The silicon cycle: human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems
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| Format: | Buch |
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| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Washington, DC [u.a.]
Island Press
2006
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| Schriftenreihe: | Scope
66 |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Table of contents only Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XIX, 275 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| ISBN: | 1597261149 1597261157 |
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| 245 | 1 | 0 | |a The silicon cycle |b human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems |c ed. by Venugopalan Ittekkot ... |
| 264 | 1 | |a Washington, DC [u.a.] |b Island Press |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XIX, 275 S. |b graph. Darst., Kt. | ||
| 336 | |b txt |2 rdacontent | ||
| 337 | |b n |2 rdamedia | ||
| 338 | |b nc |2 rdacarrier | ||
| 490 | 1 | |a Scope |v 66 | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Silicon cycle (Biogeochemistry) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Aquatic ecology | |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Silicium |0 (DE-588)4077445-4 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Gewässer |0 (DE-588)4020820-5 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
| 650 | 0 | 7 | |a Biogeochemie |0 (DE-588)4125243-3 |2 gnd |9 rswk-swf |
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| 689 | 0 | 3 | |a Gewässer |0 (DE-588)4020820-5 |D s |
| 689 | 0 | |5 DE-604 | |
| 700 | 1 | |a Ittekkot, Venugopalan |d 1945- |e Sonstige |0 (DE-588)133184188 |4 oth | |
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| 856 | 4 | |u http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0612/2006012462.html |3 Table of contents only | |
| 856 | 4 | 2 | |m HBZ Datenaustausch |q application/pdf |u http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015654108&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |3 Inhaltsverzeichnis |
Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1805076624586047488 |
|---|---|
| adam_text |
Contents
List of Figures and Tables .ix
Preface .xvii
Acknowledgments.xix
1. Introduction .1
.Venugopalan Ittekkot, Daniela Unger, Christoph Humborg, and
Nguyen Tac An
2. Silicate Weathering in South Asian
Tropical River Basins.3
Vaidyanatha Subramanian, Venugopalan Ittekkot, Daniela Unger, and
Natarajan Madhavan
3. Silicon in the Terrestrial Biogeosphere.13
Daniel j. Conley, Michael Sommer, Jean Dominique Meunier,
Danuta Kaczorek, and Loredana Saccone
4. Factors Controlling Dissolved Silica in
Tropical Rivers.29
Tim C. Jennerjahn, Bastiaan A. Knoppers, Weber F. L. de Souza,
Gregg j. Brunskill, E. Ivan, L. Silva, and Seno Adi
5. Dissolved Silica Dynamics in Boreal and Arctic Rivers:
Vegetation Control over Temperature?.53
Christoph Humborg, Lars Rahm, Erik Smedberg,
Carl-Magnus Morth, and Asa Danielsson
6. Dissolved Silica in the Changjiang (Yangtze River)
and Adjacent Coastal Waters of the East China Sea.71
Jing Zhang, Su Mei Liu.Ying Wu, Xiao Hong Qi,
Guo Sen Zhang, and Rui Xiang Li
viii I Contents
7. Atmospheric Transport of Silicon.81
InaTegen and Karen E. Kohfeld
8. Estuarine Silicon Dynamics.93
Lei Chou and Roland Wollast
9. Physiological Ecology of Diatoms Along the
River—Sea Continuum .121
Pascal Claquin, Aude Leynaert, Agata Sferratore,
Josette Gamier, and Olivier Ragueneau
10. Modeling Silicon Transfer Processes in
River Catchments .139
Josette Gamier, Agata Sferratore, Michel Meybeck,
Gilles Billen, and Hans Durr
11. Role of Diatoms in Silicon Cycling and Coastal
Marine Food Webs .163
Olivier Ragueneau, Daniel J. Conley, Aude Leynaert,
Sorcha Ni Longphuirt, and Caroline R Slomp
12. Responses of Coastal Ecosystems to Anthropogenic
Perturbations of Silicon Cycling.197
Olivier Ragueneau, Daniel J. Conley, Aude Leynaert,
Sorcha Ni Longphuirt, and Caroline R Slomp
13. Silicon Isotope—Based Reconstructions
of the Silicon Cycle.215
Christina L. De La Rocha
14. Long-Term Oceanic Silicon Cycle and the
Role of Opal Sediment.229
Christoph Heinze
15. The Perturbed Silicon Cycle .245
Venugopalan Ittekkot, Daniela Unger, Christoph Humborg,
and Nguyen Tac An
List of Contributors .253
SCOPE Series List.259
SCOPE Executive Committee 2005-2008 .263
Index.265
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1. Correlation of alkalinity and total Ca and Mg. 7
2.2. Correlation of total alkalinity and silicate alkalinity. 9
2.3. Computed values for pCO2 plotted against silicate alkalinity. 9
3.1. Small amorphous silica spheres in beech leaves. 17
3.2. The biogeochemical Si cycle in a loblolly pine forest. 22
3.3. The benefits of Si for plants under various stresses. 24
4.1. DSi concentrations in large tropical rivers, nontropical rivers,
and small tropical rivers related to catchment size and discharge. 33
4.2. DSi yield and load versus catchment features: DSi yield versus runoff,
DSi load versus catchment size, DSi load versus runoff, and DSi yield
versus total suspended solid yield. 34
4.3. DSi concentration, yield, and load of tropical rivers by continent. 35
4.4. DSi load versus land use features in the catchment: DSi load versus
developed land, DSi load versus cropland, and DSi load versus
forest loss. 42
4.5. Ratios of DSi to N in large tropical rivers, nontropical rivers, and
small tropical rivers related to population density and number
of dams. 44
x I List of Figures and Tables
5.1. DSi versus total organic carbon in major boreal and arctic watersheds
of Eurasia and North America. 55
5.2. Catchment areas and land cover characteristics of the investigated
major river systems in northern Sweden and headwater area of the
rivers Kalixalven and Lulealven, showing location of sampling sites,
subcatchment areas, and land cover characteristics. 57
5.3. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic phosphorus,
and dissolved silica concentrations versus total organic carbon,
forest area, wetland area, and lake area of 19 northern Swedish river
catchments and subcatchments. 59
5.4. Principal component analysis ordination of data on landscape
characteristics (land cover, soil types, and bedrock types) and on
river biogeochemistry of 17 river catchments of northern Sweden. 61
5.5. DSi concentrations versus time at the mouth of the Kalixalven, versus
time at the mouth of the River Lulealven, and versus reservoir live storage
of 12 Swedish rivers draining the Scandinavian mountain chain. 63
5.6. Median DSi concentration from all major rivers draining into the
various subbasins of the Baltic Sea. 64
5.7. Mean DSi concentrations in the Baltic proper, 1950—2000. 65
6.1. Distribution of DSi and total suspended matter in the Changjiang. 73
6.2. Distribution of DSi in the Changjiang estuary (July 2001) and the
adjacent coastal waters of the East China Sea (August 2002). 75
6.3. Dispersal of DSi from the Changjiang to the coastal area of the East China
Sea in August 2002, at the surface and in near-bottom waters. 76
6.4. Data of mesocosm experiments, which show two phytoplankton species,
P. dentatum and 5. costatum, responding to nutrient amendments,
with chlorophyll-^, BSi, cell abundance for control, and nutrient
addition series. 77
6.5. Comparison of BSi in core sediment samples at water depth of about
25 m in coastal environment and summer chlorophyll-^ concentration
off the Changjiang estuary. 78
7.1. Ratio of wet to total deposition of dust aerosol. 84
7.2. Modeled mass-size distribution of global dust particles near the source,
about 1,000 km downwind, and about 4,500 km downwind of a source
area. 84
List of Figures and Tables I xi
7.3. Records of dust concentrations and temperature, taken from the
Vostok ice core, Vostok, Antarctica. 86
7.4. Deposition pattern of atmospheric Si, from global model results of dust
deposition and compiled sediment trap deposition fluxes. 88
8.1. Idealized plot of the concentration of dissolved components and
salinity during estuarine mixing. 95
8.2. Concentration of DSi as a function of time for seawater—clay
suspension interactions. 96
8.3. Surface salinity distribution on the Amazon shelf. 101
8.4. Vertical salinity distribution across die Amazon shelf, 102
8.5. BSi content in surface suspended solids on the Amazon shelf. 103
8.6. Longitudinal profile of DSi as a function of salinity in the Rhone
and Rhine estuaries. 106
8.7. Map of the Scheldt estuary. 107
8.8. Longitudinal profile of DSi as a function of salinity in the Scheldt
estuary in 1967. 108
8.9. Longitudinal profile of DSi as a function of distance to die sea in the
Scheldt estuary for 1998. 110
8.10. Temporal evolution of DSi, BSi, and chlorophyll-^ at Hemiksem in the
Scheldt estuary for 2003. 111
8.11. Seasonal evolution of BSi and chlorophyll-tf in the freshwater tidal
reaches of the Scheldt estuary for 2002. 112
8.12. Seasonal evolution of dissolved nutrients (total inorganic nitrogen,
orthophosphate, silicate) as a function of salinity in the Scheldt estuary
in the 1990s. 113
9.1. BSi content per cell surface as a function of the growth rate under
light, nitrogen, and phosphorus limitations. 124
9.2. K and V values reported from the literature for natural diatom
s max *
assemblages, measured in situ in different environments as a function
of ambient DSi concentrations. 127
10.1. Representation of the RIVE model showing me complex interactions
between die main biological compartments in the water column, at die
water interface sediment, and the stocks of nutrients. 141
xii I List of Figures and Tables
10.2. Data needed to build the RIVERSTRAHLER model. 142
10.3- Relationship between DSi concenttations in wo fid rivers and latitude. 146
10.4. Relationship between DSi concentrations in world rivers and temperature. 148
10.5. Increase of the per capita Si load from 1930 to 2000 in developed
countries and concomitant increase in detergent use and decrease
in soap use. 149
10.6. Observed and simulated seasonal variations of discharge, nitrates,
phosphates, DSi, and phytoplankton biomass, expressed as chlorophyll-^
concentrations in the Seine, Danube, and Red rivers. 150
10.7. Response of the RIVERSTRAHLER model, in terms of DSi
concentrations, to a reduction in phosphorus in the Seine River at
the limit of saline intrusion in the estuary (Caudebec). 151
10.8. Seasonal variations of N:R Si:P, and Si:N in the Seine, Danube, and
Red rivers. 152
10.9. Response of the model to exploration of unrealistic scenarios:
specific fluxes of nitrates, phosphate, and DSi, under the conditions of the
validation, without domestic input, and without domestic input and with
natural vegetation. 154
10.10. Future representation of Si in the RIVERSTRAHLER model, taking into
account diffuse paniculate BSi, and additional diatom compartments
(planktonic and benthic). 155
10.11. "Anthropocene" Si transfers from land to sea. Routing of riverine Si and
Si cycling and retention along the aquatic continuum. 157
11.1. Classic sequence of phytoplankton dynamics in temperate waters of
unperturbed and perturbed, nutrient-enriched coastal areas. 164
11.2. Schematic view of a pelagic food chain, inspired by the BIOGEN model,
illustrating the direct, short link between diatoms and the higher trophic
level, compared with the microbial network. 165
11.3. Schematic representation of nutrient fluxes and pelagic primary
production dynamics in a suspension feeder—dominated ecosystem. 167
11.4. Schematic depiction of the potential sources of Si for coastal diatoms. 170
11.5. Concentrations of DSi and BSi for the Rhine, Columbia, and Susquehanna
rivers during nonbloom periods and during periods when diatom blooms
are present. 171
List of Figures and Tables I xiii
11.6. Biogeochemical Si fluxes on the Amazon shelf. 175
11.7. Representative scanning electron microscope images illustrating the
range of preservation modes of distinct diatom cells. 180
11.8. Synthesis of DSi benthic fluxes measured at two contrasting sites
during the productive period in the Bay of Brest and seasonal budgets
of DSi fluxes in the Bay of Brest. 181
12.1. Illustration of the DSi depletion hypothesis. 199
12.2. Effects of fluctuating DSi:dissolved inorganic nitrogen ratios in the
Mississippi River on Louisiana shelf plankton food webs. 202
12.3. Contribution of diatoms to total phytoplankton as a function of
DSi concentration. 204
13.1. 830Si of samples of igneous rocks, clays, river water, seawater, marine
diatoms, sponges, and phytolidis. 217
13.2. Rayleigh distillation of Si isotopes during opal biomineralization from
a DSi reservoir of finite size. 219
13.3. Typical pattern of 830Si of diatom opal over the last glacial cycle in the
Southern Ocean, south of the present-day polar front. 221
14.1. Core top BSi concentrations on a calcite-free basis. 233
14.2. Core top BSi concentrations relative to total sediment. 233
14.3. Vertical velocity of model circulation at 50 m according to the
preindustrial velocity field. 236
14.4. BSi export production as simulated by the HAMOCC model. 236
14.5. Modeled BSi sediment reported on a calcite-free basis. 237
14.6. Modeled BSi sediment repotted relative to total sediment. 237
14.7. Si budget of the global ocean. 238
14.8. Model experiment Run 1: After about 50,000 years, the sediment
accumulation has achieved the new equilibrium value, which equals
the decreased external Si input rate. 239
14.9. Model experiment Run 2: Mirror image experiment to Run 1.
After about 50,000 years, the sediment accumulation has achieved the
new equilibrium value, which equals the highly increased external
Si input rate. 240
xiv I List of Figures and Tables
14.10. Model experiment Run 3: The external Si input is stopped completely.
After 80,000 years, the sediment accumulation is almost zero, but the
opal export production is still operating at about 50% of the control
run value. 240
14.11. Model experiment Run 4: The external Si input is prescribed as a
sudden peak, a sudden drop, and a return to the control run value. 241
Tables
2.1. Extension of river basins and dominant basin lithology for major
south Asian rivers. 5
2.2. Seasonal variation of pH, alkalinity, Ca+2, Mg+2, and SiO2 for
Brahmaputra, Ganges, Indus, and Cauvery. 8
2.3. Discharge, basin area, and computed values of silicate alkalinity
and^ CO2 for south Asian rivers. 10
4.1. Hydrological and hydrochemical data of large and small tropical and
nontropical rivers. 32
4.2 Hydrological and hydrochemical data of tropical rivers subdivided
per continent and into large and small tropical rivers. 36
4.3. Average relative weathering rates and DSi yield per continent. 38
4.4. Hydrological and hydrochemical data of the Brazilian Sao
Francisco River. 45
6.1 Concentration of DSi and silicon isotopes in the Changjiang in
comparison with the Amazon and Congo. 72
6.2. Mesocosm experiments, which show the initial concentration
of nutrient species for control and amendment series. 76
7.1. Deposition of dust and Si into ocean basins extrapolated from
observations or derived from global dust cycle models. 85
8.1 Mean concentration of nutrients in selected rivers. 115
9.1. Review of Ks and Vmax values from the literature. 128
9.2. Diatom physiological parameters used in ecological models. 133
10.1. General characteristics of the hydrographic network chosen here
for application of the RTVERSTRAHLER model. 143
List of Figures and Tables I xv
10.2. Average DSi concentrations calculated per ocean basin from
the GEMS-GLORI database and the associated documented area. 145
10.3. Lithological characteristics of the Seine, Danube, and Red River
watersheds as determined from the lithological world map. 147
11.1. DSi concentrations in coastal groundwater at 4 locations in the
United States and in average river water. 173
11.2. DSi benthic fluxes in various coastal ecosystems. 178 |
| adam_txt |
Contents
List of Figures and Tables .ix
Preface .xvii
Acknowledgments.xix
1. Introduction .1
.Venugopalan Ittekkot, Daniela Unger, Christoph Humborg, and
Nguyen Tac An
2. Silicate Weathering in South Asian
Tropical River Basins.3
Vaidyanatha Subramanian, Venugopalan Ittekkot, Daniela Unger, and
Natarajan Madhavan
3. Silicon in the Terrestrial Biogeosphere.13
Daniel j. Conley, Michael Sommer, Jean Dominique Meunier,
Danuta Kaczorek, and Loredana Saccone
4. Factors Controlling Dissolved Silica in
Tropical Rivers.29
Tim C. Jennerjahn, Bastiaan A. Knoppers, Weber F. L. de Souza,
Gregg j. Brunskill, E. Ivan, L. Silva, and Seno Adi
5. Dissolved Silica Dynamics in Boreal and Arctic Rivers:
Vegetation Control over Temperature?.53
Christoph Humborg, Lars Rahm, Erik Smedberg,
Carl-Magnus Morth, and Asa Danielsson
6. Dissolved Silica in the Changjiang (Yangtze River)
and Adjacent Coastal Waters of the East China Sea.71
Jing Zhang, Su Mei Liu.Ying Wu, Xiao Hong Qi,
Guo Sen Zhang, and Rui Xiang Li
viii I Contents
7. Atmospheric Transport of Silicon.81
InaTegen and Karen E. Kohfeld
8. Estuarine Silicon Dynamics.93
Lei Chou and Roland Wollast
9. Physiological Ecology of Diatoms Along the
River—Sea Continuum .121
Pascal Claquin, Aude Leynaert, Agata Sferratore,
Josette Gamier, and Olivier Ragueneau
10. Modeling Silicon Transfer Processes in
River Catchments .139
Josette Gamier, Agata Sferratore, Michel Meybeck,
Gilles Billen, and Hans Durr
11. Role of Diatoms in Silicon Cycling and Coastal
Marine Food Webs .163
Olivier Ragueneau, Daniel J. Conley, Aude Leynaert,
Sorcha Ni Longphuirt, and Caroline R Slomp
12. Responses of Coastal Ecosystems to Anthropogenic
Perturbations of Silicon Cycling.197
Olivier Ragueneau, Daniel J. Conley, Aude Leynaert,
Sorcha Ni Longphuirt, and Caroline R Slomp
13. Silicon Isotope—Based Reconstructions
of the Silicon Cycle.215
Christina L. De La Rocha
14. Long-Term Oceanic Silicon Cycle and the
Role of Opal Sediment.229
Christoph Heinze
15. The Perturbed Silicon Cycle .245
Venugopalan Ittekkot, Daniela Unger, Christoph Humborg,
and Nguyen Tac An
List of Contributors .253
SCOPE Series List.259
SCOPE Executive Committee 2005-2008 .263
Index.265
List of Figures and Tables
Figures
2.1. Correlation of alkalinity and total Ca and Mg. 7
2.2. Correlation of total alkalinity and silicate alkalinity. 9
2.3. Computed values for pCO2 plotted against silicate alkalinity. 9
3.1. Small amorphous silica spheres in beech leaves. 17
3.2. The biogeochemical Si cycle in a loblolly pine forest. 22
3.3. The benefits of Si for plants under various stresses. 24
4.1. DSi concentrations in large tropical rivers, nontropical rivers,
and small tropical rivers related to catchment size and discharge. 33
4.2. DSi yield and load versus catchment features: DSi yield versus runoff,
DSi load versus catchment size, DSi load versus runoff, and DSi yield
versus total suspended solid yield. 34
4.3. DSi concentration, yield, and load of tropical rivers by continent. 35
4.4. DSi load versus land use features in the catchment: DSi load versus
developed land, DSi load versus cropland, and DSi load versus
forest loss. 42
4.5. Ratios of DSi to N in large tropical rivers, nontropical rivers, and
small tropical rivers related to population density and number
of dams. 44
x I List of Figures and Tables
5.1. DSi versus total organic carbon in major boreal and arctic watersheds
of Eurasia and North America. 55
5.2. Catchment areas and land cover characteristics of the investigated
major river systems in northern Sweden and headwater area of the
rivers Kalixalven and Lulealven, showing location of sampling sites,
subcatchment areas, and land cover characteristics. 57
5.3. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen, dissolved inorganic phosphorus,
and dissolved silica concentrations versus total organic carbon,
forest area, wetland area, and lake area of 19 northern Swedish river
catchments and subcatchments. 59
5.4. Principal component analysis ordination of data on landscape
characteristics (land cover, soil types, and bedrock types) and on
river biogeochemistry of 17 river catchments of northern Sweden. 61
5.5. DSi concentrations versus time at the mouth of the Kalixalven, versus
time at the mouth of the River Lulealven, and versus reservoir live storage
of 12 Swedish rivers draining the Scandinavian mountain chain. 63
5.6. Median DSi concentration from all major rivers draining into the
various subbasins of the Baltic Sea. 64
5.7. Mean DSi concentrations in the Baltic proper, 1950—2000. 65
6.1. Distribution of DSi and total suspended matter in the Changjiang. 73
6.2. Distribution of DSi in the Changjiang estuary (July 2001) and the
adjacent coastal waters of the East China Sea (August 2002). 75
6.3. Dispersal of DSi from the Changjiang to the coastal area of the East China
Sea in August 2002, at the surface and in near-bottom waters. 76
6.4. Data of mesocosm experiments, which show two phytoplankton species,
P. dentatum and 5. costatum, responding to nutrient amendments,
with chlorophyll-^, BSi, cell abundance for control, and nutrient
addition series. 77
6.5. Comparison of BSi in core sediment samples at water depth of about
25 m in coastal environment and summer chlorophyll-^ concentration
off the Changjiang estuary. 78
7.1. Ratio of wet to total deposition of dust aerosol. 84
7.2. Modeled mass-size distribution of global dust particles near the source,
about 1,000 km downwind, and about 4,500 km downwind of a source
area. 84
List of Figures and Tables I xi
7.3. Records of dust concentrations and temperature, taken from the
Vostok ice core, Vostok, Antarctica. 86
7.4. Deposition pattern of atmospheric Si, from global model results of dust
deposition and compiled sediment trap deposition fluxes. 88
8.1. Idealized plot of the concentration of dissolved components and
salinity during estuarine mixing. 95
8.2. Concentration of DSi as a function of time for seawater—clay
suspension interactions. 96
8.3. Surface salinity distribution on the Amazon shelf. 101
8.4. Vertical salinity distribution across die Amazon shelf, 102
8.5. BSi content in surface suspended solids on the Amazon shelf. 103
8.6. Longitudinal profile of DSi as a function of salinity in the Rhone
and Rhine estuaries. 106
8.7. Map of the Scheldt estuary. 107
8.8. Longitudinal profile of DSi as a function of salinity in the Scheldt
estuary in 1967. 108
8.9. Longitudinal profile of DSi as a function of distance to die sea in the
Scheldt estuary for 1998. 110
8.10. Temporal evolution of DSi, BSi, and chlorophyll-^ at Hemiksem in the
Scheldt estuary for 2003. 111
8.11. Seasonal evolution of BSi and chlorophyll-tf in the freshwater tidal
reaches of the Scheldt estuary for 2002. 112
8.12. Seasonal evolution of dissolved nutrients (total inorganic nitrogen,
orthophosphate, silicate) as a function of salinity in the Scheldt estuary
in the 1990s. 113
9.1. BSi content per cell surface as a function of the growth rate under
light, nitrogen, and phosphorus limitations. 124
9.2. K and V values reported from the literature for natural diatom
s max *
assemblages, measured in situ in different environments as a function
of ambient DSi concentrations. 127
10.1. Representation of the RIVE model showing me complex interactions
between die main biological compartments in the water column, at die
water interface sediment, and the stocks of nutrients. 141
xii I List of Figures and Tables
10.2. Data needed to build the RIVERSTRAHLER model. 142
10.3- Relationship between DSi concenttations in wo fid rivers and latitude. 146
10.4. Relationship between DSi concentrations in world rivers and temperature. 148
10.5. Increase of the per capita Si load from 1930 to 2000 in developed
countries and concomitant increase in detergent use and decrease
in soap use. 149
10.6. Observed and simulated seasonal variations of discharge, nitrates,
phosphates, DSi, and phytoplankton biomass, expressed as chlorophyll-^
concentrations in the Seine, Danube, and Red rivers. 150
10.7. Response of the RIVERSTRAHLER model, in terms of DSi
concentrations, to a reduction in phosphorus in the Seine River at
the limit of saline intrusion in the estuary (Caudebec). 151
10.8. Seasonal variations of N:R Si:P, and Si:N in the Seine, Danube, and
Red rivers. 152
10.9. Response of the model to exploration of unrealistic scenarios:
specific fluxes of nitrates, phosphate, and DSi, under the conditions of the
validation, without domestic input, and without domestic input and with
natural vegetation. 154
10.10. Future representation of Si in the RIVERSTRAHLER model, taking into
account diffuse paniculate BSi, and additional diatom compartments
(planktonic and benthic). 155
10.11. "Anthropocene" Si transfers from land to sea. Routing of riverine Si and
Si cycling and retention along the aquatic continuum. 157
11.1. Classic sequence of phytoplankton dynamics in temperate waters of
unperturbed and perturbed, nutrient-enriched coastal areas. 164
11.2. Schematic view of a pelagic food chain, inspired by the BIOGEN model,
illustrating the direct, short link between diatoms and the higher trophic
level, compared with the microbial network. 165
11.3. Schematic representation of nutrient fluxes and pelagic primary
production dynamics in a suspension feeder—dominated ecosystem. 167
11.4. Schematic depiction of the potential sources of Si for coastal diatoms. 170
11.5. Concentrations of DSi and BSi for the Rhine, Columbia, and Susquehanna
rivers during nonbloom periods and during periods when diatom blooms
are present. 171
List of Figures and Tables I xiii
11.6. Biogeochemical Si fluxes on the Amazon shelf. 175
11.7. Representative scanning electron microscope images illustrating the
range of preservation modes of distinct diatom cells. 180
11.8. Synthesis of DSi benthic fluxes measured at two contrasting sites
during the productive period in the Bay of Brest and seasonal budgets
of DSi fluxes in the Bay of Brest. 181
12.1. Illustration of the DSi depletion hypothesis. 199
12.2. Effects of fluctuating DSi:dissolved inorganic nitrogen ratios in the
Mississippi River on Louisiana shelf plankton food webs. 202
12.3. Contribution of diatoms to total phytoplankton as a function of
DSi concentration. 204
13.1. 830Si of samples of igneous rocks, clays, river water, seawater, marine
diatoms, sponges, and phytolidis. 217
13.2. Rayleigh distillation of Si isotopes during opal biomineralization from
a DSi reservoir of finite size. 219
13.3. Typical pattern of 830Si of diatom opal over the last glacial cycle in the
Southern Ocean, south of the present-day polar front. 221
14.1. Core top BSi concentrations on a calcite-free basis. 233
14.2. Core top BSi concentrations relative to total sediment. 233
14.3. Vertical velocity of model circulation at 50 m according to the
preindustrial velocity field. 236
14.4. BSi export production as simulated by the HAMOCC model. 236
14.5. Modeled BSi sediment reported on a calcite-free basis. 237
14.6. Modeled BSi sediment repotted relative to total sediment. 237
14.7. Si budget of the global ocean. 238
14.8. Model experiment Run 1: After about 50,000 years, the sediment
accumulation has achieved the new equilibrium value, which equals
the decreased external Si input rate. 239
14.9. Model experiment Run 2: Mirror image experiment to Run 1.
After about 50,000 years, the sediment accumulation has achieved the
new equilibrium value, which equals the highly increased external
Si input rate. 240
xiv I List of Figures and Tables
14.10. Model experiment Run 3: The external Si input is stopped completely.
After 80,000 years, the sediment accumulation is almost zero, but the
opal export production is still operating at about 50% of the control
run value. 240
14.11. Model experiment Run 4: The external Si input is prescribed as a
sudden peak, a sudden drop, and a return to the control run value. 241
Tables
2.1. Extension of river basins and dominant basin lithology for major
south Asian rivers. 5
2.2. Seasonal variation of pH, alkalinity, Ca+2, Mg+2, and SiO2 for
Brahmaputra, Ganges, Indus, and Cauvery. 8
2.3. Discharge, basin area, and computed values of silicate alkalinity
and^ CO2 for south Asian rivers. 10
4.1. Hydrological and hydrochemical data of large and small tropical and
nontropical rivers. 32
4.2 Hydrological and hydrochemical data of tropical rivers subdivided
per continent and into large and small tropical rivers. 36
4.3. Average relative weathering rates and DSi yield per continent. 38
4.4. Hydrological and hydrochemical data of the Brazilian Sao
Francisco River. 45
6.1 Concentration of DSi and silicon isotopes in the Changjiang in
comparison with the Amazon and Congo. 72
6.2. Mesocosm experiments, which show the initial concentration
of nutrient species for control and amendment series. 76
7.1. Deposition of dust and Si into ocean basins extrapolated from
observations or derived from global dust cycle models. 85
8.1 Mean concentration of nutrients in selected rivers. 115
9.1. Review of Ks and Vmax values from the literature. 128
9.2. Diatom physiological parameters used in ecological models. 133
10.1. General characteristics of the hydrographic network chosen here
for application of the RTVERSTRAHLER model. 143
List of Figures and Tables I xv
10.2. Average DSi concentrations calculated per ocean basin from
the GEMS-GLORI database and the associated documented area. 145
10.3. Lithological characteristics of the Seine, Danube, and Red River
watersheds as determined from the lithological world map. 147
11.1. DSi concentrations in coastal groundwater at 4 locations in the
United States and in average river water. 173
11.2. DSi benthic fluxes in various coastal ecosystems. 178 |
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| id | DE-604.BV022446137 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:34:38Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-20T06:00:15Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 1597261149 1597261157 |
| language | English |
| lccn | 2006012462 |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015654108 |
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| physical | XIX, 275 S. graph. Darst., Kt. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
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| publisher | Island Press |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Scope |
| series2 | Scope |
| spelling | The silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems ed. by Venugopalan Ittekkot ... Washington, DC [u.a.] Island Press 2006 XIX, 275 S. graph. Darst., Kt. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Scope 66 Silicon cycle (Biogeochemistry) Aquatic ecology Silicium (DE-588)4077445-4 gnd rswk-swf Gewässer (DE-588)4020820-5 gnd rswk-swf Biogeochemie (DE-588)4125243-3 gnd rswk-swf Kreislauf (DE-588)4165608-8 gnd rswk-swf Silicium (DE-588)4077445-4 s Kreislauf (DE-588)4165608-8 s Biogeochemie (DE-588)4125243-3 s Gewässer (DE-588)4020820-5 s DE-604 Ittekkot, Venugopalan 1945- Sonstige (DE-588)133184188 oth Scope 66 (DE-604)BV000007237 66 http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0612/2006012462.html Table of contents only HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015654108&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | The silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems Scope Silicon cycle (Biogeochemistry) Aquatic ecology Silicium (DE-588)4077445-4 gnd Gewässer (DE-588)4020820-5 gnd Biogeochemie (DE-588)4125243-3 gnd Kreislauf (DE-588)4165608-8 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4077445-4 (DE-588)4020820-5 (DE-588)4125243-3 (DE-588)4165608-8 |
| title | The silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems |
| title_auth | The silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems |
| title_exact_search | The silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems |
| title_exact_search_txtP | The silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems |
| title_full | The silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems ed. by Venugopalan Ittekkot ... |
| title_fullStr | The silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems ed. by Venugopalan Ittekkot ... |
| title_full_unstemmed | The silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems ed. by Venugopalan Ittekkot ... |
| title_short | The silicon cycle |
| title_sort | the silicon cycle human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems |
| title_sub | human perturbations and impacts on aquatic systems |
| topic | Silicon cycle (Biogeochemistry) Aquatic ecology Silicium (DE-588)4077445-4 gnd Gewässer (DE-588)4020820-5 gnd Biogeochemie (DE-588)4125243-3 gnd Kreislauf (DE-588)4165608-8 gnd |
| topic_facet | Silicon cycle (Biogeochemistry) Aquatic ecology Silicium Gewässer Biogeochemie Kreislauf |
| url | http://www.loc.gov/catdir/toc/ecip0612/2006012462.html http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015654108&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV000007237 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ittekkotvenugopalan thesiliconcyclehumanperturbationsandimpactsonaquaticsystems |