Contract interpretation and gap filling: comparative and theoretical perspectives
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| Sprache: | English |
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Intersentia
[2006]
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| Schriftenreihe: | Ius commune europaeum
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| Beschreibung: | xviii, 485 Seiten |
| ISBN: | 9050955916 9789050955911 |
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| adam_text | TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
PART I: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 3
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING 4
3. PURPOSE AND ISSUE DEFINITION 4
4. METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE 6
4.1. INTRODUCTION 6
4.2. CHOICE OF LEGAL SYSTEMS 6
4.3. THEORETICAL COMPONENT 7
5. EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW: THE HARMONIZATION DEBATE 9
5.1. INTRODUCTION 9
5.2. THE NEED FOR HARMONIZATION 10
5.2.1. INTRODUCTION 10
5.2.2. DIVERSITY DETERS CROSS-BORDER TRADE 11
5.2.3. IMPROVING CONSUMER PROTECTION 16
5.2.4. PROTECTION OF SOCIAL VALUES 17
5.2.5. CREATING A EUROPEAN IDENTITY 18
5.3. THE EUROPEAN AGENDA 19
5.3.1. GENERAL 19
5.3.2. THE COMMON FRAME OF REFERENCE 20
5.3.3. THE OPTIONAL INSTRUMENT 22
5.4. REFLECTION 23
VN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART II: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW 27
CHAPTER 3: INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING IN DUTCH LAW 29
1. INTRODUCTION 29
2. INTERPRETATION 30
2.1. INTRODUCTION 30
2.2. THE HAVILTEX INTERPRETATION STANDARD 30
2.2.1. INTRODUCTION 30
2.2.2. RELATIONSHIP TO THE WILL-RELIANCE THEORY 31
2.2.3. SUBJECTIVE-OBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION 32
2.2.4. CONCLUSION 35
2.3. THE OBJECTIVE CAO STANDARD 35
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 35
2.3.2. INTERPRETATION OF THE CAO 36
2.3.3. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 37
2.3.4. CONCLUSION 39
2.4. RECONCILING RIVAL APPROACHES 39
2.4.1. INTRODUCTION 39
2.4.2. A COMMON FOUNDATIONAL NORM 39
2.4.3. A SMOOTH TRANSITION? 40
2.4.4. REFLECTION 41
2.5. CONCLUSION 43
3. THE SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES OF ARTICLE 6:248(1) BW 43
3.1. INTRODUCTION 43
3.2. LEGISLATION AS A SOURCE OF GAP FILLING SOLUTIONS 44
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION 44
3.2.2. THE SUPPLEMENTING CHARACTER OF LEGISLATION 45
3.2.3. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC DEFAULT PROVISIONS 46
3.2.4. CONCLUSION 47
3.3. CUSTOM 47
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 47
3.3.2. DEFINITION OF CUSTOM 47
3.3.3. CUSTOMARY CONDITIONS 49
3.3.4. CONCLUSION 50
3.4. GOOD FAITH (REDELIJKHEID EN BILLIJKHEID) 51
3.4.1. INTRODUCTION 51
3.4.2. WHAT IS GOOD FAITH (REDELIJKHEID EN BILLIJKHEID)? 51
3.4.2.1. INTRODUCTION 51
3.4.2.2. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION 52
3.4.2.3. BEHAVIOURAL NORM OR LEGAL-ETHICAL PRINCIPLE? 52
3.4.2.4. OBJECTIFICATION 53
3.4.2.5. CONTEXRUALIZATION OF AN OPEN-ENDED NORM 54
3.4.2.6. FUNCTIONS 55
3.4.2.7. AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW 56
3.4.2.8. CONCLUSION 57
VM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.4.3. THE CASE LAW 58
3.4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 58
3.4.3.2. DUTIES TO INFORM 60
3.4.3.2.1. GENERAL 60
3.4.3.2.2. CONTRACTUAL DUTIES TO INFORM 61
3.4.3.2.3. OBJECTIVE TO CONTROL AND ENFORCE PERFORMANCE 61
3.4.3.2.4. KNOWLEDGE 63
3.4.3.2.5. BANK-CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS 65
3.4.3.2.6. CONCLUSION 68
3.4.3.3. RIGHT TO TERMINATE CONTRACT OF UNDEFINED DURATION 69
3.4.3.4. DUTIES TO COMPENSATE 71
3.4.3.5. THE IMPACT OF A LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 74
3.4.3.6. DUTY NOT TO COMPETE 76
3.4.3.7. DUTY TO COOPERATE 78
3.4.3.8. CONCLUSION 78
3.4.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS ON GAP FILLING BASED ON GOOD FAITH 80
3.5. THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 81
3.5.1. INTRODUCTION 81
3.5.2. AN INDEPENDENT SOURCE OF OBLIGATION? 82
3.5.3. DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 83
3.5.4. CONCLUSION 85
3.6. HIERARCHY OF SOURCES 86
4. THE PREVAILING VIEW VS. AN ALTERNATIVE VIEWPOINT 88
4.1. INTRODUCTION 88
4.2. THE PREVAILING VIEW 88
4.3. AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW 89
4.4. REFLECTION ON TWO OPPOSING VIEWS 90
5. CONCLUSION 91
CHAPTER 4: INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING IN GERMAN LAW 95
1. INTRODUCTION 95
2. INTERPRETATION 96
2.1. INTRODUCTION 96
2.2. SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION: § 133 AND § 157 BGB 96
2.3. THE WIRKLICHE WILLE AND § 133 BGB 97
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 97
2.3.2. ACTUAL INTENTION 98
2.3.3. COMMON UNDERSTANDING 98
2.3.4. CONCLUSION 100
2.4. OBJECTIVE-NORMATIVE INTERPRETATION 100
2.4.1. INTRODUCTION 100
2.4.2. THE NATURE OF NORMATIVE INTERPRETATION 101
2.4.3. RELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES 103
2.5. CONCLUSION 107
3. SUPPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTRACT 107
3.1. INTRODUCTION 107
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2. LEGISLATIVE DEFAULT PROVISIONS 108
3.2.1. GENERAL 108
3.2.2. PRIMACY OF LEGISLATIVE DEFAULTS 108
3.2.3. CONCLUSION 110
3.3. THE SUPPLEMENTING ROLE OF § 242 BGB ILL
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION ILL
3.3.2. THE NATURE OF § 242 AND GOOD FAITH (TREU UND GLAUBEN) ILL
3.3.2.1. INTRODUCTION ILL
3.3.2.2. TREUE AND GLAUBEN - CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION ILL
3.3.2.3. OPEN-ENDED NORM 113
3.3.2.4. A LEGAL-ETHICAL PRINCIPLE 114
3.3.2.5. THE ROLE OF COMMON PRACTICES (VERKEHRSSITTE) 114
3.3.2.6. THE FUNCTIONS AND FALLGRUPPEN OF GOOD FAITH (TREU UND GLAUBEN)
115
3.3.2.7. CONCLUSION 118
3.3.3. ANCILLARY DUTIES 118
3.3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 118
3.3.3.2. CONCRETIZATION OF THE MAIN OBLIGATIONS
(HAUPTLEISTUNGSKONKRETISIERUNG) 119
3.3.3.3. DUTIES OF LOYALTY (LEISTUNGSTREUEPFLICHTEN) 120
3.3.3.4. DUTIES TO INFORM (AUFKLARUNGS- UND AUSKUNFTSPFLICHTEN) 124
3.3.3.5. DUTIES TO COOPERATE (MITWIRKUNGSPFLICHTEN) 126
3.3.3.6. DUTIES OF CARE (SCHUTZPFLICHTEN) 128
3.3.4. CONCLUSION 130
4. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION: ERGCINZENDE VERTRAGSAUSLEGUNG 131
4.1. INTRODUCTION 131
4.2. THE GAP CONCEPT 132
4.2.1. INTRODUCTION 132
4.2.2. ISSUES OF DEFINITION 132
4.2.3. DELIBERATE AND INADVERTENT GAPS 133
4.2.4. INITIAL AND SUBSEQUENT GAPS 135
4.2.5. CONCLUSION 136
4.3. STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 137
4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 137
4.3.2. THE PARTIES HYPOTHETICAL INTENTION 137
4.3.3. CONSTRUCTING THE PARTIES HYPOTHETICAL INTENTION 138
4.3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 138
4.3.3.2. INDIVIDUAL-SUBJECTIVE FACTORS 139
4.3.3.3. NORMATIVE-OBJECTIVE FACTORS 140
4.3.3.4. THE TIME FACTOR 141
4.3.4. INDIVIDUALIZED VS. STANDARDIZED SOLUTIONS 142
4.4. LIMITS TO CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 143
4.5. THE NATURE, FUNCTION AND FOUNDATION OF CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION
146
4.5.1. INTRODUCTION 146
4.5.2. LEGAL FOUNDATION 146
4.5.3. IS CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION A FORM OF INTERPRETATION? 149
4.5.4. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION AND FILLING GAPS IN DEFAULT LAW 151
4.5.5. HIERARCHY BETWEEN DEFAULT LAW AND CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 152
4.6. CONCLUSION 154
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5. CONCLUSION 154
CHAPTER 5: INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING IN ENGLISH LAW 157
1. INTRODUCTION 157
2. INTERPRETATION 157
2.1. INTRODUCTION 157
2.2. OBJECTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION? 158
2.2.1. GENERAL 158
2.2.2. JUSTIFICATION OF THE OBJECTIVE APPROACH 160
2.2.3. CRITICISM OF THE OBJECTIVE APPROACH 161
2.2.4. CONCLUSION 162
2.3. ASCERTAINING THE OBJECTIVE MEANING 163
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 163
2.3.2. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH 163
2.3.3. MODERN DEVELOPMENTS 164
2.3.3.1. GENERAL 164
2.3.3.2. THE OBJECTIVE NATURE OF INTERPRETATION 166
2.3.3.3. THE RELEVANT BACKGROUND 166
2.3.3.3.1. GENERAL 166
2.3.3.3.2. ABSOLUTELY ANYTHING? 167
2.3.3.3.3. MUTUAL CONTEXT 168
2.3.3.3.4. THE CONTRACTUAL DOCUMENT 169
2.3.3.3.5. SURROUNDING CIRCUMSTANCES 169
2.3.3.3.6. AIM AND PURPOSE OF THE TRANSACTION 170
2.3.3.4. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULES 171
2.3.3.4.1. INTRODUCTION 171
2.3.3.4.2. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULES IN THE COURTS 171
2.3.3.4.3. CRITICISM OF THE EXCLUSIONARY RULES 174
2.3.3.4.4. AN EXCEPTIONAL CASE 175
2.3.3.4.5. CONCLUSION 176
2.3.3.5. THE CONTEXTUAL MEANING 176
2.3.3.6. THE NATURAL AND ORDINARY MEANING - A COMMON SENSE APPROACH 177
2.4. CONCLUSION 179
3. IMPLIED TERMS 180
3.1. INTRODUCTION 180
3.2. TERMS IMPLIED IN FACT 181
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION 181
3.2.2. PRESUMPTION AGAINST IMPLICATION 181
3.2.3. PARTIES PRESUMED INTENTION AS THE BASIS FOR IMPLICATION 183
3.2.3.1. THE ROLE OF INTENTION 183
3.2.3.2. REFLECTION 185
3.2.4. TESTS FOR THE IMPLICATION OF TERMS IN FACT 185
3.2.4.1. INTRODUCTION 185
3.2.4.2. BUSINESS EFFICACY TEST 186
3.2.4.2.1. INTRODUCTION 186
3.2.4.2.2. WHAT DOES IT MEAN? 186
3.2.4.2.3. APPLICATION 188
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2.4.2.4. REFLECTION 189
3.2.4.3. OFFICIOUS BYSTANDER TEST 190
3.2.4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 190
3.2.4.3.2. THE SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE OFFICIOUS BYSTANDER? 191
3.2.4.3.3. OBVIOUSNESS 193
3.2.4.3.4. APPLICATION 195
3.2.4.3.5. REFLECTION 195
3.2.4.4. OTHER FACTORS 199
3.2.4.4.1. INTRODUCTION 199
3.2.4.4.2. REASONABLENESS AND EQUITY 199
3.2.4.4.3. CAPABLE OF CLEAR EXPRESSION 201
3.2.4.4.4. COMPATIBILITY WITH EXPRESS TERMS 203
3.2.4.5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TESTS 204
3.2.5. IMPLICATION IN FACT AS CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 206
3.2.6. OVERLAP WITH TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW 209
3.2.7. CONCLUSION 210
3.3. TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW 211
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 211
3.3.2. IMPLIED TERMS OR DEFAULT RULES? 211
3.3.3. PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW 213
3.3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 213
3.3.3.2. DEVELOPMENT OF TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW 213
3.3.3.3. NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 214
3.3.3.4. REASONABLENESS OR NECESSITY? 217
3.3.3.5. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 218
3.3.3.6. CONCLUSION 222
3.3.4. STATUTE AS A SOURCE OF TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW 223
3.3.4.1. GENERAL 223
3.3.4.2. SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979 224
3.3.4.3. OTHER STATUTES 225
3.3.4.4. CONCLUSION 226
3.4. TERMS IMPLIED BY CUSTOM 226
3.4.1. GENERAL 226
3.4.2. CONDITIONS 227
3.4.3. EXAMPLES 229
3.4.4. CONTINUED RELEVANCE? 229
4. CONCLUSION 229
CHAPTER 6: COMPARATIVE REVIEW 231
1. INTRODUCTION 231
2. ORDINARY INTERPRETATION 233
2.1. INTRODUCTION: TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL APPROACHES 233
2.2. SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION 235
2.2.1. GENERAL 235
2.2.2. ASCERTAINING THE COMMON UNDERSTANDING 236
2.2.3. CONTRAST 238
2.3. OBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION 238
XH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.3.1. GENERAL 238
2.3.2. THE REASONABLE PERSON 239
2.3.3. THE REASONABLE PARTIES 240
2.3.4. NORMATIVE INTERPRETATION 241
2.3.5. LITERAL OR TEXTUAL MEANING 242
2.3.6. CONCLUSION 243
2.4. TEXTUAL VS. CONTEXTUAL INTERPRETATION 244
2.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 246
3. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 247
3.1. INTRODUCTION 247
3.2. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION RECOGNIZED? 247
3.3. PRESUMED OR HYPOTHETICAL INTENTION 250
3.4. THRESHOLDS 251
3.5. CONSTRUCTING THE PARTIES HYPOTHETICAL INTENTION 252
3.6. CONCLUSION 254
4. SUPPLEMENTATION 255
4.1. INTRODUCTION 255
4.2. LEGISLATIVE DEFAULT PROVISIONS 255
4.3. CUSTOM AND TRADE USAGES 256
4.4. SUPPLEMENTATION BY THE COURTS 259
4.4.1. INTRODUCTION 259
4.4.2. THE SUPPLEMENTING FUNCTION OF GOOD FAITH 260
4.4.3. TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW - STANDARDIZED TERMS 263
4.4.4. COMPARATIVE OBSERVATION 264
4.5. CONCLUSION 265
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 266
PART III: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 7: PREVIEW 271
CHAPTER 8: AUTONOMY AND GAP FILLING 273
1. INTRODUCTION 273
2. AUTONOMY-BASED THEORIES OF CONTRACT 274
2.1. INTRODUCTION 274
2.2. AUTONOMY-BASED THEORIES OF CONTRACT 274
2.3. BARNETT S CONSENT THEORY OF CONTRACT 276
3. JUSTIFICATION OF GAP FILLING 277
3.1. INTRODUCTION 277
3.2. AUTONOMY-BASED THEORIES IN GENERAL 277
3.3. CONSENT THEORY JUSTIFICATION OF GAP FILLING 278
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 278
3.3.2. CONSENT TO JURISDICTION 279
3.3.3. CONSENT TO ENFORCEMENT OF DEFAULT RULES 279
3.4. CONCLUSION 282
XM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4. GUIDELINES FOR GAP FILLING 282
4.1. INTRODUCTION 282
4.2. AUTONOMY-BASED THEORIES IN GENERAL 283
4.3. BARNETT S CONVENTIONALIST DEFAULTS 284
4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 284
4.3.2. THE ROLE OF TACIT ASSUMPTIONS 285
4.3.3. SUBJECTIVE DISAGREEMENT 285
4.3.4. WHAT ARE CONVENTIONALIST DEFAULTS? 286
4.4. CONCLUSION 287
5. CONCLUSION 287
CHAPTER 9: A LAW AND ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE ON GAP FILLING 289
1. INTRODUCTION 289
2. FULLY CONTINGENT CONTRACT AND TRANSACTION COSTS 290
3. THE HYPOTHETICAL BARGAIN 293
3.1. INTRODUCTION 293
3.2. HYPOTHETICAL BARGAINS AND TRANSACTION COSTS 294
3.3. CONSTRUCTING THE HYPOTHETICAL BARGAIN 295
3.4. THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF GAP FILLING TERMS 296
3.4.1. INTRODUCTION 296
3.4.2. INDIVIDUALIZED AND MAJORITARIAN HYPOTHETICAL BARGAINS 296
3.4.3. RULES VS. STANDARDS 298
3.4.4. INDIVIDUALIZATION VS. STANDARDIZATION OF GAP FILLING SOLUTIONS
300
3.5. STATUS QUO BIAS 302
3.6. CONCLUSION 303
4. A FORMALIST APPROACH 303
4.1. INTRODUCTION 303
4.2. DEFAULT RULES AND STANDARDS 304
4.2.1. INTRODUCTION 304
4.2.2. DEFAULT RULES 304
4.2.3. DEFAULT STANDARDS 306
4.2.4. CONCLUSION 308
4.3. INFORMATION ASYMMETRY AND INCOMPLETE CONTRACTS 308
4.4. NEW FORMALISM AND EXTRALEGAL SANCTIONS 311
4.5. CONCLUSION 313
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS: SOME CONCERNS ABOUT THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF THE ECONOMIC APPROACH 314
CHAPTER 10: FAIRNESS AND GAP FILLING 319
1. INTRODUCTION 319
2. FAIRNESS IN EXCHANGE 320
2.1. INTRODUCTION 320
2.2. ARISTOTLE S THEORY OF JUSTICE 320
2.2.1. DISTRIBUTIVE AND CORRECTIVE JUSTICE 320
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.2.2. DISTRIBUTIVE OR CORRECTIVE JUSTICE IN CONTRACT LAW? 321
2.2.3. DISTRIBUTIVE AND CORRECTIVE JUSTICE AND GAP FILLING 323
2.3. FAIRNESS IN EXCHANGE AND GAP FILLING 323
2.4. MEASURING FAIR EXCHANGE 324
2.5. CONCLUSION 326
3. FAIRNESS - AN INDETERMINATE CONCEPT? 327
3.1. INTRODUCTION 327
3.2. FAIRNESS AND OPEN-ENDED NORMS 327
3.3. A PROCESS OF CONTEXTUALIZATION 328
3.4. FAIRNESS AND GAP FILLING 330
4. CONCLUSION 330
CHAPTER 11: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CONTEXT 333
1. INTRODUCTION 333
2. WHY CONTEXTUALIZE THE CONTENT OF THE CONTRACT? 334
2.1. INTRODUCTION 334
2.2. EMPIRICAL STUDIES INTO CONTRACT PRACTICE 334
2.2.1. INTRODUCTION 334
2.2.2. THE USE AND NON-USE OF CONTRACTS 335
2.2.3. THE ROLE OF NON-LEGAL SANCTIONS 336
2.2.4. CONCLUSION 338
2.3. RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF CONTRACT 338
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 338
2.3.2. THE CONTEXTUAL SETTING OF THE CONTRACT 338
2.3.3. A RELATIONAL CONCEPTION OF CONTRACT 340
2.4. CONCLUSION 341
3. COMMERCIAL NORMS AND PRACTICES IN THE UCC 343
3.1. INTRODUCTION 343
3.2. LLEWELLYN S INCORPORATION STRATEGY 343
3.3. COMMERCIAL NORMS AND PRACTICES IN ARTICLE 2 OF THE UCC 344
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 344
3.3.2. SOURCES OF IMMANENT COMMERCIAL NORMS 344
3.3.3. THE INCORPORATION OF COMMERCIAL NORMS 347
3.3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 347
3.3.3.2. DEFINING THE AGREEMENT 347
3.3.3.3. INTERPRETATION AND SUPPLEMENTATION 348
3.3.3.4. HIERARCHY 349
3.3.3.5. OPEN-ENDED STANDARDS 350
3.4. CONCLUSION 351
4. DISCUSSION SURROUNDING THE INCORPORATION STRATEGY 351
4.1. INTRODUCTION 351
4.2. VERIFYING THE EXISTENCE OF TRADE USAGES 351
4.2.1. DO TRADE USAGES EXIST? 351
4.2.2. FINE-TUNING THE VERIFICATION OF TRADE USAGES 354
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.3. THE INCORPORATION OF EXTRALEGAL NORMS 357
4.3.1. LEGAL VS. EXTRALEGAL NORMS 357
4.3.2. REBUTTING THE CRITIQUE 358
4.4. ENCRUSTATION AND STANDARDIZATION 360
4.4.1. THE ENCRUSTATION CRITIQUE 360
4.4.2. THE NEED TO COMBAT ENCRUSTATION 360
4.5. CONCLUSION 362
5. CONCLUSION 362
CHAPTER 12: REVIEW 365
1. INTRODUCTION 365
2. THE INEVITABILITY OF GAPS AND THE NECESSITY OF GAP FILLING 365
2.1. INTRODUCTION 365
2.2. EFFICIENCY ARGUMENTS 366
2.3. THE CONTEXTUAL DIMENSION 367
2.4. CONSENT TO JURISDICTION AND RELIANCE 368
2.5. CONCLUSION 369
3. THREE GAP FILLING STRATEGIES 370
3.1. INTRODUCTION 370
3.2. A FORMALIST STRATEGY 370
3.3. NORMATIVE STRATEGIES 372
3.4. THE CONTEXTUAL APPROACH 372
3.5. REFLECTION 373
4. CONCLUSION 375
PART IV: A LAYERED INTERPRETATIVE AND GAP FILLING STRATEGY
CHAPTER 13: A LAYERED INTERPRETATIVE AND GAP FILLING STRATEGY 379
1. INTRODUCTION 379
2. THE NATURE OF THE PARTIES AND THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 381
2.1. INTRODUCTION 381
2.2. THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES 381
2.2.1. INTRODUCTION 381
2.2.2. COMMERCIAL PARTIES 382
2.2.3. PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS 384
2.2.4. CONCLUSION 385
2.3. THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 386
2.4. CONCLUSION 387
3. A LAYERED INTERPRETATIVE AND GAP FILLING STRATEGY 387
3.1. INTRODUCTION 387
3.2. GAP FILLING BY THE CONTRACTING PARTIES 388
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION 388
3.2.2. NEGOTIATION 388
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2.3. PRIVATE REGULATION WITHIN CONTRACTING COMMUNITIES 389
3.2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 389
3.2.3.2. THE NATURE OF THE PRIVATE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 390
3.2.3.3. ADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE REGULATION 392
3.2.3.4. SOME CONCERNS 394
3.2.3.5. CONCLUSION 395
3.2.4. PRIVATE REGULATION AND ATYPICAL TRANSACTIONS 395
3.2.5. PRIVATE REGULATION IN CONTRACTS INVOLVING PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS 396
3.2.6. PRIVATE REGULATION AND EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 397
3.2.7. CONCLUSION 400
3.3. LEGISLATIVE GAP FILLING 400
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 400
3.3.2. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS FOR STANDARD CONTRACT TYPES 401
3.3.3. A GENERAL CONTRACTING FRAMEWORK FOR ATYPICAL CONTRACTS 405
3.3.4. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 406
3.3.5. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS AND EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 408
3.3.6. CONCLUSION 409
3.4. INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING BY THE COURTS 409
3.4.1. INTRODUCTION 409
3.4.2. TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL INTERPRETATION REVISITED 410
3.4.2.1. GENERAL 410
3.4.2.2. PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS 411
3.4.2.3. MIXED TRANSACTIONS 412
3.4.2.4. COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 413
3.4.2.5. INTERPRETATION IN EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 414
3.4.3. GAP FILLING 415
3.4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 415
3.4.3.2. THRESHOLD CONDITIONS FOR GAP FILLING 415
3.4.3.3. CONSTRUCTING THE HYPOTHETICAL BARGAIN 417
3.4.3.4. GAP FILLING IN CONTRACTS BETWEEN PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS 422
3.4.3.5. GAP FILLING IN MIXED TRANSACTIONS 422
3.4.3.6. GAP FILLING IN A CONTRACTING COMMUNITY 423
3.4.3.7. GAP FILLING IN OTHER COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 425
3.4.3.8. GAP FILLING IN EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 427
3.5. CONCLUSION 427
4. EVALUATION 428
4.1. INTRODUCTION 428
4.2. LEGAL CERTAINTY AND FLEXIBILITY 428
4.3. TRANSACTION COSTS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS 430
4.4. REDUCTION OF JUDICIAL ERROR 432
4.5. THE LEGAL AND EXTRALEGAL DIMENSIONS 433
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 434
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SAMENVATTING: UITLEG EN AANVULLING VAN DE OVEREENKOMST:
RECHTSVERGELIJKENDE
EN THEORETISCHE PERSPECTIEVEN 437
1. INLEIDING: PROBLEEMSTELLING, METHODOLOGIE EN PLAN VAN AANPAK 437
2. DEEL II - RECHTSVERGELIJKEND PERSPECTIEF 437
3. DEEL HI - THEORETISCHE PERSPECTIEVEN 440
4. DEEL IV - EEN STRATEGIE VOOR EEN GELAAGDE UITLEG EN AANVULLING 441
BIBLIOGRAPHY 443
INDEX 477
CURRICULUM VITAE 483
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS V
PART I: INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 3
1. INTRODUCTION 3
2. INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING 4
3. PURPOSE AND ISSUE DEFINITION 4
4. METHODOLOGY AND STRUCTURE 6
4.1. INTRODUCTION 6
4.2. CHOICE OF LEGAL SYSTEMS 6
4.3. THEORETICAL COMPONENT 7
5. EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW: THE HARMONIZATION DEBATE 9
5.1. INTRODUCTION 9
5.2. THE NEED FOR HARMONIZATION 10
5.2.1. INTRODUCTION 10
5.2.2. DIVERSITY DETERS CROSS-BORDER TRADE 11
5.2.3. IMPROVING CONSUMER PROTECTION 16
5.2.4. PROTECTION OF SOCIAL VALUES 17
5.2.5. CREATING A 'EUROPEAN' IDENTITY 18
5.3. THE EUROPEAN AGENDA 19
5.3.1. GENERAL 19
5.3.2. THE COMMON FRAME OF REFERENCE 20
5.3.3. THE OPTIONAL INSTRUMENT 22
5.4. REFLECTION 23
VN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PART II: COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
CHAPTER 2: PREVIEW 27
CHAPTER 3: INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING IN DUTCH LAW 29
1. INTRODUCTION 29
2. INTERPRETATION 30
2.1. INTRODUCTION 30
2.2. THE HAVILTEX INTERPRETATION STANDARD 30
2.2.1. INTRODUCTION 30
2.2.2. RELATIONSHIP TO THE WILL-RELIANCE THEORY 31
2.2.3. SUBJECTIVE-OBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION 32
2.2.4. CONCLUSION 35
2.3. THE OBJECTIVE CAO STANDARD 35
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 35
2.3.2. INTERPRETATION OF THE CAO 36
2.3.3. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 37
2.3.4. CONCLUSION 39
2.4. RECONCILING RIVAL APPROACHES 39
2.4.1. INTRODUCTION 39
2.4.2. A COMMON FOUNDATIONAL NORM 39
2.4.3. A SMOOTH TRANSITION? 40
2.4.4. REFLECTION 41
2.5. CONCLUSION 43
3. THE SUPPLEMENTARY SOURCES OF ARTICLE 6:248(1) BW 43
3.1. INTRODUCTION 43
3.2. LEGISLATION AS A SOURCE OF GAP FILLING SOLUTIONS 44
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION 44
3.2.2. THE SUPPLEMENTING CHARACTER OF LEGISLATION 45
3.2.3. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC DEFAULT PROVISIONS 46
3.2.4. CONCLUSION 47
3.3. CUSTOM 47
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 47
3.3.2. DEFINITION OF CUSTOM 47
3.3.3. CUSTOMARY CONDITIONS 49
3.3.4. CONCLUSION 50
3.4. GOOD FAITH (REDELIJKHEID EN BILLIJKHEID) 51
3.4.1. INTRODUCTION 51
3.4.2. WHAT IS GOOD FAITH (REDELIJKHEID EN BILLIJKHEID)? 51
3.4.2.1. INTRODUCTION 51
3.4.2.2. CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION 52
3.4.2.3. BEHAVIOURAL NORM OR LEGAL-ETHICAL PRINCIPLE? 52
3.4.2.4. OBJECTIFICATION 53
3.4.2.5. CONTEXRUALIZATION OF AN OPEN-ENDED NORM 54
3.4.2.6. FUNCTIONS 55
3.4.2.7. AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW 56
3.4.2.8. CONCLUSION 57
VM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.4.3. THE CASE LAW 58
3.4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 58
3.4.3.2. DUTIES TO INFORM 60
3.4.3.2.1. GENERAL 60
3.4.3.2.2. CONTRACTUAL DUTIES TO INFORM 61
3.4.3.2.3. OBJECTIVE TO CONTROL AND ENFORCE PERFORMANCE 61
3.4.3.2.4. KNOWLEDGE 63
3.4.3.2.5. BANK-CLIENT RELATIONSHIPS 65
3.4.3.2.6. CONCLUSION 68
3.4.3.3. RIGHT TO TERMINATE CONTRACT OF UNDEFINED DURATION 69
3.4.3.4. DUTIES TO COMPENSATE 71
3.4.3.5. THE IMPACT OF A LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK 74
3.4.3.6. DUTY NOT TO COMPETE 76
3.4.3.7. DUTY TO COOPERATE 78
3.4.3.8. CONCLUSION 78
3.4.4. CONCLUDING REMARKS ON GAP FILLING BASED ON GOOD FAITH 80
3.5. THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 81
3.5.1. INTRODUCTION 81
3.5.2. AN INDEPENDENT SOURCE OF OBLIGATION? 82
3.5.3. DETERMINING THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 83
3.5.4. CONCLUSION 85
3.6. HIERARCHY OF SOURCES 86
4. THE PREVAILING VIEW VS. AN ALTERNATIVE VIEWPOINT 88
4.1. INTRODUCTION 88
4.2. THE PREVAILING VIEW 88
4.3. AN ALTERNATIVE VIEW 89
4.4. REFLECTION ON TWO OPPOSING VIEWS 90
5. CONCLUSION 91
CHAPTER 4: INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING IN GERMAN LAW 95
1. INTRODUCTION 95
2. INTERPRETATION 96
2.1. INTRODUCTION 96
2.2. SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION: § 133 AND § 157 BGB 96
2.3. THE 'WIRKLICHE WILLE' AND § 133 BGB 97
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 97
2.3.2. 'ACTUAL INTENTION' 98
2.3.3. COMMON UNDERSTANDING 98
2.3.4. CONCLUSION 100
2.4. OBJECTIVE-NORMATIVE INTERPRETATION 100
2.4.1. INTRODUCTION 100
2.4.2. THE NATURE OF NORMATIVE INTERPRETATION 101
2.4.3. RELEVANT CIRCUMSTANCES 103
2.5. CONCLUSION 107
3. SUPPLEMENTATION OF THE CONTRACT 107
3.1. INTRODUCTION 107
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2. LEGISLATIVE DEFAULT PROVISIONS 108
3.2.1. GENERAL 108
3.2.2. PRIMACY OF LEGISLATIVE DEFAULTS 108
3.2.3. CONCLUSION 110
3.3. THE SUPPLEMENTING ROLE OF § 242 BGB ILL
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION ILL
3.3.2. THE NATURE OF § 242 AND GOOD FAITH (TREU UND GLAUBEN) ILL
3.3.2.1. INTRODUCTION ILL
3.3.2.2. 'TREUE' AND 'GLAUBEN' - CONCEPTUAL DEFINITION ILL
3.3.2.3. OPEN-ENDED NORM 113
3.3.2.4. A LEGAL-ETHICAL PRINCIPLE 114
3.3.2.5. THE ROLE OF COMMON PRACTICES (VERKEHRSSITTE) 114
3.3.2.6. THE FUNCTIONS AND FALLGRUPPEN OF GOOD FAITH (TREU UND GLAUBEN)
115
3.3.2.7. CONCLUSION 118
3.3.3. ANCILLARY DUTIES 118
3.3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 118
3.3.3.2. CONCRETIZATION OF THE MAIN OBLIGATIONS
(HAUPTLEISTUNGSKONKRETISIERUNG) 119
3.3.3.3. DUTIES OF LOYALTY (LEISTUNGSTREUEPFLICHTEN) 120
3.3.3.4. DUTIES TO INFORM (AUFKLARUNGS- UND AUSKUNFTSPFLICHTEN) 124
3.3.3.5. DUTIES TO COOPERATE (MITWIRKUNGSPFLICHTEN) 126
3.3.3.6. DUTIES OF CARE (SCHUTZPFLICHTEN) 128
3.3.4. CONCLUSION 130
4. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION: ERGCINZENDE VERTRAGSAUSLEGUNG 131
4.1. INTRODUCTION 131
4.2. THE GAP CONCEPT 132
4.2.1. INTRODUCTION 132
4.2.2. ISSUES OF DEFINITION 132
4.2.3. DELIBERATE AND INADVERTENT GAPS 133
4.2.4. INITIAL AND SUBSEQUENT GAPS 135
4.2.5. CONCLUSION 136
4.3. STANDARDS OF CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 137
4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 137
4.3.2. THE PARTIES' HYPOTHETICAL INTENTION 137
4.3.3. CONSTRUCTING THE PARTIES' HYPOTHETICAL INTENTION 138
4.3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 138
4.3.3.2. INDIVIDUAL-SUBJECTIVE FACTORS 139
4.3.3.3. NORMATIVE-OBJECTIVE FACTORS 140
4.3.3.4. THE TIME FACTOR 141
4.3.4. INDIVIDUALIZED VS. STANDARDIZED SOLUTIONS 142
4.4. LIMITS TO CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 143
4.5. THE NATURE, FUNCTION AND FOUNDATION OF CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION
146
4.5.1. INTRODUCTION 146
4.5.2. LEGAL FOUNDATION 146
4.5.3. IS CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION A FORM OF INTERPRETATION? 149
4.5.4. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION AND FILLING GAPS IN DEFAULT LAW 151
4.5.5. HIERARCHY BETWEEN DEFAULT LAW AND CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 152
4.6. CONCLUSION 154
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5. CONCLUSION 154
CHAPTER 5: INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING IN ENGLISH LAW 157
1. INTRODUCTION 157
2. INTERPRETATION 157
2.1. INTRODUCTION 157
2.2. OBJECTIVE OR SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION? 158
2.2.1. GENERAL 158
2.2.2. JUSTIFICATION OF THE OBJECTIVE APPROACH 160
2.2.3. CRITICISM OF THE OBJECTIVE APPROACH 161
2.2.4. CONCLUSION 162
2.3. ASCERTAINING THE OBJECTIVE MEANING 163
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 163
2.3.2. THE TRADITIONAL APPROACH 163
2.3.3. MODERN DEVELOPMENTS 164
2.3.3.1. GENERAL 164
2.3.3.2. THE OBJECTIVE NATURE OF INTERPRETATION 166
2.3.3.3. THE RELEVANT BACKGROUND 166
2.3.3.3.1. GENERAL 166
2.3.3.3.2. ABSOLUTELY ANYTHING? 167
2.3.3.3.3. MUTUAL CONTEXT 168
2.3.3.3.4. THE CONTRACTUAL DOCUMENT 169
2.3.3.3.5. SURROUNDING CIRCUMSTANCES 169
2.3.3.3.6. AIM AND PURPOSE OF THE TRANSACTION 170
2.3.3.4. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULES 171
2.3.3.4.1. INTRODUCTION 171
2.3.3.4.2. THE EXCLUSIONARY RULES IN THE COURTS 171
2.3.3.4.3. CRITICISM OF THE EXCLUSIONARY RULES 174
2.3.3.4.4. AN EXCEPTIONAL CASE 175
2.3.3.4.5. CONCLUSION 176
2.3.3.5. THE CONTEXTUAL MEANING 176
2.3.3.6. THE NATURAL AND ORDINARY MEANING - A COMMON SENSE APPROACH 177
2.4. CONCLUSION 179
3. IMPLIED TERMS 180
3.1. INTRODUCTION 180
3.2. TERMS IMPLIED IN FACT 181
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION 181
3.2.2. PRESUMPTION AGAINST IMPLICATION 181
3.2.3. PARTIES' PRESUMED INTENTION AS THE BASIS FOR IMPLICATION 183
3.2.3.1. THE ROLE OF INTENTION 183
3.2.3.2. REFLECTION 185
3.2.4. TESTS FOR THE IMPLICATION OF TERMS IN FACT 185
3.2.4.1. INTRODUCTION 185
3.2.4.2. BUSINESS EFFICACY TEST 186
3.2.4.2.1. INTRODUCTION 186
3.2.4.2.2. WHAT DOES IT MEAN? 186
3.2.4.2.3. APPLICATION 188
XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2.4.2.4. REFLECTION 189
3.2.4.3. OFFICIOUS BYSTANDER TEST 190
3.2.4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 190
3.2.4.3.2. THE SUBJECTIVE OR OBJECTIVE OFFICIOUS BYSTANDER? 191
3.2.4.3.3. OBVIOUSNESS 193
3.2.4.3.4. APPLICATION 195
3.2.4.3.5. REFLECTION 195
3.2.4.4. OTHER FACTORS 199
3.2.4.4.1. INTRODUCTION 199
3.2.4.4.2. REASONABLENESS AND EQUITY 199
3.2.4.4.3. CAPABLE OF CLEAR EXPRESSION 201
3.2.4.4.4. COMPATIBILITY WITH EXPRESS TERMS 203
3.2.4.5. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TESTS 204
3.2.5. IMPLICATION IN FACT AS CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 206
3.2.6. OVERLAP WITH 'TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW' 209
3.2.7. CONCLUSION 210
3.3. TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW 211
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 211
3.3.2. IMPLIED TERMS OR DEFAULT RULES? 211
3.3.3. PRECEDENT AS A SOURCE TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW 213
3.3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 213
3.3.3.2. DEVELOPMENT OF TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW 213
3.3.3.3. NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 214
3.3.3.4. REASONABLENESS OR NECESSITY? 217
3.3.3.5. POLICY CONSIDERATIONS 218
3.3.3.6. CONCLUSION 222
3.3.4. STATUTE AS A SOURCE OF TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW 223
3.3.4.1. GENERAL 223
3.3.4.2. SALE OF GOODS ACT 1979 224
3.3.4.3. OTHER STATUTES 225
3.3.4.4. CONCLUSION 226
3.4. TERMS IMPLIED BY CUSTOM 226
3.4.1. GENERAL 226
3.4.2. CONDITIONS 227
3.4.3. EXAMPLES 229
3.4.4. CONTINUED RELEVANCE? 229
4. CONCLUSION 229
CHAPTER 6: COMPARATIVE REVIEW 231
1. INTRODUCTION 231
2. ORDINARY INTERPRETATION 233
2.1. INTRODUCTION: TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL APPROACHES 233
2.2. SUBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION 235
2.2.1. GENERAL 235
2.2.2. ASCERTAINING THE COMMON UNDERSTANDING 236
2.2.3. CONTRAST 238
2.3. OBJECTIVE INTERPRETATION 238
XH
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.3.1. GENERAL 238
2.3.2. THE REASONABLE PERSON 239
2.3.3. THE REASONABLE PARTIES 240
2.3.4. NORMATIVE INTERPRETATION 241
2.3.5. LITERAL OR TEXTUAL MEANING 242
2.3.6. CONCLUSION 243
2.4. TEXTUAL VS. CONTEXTUAL INTERPRETATION 244
2.5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 246
3. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION 247
3.1. INTRODUCTION 247
3.2. CONSTRUCTIVE INTERPRETATION RECOGNIZED? 247
3.3. PRESUMED OR HYPOTHETICAL INTENTION 250
3.4. THRESHOLDS 251
3.5. CONSTRUCTING THE PARTIES' HYPOTHETICAL INTENTION 252
3.6. CONCLUSION 254
4. SUPPLEMENTATION 255
4.1. INTRODUCTION 255
4.2. LEGISLATIVE DEFAULT PROVISIONS 255
4.3. CUSTOM AND TRADE USAGES 256
4.4. SUPPLEMENTATION BY THE COURTS 259
4.4.1. INTRODUCTION 259
4.4.2. THE SUPPLEMENTING FUNCTION OF GOOD FAITH 260
4.4.3. TERMS IMPLIED IN LAW - STANDARDIZED TERMS 263
4.4.4. COMPARATIVE OBSERVATION 264
4.5. CONCLUSION 265
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 266
PART III: THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVES
CHAPTER 7: PREVIEW 271
CHAPTER 8: AUTONOMY AND GAP FILLING 273
1. INTRODUCTION 273
2. AUTONOMY-BASED THEORIES OF CONTRACT 274
2.1. INTRODUCTION 274
2.2. AUTONOMY-BASED THEORIES OF CONTRACT 274
2.3. BARNETT'S CONSENT THEORY OF CONTRACT 276
3. JUSTIFICATION OF GAP FILLING 277
3.1. INTRODUCTION 277
3.2. AUTONOMY-BASED THEORIES IN GENERAL 277
3.3. CONSENT THEORY JUSTIFICATION OF GAP FILLING 278
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 278
3.3.2. CONSENT TO JURISDICTION 279
3.3.3. CONSENT TO ENFORCEMENT OF DEFAULT RULES 279
3.4. CONCLUSION 282
XM
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4. GUIDELINES FOR GAP FILLING 282
4.1. INTRODUCTION 282
4.2. AUTONOMY-BASED THEORIES IN GENERAL 283
4.3. BARNETT'S CONVENTIONALIST DEFAULTS 284
4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 284
4.3.2. THE ROLE OF TACIT ASSUMPTIONS 285
4.3.3. SUBJECTIVE DISAGREEMENT 285
4.3.4. WHAT ARE CONVENTIONALIST DEFAULTS? 286
4.4. CONCLUSION 287
5. CONCLUSION 287
CHAPTER 9: A LAW AND ECONOMICS PERSPECTIVE ON GAP FILLING 289
1. INTRODUCTION 289
2. FULLY CONTINGENT CONTRACT AND TRANSACTION COSTS 290
3. THE HYPOTHETICAL BARGAIN 293
3.1. INTRODUCTION 293
3.2. HYPOTHETICAL BARGAINS AND TRANSACTION COSTS 294
3.3. CONSTRUCTING THE HYPOTHETICAL BARGAIN 295
3.4. THE OPTIMAL DESIGN OF GAP FILLING TERMS 296
3.4.1. INTRODUCTION 296
3.4.2. INDIVIDUALIZED AND MAJORITARIAN HYPOTHETICAL BARGAINS 296
3.4.3. RULES VS. STANDARDS 298
3.4.4. INDIVIDUALIZATION VS. STANDARDIZATION OF GAP FILLING SOLUTIONS
300
3.5. STATUS QUO BIAS 302
3.6. CONCLUSION 303
4. A FORMALIST APPROACH 303
4.1. INTRODUCTION 303
4.2. DEFAULT RULES AND STANDARDS 304
4.2.1. INTRODUCTION 304
4.2.2. DEFAULT RULES 304
4.2.3. DEFAULT STANDARDS 306
4.2.4. CONCLUSION 308
4.3. INFORMATION ASYMMETRY AND INCOMPLETE CONTRACTS 308
4.4. NEW FORMALISM AND EXTRALEGAL SANCTIONS 311
4.5. CONCLUSION 313
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS: SOME CONCERNS ABOUT THE EFFECTIVENESS
OF THE ECONOMIC APPROACH 314
CHAPTER 10: FAIRNESS AND GAP FILLING 319
1. INTRODUCTION 319
2. FAIRNESS IN EXCHANGE 320
2.1. INTRODUCTION 320
2.2. ARISTOTLE'S THEORY OF JUSTICE 320
2.2.1. DISTRIBUTIVE AND CORRECTIVE JUSTICE 320
XIV
TABLE OF CONTENTS
2.2.2. DISTRIBUTIVE OR CORRECTIVE JUSTICE IN CONTRACT LAW? 321
2.2.3. DISTRIBUTIVE AND CORRECTIVE JUSTICE AND GAP FILLING 323
2.3. FAIRNESS IN EXCHANGE AND GAP FILLING 323
2.4. MEASURING FAIR EXCHANGE 324
2.5. CONCLUSION 326
3. FAIRNESS - AN INDETERMINATE CONCEPT? 327
3.1. INTRODUCTION 327
3.2. FAIRNESS AND OPEN-ENDED NORMS 327
3.3. A PROCESS OF CONTEXTUALIZATION 328
3.4. FAIRNESS AND GAP FILLING 330
4. CONCLUSION 330
CHAPTER 11: THE ROLE OF SOCIAL CONTEXT 333
1. INTRODUCTION 333
2. WHY CONTEXTUALIZE THE CONTENT OF THE CONTRACT? 334
2.1. INTRODUCTION 334
2.2. EMPIRICAL STUDIES INTO CONTRACT PRACTICE 334
2.2.1. INTRODUCTION 334
2.2.2. THE USE AND NON-USE OF CONTRACTS 335
2.2.3. THE ROLE OF NON-LEGAL SANCTIONS 336
2.2.4. CONCLUSION 338
2.3. RECONCEPTUALIZATION OF CONTRACT 338
2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 338
2.3.2. THE CONTEXTUAL SETTING OF THE CONTRACT 338
2.3.3. A RELATIONAL CONCEPTION OF CONTRACT 340
2.4. CONCLUSION 341
3. COMMERCIAL NORMS AND PRACTICES IN THE UCC 343
3.1. INTRODUCTION 343
3.2. LLEWELLYN'S INCORPORATION STRATEGY 343
3.3. COMMERCIAL NORMS AND PRACTICES IN ARTICLE 2 OF THE UCC 344
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 344
3.3.2. SOURCES OF IMMANENT COMMERCIAL NORMS 344
3.3.3. THE INCORPORATION OF COMMERCIAL NORMS 347
3.3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 347
3.3.3.2. DEFINING THE AGREEMENT 347
3.3.3.3. INTERPRETATION AND SUPPLEMENTATION 348
3.3.3.4. HIERARCHY 349
3.3.3.5. OPEN-ENDED STANDARDS 350
3.4. CONCLUSION 351
4. DISCUSSION SURROUNDING THE INCORPORATION STRATEGY 351
4.1. INTRODUCTION 351
4.2. VERIFYING THE EXISTENCE OF TRADE USAGES 351
4.2.1. DO TRADE USAGES EXIST? 351
4.2.2. FINE-TUNING THE VERIFICATION OF TRADE USAGES 354
TABLE OF CONTENTS
4.3. THE INCORPORATION OF EXTRALEGAL NORMS 357
4.3.1. LEGAL VS. EXTRALEGAL NORMS 357
4.3.2. REBUTTING THE CRITIQUE 358
4.4. ENCRUSTATION AND STANDARDIZATION 360
4.4.1. THE ENCRUSTATION CRITIQUE 360
4.4.2. THE NEED TO COMBAT ENCRUSTATION 360
4.5. CONCLUSION 362
5. CONCLUSION 362
CHAPTER 12: REVIEW 365
1. INTRODUCTION 365
2. THE INEVITABILITY OF GAPS AND THE NECESSITY OF GAP FILLING 365
2.1. INTRODUCTION 365
2.2. EFFICIENCY ARGUMENTS 366
2.3. THE CONTEXTUAL DIMENSION 367
2.4. CONSENT TO JURISDICTION AND RELIANCE 368
2.5. CONCLUSION 369
3. THREE GAP FILLING STRATEGIES 370
3.1. INTRODUCTION 370
3.2. A FORMALIST STRATEGY 370
3.3. NORMATIVE STRATEGIES 372
3.4. THE CONTEXTUAL APPROACH 372
3.5. REFLECTION 373
4. CONCLUSION 375
PART IV: A LAYERED INTERPRETATIVE AND GAP FILLING STRATEGY
CHAPTER 13: A LAYERED INTERPRETATIVE AND GAP FILLING STRATEGY 379
1. INTRODUCTION 379
2. THE NATURE OF THE PARTIES AND THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 381
2.1. INTRODUCTION 381
2.2. THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACTING PARTIES 381
2.2.1. INTRODUCTION 381
2.2.2. COMMERCIAL PARTIES 382
2.2.3. PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS 384
2.2.4. CONCLUSION 385
2.3. THE NATURE OF THE CONTRACT 386
2.4. CONCLUSION 387
3. A LAYERED INTERPRETATIVE AND GAP FILLING STRATEGY 387
3.1. INTRODUCTION 387
3.2. GAP FILLING BY THE CONTRACTING PARTIES 388
3.2.1. INTRODUCTION 388
3.2.2. NEGOTIATION 388
TABLE OF CONTENTS
3.2.3. PRIVATE REGULATION WITHIN CONTRACTING COMMUNITIES 389
3.2.3.1. INTRODUCTION 389
3.2.3.2. THE NATURE OF THE PRIVATE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK 390
3.2.3.3. ADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE REGULATION 392
3.2.3.4. SOME CONCERNS 394
3.2.3.5. CONCLUSION 395
3.2.4. PRIVATE REGULATION AND ATYPICAL TRANSACTIONS 395
3.2.5. PRIVATE REGULATION IN CONTRACTS INVOLVING PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS 396
3.2.6. PRIVATE REGULATION AND EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 397
3.2.7. CONCLUSION 400
3.3. LEGISLATIVE GAP FILLING 400
3.3.1. INTRODUCTION 400
3.3.2. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS FOR STANDARD CONTRACT TYPES 401
3.3.3. A GENERAL CONTRACTING FRAMEWORK FOR ATYPICAL CONTRACTS 405
3.3.4. SCOPE OF APPLICATION 406
3.3.5. LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORKS AND EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 408
3.3.6. CONCLUSION 409
3.4. INTERPRETATION AND GAP FILLING BY THE COURTS 409
3.4.1. INTRODUCTION 409
3.4.2. TEXTUAL AND CONTEXTUAL INTERPRETATION REVISITED 410
3.4.2.1. GENERAL 410
3.4.2.2. PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS 411
3.4.2.3. MIXED TRANSACTIONS 412
3.4.2.4. COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 413
3.4.2.5. INTERPRETATION IN EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 414
3.4.3. GAP FILLING 415
3.4.3.1. INTRODUCTION 415
3.4.3.2. THRESHOLD CONDITIONS FOR GAP FILLING 415
3.4.3.3. CONSTRUCTING THE HYPOTHETICAL BARGAIN 417
3.4.3.4. GAP FILLING IN CONTRACTS BETWEEN PRIVATE INDIVIDUALS 422
3.4.3.5. GAP FILLING IN MIXED TRANSACTIONS 422
3.4.3.6. GAP FILLING IN A CONTRACTING COMMUNITY 423
3.4.3.7. GAP FILLING IN OTHER COMMERCIAL TRANSACTIONS 425
3.4.3.8. GAP FILLING IN EUROPEAN CONTRACT LAW 427
3.5. CONCLUSION 427
4. EVALUATION 428
4.1. INTRODUCTION 428
4.2. LEGAL CERTAINTY AND FLEXIBILITY 428
4.3. TRANSACTION COSTS AND COST-EFFECTIVENESS 430
4.4. REDUCTION OF JUDICIAL ERROR 432
4.5. THE LEGAL AND EXTRALEGAL DIMENSIONS 433
5. CONCLUDING REMARKS 434
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SAMENVATTING: UITLEG EN AANVULLING VAN DE OVEREENKOMST:
RECHTSVERGELIJKENDE
EN THEORETISCHE PERSPECTIEVEN 437
1. INLEIDING: PROBLEEMSTELLING, METHODOLOGIE EN PLAN VAN AANPAK 437
2. DEEL II - RECHTSVERGELIJKEND PERSPECTIEF 437
3. DEEL HI - THEORETISCHE PERSPECTIEVEN 440
4. DEEL IV - EEN STRATEGIE VOOR EEN GELAAGDE UITLEG EN AANVULLING 441
BIBLIOGRAPHY 443
INDEX 477
CURRICULUM VITAE 483 |
| any_adam_object | 1 |
| any_adam_object_boolean | 1 |
| author | Kornet, Nicole 1974- |
| author_GND | (DE-588)1012044807 |
| author_facet | Kornet, Nicole 1974- |
| author_role | aut |
| author_sort | Kornet, Nicole 1974- |
| author_variant | n k nk |
| building | Verbundindex |
| bvnumber | BV022415729 |
| callnumber-first | K - Law |
| callnumber-label | K840 |
| callnumber-raw | K840 KJC1720 |
| callnumber-search | K840 KJC1720 |
| callnumber-sort | K 3840 |
| callnumber-subject | K - General Law |
| classification_rvk | PU 1532 |
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| dewey-full | 346.402 |
| dewey-hundreds | 300 - Social sciences |
| dewey-ones | 346 - Private law |
| dewey-raw | 346.402 |
| dewey-search | 346.402 |
| dewey-sort | 3346.402 |
| dewey-tens | 340 - Law |
| discipline | Rechtswissenschaft |
| discipline_str_mv | Rechtswissenschaft |
| format | Thesis Book |
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| geographic_facet | Duitsland Engeland Nederland Deutschland Europa Großbritannien Niederlande |
| id | DE-604.BV022415729 |
| illustrated | Not Illustrated |
| index_date | 2024-07-02T17:23:51Z |
| indexdate | 2024-07-09T20:57:06Z |
| institution | BVB |
| isbn | 9050955916 9789050955911 |
| language | English |
| oai_aleph_id | oai:aleph.bib-bvb.de:BVB01-015624123 |
| oclc_num | 73109285 |
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| physical | xviii, 485 Seiten |
| publishDate | 2006 |
| publishDateSearch | 2006 |
| publishDateSort | 2006 |
| publisher | Intersentia |
| record_format | marc |
| series | Ius commune europaeum |
| series2 | Ius commune europaeum |
| spelling | Kornet, Nicole 1974- Verfasser (DE-588)1012044807 aut Contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives Nicole Kornet Antwerpen Intersentia [2006] xviii, 485 Seiten txt rdacontent n rdamedia nc rdacarrier Ius commune europaeum 60 Dissertation Universität Maastricht 2006 Interpretatie gtt Contracts Europe Interpretation and construction Auslegung (DE-588)4069008-8 gnd rswk-swf Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd rswk-swf Regelungslücke (DE-588)4844213-6 gnd rswk-swf Schuldvertrag (DE-588)4180134-9 gnd rswk-swf Duitsland gtt Engeland gtt Nederland gtt Deutschland Europa Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 gnd rswk-swf Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 gnd rswk-swf Niederlande (DE-588)4042203-3 gnd rswk-swf (DE-588)4113937-9 Hochschulschrift gnd-content Deutschland (DE-588)4011882-4 g Großbritannien (DE-588)4022153-2 g Niederlande (DE-588)4042203-3 g Schuldvertrag (DE-588)4180134-9 s Regelungslücke (DE-588)4844213-6 s Auslegung (DE-588)4069008-8 s Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 s DE-604 Ius commune europaeum 60 (DE-604)BV010118502 60 SWB Datenaustausch application/pdf http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015624123&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA Inhaltsverzeichnis |
| spellingShingle | Kornet, Nicole 1974- Contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives Ius commune europaeum Interpretatie gtt Contracts Europe Interpretation and construction Auslegung (DE-588)4069008-8 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Regelungslücke (DE-588)4844213-6 gnd Schuldvertrag (DE-588)4180134-9 gnd |
| subject_GND | (DE-588)4069008-8 (DE-588)4115712-6 (DE-588)4844213-6 (DE-588)4180134-9 (DE-588)4011882-4 (DE-588)4022153-2 (DE-588)4042203-3 (DE-588)4113937-9 |
| title | Contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives |
| title_auth | Contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives |
| title_exact_search | Contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives |
| title_exact_search_txtP | Contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives |
| title_full | Contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives Nicole Kornet |
| title_fullStr | Contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives Nicole Kornet |
| title_full_unstemmed | Contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives Nicole Kornet |
| title_short | Contract interpretation and gap filling |
| title_sort | contract interpretation and gap filling comparative and theoretical perspectives |
| title_sub | comparative and theoretical perspectives |
| topic | Interpretatie gtt Contracts Europe Interpretation and construction Auslegung (DE-588)4069008-8 gnd Rechtsvergleich (DE-588)4115712-6 gnd Regelungslücke (DE-588)4844213-6 gnd Schuldvertrag (DE-588)4180134-9 gnd |
| topic_facet | Interpretatie Contracts Europe Interpretation and construction Auslegung Rechtsvergleich Regelungslücke Schuldvertrag Duitsland Engeland Nederland Deutschland Europa Großbritannien Niederlande Hochschulschrift |
| url | http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&local_base=BVB01&doc_number=015624123&sequence=000001&line_number=0001&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA |
| volume_link | (DE-604)BV010118502 |
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