Human sexuality:
Gespeichert in:
| Hauptverfasser: | , |
|---|---|
| Format: | Buch |
| Sprache: | English |
| Veröffentlicht: |
Sunderland, Mass.
Sinauer
2006
|
| Ausgabe: | 2. ed. |
| Schlagworte: | |
| Online-Zugang: | Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| Beschreibung: | XXVI, 651, [66] S. zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. |
| ISBN: | 0878934650 9780878934652 |
Internformat
MARC
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| 250 | |a 2. ed. | ||
| 264 | 1 | |a Sunderland, Mass. |b Sinauer |c 2006 | |
| 300 | |a XXVI, 651, [66] S. |b zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. | ||
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| 650 | 7 | |a Comportement sexuel |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Développement sexuel |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 7 | |a Sexualité |2 rasuqam | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Gesellschaft | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sex (Psychology) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sex (Biology) | |
| 650 | 4 | |a Sex |x Social aspects | |
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Datensatz im Suchindex
| _version_ | 1804136520267857920 |
|---|---|
| adam_text | Contents in Brief
chapter 1 Perspectives on Sexuality 3
chapter 2 Sex and Evolution 25
chapter 3 Women s Bodies 55
CHAPTER 4 Men s Bodies 87
chapter 5 Sex Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle 117
chapter 6 Sexual Development 151
chapter 7 Gender 187
chapter 8 Sexual Attraction and Arousal 217
chapter 9 Sexual Behavior 253
chapter 10 Sexual Relationships 283
chapter 11 Fertility, Pregnancy, and Childbirth 323
chapter M Contraception and Abortion 365
chapter 13 Sexuality across the Life Span 411
chapter 14 Sexual Minorities 451
chapter 15 Atypical Sexuality 491
chapter 16 Disorders of Desire and Performance 523
chapter 17 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 553
chapter 18 Sexual Assault, Harassment, and Partner Violence 589
chapter 19 Sex as a Commodity 619
Afterword 645
Contents
chapter 1 Perspectives on Se:
Why Study Human Sexuality? 4
The Meaning of the Word Sex Has Broadened 4
Sex Is About Relationships 5
Sex Is About Identity 6
There Are Many Approaches to the Study
of Sexuality 7
Medical Research Focuses on the Underlying
Mechanisms of Sex 7
Psychiatry Is Concerned with Mental Health and
Sickness 9
BOX 1.1 Freud and Hirschfeld: Contrasting Theories on
Sexual Orientation 10
The Biological Approach Emphasizes Our Animal
Nature 11
chapters Sex and Evolution
A Variety of Methods of Reproduction Has Evolved 26
Rival Theories Offer Explanations for Sexual
Reproduction 27
BOX 2.1 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction 28
Sexual Reproduction May Limit Harmful Mutations 29
Sexual Reproduction May Generate Beneficial Gene
Combinations 30
Future Research May Resolve the Puzzle 31
Why Are There Two Sexes? 31
BOX 2.2 The Paradox of Sexless Species 32
Hermaphrodites Combine Male and Female
Reproductive Functions 33
Can There Be More Than Two Sexes? 33
Why Are There Equal Numbers of Males and
Females? 34
KUALITY 2 —— ———
Psychologists Have Taken Diverse Approaches to
Sexuality 11
BOX 1.2 The Fattening Room 14
Social Scientists Focus on the Connection between Sex
and Society 15
Feminists Emphasize Women s Sexual Rights 17
Ethical Systems Can Be Sex Negative or Sex Positive 18
Sex Research and Education Face Significant
Obstacles 18
BOX 1.3 Mary Calderone and Sex Education 20
Sex Research Is Becoming a Discipline in Its Own
Right 20
BOX 1.4 The World Association for Sexology s Declaration
of Sexual Rights 21
, 25 Evolution Has Led to Diverse Methods of Sex
Determination 35
Sex May Be Determined by Chromosomes 35
Sex May Be Determined by Temperature 36
Sexual Selection Produces Anatomical and Behavioral
Differences between Males and Females 36
Males and Females Follow Different Reproductive
Strategies 36
Females and Males Are Exposed to Different
Reproductive Risks 37
Males Often Compete for Access to Females 37
Females Often Choose among Males 38
Sometimes Males Make Significant Investments in
Reproduction 40
BOX 2.3 When Males Get Pregnant 41
If Males Invest, Sexual Selection May Work Differently 41
viii CONTENTS
Diverse Relationship Styles Have Evolved 42
Social and Sexual Arrangements Are
Not Necessarily the Same 42
Male Promiscuity Offers Obvious Evolutionary
Benefits 43
Why Are Females Promiscuous? 43
Males May Copulate with Females by Force 46
Sometimes, Helping Relatives Reproduce
Is a Good Strategy 47
BOX 2.4 Does the Study of Evolution Teach Us How Humans
Should Behave? 48
chapters Women s Bodies 55
A Woman s Vulva Includes Her Mons, Outer and Inner
Labia, Vaginal Opening, and Clitoris 56
There Is More to the Clitoris than Meets the Eye 57
The Appearance of the Vaginal Opening Is Variable 59
BOX 3.1 Female Circumcision 60
The Vagina Is the Outermost Portion of the Female
Reproductive Tract 61
The G Spot is a Controversial Erogenous Zone 63
The Anus Can Also Be a Sex Organ 64
The Uterus Serves a Double Duty 64
BOX3.2 Genital Self Examination 65
Uterine Cancer Can Affect the Cervix or the
Endometrium 66
Other Uterine Conditions Include Fibroids,
Endometriosis, Abnormal Bleeding, and Prolapse 66
Should Hysterectomy Be So Common? 67
BOX 3.3 Hysteria 68
The Oviducts Are the Site of Fertilization 68
The Ovaries Produce Ova and Sex Hormones 69
The Breasts Have Both Erotic and Reproductive
Significance 70
chapter 4 Men s Bodies 87 —
The Male External Genitalia Are the Penis and
Scrotum 88
The Penis Combines Erotic, Reproductive, and Excretory
Functions 88
BOX 4.1 Male Circumcision 89
The Scrotum Regulates the Temperature of
the Testicles 91
Kin Selection Explains Some Altruistic Animal
Behavior 48
Male and Female Sexualities Evolve Together 49
Sex May Acquire Other Functions beyond
Reproduction 49
BOX 2.5 Does Sexual Morality Have an Evolutionary Basis?
The Case of Incest 50
Female and Male Bonobos Engage in Nonxeproductive
Sex 50
Bonobos Use Sex for Conflict Resolution and
Alliance Formation 51
Breast Cancer Mortality Can Be Reduced by Early
Detection and Treatment 71
BOX 3.4 Extra Nipples and Breasts 72
Several Risk Factors Affect a Woman s Chances of
Developing Breast Cancer 72
Early Detection Is Important 73
BOX 3.5 Breast Self Examination 74
Treatment Depends on the Diagnostic Findings and the
Woman s Choice 75
Most Women with Breast Cancer Return to an Active
Sex Life 76
BOX 3.6 Is There Sex after Mastectomy? 77
Sexual Arousal Has Physiological Correlates 77
Orgasm Is the Climax of Sexual Arousal 78
BOX 3.7 Dry Sex 78
Are There Two Kinds of Female Orgasm? 79
Not All Sex Leads to Orgasm 80
The Hormone Oxytocin May Be Involved in the
Subjective Feelings of Orgasm 80
Some Women Ejaculate during Orgasm 80
Women s Sexual Response Cycles Vary 81
The Male Internal Sex Organs Produce and Deliver
Semen and Secrete Sex Hormones 91
The Testes Secrete Sex Hormones and Manufacture
Sperm 92
BOX 4.2 How Big Should a Penis Be? 93
Other Glands Contribute Their Secretions to
the Semen 95
BOX 4.3 Disorders of the Testicles 98
What Is Semen? 97
BOX4.4 Disorders of the Prostate Gland 98
The Nervous System Orchestrates Sexual Arousal
and Response 100
Erection Can Be Mediated by a Spinal Reflex 100
BOX 4.5 The Nervous System 101
The Erectile Tissue Forms a Hydraulic System 104
Striated Muscles Are Also Involved in Erection 106
The Brain Influences Erection 107
chapter 5 Sex Hormones and ¦
There Are Three Classes of Sex Steroids 118
BOX 5.1 Testicles by the Ton—The Discovery of Sex
Steroids 120
Testosterone Is a Sex Hormone in Both Men
and Women 121
Estradiol Is Synthesized from Testosterone in
Both Sexes 122
Progesterone Is a Female Hormone 122
Sex Steroids Act by Activating Specific Receptor
Molecules 122
Proteins and Peptide Hormones Are Gene Products 123
Oxytocin Is Secreted by Neuroendocrine Cells of the
Hypothalamus 123
GnRH Stimulates the Release of Pituitary Sex
Hormones 124
The Pituitary Gonadorropins Are Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizrng Hormone (LH) 125
Other Pituitary Hormones Include Prolactin and Growth
Hormone 125
Protein Hormones Are Secreted by Other Tissues 125
Prostaglandins and Monoamines Also Influence Sexual
Functions 125
A Brain Pituitary Testis Loop Controls Gonadal Function
in Men 126
The Regulation of Testosterone Levels and
Spermatogenesis Is Coupled 126
Testosterone and Inhibin Exert Negative Feedback on
Gonadotropin Release 126
Testosterone Has Multiple Functions in Men 127
Estradiol Has Wide Ranging Effects in Men s Bodies 128
Menstruation Is a Biological Process with Cultural and
Practical Aspects 128
BOX 5.2 Steroids and Sports 129
BOX 5.3 Attitudes Toward Menstruation 130
CONTENTS ix
Ejaculation Requires Coordination of Muscles
and Glands 107
BOX 4.6 Women and Men Describe Their Orgasms 108
Emission Is the Loading of Semen into the Urethra 108
Ejaculation Is Caused by Contractions of Many Muscles
in the Pelvic Floor 109
Men Experience a Refractory Period 110
Brain Imaging Suggests Where Orgasm May Be
Experienced 111
Nudity Is Culturally Regulated 111
the Menstrual Cycle 117 —
The Menstrual Cycle Involves the Ovaries, Brain,
Pituitary, and Uterus 133
The Cycle Is of Variable Length 133
The Cycle Consists of Menstrual, Follicular, and Luteal
Phases 133
The Menstrual Phase Is Triggered by a Drop in
Progesterone Levels 133
BOX 5.4 Menstrual Synchrony: Reality or Myth? 135
The Follicular Phase Is Marked by the Maturation of
Ovarian Follicles 136
During the Luteal Phase the Uterus Is Prepared for
Pregnancy 139
Sex Steroids Have Effects on Other Systems in Women
besides the Reproductive Tract 141
Steroid Hormones Impose Some Periodicity on Women s
Sexual Feelings and Behavior 141
Menstrual Problems Are Common but Treatable 142
Menstrual Pain May or May Not Reflect Underlying
Pelvic Disease 143
Premenstrual Syndrome Has Physical and Psychological
Aspects 143
Menstruation Stops during Pregnancy—And for Many
Other Reasons 144
Drugs Related to Sex Hormones Are Medically
Important 145
Receptor Agonists Mimic Hormones 145
Receptor Antagonists Block Hormone Effects 145
Some Drugs Have Mixed Effects 145
Enzyme Inhibitors Block the Production of Hormones 146
Some Dietary Supplements Contain Hormone like
Compounds 146
BOX 5.5 Sex Hormones in the Environment 147
Development Passes through Distinct Stages 152
chapter 6 Sexual Developmei
Fertilization Is the Fusion of One Sperm with
One Ovum 152
The Conceptus Implants in the Uterine Wall 153
During Embryonic Life, the Body Plan and Organ
Systems Develop 154
Fetal Life Involves Growth and Functional
Maturation 155
Genetic Sex Is Determined at Fertilization 156
Sex Is Usually Determined by the Presence or Absence of
the Y Linked Gene SRY 156
BOX 6.1 Atypical Development: Chromosomal Anomalies 157
SRY and Other Genes Direct the Development of the
Gonads 158
X Inactivation Preserves Balanced Gene Activity in the
Two Sexes 159
BOX 6.2 Atypical Development: Gonadal Intersexuality
( True Hermaphroditism ) 160
Sexual Development Involves Growth or Degeneration
of Precursor Structures 161
Primordial Germ Cells Migrate into the Developing
Gonads 161
Male and Female Reproductive Tracts Develop from
Different Precursors 162
Male and Female External Genitalia Develop from the
Same Precursors 162
BOX 6.3 Atypical Development: Androgen Insensitivity
Syndrome 164
BOX 6.4 Atypical Development: Congenital Adrenal
Hyperplasia 165
The Gonads Descend during Development 166
BOX 6 5 Atypical Development: 5a Reductase Deficiency 167
BOX 6.6 Atypical Development: Hypospadias and
Micropenis 168
chapter 7 Gender 187 What Is Gender? 188
Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of
Sexism and Stereotypes 188
Gender Identity Lies at the Core of Our Personhood 189
Gender May Not Be an Either/Or Phenomenon 189
Transexuals Vary in Sexual Orientation 191
Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and
Personality Traits 192
NT 151 Hormones Influence the Sexual Differentiation of the
Central Nervous System 168
The CNS Contains Sexually Dimorphic Structures 169
Sexual Dimorphism Arises as a Consequence of Differing
Hormonal Levels during a Sensitive Period 170
Some Dimorphisms Depend on Continued Hormonal
Effects in Adult Life 171
Early Hormonal Exposure Influences Later Sexual
Behavior 171
Experiments on Rodents Show Organizational and
Activational Effects of Androgens 171
Primates Have Multiple Sensitive Periods 172
Other / Linked Genes besides SRYInfluence
Development 173
External Factors Influence Prenatal
Sexual Development 174
Biological and Social Factors Interact Postnatally 174
Puberty Marks Sexual Maturation 175
The Pubertal Growth Spurt Occurs about 2 Years Earlier
in Girls than in Boys 175
Puberty Is Marked by Visible and Invisible Changes in
the Body 176
What Drives Puberty? 178
The Body May Signal Its Readiness for Puberty to the
Brain 179
Dietary Changes May Be the Reason Puberty Is
Beginning Earlier 179
BOX 6.7 Atypical Development: Precocious and
Delayed Puberty 180
Intersexuality Raises Complex Social and Ethical
Issues 181
BOX 6.8 What It s Like to Be Intersexed 182
Cognitive Sex Differences Are Seen in Spatial Sense,
Problem Solving, Language Skills, and Memory 192
BOX 7.1 Measuring Sex Differences 193
Personality Differences Include Aggressiveness, Self
Esteem, Emotional Communication, and Values 196
Differences in Sexuality Include Attitudes toward Casual
Sex, Jealousy, and Frequency of Masturbation 198
Many Gender Differences Arise Early in Life 199
There Are Diverse Approaches to the Origin of Gender
Differences 200
Evolutionary Psychologists Seek Ultimate
Explanations 200
The Biological Approach Is Conceptually Precise but
Faces Practical Difficulties 202
BOX 7.2 Eggs at Twelve 204
chapter 8 Sexual Attraction
Beauty Is Not Entirely in the Eye of the Beholder 218
A Few Principles Govern Facial Attractiveness 218
BOX 8.1 Twins, Symmetry, and Attractiveness 219
The Attractiveness of Bodies May Be Related to
Reproductive Success 222
Attractiveness Is Strongly Modulated by Sexual
Orientation 225
A Small Percentage of Men and Women Are
Homosexual 225
BOX 8.2 Human Sex Pheromones: Are They Real? 226
The Prevalence of Bisexuality Depends on Definitions 227
Sexual Orientation Is Not an Isolated Trait 228
Gays and Lesbians May Be Gender Nonconformist
during Childhood 228
Sexual Orientation Is Correlated with Other Gendered
Traits 229
BOX 8.3 Boys Will Be Girls 230
Diverse Theories Attempt to Explain Sexual
Orientation 230
Freud Put Forward Elaborate Developmental Theories to
Explain Both Heterosexuality and Homosexuality 231
chapter 9 Sexual Behavior 25
People Have Differing Ideas about What Constitutes
Sexual Behavior 254
Masturbation Is a Very Common Form of Sexual
Expression 254
Negative Attitudes toward Masturbation Are Still
Prevalent 254
BOX 9.1 The Dreaded M Word 255
Several Demographic Factors Influence Masturbation 256
Women Use More Diverse Techniques of Masturbation
than Men 257
Gay People Masturbate More Than Heterosexuals 258
CONTENTS xi
Socialization Theory Attributes Gender to Learning 205
BOX 7.3 The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl 207
Cognitive Developmental Models Focus on Thought
Processes 209
Gender Probably Involves Complex Developmental
Interactions 211
and Arousal 217 Sexual Orientation Has Been Widely Attributed to
Socialization 232
Biological Theories Focus on Prenatal Hormones and
Genes 233
BOX 8.4 Gay Twins 238
Familiarity Both Increases and Decreases
Attraction 239
Perceived Attractiveness Varies around the Menstrual
Cycle 241
Some People Do Not Experience Sexual Attraction 241
Sexual Arousal Has Multiple Roots 242
Fantasy Is a Common Mode of Sexual Arousal 242
Sexual Arousal Is Influenced by Other Forms of
Arousal 244
BOX 8.5 Lust in the Heart 245
Hormones Influence Sexual Arousability 245
BOX 8.6 Aphrodisiacs 247
Sexual Arousal Is Mediated by Specific Brain Systems 248
Sexual Arousal Is Part of a Larger Cycle 249
13 Different Cultures Have Different Attitudes toward
Masturbation 259
The Kiss Represents True Love—Sometimes 259
Petting and Fondling Refer to a Variety of
Noncoital Behaviors 260
Oral Sex Has Become Increasingly Popular 261
Fellatio Is Oral Stimulation of the Penis 261
Cunnilingus Is Oral Stimulation of the Vulva 262
Anal Sex May Be a Part of Either Heterosexual or
Male Homosexual Behavior 263
BOX 9.2 The Crime of Sodomy 264
Most Sexual Encounters Culminate in Coitus 265
Coitus Can Be Performed in Many Different Positions 265
The Man Above Position Is the Traditional Favorite of
Americans 266
The Women s Movement Encouraged Alternative
Positions 266
BOX 9.3 Progress in Coitus Research 267
Men and Women May Have Different Preferences for
Sexual Encounters 268
BOX 9.4 Penis Captivus: The Origin of a Medical Myth 269
Vibrators and Dildos Are Used to Enhance Sexual
Pleasure 270
chapter 10 Sexual Relationsh
Sexual Relationships Are Motivated by Many
Factors 284
Religion and the Law Influence Sexual Morality 284
Ancient Jewish Doctrines Forbade Many Sexual
Behaviors 284
Christianity Began with Negative Views of Sexual
Expression 284
BOX io.l Sex and The City of God 285
Some Religions Are More Permissive than
Christianity 286
Humanism Has Influenced American Attitudes and
Laws 287
People s Moral Judgments about Sex Depend
on Its Context 287
BOX 10.2 Miscegenation Statutes 288
Demographic Factors Affect Sexual Attitudes 288
Americans Attitudes Have Changed over Time 289
Attitudes in Other Countries Differ from Those in the
United States 290
Casual Sex Has More Appeal to Men than to Women 290
Stereotyped Behaviors Mediate Sexual Approaches 291
BOX 10.3 Getting the BUG 292
Casual Sex Is More Accepted in the Gay Male
Community 293
Dating Relationships Are Usually Short Lived and
Fluid 294
First Dates Follow a Script 294
Same Sex Dates May Be Scriptless 295
Dating Relationships Evolve Rapidly 295
Some Cultures Have Discussed Sexual Behavior More
Openly Than Others 271
The Kama Sutra Is the Classic Work on How to Make
Love 271
The Spirit of the Kama Sutra Is Absent in Contemporary
India 273
Mangaia Exemplifies a Sex Positive Society 273
Many Disabled People Have Active Sex Lives 274
Arthritis Is the Number One Disability Affecting Sex 274
BOX 9.5 On Seeing a Sex Surrogate 275
Spinal Cord Injuries Present a Major Challenge to Sexual
Expression 276 ;
Many Mentally Retarded People Are Competent to Make
Sexual Choices 277
iips 283 Cohabitation Is an Increasingly Prevalent Lifestyle 296
Marriage Is Still the First Choice of Americans 297
The Formalization of Sexual Unions Has Social and
Personal Functions 297
The Institution of Marriage Is Changing 298
BOX 10.4 Covenant Marriages 298
Many Societies Have Permitted Polygamy 299
BOX 10.5 Mormon Polygamy 300
Polyamory Includes a Variety of Nonmonogamous
Relationships 301
Love Cements Many Sexual Relationships 301
There Are Different Kinds of Love 301
BOX 10.6 Love in Literature 302
Romantic Love May Be a Human Universal 302
Being in Love May Be the Justification for Marriage
or for Sex 303
People Fall in Love with Attractive Persons Who Show
Some Interest in Them 303
Researchers Are Probing the Biological Basis of Love 304
BOX 10.7 This Is Your Brain in Love 305
One Theory Proposes that Love Has Three
Components 306
The Relationship of Commitment to Love Is Debated 307
Unrequited Love Is Painful for Both Parties 308
Rejection in Love Damages Self Worth 308
The Rejector Experiences Guilt 308
Life Experiences Mold Our Sexual Relationships 309
Relationship Styles Are Influenced by Childhood
Attachments 309
Relationship Styles Are Influenced by Communities 31
Couples in Relationships Resemble Each Other 310
Communication Is a Key Factor in the Success of
Relationships 311
Communication May Be Inhibited by Upbringing or by
the Gender Barrier 312
Premarital Programs Teach Communication Skills 313
Self Disclosure Facilitates Trust 313
How Couples Deal with Conflict Affects the Stability of
Their Relationship 314
chapter 11 Fertility, Pregna
Pregnancy and Childbirth Raise Major Health
Concerns 324
Pregnancy Is Suggested by a Missed Period and
Confirmed by Hormonal Tests 324
The Likelihood of Pregnancy Can Be Maximized by
Tracking Ovulation 325
Infertility Can Result from Problems in the Woman or
in the Man 327
A Variety of Factors Can Reduce Sperm Counts 327
In Vitro Fertilization Can Circumvent Many Sperm
Problems 328
BOX ii.i Are Sperm Counts Declining? 329
Sperm Can Be Donated 331
Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive Tract
Frequently Reduce Fertility 332
Failure to Ovulate Can Be Dealt with by Drugs or by
Oocyte Donation 332
Surrogate Mothers Bear a Child for Someone Else 332
BOX 11.2 Designer Gametes 333
Adoption Is Limited by the Supply of Healthy Infants 33*
Fertility Declines Steadily with Age 334
Many Embryos, Especially Those with Abnormalities,
Do Not Survive 335
Rhesus Incompatibility Can Threaten Second
Pregnancies 336
Ectopic Pregnancy Can Endanger the Mother s Life 336
Pregnancy Is Conventionally Divided into Three
Trimesters 337
The Fetus Secretes Sex Hormones to Sustain
Pregnancy 338
Women May Experience Troublesome Symptoms
during Early Pregnancy 338
CONTENTS xiii
0 Love, Jealousy, and Infidelity Are Intertwined 315
Evolutionary Theorists Attribute a Positive Function to
Jealousy 315
Jealousy Can Become a High Stakes Game 316
Extra Pair Relationships Have Many Styles and
Motivations 316
BOX 10.8 We Just Clicked 317
During Evolution, Males and Females Have Derived
¦ Different Benefits from Infidelity 317
Extra Pair Relationships Are Surprisingly Rare 318
Are Affairs Newsworthy? Americans and Europeans
Differ 319
ncy, and Childbirth 323
Prenatal Care Provides Health Screening, Education,
and Support 339
Adequate Nutrition Is Vital to a Successful
Pregnancy 339
Tobacco, Alcohol, Drugs, and Radiation Can Harm
the Fetus 340
The Second Trimester Is the Easiest 342
Specialized Tests Can Detect Fetal Abnormalities 342
BOX 11.3 Choosing Children s Sex 343
Sex during Pregnancy Is Healthy 345
Moderate Exercise during Pregnancy Is Beneficial 346
The Third Trimester Is a Time of Preparation 347
A Hospital Is the Best Location for Childbirth if
Problems Are Foreseen 347
BOX 11.4 Childbirth Professionals 348
Childbirth Classes Prepare Parents for Birth 348
The Fetus Also Makes Preparations for Birth 349
Labor Has Three Stages 349
Animal Studies Suggest that the Fetus Issues
* the Signal for Parturition 350
The First Stage of Labor Is Marked by Myometrial
Contractions and Cervical Dilation 351
Delivery Is Accomplished by Uterine Contractions Aided
by Bearing Down 353
The Newborn Child Adapts Quickly to Life on Land 354
The Third Stage Is the Expulsion of the Placenta 354
Cesarean Sections Can Be Life Saving, But Are Done
Too Frequently 354
Premature and Delayed Births Are Hazardous 355
BOX 14 5 The Blackout Babies 356
The Period after Birth Places Many Demands
on Parents 356
XVI CONTENTS
Medical Conditions, Drugs, and Social Factors Can
Impair the Sexuality of Old People 444
Coping Strategies May Require Flexibility 444
Some Old People Remain Sexually Active 445
chapter 14 Sexual Minorities
The Basis for Defining Homosexual People Has
Changed over Time 452
BOX 14.1 Passing Women in the Civil War 453
Homosexuals Were Thought of as Gender Inverts 454
Gay People Were Later Subdivided on the Basis of
Gender Characteristics 454
The Gay Community Has Struggled for Equal
Rights 456
The Gay Rights Movement Began in Germany 456
BOX 14.2 Harvey Milk 457
Gay People Are in Transition 458
BOX 14.3 Gay Marriage 459
Gay Rights Are a Global Issue 460
Growing Up Gay Is Hard to Do 461
BOX 14.4 Hatred in the Hallways 462
Coming Out Is a Lifelong Process 463
The Life Experiences of Lesbians and Gay Men
Are Different 464
BOX 14,5 Gay Meccas: West Hollywood and
Northampton 465
Lesbians and Gay Men Are Well Represented in Certain
Occupations 466
Gay People Who Belong to Minorities Have Special
Concerns 467
Gay Sex Has Its Own Style 468
BOX 14.6 The Tearoom Trade 469
chapter 15 Atypical Sexuality
Sexual Variety Is the Spice of Life 492
Fetishism Is Sexual Arousal by Inanimate Objects,
Substances, or Body Parts 492
BOX 15.1 Rubber Fetishism and the Internet 494
People Cross Dress for a Variety of Reasons 494
BOX 15.2 Heterosexual Transvestic Fetishism 496
Sadomasochism Involves the Infliction or Receipt
of Pain or Degradation 496
Sex Has Health Benefits 446
Opportunities for Sexual Expression by Nursing Home
Residents Could Be Improved 446
BOX 13.7 Sex and Death among Welsh Cheesemakers 446
451 There Are Sexual Subcultures within the Gay
Community 470
Some Gay People Are Parents 471
The Children of Gay Parents Generally Thrive 472
Changing Sexual Orientation Is Difficult or
Impossible 472
Homophobia Has Multiple Roots 473
Cultural Indoctrination Transmits Homophobia across
the Generations 473
A Failure of Empathy May Underlie Homophobia 474
Homosexuality Is Seen As Transgressive 474
Are Gay Bashers Gay? 475
The Improved Status of Gay People Has Triggered a
Homophobic Reaction 475
Overcoming Homophobia Is a Grassroots Enterprise 476
Bisexuals Are Caught between Two Worlds 476
BOX 14.7 Scenes from Bisexual Life 477
Transgendered People Cross Society s Deepest
Divide 478
Sex Reassignment Is a Multi Stage Process 479
BOX 14.8 Transgenders in Cross Cultural Perspective 480
Some Transgenders Do Not Want Surgery 483
Transgenders and Transexuals Struggle for Awareness
and Acceptance 484
Are Boy Loving Men a Sexual Minority? 484
BOX 14.9 Boy Loving Americans? 485
491— _
Paraphilia Is the Psychiatric Term for Problematic
Sexual Desire or Behavior 498
Exhibitionists Are Aroused by Women s Reactions 500
Voyeurism Is an Exaggeration of Normal Male
Behavior 501
Pedophilia and Child Molestation Are Not Identical 501
BOX 15.3 Priests Who Molest Minors 502
BOX 15.4 Lewis Carroll: A Victorian Pedophile? 505
Frotteurism Involves Surreptitious Physical Contact 506
Zoophiles Are Sexually Fixated on Animal Contacts 506
Li Necrophilia, Nonresistance of the Partner May Be
Arousing 507
Sexual Violence Can Be Paraphilic 507
Sex Offenders Do Not Necessarily Repeat Their
Offenses 508
BOX 15.5 Autoerotic Asphyxia 509
There Are Numerous Theories of Paraphilia 509
BOX 15.6 The Geographic Cure 510
There May Be an Inherited Predisposition to
Paraphilias 510
Organic Disorders May Trigger Paraphilias 511
Many Theorists See Paraphilias as a Product of
Learning Processes 511
Some Paraphilias May Represent Disorders of
Courtship 512
chapter 16 Disorders of Desirj
The Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions Is
Controversial 524
Men and Women s Sexual Problems Differ 524
Erectile Dysfunction Has Many Causes and
Treatments 525
Erectile Function Reflects the Balance between Sympa¬
thetic and Parasympathetic Inputs to the Penis 525
BOX 16.1 Professionals Who Treat Sexual Dysfunctions 526
Erectile Dysfunction Can Have Physical or Psychological
Causes 527
A Variety of Steps May Alleviate the Problem 528
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Have Become the Leading
Medical Treatment 528
Locally Applied Drugs Require Only That the Erectile
Tissue Be Functional 529
Drugs Are Increasingly Being Used for Psychogenic
Erectile Dysfunction 530
Erectile Dysfunction Can Be Treated with Devices and
Implants 530
BOX 16.2 Better Porn through Chemistry 531
An Erection that Won t Go Down Requires Prompt
Medical Attention 532
Premature Ejacutation Is Men s Number One Sex
Problem 533
Sex Therapy May Help Men to Regulate Excitation 533
Drug Treatment May Be More Effective 535
CONTENTS xvii
Paraphilias May Represent an Escape Route when
Normal Sexual Expression Is Blocked 512
The Victim Perpetrator Cycle May Contribute to
Paraphilias 513
Theories of Causation Have Suggested a Variety of
Treatments 514
Behavior Therapy Attempts to Reverse Disordered
Learning Processes 514
Social Skills Training May Overcome Blockage of
Normal Sexual Expression 515
Drug Treatments Can Be Highly Effective in Reducing
Recidivism 515
Castration Is a Treatment of Last Resort 517
More Research on Paraphilias Is Needed 517
BOX 15.7 Castration: Barbaric Punishment or Ticket to
Freedom? 518
e and Performance 523 —
Delayed Ejaculation Can Be a Side Effect of Several
Drugs 535
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder Involves Insufficient
Genital Response 536
Painful Intercourse Has a Variety of Causes 536
BOX 16.3 Kegel Exercises 537
Vaginismus May Make Intercourse Impossible 538
Difficulty in Reaching Orgasm Is Very Common among
Women 540
There Has Been a Long Social and Scientific Debate
about Female Orgasm 540
A Biological Cause for Anorgasmia Cannot Usually Be
Identified 540
Too Much Interest in Sex Can Cause Problems 541
Many Organic Conditions Can Cause Hypersexuality 541
Excessive Sexual Behavior Can Be Part of Adolescent
Acting Out 542
A Person s Sense of Control Helps Distinguish Normal
from Excessive Sexual Behavior 542
Is Excessive Sexual Behavior an Addiction or a
Compulsion? 542
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Can Often Be Treated with
SSRIs 543
Lack of Desire for Sex Is Not Necessarily a Problem 544
Testosterone Treatment May Restore Sexual Desire in
Men 544
Medical Conditions, Drugs, and Social Factors Can
Impair the Sexuality of Old People 444
Coping Strategies May Require Flexibility 444
Some Old People Remain Sexually Active 445
chapter 14 Sexual Minorit
The Basis for Defining Homosexual People Has
Changed over Time 452
BOX 44.1 Passing Women in the Civil War 453
Homosexuals Were Thought of as Gender Inverts 45^
Gay People Were Later Subdivided on the Basis of
Gender Characteristics 454
The Gay Community Has Struggled for Equal
Rights 456
The Gay Rights Movement Began in Germany 456
BOX 14.2 Harvey Milk 457
Gay People Are in Transition 458
BOX 14.3 Gay Marriage 459
Gay Rights Are a Global Issue 460
Growing Up Gay Is Hard to Do 461
BOX 14.4 Hatred in the Hallways 462
Coming Out Is a Lifelong Process 463
The Life Experiences of Lesbians and Gay Men
Are Different 464
BOX 14.5 Gay Meccas: West Hollywood and
Northampton 465
Lesbians and Gay Men Are Well Represented in Certai
Occupations 466
Gay People Who Belong to Minorities Have Special
Concerns 467
Gay Sex Has Its Own Style 468
BOX 14.6 The Tearoom Trade 469
chapter 15 Atypical Sexuau
Sexual Variety Is the Spice of Life 492
Fetishism Is Sexual Arousal by Inanimate Objects,
Substances, or Body Parts 492
BOX 15.1 Rubber Fetishism and the Internet 494
People Cross Dress for a Variety of Reasons 494
BOX 15.2 Heterosexual Transvestic Fetishism 496
Sadomasochism Involves the Infliction or Receipt
of Pain or Degradation 496
Sex Has Health Benefits 446 •
Opportunities for Sexual Expression by Nursing Home
Residents Could Be Improved 446
BOX 13.7 Sex and Death among Welsh Cheesemakers 446
,E There Are Sexual Subcultures within the Gay
Community 470
Some Cay People Are Parents 471 ¦ ¦[¦_
1 The Children of Gay Parents Generally Thrive 472;: !
Changing Sexual Orientation Is Difficult or
Impossible 472
Homophobia Has Multiple Roots 473
Cultural Indoctrination Transmits Homophobia across
the Generations 473
A Failure of Empathy May Underlie Homophobia 474
Homosexuality Is Seen As Transgressive 474
Are Gay Bashers Gay? 475
The Improved Status of Gay People Has Triggered a
Homophobic Reaction 475
Overcoming Homophobia Is a Grassroots Enterprise 476
Bisexuals Are Caught between Two Worlds 476
BOX 14.7 Scenes from Bisexual Life 477
Transgendered People Cross Society s Deepest
Divide 478
Sex Reassignment Is a Multi Stage Process 479
in BOX 14.8 Transgenders in Cross Cultural Perspective 480
Some Transgenders Do Not Want Surgery 483
Transgenders and Transexuals Struggle for Awareness
and Acceptance 484
Are Boy Loving Men a Sexual Minority? 484
BOX 14.9 Boy Loving Americans? 485
ty 491 —
Paraphilia Is the Psychiatric Term for Problematic
Sexual Desire or Behavior 498
Exhibitionists Are Aroused by Women s Reactions 500
Voyeurism Is an Exaggeration of Normal Male
Behavior 501
Pedophilia and Child Molestation Are Not Identical 501
BOX 15.3 Priests Who Molest Minors 502
BOX 15.4 Lewis Carroll: A Victorian Pedophile? 505
Frottettrism Involves Surreptitious Physical Contact 506
Zoophiles Are Sexually Fixated on Animal Contacts 506
In Necrophilia, jMonresistancc of the Partner May Be
Arousing 507
Sexual Violence Can Be ParaphiHc 507
Sex Offenders Do Not Necessarily Repeat Their
Offenses 508
BOX 15.5 Autoerotic Asphyxia 509
There Are Numerous Theories of Paraphilia 509
BOX 15.6 The Geographic Cure 510
There May Bo an Inherited Predisposition to
Paraphilias 510
Organic Disorders May Trigger Paraphilias 511
Many Theorists See Paraphilias as a Product of
Learning Processes 51.1
Some Paraphi.lias May Represent Disorders of
Courtship 512
chapter 16 Disorders of Pesir
The Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions Is
Controversial 524
Men and Women s Sexual Problems Differ 524
Erectile Dysfunction Has Many Causes and
Treatments 525
Erectile Function Reflects the Balance between Sympa¬
thetic and Parasympathetic Inputs to the Penis 525
BOX 16.1 Professionals Who Treat Sexual Dysfunctions 526
Erectile Dysfunction Can Have Physical or Psychological
Causes 527 ,
A Variety of Steps May Alleviate the Problem 528
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Have Become the Leading
Medical Treatment 528
Locally Applied Drugs Require Only That the Erectile
Tissue Be Functional 529
Drugs Are Increasingly Being Used for Psychogenic
Erectile Dysfunction 530
Erectile Dysfunction Can Be Treated with Devices and
Implants 530
iOX 16.2 Better Porn through Chemistry 531
An Erection that Won t Go Down Requires Prompt
Medical Attention 532
Premature Ejaculation Is Men s Number One Sex
Problem 533
Sex Therapy May Help Men to Regulate Excitation 533
Drug Treatment May Be More Effective 535
CONTENTS xvli
Paraphilias May Represent an Escape Route when
Normal Sexual Expression Is Blocked 512
The Victim Perpetrator Cycle May Contribute to
Paraphilias 513
Theories of Causation Have Suggested a Variety of
Treatments 514
Behavior Therapy Attempts to Reverse Disordered
Learning Processes 514
Social Skills Training May Overcome Blockage of
Normal Sexual Expression 515
Drug Treatments Can Be Highly Effective in Reducing
Reddivism 515
Castration Is a Treatment of Last Resort 517
More Research on Paraphilias Is Needed 517
BOX 15.7 Castration: Barbaric Punishment or Ticket to
Freedom? 518
le and Performance 523 —
Delayed Ejaculation Can Be a Side Effect of Several
Drugs 535
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder Involves Insufficient
Genital Response 536
Painful intercourse Has a Variety of Causes 536
BOX 16.3 Kegel Exercises 537
Vaginismus May Make Intercourse Impossible 538
Difficulty in Reaching Orgasm Is Very Common among
Women 540
There Has Been a Long Social and Scientific Debate
about Female Orgasm 540
A Biological Cause for Anorgasmia Cannot Usually Be
Identified 540
Too Much Interest In Sex Can Cause Problems 54a
Many Organic Conditions Can Cause Hypersexuality 541
Excessive Sexual Behavior Can Be Part of Adolescent
Acting Out 542
A Person s Sense of Control Helps Distinguish Normal
from Excessive Sexual Behavior 542
Is Excessive Sexual Behavior an Addiction or a
Compulsion? 542
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Can Often Be Treated with
SSRIs 543
Lack of Desire for Sex Is Not Necessarily a Problem 544
Testosterone Treatment May Restore Sexual Desire in
Men 544
xviii CONTENTS
BOX 16.4 Sexual Minorities and Sexual Dysfunction 545
Estrogen or Androgen Treatment May Restore Sexual
Desire in Women 546
chapter 17 Sexually Transmit
Venereal Diseases Were Seen as Punishment for
Sexual License 554
STDs Are Still a Major Problem in the United States 554
Insects Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger 555
Pubic Lice Itch, and That s All 555
Scabies May Be Transmitted Sexually or Nonsexually 556
Trichomoniasis Is Caused by a Protozoan 557
Bacterial STDs Can Usually Be Treated with
Antibiotics 557
Syphilis Is Down but Not Out 557
Syphilis Progresses through Three Stages 558
Syphilis Is Cured by Penicillin 559
Syphilis Has Resisted Elimination 559
Gonorrhea Can Lead to Infertility 559
BOX 17.1 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study 560
Diagnosis and Treatment of Gonorrhea Are
Straightforward—If the Sufferer Seeks Medical
Attention 561
Elimination of Gonorrhea Is Not Yet in Sight 561
Chlamydia Causes a Common Infection with Serious
Complications 562
The Status of Bacterial Vaginosis as an STD Is
Uncertain 563
U rethritis Can Be Caused by a Variety of Organisms 564
Viral STDs Can Be Dangerous and Hard to Treat 564
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Often Cause Recurrent
Symptoms 565
Is There a Stress Connection? 566
chapter 18 Sexual Assault, H
Partner Violence
What Is Rape? 590
Many Women Have Experienced Unwanted Sexual
Contacts 590
Most Perpetrators Are Men Known to the Victim 590
Why Do Men Rape? 591
Rape May Have Evolutionary Roots 591
Sex Therapy May Be Helpful for Low Sexual Desire in
Women 546
New Views on Women s Response Cycles May Influence
Treatment Options 547
rED Diseases 553 — —
Herpes Can Have Serious Effects 567
Herpes Transmission Can Occur between Recognized
Outbreaks 567
Drug Treatment Can Shorten or Prevent Outbreaks 567
Herpes Is Extremely Common 568
Cytomegalovirus Is a Common Infection that Can Harm
Fetuses 568
Human Papillomaviruses Can Cause Genital Warts—
and Cancer 568
Hepatitis Viruses Can Be Sexually Transmitted 570
AIDS Is Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus 571
HIV Can Be Transmitted in Several Ways 572
BOX 17.2 AIDS on the Rebound among Young Gay Men? 573
BOX 17.3 HIV s Replication Cycle 574
HIV Infection Progresses in a Characteristic Way 575
Treatment of AIDS Is Directed at Both the Complications
and the Viral Replication Cycle 577
There Are Several Ways to Reduce the Likelihood of
STD Transmission 579
Abstinence Prevents STDs, but Has Drawbacks 579
BOX 174 AIDS in Africa 580
Sexually Active People Can Reduce Their Risk of STDs
by Their Choice of Partners 580
BOX 17.5 Partner Notification 582
Some Sexual Behaviors Are Riskier than Others 582
Condoms Are the Mainstay of STD Prevention 583
Well Designed Public Health Campaigns Can Alter
Behavior and Reduce STD Prevalence 583
RASSMENT, AND 589
BOX 18.1 The Comfort Women 592
Some Feminists See Rape as a Learned Form of Male
Domination 592
Theorists Have Debated whether Rape Is Sexual 593
BOX 18.2 It Happened to Me 595
Rape Laws Have Become More Protective of Victims 596
Reforms Began in the 1970s 597
Have the Reforms Gone Far Enough—Or Too Fax? 598
Most Sexual Assaults Are Not Reported 598
Rape Can Have Severe III Effects on the Victim 599
Services Are Available for Rape Victims 599
BOX 18.3 Reducing the Risk of Rape 599
Rape Can Inflict Long Lasting Psychological Injury 600
Most College Rapes Are Date Rapes 601
College Date Rapes Are Common but Underreported 601
BOX 18.4 Was It Rape? 602
The Number One Date Rape Drug Is Alcohol 602
Who Commits Rape? 603
Rapists Are Ordinary Men 603
What Happens to Men Who Rape? 604
Early Intervention Programs Are of Uncertain Value 605
Sexual Harassment Occurs in Many Environments 606
CHAPTER 19 SEX AS A COMMOEm
Can Money Buy You Love? 620
Historically, Prostitution Was Viewed as a
Necessary Evil 620
Prostitution. Is on the Decline 621
There Is a Hierarchy of Prostitution 622
Street Prostitution Has Many Risks 622
Female, Male, and Transgendered Streetwalkers Have
Different Experiences 623
Escort Services Are the Main Form of Prostitution in the
United States 624
Massage Parlors and Strip Joints Are Often Fronts for
Prostitution 626
Good Pay is the Main Motive for Prostitution 626
BOX 19.1 The Best Little Whorehouse in Montana 627
Men Use Prostitutes for Many Reasons 627
BOX 19.2 Prostitution: The Dutch Model 628
The Prostitutes Rights Movement Works for
Decriminalization 629
The Debate on Prostitution Is Worldwide 630
CONTENTS xbc
There Axe Two Kinds of Workplace Sexual
Harassment 606
BOX 18.5 He Says, She Says; The Clarence Thomas
Hearings 607
Sexual Harassment Begins Early 608
The Prevalence of Sexual Harassment Varies among
Different Occupations 608
Sexual Harassment Harms Its Victims 609
Victims of Sexual Harassment Can Take Steps to
End It 609
Them Are Three Kinds of Stalkers 610
Intimate Partner Violence Is a Crime with Many
Names 611
Intimate Partner Violence Is On the Decline 613
Intimate Partner Violence Follows an Escalating Cycle 613
Diverse Theories Attempt to Explain Intimate Partner
Violence 613
Breaking up Is Hard to Do 614
Help Is Available 614
rv 619 Underage and Coerced Prostitution Are Global
Problems 631
Phone Sex Blends Prostitution and Pornography 632
Pornography Has Always Been Part of Human
Culture 632
Pornography Has Battled Censorship 633
Pornography Increased after the Second World War 634
New Technologies Mean New Kinds of Pornography 635
There Is Some Pornography for Women 636
There Are Conflicting Perspectives on the Value or
Harm of Pornography 637
Research Has Not Resolved the Question of
Pornography s Effects 638
Underage Pornography Is Widely Condemned, but
Common in Some Countries 639
Legal Regulation of Pornography Is Local and
Haphazard 639
Sex Is Part of the Mass Media 640
There Is Widespread Concern about Sex on Television 640
Sex Sells, Sometimes 640
m CONTENTS
Afterword 645 —
Things Can Be Found out about Sexuality 645
Diversity Is a Key Aspect of Sexuality 646
Nature and Nurture Interact in Psychosexual
Development 648
Understanding and Values Go Hand in Hand 649
Many Sexual Questions Still Await an Answer 650
Glossary G i
Illustration Credits l i
References R i
Author Index A i
Subject Index S i
|
| adam_txt |
Contents in Brief
chapter 1 Perspectives on Sexuality 3
chapter 2 Sex and Evolution 25
chapter 3 Women's Bodies 55
CHAPTER 4 Men's Bodies 87
chapter 5 Sex Hormones and the Menstrual Cycle 117
chapter 6 Sexual Development 151
chapter 7 Gender 187
chapter 8 Sexual Attraction and Arousal 217
chapter 9 Sexual Behavior 253
chapter 10 Sexual Relationships 283
chapter 11 Fertility, Pregnancy, and Childbirth 323
chapter M Contraception and Abortion 365
chapter 13 Sexuality across the Life Span 411
chapter 14 Sexual Minorities 451
chapter 15 Atypical Sexuality 491
chapter 16 Disorders of Desire and Performance 523
chapter 17 Sexually Transmitted Diseases 553
chapter 18 Sexual Assault, Harassment, and Partner Violence 589
chapter 19 Sex as a Commodity 619
Afterword 645
Contents
chapter 1 Perspectives on Se:
Why Study Human Sexuality? 4
The Meaning of the Word "Sex" Has Broadened 4
Sex Is About Relationships 5
Sex Is About Identity 6
There Are Many Approaches to the Study
of Sexuality 7
Medical Research Focuses on the Underlying
Mechanisms of Sex 7
Psychiatry Is Concerned with Mental "Health" and
"Sickness" 9
BOX 1.1 Freud and Hirschfeld: Contrasting Theories on
Sexual Orientation 10
The Biological Approach Emphasizes Our Animal
Nature 11
chapters Sex and Evolution
A Variety of Methods of Reproduction Has Evolved 26
Rival Theories Offer Explanations for Sexual
Reproduction 27
BOX 2.1 The Cellular Basis of Reproduction 28
Sexual Reproduction May Limit Harmful Mutations 29
Sexual Reproduction May Generate Beneficial Gene
Combinations 30
Future Research May Resolve the Puzzle 31
Why Are There Two Sexes? 31
BOX 2.2 The Paradox of Sexless Species 32
Hermaphrodites Combine Male and Female
Reproductive Functions 33
Can There Be More Than Two Sexes? 33
Why Are There Equal Numbers of Males and
Females? 34
KUALITY 2 —— ———
Psychologists Have Taken Diverse Approaches to
Sexuality 11
BOX 1.2 The Fattening Room 14
Social Scientists Focus on the Connection between Sex
and Society 15
Feminists Emphasize Women's Sexual Rights 17
Ethical Systems Can Be Sex Negative or Sex Positive 18
Sex Research and Education Face Significant
Obstacles 18
BOX 1.3 Mary Calderone and Sex Education 20
Sex Research Is Becoming a Discipline in Its Own
Right 20
BOX 1.4 The World Association for Sexology's "Declaration
of Sexual Rights" 21
, 25 Evolution Has Led to Diverse Methods of Sex
Determination 35
Sex May Be Determined by Chromosomes 35
Sex May Be Determined by Temperature 36
Sexual Selection Produces Anatomical and Behavioral
Differences between Males and Females 36
Males and Females Follow Different Reproductive
Strategies 36
Females and Males Are Exposed to Different
Reproductive Risks 37
Males Often Compete for Access to Females 37
Females Often Choose among Males 38
Sometimes Males Make Significant Investments in
Reproduction 40
BOX 2.3 When Males Get Pregnant 41
If Males Invest, Sexual Selection May Work Differently 41
viii CONTENTS
Diverse Relationship Styles Have Evolved 42
Social and Sexual Arrangements Are
Not Necessarily the Same 42
Male Promiscuity Offers Obvious Evolutionary
Benefits 43
Why Are Females Promiscuous? 43
Males May Copulate with Females by Force 46
Sometimes, Helping Relatives Reproduce
Is a Good Strategy 47
BOX 2.4 Does the Study of Evolution Teach Us How Humans
Should Behave? 48
chapters Women's Bodies 55
A Woman's Vulva Includes Her Mons, Outer and Inner
Labia, Vaginal Opening, and Clitoris 56
There Is More to the Clitoris than Meets the Eye 57
The Appearance of the Vaginal Opening Is Variable 59
BOX 3.1 Female Circumcision 60
The Vagina Is the Outermost Portion of the Female
Reproductive Tract 61
The G Spot is a Controversial Erogenous Zone 63
The Anus Can Also Be a Sex Organ 64
The Uterus Serves a Double Duty 64
BOX3.2 Genital Self Examination 65
Uterine Cancer Can Affect the Cervix or the
Endometrium 66
Other Uterine Conditions Include Fibroids,
Endometriosis, Abnormal Bleeding, and Prolapse 66
Should Hysterectomy Be So Common? 67
BOX 3.3 Hysteria 68
The Oviducts Are the Site of Fertilization 68
The Ovaries Produce Ova and Sex Hormones 69
The Breasts Have Both Erotic and Reproductive
Significance 70
chapter 4 Men's Bodies 87 —
The Male External Genitalia Are the Penis and
Scrotum 88
The Penis Combines Erotic, Reproductive, and Excretory
Functions 88
BOX 4.1 Male Circumcision 89
The Scrotum Regulates the Temperature of
the Testicles 91
Kin Selection Explains Some Altruistic Animal
Behavior 48
Male and Female Sexualities Evolve Together 49
Sex May Acquire Other Functions beyond
Reproduction 49
BOX 2.5 Does Sexual Morality Have an Evolutionary Basis?
The Case of Incest 50
Female and Male Bonobos Engage in Nonxeproductive
Sex 50
Bonobos Use Sex for Conflict Resolution and
Alliance Formation 51
Breast Cancer Mortality Can Be Reduced by Early
Detection and Treatment 71
BOX 3.4 Extra Nipples and Breasts 72
Several Risk Factors Affect a Woman's Chances of
Developing Breast Cancer 72
Early Detection Is Important 73
BOX 3.5 Breast Self Examination 74
Treatment Depends on the Diagnostic Findings and the
Woman's Choice 75
Most Women with Breast Cancer Return to an Active
Sex Life 76
BOX 3.6 Is There Sex after Mastectomy? 77
Sexual Arousal Has Physiological Correlates 77
Orgasm Is the Climax of Sexual Arousal 78
BOX 3.7 Dry Sex 78
Are There Two Kinds of Female Orgasm? 79
Not All Sex Leads to Orgasm 80
The Hormone Oxytocin May Be Involved in the
Subjective Feelings of Orgasm 80
Some Women Ejaculate during Orgasm 80
Women's Sexual Response Cycles Vary 81
The Male Internal Sex Organs Produce and Deliver
Semen and Secrete Sex Hormones 91
The Testes Secrete Sex Hormones and Manufacture
Sperm 92
BOX 4.2 How Big Should a Penis Be? 93
Other Glands Contribute Their Secretions to
the Semen 95
BOX 4.3 Disorders of the Testicles 98
What Is Semen? 97
BOX4.4 Disorders of the Prostate Gland 98
The Nervous System Orchestrates Sexual Arousal
and Response 100
Erection Can Be Mediated by a Spinal Reflex 100
BOX 4.5 The Nervous System 101
The Erectile Tissue Forms a Hydraulic System 104
Striated Muscles Are Also Involved in Erection 106
The Brain Influences Erection 107
chapter 5 Sex Hormones and ¦
There Are Three Classes of Sex Steroids 118
BOX 5.1 Testicles by the Ton—The Discovery of Sex
Steroids 120
Testosterone Is a Sex Hormone in Both Men
and Women 121
Estradiol Is Synthesized from Testosterone in
Both Sexes 122
Progesterone Is a Female Hormone 122
Sex Steroids Act by Activating Specific Receptor
Molecules 122
Proteins and Peptide Hormones Are Gene Products 123
Oxytocin Is Secreted by Neuroendocrine Cells of the
Hypothalamus 123
GnRH Stimulates the Release of Pituitary Sex
Hormones 124
The Pituitary Gonadorropins Are Follicle Stimulating
Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizrng Hormone (LH) 125
Other Pituitary Hormones Include Prolactin and Growth
Hormone 125
Protein Hormones Are Secreted by Other Tissues 125
Prostaglandins and Monoamines Also Influence Sexual
Functions 125
A Brain Pituitary Testis Loop Controls Gonadal Function
in Men 126
The Regulation of Testosterone Levels and
Spermatogenesis Is Coupled 126
Testosterone and Inhibin Exert Negative Feedback on
Gonadotropin Release 126
Testosterone Has Multiple Functions in Men 127
Estradiol Has Wide Ranging Effects in Men's Bodies 128
Menstruation Is a Biological Process with Cultural and
Practical Aspects 128
BOX 5.2 Steroids and Sports 129
BOX 5.3 Attitudes Toward Menstruation 130
CONTENTS ix
Ejaculation Requires Coordination of Muscles
and Glands 107
BOX 4.6 Women and Men Describe Their Orgasms 108
Emission Is the Loading of Semen into the Urethra 108
Ejaculation Is Caused by Contractions of Many Muscles
in the Pelvic Floor 109
Men Experience a Refractory Period 110
Brain Imaging Suggests Where Orgasm May Be
Experienced 111
Nudity Is Culturally Regulated 111
the Menstrual Cycle 117 —
The Menstrual Cycle Involves the Ovaries, Brain,
Pituitary, and Uterus 133
The Cycle Is of Variable Length 133
The Cycle Consists of Menstrual, Follicular, and Luteal
Phases 133
The Menstrual Phase Is Triggered by a Drop in
Progesterone Levels 133
BOX 5.4 Menstrual Synchrony: Reality or Myth? 135
The Follicular Phase Is Marked by the Maturation of
Ovarian Follicles 136
During the Luteal Phase the Uterus Is Prepared for
Pregnancy 139
Sex Steroids Have Effects on Other Systems in Women
besides the Reproductive Tract 141
Steroid Hormones Impose Some Periodicity on Women's
Sexual Feelings and Behavior 141
Menstrual Problems Are Common but Treatable 142
Menstrual Pain May or May Not Reflect Underlying
Pelvic Disease 143
Premenstrual Syndrome Has Physical and Psychological
Aspects 143
Menstruation Stops during Pregnancy—And for Many
Other Reasons 144
Drugs Related to Sex Hormones Are Medically
Important 145
Receptor Agonists Mimic Hormones 145
Receptor Antagonists Block Hormone Effects 145
Some Drugs Have Mixed Effects 145
Enzyme Inhibitors Block the Production of Hormones 146
Some Dietary Supplements Contain Hormone like
Compounds 146
BOX 5.5 Sex Hormones in the Environment 147
Development Passes through Distinct Stages 152
chapter 6 Sexual Developmei
Fertilization Is the Fusion of One Sperm with
One Ovum 152
The Conceptus Implants in the Uterine Wall 153
During Embryonic Life, the Body Plan and Organ
Systems Develop 154
Fetal Life Involves Growth and Functional
Maturation 155
Genetic Sex Is Determined at Fertilization 156
Sex Is Usually Determined by the Presence or Absence of
the Y Linked Gene SRY 156
BOX 6.1 Atypical Development: Chromosomal Anomalies 157
SRY and Other Genes Direct the Development of the
Gonads 158
X Inactivation Preserves Balanced Gene Activity in the
Two Sexes 159
BOX 6.2 Atypical Development: Gonadal Intersexuality
("True Hermaphroditism") 160
Sexual Development Involves Growth or Degeneration
of Precursor Structures 161
Primordial Germ Cells Migrate into the Developing
Gonads 161
Male and Female Reproductive Tracts Develop from
Different Precursors 162
Male and Female External Genitalia Develop from the
Same Precursors 162
BOX 6.3 Atypical Development: Androgen Insensitivity
Syndrome 164
BOX 6.4 Atypical Development: Congenital Adrenal
Hyperplasia 165
The Gonads Descend during Development 166
BOX 6 5 Atypical Development: 5a Reductase Deficiency 167
BOX 6.6 Atypical Development: Hypospadias and
Micropenis 168
chapter 7 Gender 187 What Is Gender? 188
Gender Research Has Emerged from a History of
Sexism and Stereotypes 188
Gender Identity Lies at the Core of Our Personhood 189
Gender May Not Be an "Either/Or" Phenomenon 189
Transexuals Vary in Sexual Orientation 191
Men and Women Differ in a Variety of Cognitive and
Personality Traits 192
NT 151 Hormones Influence the Sexual Differentiation of the
Central Nervous System 168
The CNS Contains Sexually Dimorphic Structures 169
Sexual Dimorphism Arises as a Consequence of Differing
Hormonal Levels during a Sensitive Period 170
Some Dimorphisms Depend on Continued Hormonal
Effects in Adult Life 171
Early Hormonal Exposure Influences Later Sexual
Behavior 171
Experiments on Rodents Show Organizational and
Activational Effects of Androgens 171
Primates Have Multiple Sensitive Periods 172
Other / Linked Genes besides SRYInfluence
Development 173
External Factors Influence Prenatal
Sexual Development 174
Biological and Social Factors Interact Postnatally 174
Puberty Marks Sexual Maturation 175
The Pubertal Growth Spurt Occurs about 2 Years Earlier
in Girls than in Boys 175
Puberty Is Marked by Visible and Invisible Changes in
the Body 176
What Drives Puberty? 178
The Body May Signal Its Readiness for Puberty to the
Brain 179
Dietary Changes May Be the Reason Puberty Is
Beginning Earlier 179
BOX 6.7 Atypical Development: Precocious and
Delayed Puberty 180
Intersexuality Raises Complex Social and Ethical
Issues 181
BOX 6.8 What It's Like to Be Intersexed 182
Cognitive Sex Differences Are Seen in Spatial Sense,
Problem Solving, Language Skills, and Memory 192
BOX 7.1 Measuring Sex Differences 193
Personality Differences Include Aggressiveness, Self
Esteem, Emotional Communication, and Values 196
Differences in Sexuality Include Attitudes toward Casual
Sex, Jealousy, and Frequency of Masturbation 198
Many Gender Differences Arise Early in Life 199
There Are Diverse Approaches to the Origin of Gender
Differences 200
Evolutionary Psychologists Seek Ultimate
Explanations 200
The Biological Approach Is Conceptually Precise but
Faces Practical Difficulties 202
BOX 7.2 "Eggs at Twelve" 204
chapter 8 Sexual Attraction
Beauty Is Not Entirely in the Eye of the Beholder 218
A Few Principles Govern Facial Attractiveness 218
BOX 8.1 Twins, Symmetry, and Attractiveness 219
The Attractiveness of Bodies May Be Related to
Reproductive Success 222
Attractiveness Is Strongly Modulated by Sexual
Orientation 225
A Small Percentage of Men and Women Are
Homosexual 225
BOX 8.2 Human Sex Pheromones: Are They Real? 226
The Prevalence of Bisexuality Depends on Definitions 227
Sexual Orientation Is Not an Isolated Trait 228
Gays and Lesbians May Be Gender Nonconformist
during Childhood 228
Sexual Orientation Is Correlated with Other Gendered
Traits 229
BOX 8.3 Boys Will Be Girls 230
Diverse Theories Attempt to Explain Sexual
Orientation 230
Freud Put Forward Elaborate Developmental Theories to
Explain Both Heterosexuality and Homosexuality 231
chapter 9 Sexual Behavior 25
People Have Differing Ideas about What Constitutes
Sexual Behavior 254
Masturbation Is a Very Common Form of Sexual
Expression 254
Negative Attitudes toward Masturbation Are Still
Prevalent 254
BOX 9.1 The Dreaded M Word 255
Several Demographic Factors Influence Masturbation 256
Women Use More Diverse Techniques of Masturbation
than Men 257
Gay People Masturbate More Than Heterosexuals 258
CONTENTS xi
Socialization Theory Attributes Gender to Learning 205
BOX 7.3 The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl 207
Cognitive Developmental Models Focus on Thought
Processes 209
Gender Probably Involves Complex Developmental
Interactions 211
and Arousal 217 Sexual Orientation Has Been Widely Attributed to
Socialization 232
Biological Theories Focus on Prenatal Hormones and
Genes 233
BOX 8.4 Gay Twins 238
Familiarity Both Increases and Decreases
Attraction 239
Perceived Attractiveness Varies around the Menstrual
Cycle 241
Some People Do Not Experience Sexual Attraction 241
Sexual Arousal Has Multiple Roots 242
Fantasy Is a Common Mode of Sexual Arousal 242
Sexual Arousal Is Influenced by Other Forms of
Arousal 244
BOX 8.5 Lust in the Heart 245
Hormones Influence Sexual Arousability 245
BOX 8.6 Aphrodisiacs 247
Sexual Arousal Is Mediated by Specific Brain Systems 248
Sexual Arousal Is Part of a Larger Cycle 249
13 Different Cultures Have Different Attitudes toward
Masturbation 259
The Kiss Represents True Love—Sometimes 259
"Petting" and "Fondling" Refer to a Variety of
Noncoital Behaviors 260
Oral Sex Has Become Increasingly Popular 261
Fellatio Is Oral Stimulation of the Penis 261
Cunnilingus Is Oral Stimulation of the Vulva 262
Anal Sex May Be a Part of Either Heterosexual or
Male Homosexual Behavior 263
BOX 9.2 The Crime of Sodomy 264
Most Sexual Encounters Culminate in Coitus 265
Coitus Can Be Performed in Many Different Positions 265
The Man Above Position Is the Traditional Favorite of
Americans 266
The Women's Movement Encouraged Alternative
Positions 266
BOX 9.3 Progress in Coitus Research 267
Men and Women May Have Different Preferences for
Sexual Encounters 268
BOX 9.4 Penis Captivus: The Origin of a Medical Myth 269
Vibrators and Dildos Are Used to Enhance Sexual
Pleasure 270
chapter 10 Sexual Relationsh
Sexual Relationships Are Motivated by Many
Factors 284
Religion and the Law Influence Sexual Morality 284
Ancient Jewish Doctrines Forbade Many Sexual
Behaviors 284
Christianity Began with Negative Views of Sexual
Expression 284
BOX io.l Sex and The City of God 285
Some Religions Are More Permissive than
Christianity 286
Humanism Has Influenced American Attitudes and
Laws 287
People's Moral Judgments about Sex Depend
on Its Context 287
BOX 10.2 Miscegenation Statutes 288
Demographic Factors Affect Sexual Attitudes 288
Americans'Attitudes Have Changed over Time 289
Attitudes in Other Countries Differ from Those in the
United States 290
Casual Sex Has More Appeal to Men than to Women 290
Stereotyped Behaviors Mediate Sexual Approaches 291
BOX 10.3 Getting the BUG 292
Casual Sex Is More Accepted in the Gay Male
Community 293
Dating Relationships Are Usually Short Lived and
Fluid 294
First Dates Follow a Script 294
Same Sex Dates May Be Scriptless 295
Dating Relationships Evolve Rapidly 295
Some Cultures Have Discussed Sexual Behavior More
Openly Than Others 271
The Kama Sutra Is the Classic Work on How to Make
Love 271
The Spirit of the Kama Sutra Is Absent in Contemporary
India 273
Mangaia Exemplifies a Sex Positive Society 273
Many Disabled People Have Active Sex Lives 274
Arthritis Is the Number One Disability Affecting Sex 274
BOX 9.5 On Seeing a Sex Surrogate 275
Spinal Cord Injuries Present a Major Challenge to Sexual
Expression 276 ;
Many Mentally Retarded People Are Competent to Make
Sexual Choices 277
iips 283 Cohabitation Is an Increasingly Prevalent Lifestyle 296
Marriage Is Still the First Choice of Americans 297
The Formalization of Sexual Unions Has Social and
Personal Functions 297
The Institution of Marriage Is Changing 298
BOX 10.4 Covenant Marriages 298
Many Societies Have Permitted Polygamy 299
BOX 10.5 Mormon Polygamy 300
Polyamory Includes a Variety of Nonmonogamous
Relationships 301
Love Cements Many Sexual Relationships 301
There Are Different Kinds of Love 301
BOX 10.6 Love in Literature 302
Romantic Love May Be a Human Universal 302
Being in Love May Be the Justification for Marriage
or for Sex 303
People Fall in Love with Attractive Persons Who Show
Some Interest in Them 303
Researchers Are Probing the Biological Basis of Love 304
BOX 10.7 This Is Your Brain in Love 305
One Theory Proposes that Love Has Three
Components 306
The Relationship of Commitment to Love Is Debated 307
Unrequited Love Is Painful for Both Parties 308
Rejection in Love Damages Self Worth 308
The Rejector Experiences Guilt 308
Life Experiences Mold Our Sexual Relationships 309
Relationship Styles Are Influenced by Childhood
Attachments 309
Relationship Styles Are Influenced by Communities 31
Couples in Relationships Resemble Each Other 310
Communication Is a Key Factor in the Success of
Relationships 311
Communication May Be Inhibited by Upbringing or by
the Gender Barrier 312
Premarital Programs Teach Communication Skills 313
Self Disclosure Facilitates Trust 313
How Couples Deal with Conflict Affects the Stability of
Their Relationship 314
chapter 11 Fertility, Pregna
Pregnancy and Childbirth Raise Major Health
Concerns 324
Pregnancy Is Suggested by a Missed Period and
Confirmed by Hormonal Tests 324
The Likelihood of Pregnancy Can Be Maximized by
Tracking Ovulation 325
Infertility Can Result from Problems in the Woman or
in the Man 327
A Variety of Factors Can Reduce Sperm Counts 327
In Vitro Fertilization Can Circumvent Many Sperm
Problems 328
BOX ii.i Are Sperm Counts Declining? 329
Sperm Can Be Donated 331
Abnormalities of the Female Reproductive Tract
Frequently Reduce Fertility 332
Failure to Ovulate Can Be Dealt with by Drugs or by
Oocyte Donation 332
Surrogate Mothers Bear a Child for Someone Else 332
BOX 11.2 Designer Gametes 333
Adoption Is Limited by the Supply of Healthy Infants 33*
Fertility Declines Steadily with Age 334
Many Embryos, Especially Those with Abnormalities,
Do Not Survive 335
Rhesus Incompatibility Can Threaten Second
Pregnancies 336
Ectopic Pregnancy Can Endanger the Mother's Life 336
Pregnancy Is Conventionally Divided into Three
Trimesters 337
The Fetus Secretes Sex Hormones to Sustain
Pregnancy 338
Women May Experience Troublesome Symptoms
during Early Pregnancy 338
CONTENTS xiii
0 Love, Jealousy, and Infidelity Are Intertwined 315
Evolutionary Theorists Attribute a Positive Function to
Jealousy 315
Jealousy Can Become a High Stakes Game 316
Extra Pair Relationships Have Many Styles and
Motivations 316
BOX 10.8 We Just Clicked 317
During Evolution, Males and Females Have Derived
¦ Different Benefits from Infidelity 317
Extra Pair Relationships Are Surprisingly Rare 318
Are Affairs Newsworthy? Americans and Europeans
Differ 319
ncy, and Childbirth 323
Prenatal Care Provides Health Screening, Education,
and Support 339
Adequate Nutrition Is Vital to a Successful
Pregnancy 339
Tobacco, Alcohol, Drugs, and Radiation Can Harm
the Fetus 340
The Second Trimester Is the Easiest 342
Specialized Tests Can Detect Fetal Abnormalities 342
BOX 11.3 Choosing Children's Sex 343
Sex during Pregnancy Is Healthy 345
Moderate Exercise during Pregnancy Is Beneficial 346
The Third Trimester Is a Time of Preparation 347
A Hospital Is the Best Location for Childbirth if
Problems Are Foreseen 347
BOX 11.4 Childbirth Professionals 348
Childbirth Classes Prepare Parents for Birth 348
The Fetus Also Makes Preparations for Birth 349
Labor Has Three Stages 349
Animal Studies Suggest that the Fetus Issues
* the Signal for Parturition 350
The First Stage of Labor Is Marked by Myometrial
Contractions and Cervical Dilation 351
Delivery Is Accomplished by Uterine Contractions Aided
by "Bearing Down" 353
The Newborn Child Adapts Quickly to Life on Land 354
The Third Stage Is the Expulsion of the Placenta 354
Cesarean Sections Can Be Life Saving, But Are Done
Too Frequently 354
Premature and Delayed Births Are Hazardous 355
BOX 14 5 The Blackout Babies 356
The Period after Birth Places Many Demands
on Parents 356
XVI CONTENTS
Medical Conditions, Drugs, and Social Factors Can
Impair the Sexuality of Old People 444
Coping Strategies May Require Flexibility 444
Some Old People Remain Sexually Active 445
chapter 14 Sexual Minorities
The Basis for Defining Homosexual People Has
Changed over Time 452
BOX 14.1 Passing Women in the Civil War 453
Homosexuals Were Thought of as Gender Inverts 454
Gay People Were Later Subdivided on the Basis of
Gender Characteristics 454
The Gay Community Has Struggled for Equal
Rights 456
The Gay Rights Movement Began in Germany 456
BOX 14.2 Harvey Milk 457
Gay People Are in Transition 458
BOX 14.3 Gay Marriage 459
Gay Rights Are a Global Issue 460
Growing Up Gay Is Hard to Do 461
BOX 14.4 Hatred in the Hallways 462
Coming Out Is a Lifelong Process 463
The Life Experiences of Lesbians and Gay Men
Are Different 464
BOX 14,5 Gay Meccas: West Hollywood and
Northampton 465
Lesbians and Gay Men Are Well Represented in Certain
Occupations 466
Gay People Who Belong to Minorities Have Special
Concerns 467
Gay Sex Has Its Own Style 468
BOX 14.6 The Tearoom Trade 469
chapter 15 Atypical Sexuality
Sexual Variety Is the Spice of Life 492
Fetishism Is Sexual Arousal by Inanimate Objects,
Substances, or Body Parts 492
BOX 15.1 Rubber Fetishism and the Internet 494
People Cross Dress for a Variety of Reasons 494
BOX 15.2 Heterosexual Transvestic Fetishism 496
Sadomasochism Involves the Infliction or Receipt
of Pain or Degradation 496
Sex Has Health Benefits 446
Opportunities for Sexual Expression by Nursing Home
Residents Could Be Improved 446
BOX 13.7 Sex and Death among Welsh Cheesemakers 446
451 There Are Sexual Subcultures within the Gay
Community 470
Some Gay People Are Parents 471
The Children of Gay Parents Generally Thrive 472
Changing Sexual Orientation Is Difficult or
Impossible 472
Homophobia Has Multiple Roots 473
Cultural Indoctrination Transmits Homophobia across
the Generations 473
A Failure of Empathy May Underlie Homophobia 474
Homosexuality Is Seen As Transgressive 474
Are Gay Bashers Gay? 475
The Improved Status of Gay People Has Triggered a
Homophobic Reaction 475
Overcoming Homophobia Is a Grassroots Enterprise 476
Bisexuals Are Caught between Two Worlds 476
BOX 14.7 Scenes from Bisexual Life 477
Transgendered People Cross Society's Deepest
Divide 478
Sex Reassignment Is a Multi Stage Process 479
BOX 14.8 Transgenders in Cross Cultural Perspective 480
Some Transgenders Do Not Want Surgery 483
Transgenders and Transexuals Struggle for Awareness
and Acceptance 484
Are Boy Loving Men a Sexual Minority? 484
BOX 14.9 Boy Loving Americans? 485
491— _
"Paraphilia" Is the Psychiatric Term for Problematic
Sexual Desire or Behavior 498
Exhibitionists Are Aroused by Women's Reactions 500
Voyeurism Is an Exaggeration of Normal Male
Behavior 501
Pedophilia and Child Molestation Are Not Identical 501
BOX 15.3 Priests Who Molest Minors 502
BOX 15.4 Lewis Carroll: A Victorian Pedophile? 505
Frotteurism Involves Surreptitious Physical Contact 506
Zoophiles Are Sexually Fixated on Animal Contacts 506
Li Necrophilia, Nonresistance of the Partner May Be
Arousing 507
Sexual Violence Can Be Paraphilic 507
Sex Offenders Do Not Necessarily Repeat Their
Offenses 508
BOX 15.5 Autoerotic Asphyxia 509
There Are Numerous Theories of Paraphilia 509
BOX 15.6 The "Geographic Cure" 510
There May Be an Inherited Predisposition to
Paraphilias 510
Organic Disorders May Trigger Paraphilias 511
Many Theorists See Paraphilias as a Product of
Learning Processes 511
Some Paraphilias May Represent Disorders of
Courtship 512
chapter 16 Disorders of Desirj
The Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions Is
Controversial 524
Men and Women's Sexual Problems Differ 524
Erectile Dysfunction Has Many Causes and
Treatments 525
Erectile Function Reflects the Balance between Sympa¬
thetic and Parasympathetic Inputs to the Penis 525
BOX 16.1 Professionals Who Treat Sexual Dysfunctions 526
Erectile Dysfunction Can Have Physical or Psychological
Causes 527
A Variety of Steps May Alleviate the Problem 528
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Have Become the Leading
Medical Treatment 528
Locally Applied Drugs Require Only That the Erectile
Tissue Be Functional 529
Drugs Are Increasingly Being Used for "Psychogenic"
Erectile Dysfunction 530
Erectile Dysfunction Can Be Treated with Devices and
Implants 530
BOX 16.2 Better Porn through Chemistry 531
An Erection that Won't Go Down Requires Prompt
Medical Attention 532
Premature Ejacutation Is Men's Number One Sex
Problem 533
Sex Therapy May Help Men to Regulate Excitation 533
Drug Treatment May Be More Effective 535
CONTENTS xvii
Paraphilias May Represent an Escape Route when
Normal Sexual Expression Is Blocked 512
The Victim Perpetrator Cycle May Contribute to
Paraphilias 513
Theories of Causation Have Suggested a Variety of
Treatments 514
Behavior Therapy Attempts to Reverse Disordered
Learning Processes 514
Social Skills Training May Overcome Blockage of
Normal Sexual Expression 515
Drug Treatments Can Be Highly Effective in Reducing
Recidivism 515
Castration Is a Treatment of Last Resort 517
More Research on Paraphilias Is Needed 517
BOX 15.7 Castration: Barbaric Punishment or Ticket to
Freedom? 518
e and Performance 523 —
Delayed Ejaculation Can Be a Side Effect of Several
Drugs 535
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder Involves Insufficient
Genital Response 536
Painful Intercourse Has a Variety of Causes 536
BOX 16.3 Kegel Exercises 537
Vaginismus May Make Intercourse Impossible 538
Difficulty in Reaching Orgasm Is Very Common among
Women 540
There Has Been a Long Social and Scientific Debate
about Female Orgasm 540
A Biological Cause for Anorgasmia Cannot Usually Be
Identified 540
Too Much Interest in Sex Can Cause Problems 541
Many Organic Conditions Can Cause Hypersexuality 541
Excessive Sexual Behavior Can Be Part of Adolescent
"Acting Out" 542
A Person's Sense of Control Helps Distinguish Normal
from Excessive Sexual Behavior 542
Is Excessive Sexual Behavior an Addiction or a
Compulsion? 542
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Can Often Be Treated with
SSRIs 543
Lack of Desire for Sex Is Not Necessarily a Problem 544
Testosterone Treatment May Restore Sexual Desire in
Men 544
Medical Conditions, Drugs, and Social Factors Can
Impair the Sexuality of Old People 444
Coping Strategies May Require Flexibility 444
Some Old People Remain Sexually Active 445
chapter 14 Sexual Minorit
The Basis for Defining Homosexual People Has
Changed over Time 452
BOX 44.1 Passing Women in the Civil War 453
Homosexuals Were Thought of as Gender Inverts 45^
Gay People Were Later Subdivided on the Basis of
Gender Characteristics 454
The Gay Community Has Struggled for Equal
Rights 456
The Gay Rights Movement Began in Germany 456
BOX 14.2 Harvey Milk 457
Gay People Are in Transition 458
BOX 14.3 Gay Marriage 459
Gay Rights Are a Global Issue 460
Growing Up Gay Is Hard to Do 461
BOX 14.4 Hatred in the Hallways 462
Coming Out Is a Lifelong Process 463
The Life Experiences of Lesbians and Gay Men
Are Different 464
BOX 14.5 Gay Meccas: West Hollywood and
Northampton 465
Lesbians and Gay Men Are Well Represented in Certai
Occupations 466
Gay People Who Belong to Minorities Have Special
Concerns 467
Gay Sex Has Its Own Style 468
BOX 14.6 The Tearoom Trade 469
chapter 15 Atypical Sexuau
Sexual Variety Is the Spice of Life 492
Fetishism Is Sexual Arousal by Inanimate Objects,
Substances, or Body Parts 492
BOX 15.1 Rubber Fetishism and the Internet 494
People Cross Dress for a Variety of Reasons 494
BOX 15.2 Heterosexual Transvestic Fetishism 496
Sadomasochism Involves the Infliction or Receipt
of Pain or Degradation 496
Sex Has Health Benefits 446 •
Opportunities for Sexual Expression by Nursing Home
Residents Could Be Improved 446
BOX 13.7 Sex and Death among Welsh Cheesemakers 446
,E\ There Are Sexual Subcultures within the Gay
Community 470
Some Cay People Are Parents 471 ' ''¦''¦[¦_
1 The Children of Gay Parents Generally Thrive 472;:" !
Changing Sexual Orientation Is Difficult or
Impossible 472 '
Homophobia Has Multiple Roots 473
Cultural Indoctrination Transmits Homophobia across
the Generations 473
A Failure of Empathy May Underlie Homophobia 474
Homosexuality Is Seen As Transgressive 474
Are Gay Bashers Gay? 475
The Improved Status of Gay People Has Triggered a
Homophobic Reaction 475
Overcoming Homophobia Is a Grassroots Enterprise 476
Bisexuals Are Caught between Two Worlds 476
BOX 14.7 Scenes from Bisexual Life 477
Transgendered People Cross Society's Deepest
Divide 478
Sex Reassignment Is a Multi Stage Process 479
in BOX 14.8 Transgenders in Cross Cultural Perspective 480
Some Transgenders Do Not Want Surgery 483
Transgenders and Transexuals Struggle for Awareness
and Acceptance 484
Are Boy Loving Men a Sexual Minority? 484
BOX 14.9 Boy Loving Americans? 485
ty 491 —
"Paraphilia" Is the Psychiatric Term for Problematic
Sexual Desire or Behavior 498
Exhibitionists Are Aroused by Women's Reactions 500
Voyeurism Is an Exaggeration of Normal Male
Behavior 501
Pedophilia and Child Molestation Are Not Identical 501
BOX 15.3 Priests Who Molest Minors 502
BOX 15.4 Lewis Carroll: A Victorian Pedophile? 505
Frottettrism Involves Surreptitious Physical Contact 506
Zoophiles Are Sexually Fixated on Animal Contacts 506
In Necrophilia, jMonresistancc of the Partner May Be
Arousing 507
Sexual Violence Can Be ParaphiHc 507
Sex Offenders Do Not Necessarily Repeat Their
Offenses 508
BOX 15.5 Autoerotic Asphyxia 509
There Are Numerous Theories of Paraphilia 509
BOX 15.6 The "Geographic Cure" 510
There May Bo an Inherited' Predisposition to
Paraphilias 510
"Organic Disorders May Trigger Paraphilias 511
Many Theorists See Paraphilias as a Product of
Learning Processes 51.1
Some Paraphi.lias May Represent Disorders of
Courtship 512
chapter 16 Disorders of Pesir
The Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunctions Is
Controversial 524
Men and Women's Sexual Problems Differ 524
Erectile Dysfunction Has Many Causes and
Treatments 525
Erectile Function Reflects the Balance between Sympa¬
thetic and Parasympathetic Inputs to the Penis 525
BOX 16.1 Professionals Who Treat Sexual Dysfunctions 526
Erectile Dysfunction Can Have Physical or Psychological
Causes 527 ,
A Variety of Steps May Alleviate the Problem 528
Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors Have Become the Leading
Medical Treatment 528
Locally Applied Drugs Require Only That the Erectile
Tissue Be Functional 529
Drugs Are Increasingly Being Used for "Psychogenic"
Erectile Dysfunction 530
Erectile Dysfunction Can Be Treated with Devices and
Implants 530
iOX 16.2 Better Porn through Chemistry 531
An Erection that Won't Go Down Requires Prompt
Medical Attention 532
Premature Ejaculation Is Men's Number One Sex
Problem 533
Sex Therapy May Help Men to Regulate Excitation 533
Drug Treatment May Be More Effective 535
CONTENTS xvli
Paraphilias May Represent an Escape Route when
Normal Sexual Expression Is Blocked 512
The Victim Perpetrator Cycle May Contribute to
Paraphilias 513
Theories of Causation Have Suggested a Variety of
Treatments 514
Behavior Therapy Attempts to Reverse Disordered
Learning Processes 514
Social Skills Training May Overcome Blockage of
Normal Sexual Expression 515
Drug Treatments Can Be Highly Effective in Reducing
Reddivism 515
Castration Is a Treatment of Last Resort 517
More Research on Paraphilias Is Needed 517
BOX 15.7 Castration: Barbaric Punishment or Ticket to
Freedom? 518
le and Performance 523 —
Delayed Ejaculation Can Be a Side Effect of Several
Drugs 535
Female Sexual Arousal Disorder Involves Insufficient
Genital Response 536
Painful intercourse Has a Variety of Causes 536
BOX 16.3 Kegel Exercises 537
Vaginismus May Make Intercourse Impossible 538
Difficulty in Reaching Orgasm Is Very Common among
Women 540
There Has Been a Long Social and Scientific Debate
about Female Orgasm 540
A Biological Cause for Anorgasmia Cannot Usually Be
Identified 540
Too Much Interest In Sex Can Cause Problems 54a
Many Organic Conditions Can Cause Hypersexuality 541
Excessive Sexual Behavior Can Be Part of Adolescent
"Acting Out" 542
A Person's Sense of Control Helps Distinguish Normal
from Excessive Sexual Behavior 542
Is Excessive Sexual Behavior an Addiction or a
Compulsion? 542
Compulsive Sexual Behavior Can Often Be Treated with
SSRIs 543
Lack of Desire for Sex Is Not Necessarily a Problem 544
Testosterone Treatment May Restore Sexual Desire in
Men 544
xviii CONTENTS
BOX 16.4 Sexual Minorities and Sexual Dysfunction 545
Estrogen or Androgen Treatment May Restore Sexual
Desire in Women 546
chapter 17 Sexually Transmit
Venereal Diseases Were Seen as Punishment for
Sexual License 554
STDs Are Still a Major Problem in the United States 554
Insects Are More of an Annoyance than a Danger 555
Pubic Lice Itch, and That's All 555
Scabies May Be Transmitted Sexually or Nonsexually 556
Trichomoniasis Is Caused by a Protozoan 557
Bacterial STDs Can Usually Be Treated with
Antibiotics 557
Syphilis Is Down but Not Out 557
Syphilis Progresses through Three Stages 558
Syphilis Is Cured by Penicillin 559
Syphilis Has Resisted Elimination 559
Gonorrhea Can Lead to Infertility 559
BOX 17.1 The Tuskegee Syphilis Study 560
Diagnosis and Treatment of Gonorrhea Are
Straightforward—If the Sufferer Seeks Medical
Attention 561
Elimination of Gonorrhea Is Not Yet in Sight 561
Chlamydia Causes a Common Infection with Serious
Complications 562
The Status of Bacterial Vaginosis as an STD Is
Uncertain 563
U rethritis Can Be Caused by a Variety of Organisms 564
Viral STDs Can Be Dangerous and Hard to Treat 564
Herpes Simplex Virus Infections Often Cause Recurrent
Symptoms 565
Is There a Stress Connection? 566
chapter 18 Sexual Assault, H
Partner Violence
What Is Rape? 590
Many Women Have Experienced Unwanted Sexual
Contacts 590
Most Perpetrators Are Men Known to the Victim 590
Why Do Men Rape? 591
Rape May Have Evolutionary Roots 591
Sex Therapy May Be Helpful for Low Sexual Desire in
Women 546
New Views on Women's Response Cycles May Influence
Treatment Options 547
rED Diseases 553 — —
Herpes Can Have Serious Effects 567
Herpes Transmission Can Occur between Recognized
Outbreaks 567
Drug Treatment Can Shorten or Prevent Outbreaks 567
Herpes Is Extremely Common 568
Cytomegalovirus Is a Common Infection that Can Harm
Fetuses 568
Human Papillomaviruses Can Cause Genital Warts—
and Cancer 568
Hepatitis Viruses Can Be Sexually Transmitted 570
AIDS Is Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency
Virus 571
HIV Can Be Transmitted in Several Ways 572
BOX 17.2 AIDS on the Rebound among Young Gay Men? 573
BOX 17.3 HIV's Replication Cycle 574
HIV Infection Progresses in a Characteristic Way 575
Treatment of AIDS Is Directed at Both the Complications
and the Viral Replication Cycle 577
There Are Several Ways to Reduce the Likelihood of
STD Transmission 579
Abstinence Prevents STDs, but Has Drawbacks 579
BOX 174 AIDS in Africa 580
Sexually Active People Can Reduce Their Risk of STDs
by Their Choice of Partners 580
BOX 17.5 Partner Notification 582
Some Sexual Behaviors Are Riskier than Others 582
Condoms Are the Mainstay of STD Prevention 583
Well Designed Public Health Campaigns Can Alter
Behavior and Reduce STD Prevalence 583
\RASSMENT, AND 589
BOX 18.1 The "Comfort Women" 592
Some Feminists See Rape as a Learned Form of Male
Domination 592
Theorists Have Debated whether Rape Is Sexual 593
BOX 18.2 It Happened to Me 595
Rape Laws Have Become More Protective of Victims 596
Reforms Began in the 1970s 597
Have the Reforms Gone Far Enough—Or Too Fax? 598
Most Sexual Assaults Are Not Reported 598
Rape Can Have Severe III Effects on the Victim 599
Services Are Available for Rape Victims 599
BOX 18.3 Reducing the Risk of Rape 599
Rape Can Inflict Long Lasting Psychological Injury 600
Most College Rapes Are Date Rapes 601
College Date Rapes Are Common but Underreported 601
BOX 18.4 Was It Rape? 602
The Number One "Date Rape Drug" Is Alcohol 602
Who Commits Rape? 603
Rapists Are Ordinary Men 603
What Happens to Men Who Rape? 604
Early Intervention Programs Are of Uncertain Value 605
Sexual Harassment Occurs in Many Environments 606
CHAPTER 19 SEX AS A COMMOEm
Can Money Buy You Love? 620
Historically, Prostitution Was Viewed as a
Necessary Evil 620
Prostitution. Is on the Decline 621
There Is a Hierarchy of Prostitution 622
Street Prostitution Has Many Risks 622
Female, Male, and Transgendered Streetwalkers Have
Different Experiences 623
Escort Services Are the Main Form of Prostitution in the
United States 624
Massage Parlors and Strip Joints Are Often Fronts for
Prostitution 626
Good Pay is the Main Motive for Prostitution 626
BOX 19.1 The Best Little Whorehouse in Montana 627
Men Use Prostitutes for Many Reasons 627
BOX 19.2 Prostitution: The Dutch Model 628
The Prostitutes' Rights Movement Works for
Decriminalization 629
The Debate on Prostitution Is Worldwide 630
CONTENTS xbc
There Axe Two Kinds of Workplace Sexual
Harassment 606
BOX 18.5 He Says, She Says; The Clarence Thomas
Hearings 607
Sexual Harassment Begins Early 608
The Prevalence of Sexual Harassment Varies among
Different Occupations 608
Sexual Harassment Harms Its Victims 609
Victims of Sexual Harassment Can Take Steps to
End It 609
Them Are Three Kinds of Stalkers 610
Intimate Partner Violence Is a Crime with Many
Names 611
Intimate Partner Violence Is On the Decline 613
Intimate Partner Violence Follows an Escalating Cycle 613
Diverse Theories Attempt to Explain Intimate Partner
Violence 613
Breaking up Is Hard to Do 614
Help Is Available 614
rv 619 Underage and Coerced Prostitution Are Global
Problems 631
Phone Sex Blends Prostitution and Pornography 632
Pornography Has Always Been Part of Human
Culture 632
Pornography Has Battled Censorship 633
Pornography Increased after the Second World War 634
New Technologies Mean New Kinds of Pornography 635
There Is Some Pornography for Women 636
There Are Conflicting Perspectives on the Value or
Harm of Pornography 637
Research Has Not Resolved the Question of
Pornography's Effects 638
Underage Pornography Is Widely Condemned, but
Common in Some Countries 639
Legal Regulation of Pornography Is Local and
Haphazard 639
Sex Is Part of the Mass Media 640
There Is Widespread Concern about Sex on Television 640
Sex Sells, Sometimes 640
m CONTENTS
Afterword 645 —
Things Can Be Found out about Sexuality 645
Diversity Is a Key Aspect of Sexuality 646
Nature and Nurture Interact in Psychosexual
Development 648
Understanding and Values Go Hand in Hand 649
Many Sexual Questions Still Await an Answer 650
Glossary G i
Illustration Credits l i
References R i
Author Index A i
Subject Index S i |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | LeVay, Simon 1943- Valente, Sharon McBride 1945- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)113613792 (DE-588)132362929 |
| author_facet | LeVay, Simon 1943- Valente, Sharon McBride 1945- |
| author_role | aut aut |
| author_sort | LeVay, Simon 1943- |
| author_variant | s l sl s m v sm smv |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022443316 |
| callnumber-first | B - Philosophy, Psychology, Religion |
| callnumber-label | BF692 |
| callnumber-raw | BF692 |
| callnumber-search | BF692 |
| callnumber-sort | BF 3692 |
| callnumber-subject | BF - Psychology |
| classification_rvk | CR 6000 |
| ctrlnum | (OCoLC)61881148 (DE-599)BVBBV022443316 |
| dewey-full | 306.7 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 306 - Culture and institutions |
| dewey-raw | 306.7 |
| dewey-search | 306.7 |
| dewey-sort | 3306.7 |
| dewey-tens | 300 - Social sciences |
| discipline | Soziologie Psychologie |
| discipline_str_mv | Soziologie Psychologie |
| edition | 2. ed. |
| format | Book |
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| id | DE-604.BV022443316 |
| illustrated | Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:33:26Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:57:42Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 0878934650 9780878934652 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015651326 |
| oclc_num | 61881148 |
| open_access_boolean | |
| owner | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-578 |
| owner_facet | DE-19 DE-BY-UBM DE-578 |
| physical | XXVI, 651, [66] S. zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Sinauer |
| record_format | marc |
| spelling | LeVay, Simon 1943- Verfasser (DE-588)113613792 aut Human sexuality Simon LeVay ; Sharon M. Valente 2. ed. Sunderland, Mass. Sinauer 2006 XXVI, 651, [66] S. zahlr. Ill. u. graph. Darst. txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Comportement sexuel rasuqam Développement sexuel rasuqam Sexualité rasuqam Gesellschaft Sex (Psychology) Sex (Biology) Sex Social aspects Sexual disorders Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd rswk-swf Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd rswk-swf Mann (DE-588)4037363-0 gnd rswk-swf Sexualverhalten (DE-588)4116485-4 gnd rswk-swf Sexualethik (DE-588)4054682-2 gnd rswk-swf Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd rswk-swf Sexualverhalten (DE-588)4116485-4 s Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 s Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 s Mann (DE-588)4037363-0 s DE-604 Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 s Sexualethik (DE-588)4054682-2 s 1\p DE-604 Valente, Sharon McBride 1945- Verfasser (DE-588)132362929 aut HBZ Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015651326&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis 1\p cgwrk 20201028 DE-101 https://d-nb.info/provenance/plan#cgwrk |
| spellingShingle | LeVay, Simon 1943- Valente, Sharon McBride 1945- Human sexuality Comportement sexuel rasuqam Développement sexuel rasuqam Sexualité rasuqam Gesellschaft Sex (Psychology) Sex (Biology) Sex Social aspects Sexual disorders Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Mann (DE-588)4037363-0 gnd Sexualverhalten (DE-588)4116485-4 gnd Sexualethik (DE-588)4054682-2 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4054684-6 (DE-588)4018202-2 (DE-588)4037363-0 (DE-588)4116485-4 (DE-588)4054682-2 (DE-588)4038639-9 |
| title | Human sexuality |
| title_auth | Human sexuality |
| title_exact_search | Human sexuality |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Human sexuality |
| title_full | Human sexuality Simon LeVay ; Sharon M. Valente |
| title_fullStr | Human sexuality Simon LeVay ; Sharon M. Valente |
| title_full_unstemmed | Human sexuality Simon LeVay ; Sharon M. Valente |
| title_short | Human sexuality |
| title_sort | human sexuality |
| topic | Comportement sexuel rasuqam Développement sexuel rasuqam Sexualité rasuqam Gesellschaft Sex (Psychology) Sex (Biology) Sex Social aspects Sexual disorders Sexualität (DE-588)4054684-6 gnd Frau (DE-588)4018202-2 gnd Mann (DE-588)4037363-0 gnd Sexualverhalten (DE-588)4116485-4 gnd Sexualethik (DE-588)4054682-2 gnd Mensch (DE-588)4038639-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Comportement sexuel Développement sexuel Sexualité Gesellschaft Sex (Psychology) Sex (Biology) Sex Social aspects Sexual disorders Sexualität Frau Mann Sexualverhalten Sexualethik Mensch |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015651326&sequence=000002&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT levaysimon humansexuality AT valentesharonmcbride humansexuality |