES OF OLBIAN COINS ON ATTACHED TABLES AND TABLES FROM ANOTHER EDITIONS] Приложение СООТВЕТСТВИЕ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ НАЙДЕННЫХ В ОЛЬВИИ ИНОЗЕМНЫХ МОНЕТ НА ПРИЛАГАЕМЫХ ТАБЛИЦАХ И В ПРИЛОЖЕНИИ [CORRESPONDENCE OF IMAGES OF FOREIGN COINS FOUND IN OLBIA ON ATTACHED TABLES AND APPENDIX Приложение МЕСТА ХРАНЕНИЯ ОЛЬВИЙСКИХ МОНЕТ, ИЗОБРАЖЕННЫХ НА ПРИЛАГАЕМЫХ ТАБЛИЦАХ [PLACE OF STORAGE OF OLBIAN COINS REPRESENTED ON ATTACHED TABLES] xi Приложение УКАЗАТЕЛЬ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННЫХ ПИСЬМЕННЫХ ИСТОЧНИКОВ [INDEX OF USED WRITTEN SOURCES]. Приложение СПИСОК ИСПОЛЬЗОВАННОЙ ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ Дополнение к списку использованной литературы Приложение СПИСОК СОКРАЩЕНИЙ ПЕТР ОСИПОВИЧ КАРЫШКОВСКИЙ РОЖДЕНИЯ). СОСТАВИТЕЛЬ СЕ. ЛЮБОМУДРОВ. ОДЕССА, [PYOTR OSIPOVICH KARYSHKOVSKIJ COMPILED BY SUMMARY. COINAGE AND MONETARY CIRCULATION IN OLBIA (6TH CENTURY B.C. Графические приложения Таблицы Монеты Ольвии Иноземные монеты, найденные в Ольвии Рисунки Схемы Таблицы (Ольвийские материалы из личного архива автора) Tables (Olbian materials from the author's personal archive) xii SUMMARY. COINAGE AND MONETARY CIRCULATION IN OLBIA (6TH CENTURY B.C. Study of economics of ancient slave-owing societies, and ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea Region in particular, represents one of the most important problems for Soviet archaeologists and historians of ancient times. To the moment of appearance of the first Ionic settlements on the banks of the Dnieper-Bug estuary and Kerch Strait social-economical development of Greek metropolis reached the level that caused appearance of metal coins; presence of relatively developed monetary circulation was one of the important traits of the ancient mode of production, up to crisis and ruin. Thus coins belong to a number of important material of sources of ancient history; study of coins represents outstanding scientific interest and substantially broadens information reports from written documents about economy and culture of the Greek-Roman world. Ancient Olbia was not an exemption between other antique states; and issue of coins began here probably only a few decades later Milesian settlements were founded on the bank of the Bug Estuary. With some intervals caused by overall developmental process of the city, coins were minted by Olbiopolites the beginning of the second third of the the known groups of Olbian coins studied, classified and reliably dated: connection of its numismatic relics with other kinds of sources disclosed insufficiently and coins are used far not fully for the recreation of the economi¬ cal, political and cultural history of the city. The research of peculiarities and regularities, trends of coin minting and monetary circulation of Olbia in connection with the historical fates of the city has great importance. Olbia is the only centre of the Black Sea Region, where the process of origin of money as cast bronze coin of full value can be followed; monetary eco¬ nomics of the Olbiopolites later was tightly connected with monetary circulation of Greek metropolis and later of that of the Roman Empire. This interconnection makes is possible for us to recreate and comprehend the line of the important occurrences in the material and spiritual culture of the Olbiopolites. The Dissertation consists of the historiographical preface and two parts. In the first part Olbian coins are viewed as one of the most important sources of the city's history, with this connection of technical peculiarities of weighting and counting systems, kinds of monetary images, inscription and their content had been studied. The second part establishes classifica¬ tion, division into periods and absolute chronology of Olbian coins, and also monetary circulation during all stages of the city's history i.e. from the 6th century B.C. to the 4th century ancient authors, epigraphic findings, archaeological artefacts and other sources are being widely used. The atlas of Olbian coins and some appendices, characterized below are attached to the dissertation. In the preface history of coinage and monetary circulation of Olbia are viewed in details, the achievement of Soviet science in this area are shown and goals for further studies are formulated. Study of the Olbian coins developing in boundaries of national and world archaeological science using this terms in a broad way passed more than bicentannial way since first written records of these coins. This way can be divided into big periods before and after October Revolution, each of them divided in its term into stages. During all 18th century only a few specimens of Olbian coins accidentally penetrated into western (occidental) museums through antiquity market of Levant became known to the European scientists. Any serious study of them was out of questions, and even referral of these coins to a then obscure city on the North Coast of deemed questionable by the majority of numismatists. Since the time of establishing the location of Olbia at the Bug Estuary on the border of the 18th ries and the leading role in their study goes from foreign scientists to the science. The first half of the 19th century was the time of initial processing numismatic material that being a credit for E. Koehler, I.P. Blaramberg, N.N. Murzakevich and other national archaeologists and historians. By mid-19th century insufficiency of discriptional and publishing goals was realized; and in the works by A.S. Uvarov and B.V. sources for historical and cultural studies of ancient cities of North Coast of the Black Sea was shown. It meant, in essence the beginning of transformation of numismatics from scientific amusement of privileged and affluent collectors and professional occupation of serving them erudites to the auxiliary branch of bourgeois historical science. However in the conditions of Russian reality of the inertia of old aristocratic traditions could not be overcome in numismatic area during many decades, that is proved by works by P.O. Burachkov, X.X. Gill, and many of their contemporaries, even the accumulation and publication of Olbian coins were far from completion by 376 modest Olbia started in the end of the 19th century appeared in publication from time to time and were very incomplete. Essentially, till the very October amateurism and obsolete methods of work in the area of the antique numismatics were still persistent; the history of Olbian minting and especially its monetary circulation were worked with sporadically. (A.V. Oreshnikov, A.L. During the last five decades Olbian numismatics developing as a component of the Marxist archaeology. First decades of this period inseparably connected with the scientific work of time when Soviet numismatic school was in the process of it formation, using the best achievement of the contem¬ porary science and never letting out of sight an ultimate goal of every historical research of the development of society. Therefore purely numismatic goals (stamp's analysis, inventory of the monetary findings, study of the metrological and iconographical problems etc.) are only methods of study coins as a spe¬ cific category material sources disclosing sometimes substantial peculiarities of the economy, socio-political system and cultural of ancient societies. On the basis of this versatile and complex study of the Olbian coins together with other relics of the past material culture and written language, and right before Great Patriotic war creation of the first scientific essay about the history of Olbian coinage became possible1. Last decades are marked by substantial successes of the Soviet Numismatics and archaeology. That makes the results of the previous research in the area of the study of the Olbian coins insufficient and brings forth the new goals. Time came, when by the collective efforts of the Soviet scientists ways to the work with corps of the coins and complex recreation of the history of the all monetary economy ancient cities of the Northern Black Sea Region are being outlined. On the way to this goal will be necessary not only a comprehensive study the coins themselves but also a record of the foreign coins that were circulation on the Black Sea markets at various times. The accumulation of the proved information about spreading of the coins of the Black Sea centers beyond the boundaries of actually cities proper represents substantial interest. The dissertation concentrates on the feasible solution of these prob¬ lems and exposition of the peculiarities of the monetary circulation with reference to Olbia, the most important conclusions of which were stated in articles published by the author in The first part of the dissertation (Chapters I logical artefact and a historical source. In the first chapter technique and the organization of coin minting in Olbia are characterized. It shows that the rare issues of the Olbian gold coins were minted from the high standard metal, but the content of silver in coins was high (about 900%o) only from the beginning of the 5th till the end of the 4th century B.C. In the the silver coins of the issue of silver coins during the second half of the metal of high quality. At the same time the date we have about the content of the Olbian coin bronze does not let us to follow the chance of its quality over different periods of time and does not allow us to find out any local peculiarities of this metal comparing with the content of the bronze alloy of the ancient Greek metropolis. Talking about the origin of the Olbian coin metals we have to deal with the extremely insufficient data; it is possible to admit that the gold that Olbia received came from the Thracian deposits, neither from Ural nor Altai; as for the silver we have to take into account the possibility that it was received in a form of coins or articles from the Greek metropolis. The question about the origin of copper and tin has to be left open. A line of observations is concentrating on the manufacturing technique of the Olbian coins, about which we unfortunately do not have any written records. At the same time we have to keep in mind the high level of the Olbian bronze craftsmanship (A.I. Furmanskaya, phins) and wholesome bronze obols (asses) in their traits copies well known to the Olbiopolites way other cast- bronze items in a double-sided mold. Further the blanks are viewed coin, found during the excavation of agora and their classification is outlined Some technical characteristics of the already made-coins (double strikes, dislocation of stamps, reminting etc.) present an interest for the history of the minting process. Concluding paragraph of the first chapter is built on the analysis of the epigraphic sources and contains short characteristics of the bodies of the financial management of Olbia (Board of the Seven and Nine), and also the part of city magistrates (archons, sitonae, agoranomoi) in the areas that are most tightly connected with the minting of coins monetary economics The second chapter of the dissertation dedicated to monetary systems of Olbia. In the beginning of it goals and methods of the metrological study of the Olbian coins are viewed; corresponding sources and scientific literature 1 была подготовлена к 377 Table 2nd are characterized. Then follows the detailed metrological classification of the Getic Olbia data is collected in tables). After that with the help of comparison with the corresponding data in metrology of the centres of the Greek metropolis sequentially emphasised monetary systems of Olbia from the end of the 5th to the middle of the on the turn of the 4th is also possible, that Olbiopolites attempted to mint silver coins also in the Attic weight system which they used when minting their rare gold coins. The major denominations of the Olbian silver coins were stater (didrachm), drachma and triobol (hemidrachm) average weights of which at different times are done in the Table During the metrological classification of the bronze "copper" coins of Olbia first we viewed cast full value "asses" and then a small change of the Hel¬ lenistic time. During this study it is established that the highest denomination of the Olbian coin minting was represented by the smaller denominations were issued 4 copper coins, we have to say that its denomination cannot be defined the last decades of the 4th and to the middle of the 3rd with compulsory value, (first type 3.XXXII 3.XXXII century B.C. up to the tetrachalkoi, dichalkoi, and chalkoi off different types, to which in some series were joined by trichalkoi and trihemichalkoi (average weights of all these denominations are groupped in the dissertation by series and are being compared on the tables). In the same chapter metrological classification of the coins of post-Getic Olbia is shown. Study of the gold coins with Pharzoeus on them shows that the earliest of these coins (P. staters (average weight present Roman view, among latter can be singled out coins minted correspondingly with the standards established dur¬ ing Augustus' reign time weight reduction of the Roman gold coins among copper coins of the weight system (P. XI 14) data of Olbian coins of In the third chapter of the dissertation types of Olbian coins, their development and importance are studied. First of all origin of the Olbiopolites' city device- an eagle standing on the back of a dolphin variations are indicated (P. of 15) latter with the cult of Zeus, which are supposed to be viewed as main deities of the pantheon of the Olbiopolites is shown Olbian device connecting an eagle with a dolphin should be viewed as a heraldic image embodying the image 1 В. Рік, designated by Roman figures, number of coins Arabian ones. For average weights in the tables is shown quantity of copies, discounted at calculation of average ones, the dates are justified in the fifth chapter of dissertation. System, type, dates Average weights (in gram) stater drachma triobol Aeginetan system circa (3. 12,0 (30) 5,7(6) circa (3. XXXII 12,4 (8) 3,0(8) Rhođian circa (P. IX 7,9 (1) 3,6(35) circa (P. X9- 7,3 (2) 3,3 (9) 1,6(15) circa (P. X 7,2 (13) 3,2(42) circa (3OAO,II, fig-i) 3,0(5) circa 7,0(18) 3,2(115) 1,5(51) (P.X. 378 connected with the most important elements of the religious beliefs indigenous for the citizens of Ionic settle¬ ments of North Coast of the Black Sea. Further systematically and in details other Olbian monetary types are characterized that belong to the cults of Zeus (P. X 30, 34, 197) 1;X 32 - 33, confirm the presence of the named cults in Olbia. The special attention deserve images of the river god Borysthenes (P. IX type that allow to surmise aboutn their agonistic basis (P. X typology of the coins of Scilurus, Pharzoeus, Ininsimeus (Inismeus), the presence of tamga-shaped tribal symbols on the coins of two latter (P. images of Roman emperors and Roman symbols on the Olbian coins are viewed (for example, P. XI 23). craftsmanship of the Olbiopolites. Here shown skill and independence of Olbian coiners,, exposed archaic mo¬ tives among monetary images, characterized raise and decline of this original fine art, given stylistic evaluation of the major Olbian coins. The last chapter of the first part concentrates on the study of the inscriptions on the coins of Olbia. First, in this chapter are distinguished the oldest (before the end of the 5th century B.C.) letter markings on the coins of Olbia ΘΥ staters; thus on the early Olbian coins is absent ethnic of citizens, the place of which take proper names allowing to conjecture that these inscriptions devoid of dating or differentiating meaning belonged to private people, mint¬ ing these oldest coins as it was for example in Athens before Pisistratus. On the boundary of the 5th that did not allow any doubt that minting of coins from that time on passed to the hands of the state. In the dissertation are consecutively viewed all forms of ethnic designations till the issue of coins was discontinued. Special section of the fourth chapter consists of systematic overview of the abbreviations of the proper names on the Olbian coins of the 4th and with the reconstruction corresponding names on the base of the Olbian epigraphic documents with an account of Ionic and general Greek anthroponimics. Study of conclusion about a full prevalence of the purely Greek names among Olbiopolites in pre-Getic times Knipovich, Εμινακος, Ηρωιόης, Μοσχιων, Σατυριων: ΕΛαμεινων, Ηγησιαναξ, Μόνιμος, Σιμός During the viewing of the names on the coins of the a known by epigraphic documents (for example Pisistratus, son of Dadacus, Anaximenes, son of Euresibius, Adoes, son of Delphus, Artemidorus, son of Satyras, Hicesius, son of Maeacus, Dadus, son of Satyrus), and shown that abbreviations of the names on the Olbian coins sometimes entered in post-Getic time as a preposition гт, names and titles of Roman emperors, denomination marks on the coins of the other letter designations. Concluding paragraph of the fourth chapter concentrates on the viewing of the palaeographic peculiarities of Table tions relatively close follow after evolution of lapidary script of Olbian epigraphic documents. Second part of the dissertation opens with chapter five, consisting of classification and chronology of the Olbian coins. Here partially guided by the conclusions made in the previous chapter, partially based in the additional data classification and chronology of dolphin coins (they are attributed to the time before the third quarter of the 5th century B.C. ing dates are shown as the most probable (Table Classification and chronology of the early silver coins of Olbia that belonged to Aeginetan system, and also rare gold coins issued by the Olbiopolites in the Attic system "asses" Series, type, date Denomination (in obols) 1 1/2 1/3 1/4 1/6 1/8 circa (CA, + + circa (3. XXX 3-4) + + 0^460-425 5.0. (3. XXXI 1-3) + + + circa (3. XXXI 5) + circa (3. XXXI 4) + 379 Table 5th Series, type, date Metal, denominations Gold Silver stater tetarte stater drachma triobol obol circa (3. XXXII 1) + + circa (CA, + circa (Б. + circa (3. XXXII 2 ) + circa (P. IX + + + circa (3. XXXII 3,7 - 8) + + + may be represented the follow¬ ing way (Table The beginning of minting of Olbian silver with the image of Demeter (B.VI 135, 3, when full-valued cast obols were still in circulation (3. XXXI 4, ries of them came similar, with them died obols, that had only nomi¬ nal value years later, simultaneously with the issue of the gold staters (P. IX the appearance of obols images of the river deity Borysthenes and Scythian armament start appearing on them coins by style, texture and weight on ten groups, based on the comparison of stamps inside each group is established a sequence of issues (they marked by abbreviations of magistrates' names, changed annually). Table obols to the struck ones and classification of the latter have the following look (Ta¬ ble Further in the disserta¬ tion are viewed the coins with the images of De- meter and the city's device (3. XXXII 11-13). are subdivided by ture-stylistic groups, that belong (like an adjoining to the mentioned copper change) small coins with images of 22 - 23) of the 4th century B.C. and directly precedes "borysthenes", the lager denomination of this series represents as it mentioned, struck bronze I crown and an archer Starting the classification and chronology of silver, it should be mentioned, that in the first half of the century B.C. in Olbia were minted several series of didrachms, drachmas, and hemidrachms of the Rhodian monetary system Then the issue of silver stopped and only in the second quarter of the the same denominations followed were still circulating, but silver was not issued any more. Special paragraph concentrates on the classification and chronology of the small copper change of the last thirds of the sequence and dating of the mentioned coins (Table Coins of post-Getic Olbia, the best classified in numismatic literature (A.V. Oreshnikov 1951) appeared in the (Inismeus) and was realized the transition from traditional Hellenistic monetary-gravimetric system to the Roman one. The dates of issue both kings' coins were correctly established by (A.V. Oreshnikov they belong to the time of Nero and the first Flavii. Dissertation showed that assumption was correct: early coins Series, groups Number of the known yearly issues Date (years B.C.) Type of obols full-valued (cast) nominal value (died) Demeter 1 370-345 3. XXXI 4 The same 9 340-330 3. XXXII 4 Borysthsenes, group I 10 330-315 3. XXXII 15 The same, group II 12 315-300 3. XXXII 14, 16,17 The same, group IV 16 300-280 3. XXXII 18 The same, group 15 280-260 3. XXXII 21 The same, group V c, 7 260-250 3. XXXII 19,20 The same, group 10 250 - 240 3. XXXII 22 380 Table of Pharzoeus time with the copper with images of Zeus and eagle (3.XXXIV transition to the minting of P. XI Although from the late Nero's death A.D.) probably, minted in Olbia and only during this civil war A.D. made to issue light¬ ened (corresponding with the change of the weight of Roman gold coins in Pharzoeus' XXXIII likely that minting was renewed at the time of Vespasian A.D.) coins with Pharzoeus' name (P. dupondii with abbreviations that cannot always be submitted to supplements of Olbian archons' abbrevations (P. XI Table Series, type Date (years B.C.) Denomination in chalkoi 4 3 2 І1/2 1 Series of the Board of the Seven (P. 230-220 + + + Demeter's Series (P. IX 215-205 + + Herakles' (P.X24;B.IV32-34) 200-195 + First series with the abbrevation of the name of the city's 190-180 + + + Second series with the abbreviation of the name of the city's "King" (P. X 145-135 + + + + Series of the time of the Scythian king Scilurus (Б. 130-120 + + + + Early issues of the time of Mithridates Eupator (P. X 95-80 + + Series of five denominations of the time of Mithridates 75-70 + + + + Anepigraphic coins of the time of Mithridates 64-63 + + (Blaramberg, Series, type Date (A.D.) System, metal, denomination pre-Roman system Roman system gold copper gold silver (in denarii) bronze (in assaria) stater tetra- chalkos aureus 3 1 2 1 1/2 First series of the king Pharzoeus' time (P. 48-56 + + Second series of the king Pharzoeus' time (Б. 56-57 + + + Third series of the king Pharzoeus' time (3. 68-69 + + Fourth series of the king Pharzoeus' time (?. XII 7 - 8, 79-85 + + Series of the time of the king Ininsimeus (Inismeus) (3. 85-95 + + Approximately, at the same time reign coins with the name of archon Adaeus (P. XI issued only few series of copper change, mostly of little denominations (P. XI coins were series of the time of the shown on the Table The concluding part of the fifth chapter is devoted the division into periods of the history of minting and monetary circulation of Olbia. After study and comparative evaluation of the schemes that were offered before (A.S. Uvarov, Zograph, 381 Table Series, Data (A.D.) L 4 )en< nati 3 omi ons 2 1 Emission of Pisistratus, son of Dadacus 95-98 + Emission of Adoes, son of Delphus (P. XI 117-125 + Emission of Artemidorus, son of Satyrus, and Hicesius, son of Maeacus (P. XI 161-165 + Series of Anaximenes 175-180 + + Series of Dadus, son of Satyrus (P. XI 180-185 + + Series of Callisthenes 195-200 + + + Series of Septimius 202 + + + + Series of Alexander Severus 222-235 + + + Black Sea and especially Olbia (V.V. Latyshev, B. V. Farmakovsky, Slavin, the monetary circulation determinated three periods: period of circulation of Cyzicene staters (from founding of Olbia to the second third of the 4th century B.C.), the period of circulation of gold staters of Hellenistic states (from the last quarter of the 4th century B.C. to the middle of the lth century of Roman coins (from the second half of the With more detailed division into periods also have been taken into account and also dividing into periods the history of Greek art of coin minting. Table Division into periods the history of Olbia (according to L.M. Periods of the history of monetary circulation and coinage in Olbia according to the conclusions of the dissertation Period of Greek colonization of Bug basin and founding of Olbia to theendoftheóthc. Founding of Olbia (second quarter of 4th Period of Olbian prosperity Stage 5th and second half of 4th B.C. Pre-Hellenistic period (epoch of Cyzicene staters) From the middle of 6th to the third quarter of 6th B.C. Archaic stage or time of dolphin coins' issue (till the end _ Proattic stage or time of asses' issue _(500-390 Proto-Hellenistic stage (390-330 6.0 From the beginning of 5th to the end of с Stage II Second half of 4th and B.C. Period of crisis and submission of Olbia to the Scythian state in the Crimea From the beginning of to the beginning of Hellenistic Period (Epoch ofthe circulation of gold staters ofthe Hellenistic states) From the last quarter of 6th of Early Hellenistic stage Crisis time Time ofthe attempt to overcome the crisis (190-130 Graeco-Scythian stage Pontic Greaco-Sarmatian stage Period of rise of Olbia and its connection with Roman Empire From the beginning of middle of Period ofthe decline of Olbia From the middle of of 4th Roman period (epoch of circulation of the Roman coins From the second half of 1st existence of Olbia in the end of 4th Early Roman stage Time of crisis and the late Antonines Time ofthe _(193-235 A.D.)_. Late Roman stage (235-375 A.D.) Last chapter ofthe second part and ofthe whole dissertation is the description ofthe Olbian monetary circula¬ tion in connection with the city history and at the same time it is the summary and the result of the all previous chapters. The chapter opens with analysis ofthe written sources about the history ofthe monetary economics of the Olbiopolites. Among these sources can be distinguished the famous decree about money ofthe middle ofthe 4th century B.C. (IOSPE, I2,№ content is presented in detail. The goal of this decree first of all was to oblige all trading parties to make their deals in the Olbian coins; with connection to it was assigned the place for the changing of foreign coins to the Olbian coins; with connection to it was assigned the place for the changing of foreign coins to the Olbian ones and was established on rate for the most common in the Black Sea area 382 allowed free import and export of any kinds of foreign coins and exchange operations to the Olbian coins were tax-free. Thus, this decree was dictated by aspiration of significant and realizing its needs as well as its sover¬ eignty collective of citizens to strengthen and regulate internal trade and monetary circulation based on their own coins; by the meaning of this document the silver of Olbian minting was not only accepted as a legal mean of circulation, but also played a part of a measurement of value with regard to Cyzicene staters being the base of the whole monetary system of the Olbiopolites. It is very important that the decree definitely names the denomina¬ tions of the major Olbian silver mentioned as a purchasing means. This copper is cast obols, images on which on a dolphin The great importance for the history of the monetary circulation of Olbia represent also inscriptions of the end of the 4th- the beginning of the understood as staters of Macedonian kings and other Hellenistic states (IOSPE, I2,№ one of these inscriptions Board of the Seven (IOSPE, I2, monetary economics of the Olbiopolites during the Hellenistic epoch. Unfortunately, for the Roman time inscrip¬ tions do not give us any information about the coins and monetary circulation of Olbia. The other paragraphs of the sixth chapter contain brief characteristics of Olbia in each of three periods out¬ lined in the end of the previous chapter circulation at different stages of its development. The specific characteristic of this circulation up to the middle of the 4th century B.C. was prevalence of Cyzicene and not only in foreign trade but also internal city's market, the proof of the latter is the hoard of Cyzicene staters and about ten findings of subdivisions of Cyzicene electrura on the Olbian territory (the earliest of these coins belong to the VI century B.C.). Absolutelly possible that small denomination of Cyzicene electrum coins (in Cyzicus they minted coins with denomination of even the 5th century B.C. With this, however the circulation of electrum did not satisfy all the needs of a market in small change and the Olbiopolites early started minting it out of bronze. In the dissertation are viewed different kinds of the oldest bronze coins known in Olbia and on the North-western coast of the Black Sea. Among them peculiar coins looking as roughly cast doublewinged arowheads deserve special attention; these arrowlike coins appeared, probably among Thracian tribes no later than the first half of the 6th century B.C. and were widely spread judging by findings. They were spread also among the Scythians on Berezan and in Olbia. By itself appearance kinds of metal money in a social environment standing at the threshold of the class society and often contracting with more developed social collectives presents itself as absolute possible. It is possible to presume that the issue of cast coins in shape of dolphins started by the Olbiopolites no later than the circulation small cast bronze articles. Monetary character of the Olbian dolphin coins command no doubts and findings show that they circulated in many settlements on the North-western Black Sea region. However the study of the concrete role of these coins in the process of monetary circulation meets substantial difficulties and it does not seem possible to determine their denomination (or maybe the system of denominations). Also the peculiarities of this coins, easiness of their manufacturing and abundance of corresponding findings in the early layers of the Olbian site do not offer a possibility to view them as state or temple currency. In the beginning of the 5th century B.C. the full-valued bronze obols and their subdivisions appear in Olbia. They could undoubtedly realize function of money with more success than dolphin coins. Cast Olbian "asses" were spread, as the study of findings show, on the territory subjected to the city and even beyond it. They could not nevertheless supplant in the circulation on city market customary dolphin coins and small fractions of Cyzicene staters; also they could not satisfy the growing with the commodity production development need of the Olbiopolites in silver coins; episodical emission of silver staters with the name of Eminako hardly, of these coins, played significant part in the economy of Olbia. From the beginning of the 5th century B.C. there are abbreviations of ethnic of the Olbian coins. The first series of coins with indubitable indications of there belonging to the state of the Olbiopolites consisted of silver obols (Table the circulation no less than several decades and may be met in the same findings with struck bronze coins of the second quarter of the 4th centuriy B.C. At the same time or several years later the last series of full value cast obols was issued (Table Near the middle of the 4th century B.C. significant changes happened in the Olbian monetary circulation: the 383 minting of silver started (Table was stopped, at the same time transition of the monetary functions to silver made farther minting of full value bronze obols superfluous and they were substituted with the struck coins of the same value (Table the Olbian coinage acquires traits that are typical for the majority of the Greek cities of the late classical time. The attempt of the Olbiopolites to build its monetary economy on the parallel circulation of the full value bronze and silver led, in reality, to the monometal circulation based on silver, and was only a transitory episode in the history of the Olbian monetary circulation. The first half and especially the middle of the 4th century B.C. were the epoch of the spread of gold coins, and mass-emissions of gold during Philip's and Alexander's reigns strengthen the tendency to supersede silver coins from the sphere of the wholesale international trade in the East Mediterranean region. Because gold and receives a specific sphere of circulation, divided by political boundaries of the numerous polices of Hellas. The transfer of the money functions to gold was accompanied by decrease of the relative value of the latter; also the issue of the traditional electrum coins stopped everywhere. The gold coins of the foreign minting perme¬ ate to the Black Sea markets, Olbia included. Intrusion of gold in the Olbian monetary system originates their attempt (in the end of penultimate quarter of the 4th century B.C.) to issue their own gold staters (P. IX same time, as it was indicated earlier an appearance of the struck bronze obols was changed with the image of Olbia, but also everywhere on the North-western Black Sea region. Repeatedly mentioned Olbian decree about money and simultaneous minting of gold and silver coins let us come to the question about comparative value monetary metals in Olbia, in the second half of the 4th century B.C. The dissertation shows that the golden stater of the Attic system with the weight seven silver staters of Aeginetan system series precious metals (i.e. about Cyzicene stater R artificial) alloy of gold and silver (electrum), on this base the relative value of gold and silver around the middle of 4th century B.C. could be determined. Really, judging by regular notion of ancient people about electrum, consisting according to their views of three parts of gold and one part of silver, we can come to the conclusion that by the time of the passing of the decree about money the ratio of the cost of gold to the cost of silver was in other words the cost of gold fell by about to weight series vacillation can be explained by general changes in the cost of gold on th'emarkets of the East Mediterranean and also by the location of Olbia devoid of its own sources of gold and silver3. Early Hellenistic time (the end of the 4th penetration of the foreign gold coins into Olbia (mostly staters of Lysimachus). Therefore despite of the discon¬ tinuation of the issue of its own gold, silver gradually becomes a supplemental mean of circulation in Olbia. The outward indications of this transformation were the transition to the "light" Rhodes drachma (in lieu of the heavy Aeginetan one), decline in the quality of monetary metal, increasing tolerance when minting silver coins and noticeable variations of weight inside of the simultaneous emissions of the same denominations, frequent change of the types of silver coins, constant decrease in the average weight of the same denomination of coins Table I, series and outlines the correspondence of the Olbian drachma to the gold stater (later was most likely equated to drachmas). Studying peculiarities of the circulation of the copper change dissertation shows that the original weight of coins with an image of the river deity stayed only during minting of the very first issues; further catastrofical the (Table The starting crisis of the monetary circulation becomes, during the the decline in volume of the international trade lead to the decline of the quantity of the foreign gold coins actually 3 1:120 384 circulating in Olbia and accumulating in addition in hands of a few rich citizens. Thus, gold more and more approaches its becoming an ideal counting money, and on the market copper reigns completely. In that part in which the state of Olbiopolites attempted pay its debts, it, as it shows from the decree in honour of Protogenes (IOSPE. I2, always expressed in gold staters. Transformation of the originally change coins into the main mean of circulation with the retention of the value measurement by gold was not by itself the destruction of the city's market, however the circulation of the consum¬ mate form of the sign of value, grown directly from metal circulation on the foundation of simple commodity production, included in itself the potential possibility of financial crisis pulsory rate was such a simple operation, and increase of emission promised at first glance such obvious and indubitable advantages, that Olbian state could not avoid the attempts to correct financial problems by increasing of copper coins minting. Table Group, type Date (B.C.) Average by groups Decline of weight (in%%) Intensity of minting (in la Љ(Б. 330-315 10,1 (94) 100 100 9,2(110) 92 35 IIa-b(3. lie HI 315-300 8,7(142) 86 277 8,9(116) 88 116 IV Va 300-280 8,9(213) 88 120 8,7(114) 86 Vb Ve (DNM 280-260 8,6(191) 85 122 8,8 (163) 87 129 Ve1 260-250 8,8(141) 88 VII (HC, III, Table. VIII (DNM ІХ(Б.ІХ222) Х(З.ХХХИ22;Б.ІХ221) 250-240 6,8 (26) 67 56 6,1 (184) 60 250 5,8 (94) 57 4,6(192) 45 567 It inevitably led to catastrophic depreciation of copper coins; in the situation of the decreasing trade with population of the Dnieper and Bug Region and rain its own agricultural base during the conflicts connected with the shift of tribes of Black Sea Region, it led to the fact that financial crisis left the boundaries of actual circulation sphere and promoted the growth and intensification of the crisis of the city economy. The dissertation showed, that the only mean to fight these new difficulties was seen in the confirmation of compulsory rate of copper coins by changing its types often with the image of the river deity quickly degrading in the beginning of the second half of the were the first subjected to stamping, although the emissions that came later, issued in the name of the Board of the Seven VI Board of the Seven, that sanctioned the transition from the minting of the degraded copper denominations of the end of the 4th cities that consisted of several small denominations of copper coins, attracts attention. In the same chapter the inscriptions in honour of Protogenes (IOSPE, I2, studied in detail. From the mentioned decree we could see that on the boundary of the that were counted as tetrachalkoi at a moment of issue and even earlier coins with the river deities image, inherited in the beginning the rate of the full valued cast obols were valued only as trichalkoi5, and even this rate, as we see from the text of the document was counted as favourable for copper coins in the copper 4 group or undergroup on number of included in it annual issues; for calculated proportionally. 5 drachmas, on eight chalkoi in each, unit copper makes 385 During the monetary crisis also silver coins were subjected to stamping and, partially, restriking, although their part in the circulation was very modest. However in the first half of the look for the solution of their financial difficulties in minting silver in relatively substantial quantity. However this silver (Table subjected to stamping indicating the new aggravation of the crisis right before subjugating of Olbia by Scythian king Scilurus. Olbian monetary circulation in the late Hellenistic period is characterized by decreasing of the volume of minting. During the second half of the Scilurus and the smallest coins without mentioning king's name, but also without common abbreviations of the magistrates' names. (N.A. Frolova, (P. X emissions of Lysimachus' staters, belong to the cities of West century B.C. a substantial number of the copper coins from the cities of of Mithridates Eupator's state corresponding Olbian findings were tetrachalkoi of Amisus issued in the last decade of the decade of the own minting in the second half of 70th years the coins of We can guess about gradual limitations of the Olbiopolites' sovereignty also based on the fact that on the last coins of the Mithridates' time minted right before his death After the a long time of an eagle to the time of Claudius system after the Vespasian's death were substituted with sestertii. It should be mentioned that in the beginning tried to mint this denomination from Table aunchalcum of the ancient authors), from which Roman sestertii were made from the times of Au¬ gust, although in Olbia they soon started to issue them from the regular dark bronze. From the time of Flavian Dynasty Roman coins penetrate into Olbia, mostly denarii, of course. To the date collected on the basis of the B.V. Farmakovsky's excavations 1930) that allow us to determine the place of the Roman coins in the city's monetary circulation and their role in the trade with neighbouring tribes. With this we have to keep in mind that the coins of the Roman provincial cities and of dependent on Rome kingdoms also came into Olbia. The most number of all these findings fell on the second half of the 3rd comparison of the data on the table (Table Talking about actually Olbian coins we have to say that the first issues of dupondii and sestertii stayed in a circulation for a long time, up to the second half of the the coins of both denominations were overstruck more then once. The study of these countermarks showed that at the time of 161 A.D.) inflow of the Roman coins sharply increasing at the time of this emperor, probably because of appearance of the Roman garrison in Olbia, made to reduce of the Olbian coins' value, already much hurt by that time from the long Ruler. Date Quantity of the found coins Roman Provinces and cities silver others Danube basin Balkan Peninsula Ásia Minor North Black Sea Total Flavian Dynasty (69-96 A.D.) 3 3 2 8 Nerva (96-117 A.D.) 9 1 1 1 5 17 Hadrian (117-138 A.D.) 8 1 1 1 11 Antoninus Pius (138-161 A.D.) 14 5 2 1 1 23 Marcus Aurelius and Commodus (161-192 A.D.) 11 5 3 5 2 26 Septimius and Caracalla (193-217 A.D.) 30 3 5 5 43 Elagabalus and Severus Alexander (218-235) 11 2 13 Total 86 12 11 3 11 18 141 386 circulation original dupondii equaled earlier to sestertii, were made The second half of the commence sporadic minting of coins. During the appeared on it, i.e. the Olbian coins received the aspect of the usual provincial minting. At the same time the inflow of State and provincial coins into Olbia strengthened and reached the peak at the time of Septimius Severus (193-211 A.D.) The series of copper with the images of Alexander Severus and Mamaea concluded many centuries long history of the Olbian minting. However Olbia did not perish soon after, i.e. in the period of the Gothic invasion into the Danube regions; Roman troops stayed in the city not only at a time of Philip the Arabian comp. 2, № 12464). ruined. That is true, that about twenty of the Roman and provincial coins were found in the city (from to Claudis Gothicus) and also single findings of Diocletian's, Constantine's and his sons' coins and at last Valentinian's and Roman coins in decline. Steady decrease and, finally, the full disappearance of the monetary circulation in the last quarter of 4th century with the downfall of the whole slave-owning society, part of which Olbia was, very probable. *** The number of appendices is attached to the dissertation for the summarizing of materials and for the simpli¬ fying of the dissertation's apparatus. First, there is a list of all known Olbian gold and silver coins by series, denominations and stamps with the full bibliography of each specimen, that was published earlier. After that follows the list of the abbreviations on the Olbian coins, in which compared in systematic order the magistrate's designations, deities' epithets, names of the Olbiopolites which was not determined in the coins legends- Scythian kings', names and titles of Roman Emperors, and, finally, various letter the list of findings of Olbian coins from beyond the city's limit including raphy of each findings. The summary of coins of Ancient Greek cities and Roman Empire found in Olbia is given as an additional supplement including designation of each specimen and all relevant bibliography. These appen¬ dices are used widely in the text of the dissertation. Besides the already mentioned supplements, there is an album affixed to the dissertation. The album consists of types and variations of Olbian coins, and also the most important foreign coins found in Olbia. This album also contains drawings (correlational diagrams of stapms, blanks, prepared to be minted, etc.) and cartographic dia¬ grams illustrating the distribution of Olbian coins of different epochs beyond the city's limits. To make using the album easier, the coordination tables are affixed to the dissertation. They show the corre¬ spondence of the shown in the album Olbian coins with the representations of the similar specimens in other publications correspondence of the images of the foreign coins found in Olbia with their numbers in the list of the such findings located above and guide of the repositories of the coins that are shown in the album. There are also the list of the all written sources 11 Translated by Lyudmila Grinshpan e-mail: 387
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author	Karyškovskij, Petr Osipovič 1921-1988 Skljarov, Aleksandr N.
author_GND	(DE-588)10362709X
author_facet	Karyškovskij, Petr Osipovič 1921-1988 Skljarov, Aleksandr N.
author_role	aut aut
author_sort	Karyškovskij, Petr Osipovič 1921-1988
author_variant	p o k po pok a n s an ans
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ctrlnum	(OCoLC)237130050 (DE-599)BVBBV022450495
era	Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-400 gnd
era_facet	Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-400
format	Book
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genre_facet	Hochschulschrift
geographic	Olbia Ukraine (DE-588)4043443-6 gnd
geographic_facet	Olbia Ukraine
id	DE-604.BV022450495
illustrated	Illustrated
index_date	2024-07-02T17:36:13Z
indexdate	2024-07-09T20:57:51Z
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isbn	966961810X
language	Russian
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physical	XVI, 684 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. Rynočnye ceny
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publisher	Fridman
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spelling	Karyškovskij, Petr Osipovič 1921-1988 Verfasser (DE-588)10362709X aut Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia P. O. Karyškovskij Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia Odessa Fridman 2003 XVI, 684 S. zahlr. Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. Rynočnye ceny txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Beil. u.d.T.: Rynoyčnye ceny v Ukraine na monety, opublikovannye v knige P. O. Karyškovskogo "Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii" Odessa, 2003. - In kyrill. Schr., russ. - Zsfassung in engl. Sprache. - Teilw. zugl.: Odessa, Univ., Diss., 1968 Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-400 gnd rswk-swf Geldwirtschaft (DE-588)4129419-1 gnd rswk-swf Geld (DE-588)4019889-3 gnd rswk-swf Olbia Ukraine (DE-588)4043443-6 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Olbia Ukraine (DE-588)4043443-6 g Geld (DE-588)4019889-3 s Geldwirtschaft (DE-588)4129419-1 s Geschichte 600 v. Chr.-400 z DE-604 Skljarov, Aleksandr N. aut Rynoyčnye ceny v Ukraine na monety, opublikovannye v knige P. O. Karyškovskogo "Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii" Odessa, 2003 Digitalisierung BSBMuenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015658368&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis Digitalisierung BSB Muenchen application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015658368&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Abstract
spellingShingle	Karyškovskij, Petr Osipovič 1921-1988 Skljarov, Aleksandr N. Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia Geldwirtschaft (DE-588)4129419-1 gnd Geld (DE-588)4019889-3 gnd
subject_GND	(DE-588)4129419-1 (DE-588)4019889-3 (DE-588)4043443-6 (DE-588)4113937-9
title	Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia
title_alt	Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia Rynoyčnye ceny v Ukraine na monety, opublikovannye v knige P. O. Karyškovskogo "Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii" Odessa, 2003
title_auth	Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia
title_exact_search	Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia
title_exact_search_txtP	Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia
title_full	Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia P. O. Karyškovskij
title_fullStr	Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia P. O. Karyškovskij
title_full_unstemmed	Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii (VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia P. O. Karyškovskij
title_short	Monetnoe delo i denežnoe obraščenie Olʹvii
title_sort	monetnoe delo i deneznoe obrascenie olʹvii vi v do n e iv v n e coinage and monetary circulation in olbia
title_sub	(VI v. do n.ė. - IV v. n.ė.) = Coinage and monetary circulation in Olbia
topic	Geldwirtschaft (DE-588)4129419-1 gnd Geld (DE-588)4019889-3 gnd
topic_facet	Geldwirtschaft Geld Olbia Ukraine Hochschulschrift
url	http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015658368&sequence=000003&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015658368&sequence=000004&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA
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